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Ethnobotany of Palestinian herbal medicine in the northern West Bank and Gaza Strip: review and comprehensive field study

Authors:
Mohammed Saleem Ali Shtayeh at Biodiversity and Environmental Research Center
Mohammed Saleem Ali Shtayeh
Rana M. Jamous at Biodiversity and Environmental Research Center
Rana M. Jamous
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BERC 4 Publication Ethnobot stu
dy.pdf
Content uploaded by Rana M. Jamous
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Rana M. Jamous
Content may be subject to copyright.
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ISSN 1818-3751
4
2006
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
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(Nigella, black cumin)      
Nigella ciliaris DC.
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BERC
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2006  4     
BERC
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BERC
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BERC
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BERC
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2828220
08287907708
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  
696  092346406
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2828220
08287907708
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












(Mendelsohn & Yom Tov, 1999)




(Lev, 2003)

(Crowfoot et al.,
1932

4
3


Cooper, 2004, 2005; Tsao & Zeltzer, 2005


(Solecki & Shanidar
1975; Bensky & Gamble, 1993







Active PrinciplesFarnsworth & Morris, 1976




25

(World
Health Organization [WHO] et al.,1993
Ephedra


Ephedrine


(WHO et al., 1993)
21000
480







drug




4
Traditional Medicine (TM)


Indian Ayurveda MedicineGreek or Arab
Medicine
Indigenous

Herbal Medicine or Phytotherapy



          
ComplementaryAlternative(CAM)evidence based Complementary and Alternative
Medicine (eCAM)









TherapiesMedication




Acupuncture






)WHO, 2002









4
5


(Shulz et al., 1998; Tyler, 1999).






Ebers papyrus1550




Hippocrates460377

Theophrastus372285Etiology
of Plants (be Historia Plantarum
)
500




Discorides65Materia Medica


500380


Pliny the Elder379Historia Naturalis
(Natural History)Claudius Galen130201

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
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
571
632
(Hawting, 1989)


(Hawting
1989; Savage-Smith , 1996, Johnstone, 1998
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

Greco-Roman

6
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1966
Savage-Smith, 1996
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667750
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7501258
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813833
830
Hitti, 1952; Ullmann, 1978




Plato and Aristotle
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Euclid & Archimedes
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(Al-Said, 1997)
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4
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
1994
Hamarneh, 1991




BolognaPadua

8
Herbaria


1670
Kew1759


John GerardThe Herball, or
Generall Historie of Plantes
1597Paracelsus
14391541















(Lev, 2002; Lev & Amar,
2002)






alchemy



5

Shanaq813833







Hunke, 1962/ 1981
4
9
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
Hunke, 1962/ 1981








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

Said et al., 2002




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
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


19911993
Hunke, 1962/ 1981
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
925
Hunke, 1962/ 1981
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


(Abu-
Rabia, 2005a,b)






(Lev & Amar, 2000)

10





Abu-Rabia, 2005; Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2000, Bailey & Danin,
1981; Canaan, 1927; Granqvist, 1947; Pillsbury, 1978;


1948



(Hacohen,
2001)
5719482006

(Lev,
2006)





1,379,0002006

(Central Bureau of Statistics, www.cbs.gov.il)


142,000

85,000


(Dafni et al., 1984)
100,00020

3500



(Lev, 2006)





(Lev, 2006)


 
   
4
11


100




(Palevitch et al., 1986)1991Palevitch &
Yaniv
447345



66


150


(Dafni et al., 1984

(Said et al., 2002;
Azaizeh et al., 2003
3115

817129


22
30


















17






12

27
8141
4
(Friedman et al., 1986



19911999


(Abu-Rabia, 1999)193
4215

(Abu-Rabia, 2005a)
31

85
(Abu-Rabia, 2005d)96

(Abu-Rabia, 2005c)

(Lev & Amar,
2000)
Materia Medica
310
26485.1206.5

196.172.3

(Lev, 2002; Lev & Amar, 2000) 




447

Palevitch & Yaniv28


Lev2006(Lev & Amar, 2000; Palevitch et al., 1986)

Materia Medica

Palevitch & Yaniv(1991)

Lev & Amar (2000) 164



Lev2006



627

58192.4

(Lev, 2002; Lev & Amar, 2000)203.5
4
13
31.1Lev(2006)


(Lev & Amar, 2002; Honda et al., 1990; Sanagustin, 1983;
Ahmed et al., 1979; Alrawi & Chaakravarty, 1964; Hoper, 1937)



40



19981999
102

(Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2000)165

63383

636
9.5
5791.5




(Abu-Irmaileh & Afifi, 2000, 2003; Lev & Amar,
2002; Ahmed et al., 1979; Honda et al., 1990; Sanagustin, 1983; Alrawi & Chaakravarty, 1964;
Hoper, 1937; Kotb, 1985; Abu-Chaar & Ades, 1961; Fahmy, 1963; Eddouksh et al., 2002; Heneidy
& Bidak, 2004)
200250

Lev and Amar, 2000, 2002;
Azaizeh et al., 2003; Said et al., 2002).(

(WHO,
2002)
60









14


25191
70
(WHO, 2002)13

58
9
55



(WHO, 2002)




Access
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
290030
12
2002



(Ali-
Shtayeh et al., 2000; Saad et al., 2005
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


4
15
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2004200512

(Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2000; Jain, 1989; Martin, 1995
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



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
Voucher specimens

Jain& Rao, (1977)


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Ethnobotanical
Conservation Site
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

3
4
17
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200

20-4040-6060-8080-100
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

52
142
101
240
0
50
100
150
200
250
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
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150
368
2
10
1
4
0
50
100
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250
300
350
400
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99
2
49.53732186.5
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primary use

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(Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2000; Friedman et al., 1986)
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13
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19
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Family Name




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
1Adianthaceae11
11
2

Amaryllidaceae11
11
3

Anacardiaceae362436
4

Apocynaceae
111111
5

Araceae111122
6

Asclepiadaceae11
11
7

Aspleniaceae
11
11
8

Berberidaceae (Leonticaceae)11
11
9

Boraginaceae33
33
10

Bromeliaceae
11
11
11

Burseraceae
111122
12

Cactaceae
111111
13

Campanulaceae
11
11
14

Capparodaceae
11
11
15

Caprifoliaceae11
11
16

Caricaceae (Papaiaceae)
1111
17

Caryophyllaceae
332233
18

Celastraceae11
11
19

Chenopodiaceae
11
11
20Combretaceae111111
21

Compositae (Asteraceae)1820
671820
22

Convolvulaceae
112222
23

Corylaceae111111
24

Crassulaceae
22
22
25

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
71046810
26

Cucurbitaceae
494649
27

Cupressaceae441144
28

Elaeagnaceae11
11
29
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Equisetaceae
11
11
30

Ericaceae
11
11
31

Euphorbiaceae
341134
32

Fagaceae
22
22
33

Geraniaceae
11
11
34

Gramineae (Poaceae)887799
35

Grossulariaceae, Ribesiaceae
11
11
36

Hypericaceae
11
11
37

Iridaceae111111
38

Juglandaceae11
11
39

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)1318551318
40

Lauraceae
223333
41

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae) 212212122122
42

Liliaceae
671368
43

Linaceae221122
44

Loranthaceae
1111

20
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Family Name












45
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
Lythraceae
111111
46

Malvaceae452245
47

Moraceae
232323
48

Musaceae
111111
49

Myristicaceae
111111
50

Myrtaceae
332233
51

Nyctaginaceae
11
11
52

Oleaceae
331133
53

Palmae (Arecaceae)
222222
54

Papaveraceae
111111
55

Passifloraceae
11
11
56Pedaliaceae
111111
58

Pinaceae
12
12
59

Piperaceae
111111
60

Plantaginaceae
11
11
61

Plumbaginaceae
11
11
62

Polygonaceae
341134
63

Portulacaceae111111
64

Primulaceae221133
65

Punicaceae111111
66

Ranunculaceae
331133
67

Rhamnaceae121112
68

Rosaceae1619441619
69

Rubiaceae221122
70

Rutaceae262426
71

Salicaceae111111
72

Salvadoraceae
11
11
73


Scrophulariaceae11
11
74

Solanaceae682368
75

Sterculiaceae111111
76

Theaceae
111111
77

Tiliaceae11
11
78

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 121211111212
79

Urticaceae
111111
80

Valerianaceae
11
11
81

Verbenaceae11
11
82

Violaceae11
11
83

Vitaceae
111111
84

Zingiberaceae442244
85

Zygophyllaceae
11
11
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24
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36
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13945141
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58
658
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621069
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49950
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431848
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62665
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578
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119
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49
751
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32734
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69
468
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38
439
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23
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121
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111
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15
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0.73
0.81
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0.54
0.15
0.29
0.01
0.05
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0.10
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0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
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0.90
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25
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0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
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
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





(Sathyavathi, 2004)

(Ali-Shtayeh et al. 2000)




26
26184
2220191812109
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9882
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
200250
Azaizeh et al., 2003


253120

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
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

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1995




(Lev, 2006)


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5545
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27
261
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


(Ali-
Shtayeh et al., 2000; Friedman et al., 1986)













170141126

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




(Shah, 1995






28
Janardhanan et al., 2003



in situ
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ex situ
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323
2006

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
63
(Ali-Shtayeh et al. 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003; Ali-Shtayeh &
Abu-Ghdaib, 1999; Khalilia, 2001; Crowfoot et al., 1932;
20022003

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50
50
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4

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50  51 
51  6 
46  31 
8  14 
12 130 47 
1 35 19 
37  27 
7 
3 
205 205 

323
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


Palestinian Materia
Medica



Palevitch & Yaniv (1991)345222

4
29
546


(Palevitch & Yaniv,1991)
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200245
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30
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16530
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


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(Azaizeh et al., 2003)
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
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31
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2002
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1935
1993
925
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
34


1



1

1923



2

1958


3

1955


4

1945


5

1953



6

1946



7

1940


8

1961



9

1963

10

1949

11

1945


12

1954


13

1955


14

1961




15

1930

16

1955


17



18

1962



19

1946



20

1957



21

1936



22



1965



23

1960


24

-


25

1970


26

1935

-

27

1956



28

1932

29

1938


30

1927

31

1932


32

1953



33

1959



34

1972


35

1948



36

1958



37

1945




38

1952


4
35

39

1935

40

1973


41

1951


42

1940


43

1932


44

1944


45

1951


46

1950


47


1981



48

1968


49

1948

50

1953


51

1956


52

1956


53

1940


54




55

1936


56

1948


57

1958

58



59

1936

60

1960


61

1962


62

1945



63

1930



64

1961


65

1959



66

1963


67

1949

68

1968

69

1952

70

1959

71

1951


72

1951



73

1948



74

1934


75

1962


76

1932

77

1958


78

1958

79

1944


80

1948

81

1949


82

1960


36

83

1954

84

1959



85

1951

86


87

1960

88

1935

89

1929

90

1948

91

1956

92

1924



93

1930

94

1939

95

1936

96

1947

97

1963

98

1963

99

1934

100

1957



101

1956


102

1947



103

1936

104

1941

105

1945

106

1950

107

1962

108

1942

109

1954

110

1951


111

1952

112

1964


113

1964

114

1954

115

1952

116

1972

117


118

1965


119

1961

120

1946


121

1971

122


123

1920

4
37

124

1965


125

1957

126

1948

127

1969



128

1981



129

1944



130




131

1945


132


1960


133


1945



134



135


1956



136

1925


137

1938

138

1949

139

1962



140

1958



141

1931


142


1967


143

1924

144

1962


145

1948


146

1974


147

1959

148

1958


149

1948



150

1932

151



152

1961


153

1942




154

1962



155

1957




156

1954



157

1951


158

1942


159

1934




160


1968


161

1950


162

1941



163

1910


164

1975




165

1948



166

1940


167

1969



168

1933




38

169

1940


170

1961


171

1932


172

1975



173





174

1938


175

1945



176

1964



177

1966


178

1945



179

1936


180

1953



181

1936


182

1960


183

1960


184

1977

185

1965



186

1962



187

1933


188

1929


189

1936


190

1969



191

1952


192

1935


193

1972



194

1965



195

1959


196

1958



197

1977


198

1958

199

1965


200

1964



201

1953


202


1935



203

1957



204

1942


205

1958




206

1943



207

1951




208

1945


209

1969


210

1960



211

1947



212

1948




213

1948



214

1930


4
39

215


1928





216


1927


217

1949

218

1946

219

1932



220



221

1922


222

1932


223


224

1950


225

1942

226

1924



227

1933


228

1922


229

1942

230


1922

231

1960



232

1940



233

1945


234

1953



235

1957


236

1957

237

1964


238

1952


239

1943



240

1963

241

1961


242

1947



243

1905



244

1935




245

1958




246

1962



247



248

1954


249

1940

250

1956


251

1958


252

1955



253

1948


254

1936

255

1954




256

1946

257

1955


258

1933

259

1945



260

1959



40

261

1962



262

1956


263

1941


264

1974

265

1960


266

1948




267

1935

268

1932

269

1956




270

1960



271

1940


272

1960



273

1955

274

1967


275

1946


276

1948


277

1936

278


1947




279

1960


280

1960


281



182

1941




283

1930


284



285

1951

286

1922

287

1915


288

1950



289

1910


290

1936


291

1950




292

1910


293

1940


294

1955




295

1961


296

1961



297

1920

298

1949




299

1936


300

1945


301

1935


302

1935



303

1930

304

1955


305

1941


306

1934


4
41

307

1944



308

1949



309

1927


310

1952


311

1943

312

1936



313

1956

314

1933

315

1943

316

1911

3177


318

1961

319

1927

320

1941




321

1941


322

1957



323

1922

324

1935




325

1967



326

1973



327

1960


328

1956

329

1961



330

1967


331





332

1947




333

1957




334

1960



335

1955



336

1974



337

1930


338

1945

339

1937


340

1950


341



342

1945



343

1936




344

1960



345

1910


346

1954




347

1959

348



349

1948


350

1950


351



352

1953




42

353


1935


354



355

1971



356




357

1974

358

1970


359

1952




360

1960


361

1980


362

1963



363

1950




364

1934


365

1954



366

1961


367

1963

368

1935

369

1954


370

1948

371

1920

372

1949



373

1954


374

1963


375

1930


376

1910


377

1961



378

1949




379


1948


380

1941

381

1972

382

1971


4
43
2




1


1980


2

1980

3

1960


4

1958

5

1974


6

1960


7

1946

8

1944

9

1967

10

1940

11

1950

12

1976


13

1950


14

1975



15

1970

16

1948

17

1978


18

1962


19

1977

20

1955


21

1949



22

1957

23

1973

24

1970

25

1960


26

1975

27

1920

28

1945

29

1953


30

1958


31

1960

32

1977


33

1965


34

1948

35

1935

36

1961

37

1969


38

1972


39

1966

40

1976


41

1957



42

1959


43

1971


44



44

1978




45


1977


46

1954


47

1971


48

1967


49

1971


50

1958


51

1965


52

1955

53

1948


54

1964


55

1958


56

1970

57

1952


58

1954


59

1954


60

1965

61

1950

62

1975


63

1969


64

1974



65

1973

66

1978


67

1981

68

1934

69

1951


70

1977



71

1954

72

1960


73

1954


74

1964


75

1957

76

1962


77

1960


78

1953


79


1968

80

1965


81

1983

82

1951



83

1980


84

1972


85

1966


86

1973



87

1974

88

1970

4
45



89

1955

90

1951

91

1966

92

1954


93

1952


94

1950

95

1960


96

1965


97

1961


98

1976


99

1964


100

1967



101

1957


102

1979

103

1945

104

1959


105

1968

106

1975


107

1950


108

1954


109

1960


110


1934


111

1980


112

1960

113

1956

114

1956


115

1957


116

19451

117

1976

118

1959


119

1957


120

1962


121

1970


122

1955


123

1964


124

1946

125

1962

126

1965


127

1952


128

1983


129

1970

130

1951

131

1958

132

1950



133

1976



134

1973


46



135

1976



136

1968

137

1978



138

1960

139

1972

140

1981


141

1974


142

1962

143

1975

144

1966


145

1973


146

1960



147

1977


148

1960


149

1971

150

1966


151

1956


152

1979

153

1964


4
47

SDE

BERC



7200482005

2004

GEFSGP
SDEBERC










48

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
91661212181824
243030363642
42
10
1101112

11


12
13
14

.
15

16

17
18
19

20
21

22
23
24
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24

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
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

4
49
*



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50
20
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21
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22
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23
24
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2515
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26
27
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7
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51
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16
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18
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19 � �
20
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21
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2215
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52
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






























54
123

1

English Name Scientific Name
Family
Family






1

white sage, Common sage,
garden sage
Salvia fruticosa Mill.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
27615

220
2

Golden cotula Matricaria aurea (L.) Sch. Bip.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
27417

240
3

AniseAnisum vulgare L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
23517

124
4

GarlicAllium sativum L.

Liliaceae
23119

126
5

PeppermintMentha spicita L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
20117

93
6

Fenugreek seed Trigonella berythea Boiss. &
Blanche (T. foenum- graecum
L.)

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
19816

96
7

Wild thyme, mother of
thyme
Majorana syriaca (L.) Rafin.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
18716

130
8

OlivesOlea europaea L.

Oleaceae
18420

89
9

Lime, Limon tree Citrus limon (L.) Burm. fil

Rutaceae
16415

115
10

OnionsAllium cepa L.

Liliaceae
14019

50
11

Nigella, black cumin Nigella ciliaris DC.

Ranunculaceae
13519

47
12

CuminCuminum cyminum L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
12814

96
13

ParsleyPeroselinum sativum Hoffm.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
11717

63
14

BarleyHordeum vulgare L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
11514

80
15

Wild Pink Dianthus strictus Banks & Sol.

Caryophyllaceae
10610

83
16

Cat thyme Teucrium polium L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
10117

65
17

Castor beans Ricinus communis L.

Euphorbiaceae
10115

55
18

TeaCamellia thea Link.

Theaceae
8814

38
19

Fig tree Ficus carica L.

Moraceae
8814

31
20

PomegrantatePunica granatum L.

Punicaceae
8213

57
21

FennelFoeniculum vulgare Miller

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
7612

28
22

Roman Nettle Urtica pilulifera L.

Urticaceae
7515

23
23

HennaLawsonia inermis L.

Lythraceae
756

63
4
55

English Name Scientific Name
Family
Family






24

Cinnamon TreeCinnamomum zeylanicum
Blume.

Lauraceae
7014

25
25

CoffeeCoffea arabica L.

Rubiaceae
689

50
26

CarobCeratonia siliqua L.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
689

40
27

ApplePyrus malus L.

Rosaceae
6717

31
28

Squirting cucumber Ecballium elaterium ( L.) A.
Richard

Cucurbitaceae
624

55
29

RosemaryRosmarinus officinalis L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
6115

28
30

GuavaPsidium guajava L.

Myrtaceae
607

39
31

Red River Gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.

Myrtaceae
6013

22
32

Spotted arum Arum dioscorides Sibth & Sm

Araceae
608

48
33

HawthornCrataegus aronia (L.) Bosc. ex
DC.

Rosaceae
599

43
34

Kermes oak Quercus calliprinos L.

Pinaceae
5813

19
35

SesameSesamum indicum L.Pedaliaceae
5815

26
36

LupineLupinus albus L.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
587

31
37

GingerZingiber officinale Rose.

Zingiberaceae
5613

24
38

GrapeVitis vinifera L.

Vitaceae
5518

14
39

ThymeMicromeria nervosa (Desf.)
Benth.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
556

37
40

PotatoSolanum tuberosum L.

Solanaceae
5411

37
41

CarawayCarum carvi L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
529

22
42

Garden rocket Eruca sativa Miller

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
5215

27
43

ThymeMicromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
5110

28
44

AlmondAmygdalus communis L.

Rosaceae
5011

21
45

SennaCassia senna L.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
506

41
46

LentilsLens culinaris Medikus

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
509

29
47

Alhagi Manna Alhagi maurorum Medik.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
495

40
48

Common Varthemia Varthemia iphionoides Boiss &
Blanche

Compositae (Asteraceae)
4811

24
49

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L.

Palmae (Arecaceae)
4713

24
50

Prickly-pearOpuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.

Cactaceae
4711

29

56

English Name Scientific Name
Family
Family






51

TomatoLycopersicon esculentum Mill.

Solanaceae
447

17
52

RueRuta chalepensis L.

Rutaceae
4416

14
53

CucumberCucumis sativus L.

Cucurbitaceae
4412

22
54

CorianderCoriandrum sativum L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
4313

12
55

Common mallowMalva sylvestris L.

Malvaceae
4311

14
56

RadishRaphanus sativum L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
4112

16
57

Coconut Palm Cocos nucifera L.

Palmae (Arecaceae)
4013

11
58

CarrotDaucus carota L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
3911

21
59

Common Myrtle Myrtus communis L.

Myrtaceae
399

20
60

RoselleHibiscus sabdariffa L.

Malvaceae
377

26
61

LettuceLactuca sativa L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
3612

17
62

Persian savadora, Toothbrush
tree
Salvadora persica L.

Salvadoraceae
334

30
63

WheatTriticum aestivum L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
3310

12
64

PumpkinCucurbita pepo L.

Cucurbitaceae
336

26
65

Sweet Orange – tree Citrus Sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Rutaceae
3110

17
66

Mustard/ wild Sinapis arvensis L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
3115

13
67

CypressCupressus sempervirens L.

Cupressaceae
308

20
68

Wild cabbage Brassica oleracea L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
2912

11
69

InulaDittrichia viscosa (L.) W.
Greuter (Inula viscosa (L.) Ait.)

Compositae (Asteraceae)
2913

14
70

Silvery Whitlow- Wart Paronychia argentea Lam.

Caryophyllaceae
296

24
71

Pink flax Linum pubescens Banks & Sol.

Linaceae
279

14
72

LiquoriceGlycyrrhiza glabra L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
2612

15
73

BananaMusa sapientum L.

Musaceae
259

9
74

JujubeZiziphus sativa Gaetn.

Rhamnaceae
244

22
75

Dwarf chicory Cichorium pumilum Jacq.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
2412

13
76

Lion's Foot, Lady's -
mantle
Alchemilla vulgaris L.

Rosaceae
235


21
77

MulberryMorus alba

Moraceae
238

12
4
57

English Name Scientific Name
Family
Family






78

SaffronCrocus sativus L.

Iridaceae
2210

12
79

Sicilian sumach Rhus coriaria L.

Anacardiaceae
228

13
80

Pale Rose Rosa centifolia L.

Rosaceae
217

12
81

Pick Tooth Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
206

15
82

Laurel, Sweet bay Laurus nobilis L.

Lauraceae
209

11
83

Zea, corn Zea mays L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
207

8
84

Chamomile, Daisy Anthemis palestina Reuter

Compositae (Asteraceae)
2011

9
85

Chebulic MyrobalanTerminalia chebula Retz.Combretaceae
207

12
86

Lentisk, Mastic tree Pistacia lentiscus L.

Anacardiaceae
2010

9
87

GrapefruitCitrus paradisi Macfad.

Rutaceae
184


16
88

Black pepperPiper nigrum L.

Piperaceae
189

4
89

ColocynthCitrullus colocynthis (L.)
Schrader

Cucurbitaceae
187

8
90

Black-berried elder,
common elder
Sambucus nigra L.

Caprifoliaceae
187

18
91

Common PoppyPapaver rhoeas L.

Papaveraceae
176

9
92

Quince- tree Cydonia vulgaris Pers.

Rosaceae
168

7
93

Brandle ,Blackberry
Rubus sanctus Schreb.

Rosaceae
165

7
94

PurslanePortulaca oleracea L.

Portulacaceae
167

7
95

Acacia, Sponge Tree Acacia farnesiana Willd.

Leguminosae (Mimosaceae)
1610

7
96

White Wormwood Artemisia inculata Delile (= A.
herba-alba Asso)

Compositae (Asteraceae)
167

9
97

WillowSalix acmophylla Boiss.

Salicaceae
158

4
98

WallnutJuglans regia L.

Juglandaceae
155

15
99

YarrowAchilea fragrantissima Forssk.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
156

5
100

StrawberryFragaria vesca L.

Rosaceae
1410

3
101

PeganumPeganum harmala L.

Zygophyllaceae
139

5
102

Sweet violetViola odorata L.

Violaceae
135

5
103

Sweet-marjoramOriganum majorana L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
135

13
104

OatsAvena sativa L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
136

4

58

English Name Scientific Name
Family
Family






105

WatermelonCitrullus lanatus (Thunb.)
Matsun & Nakai

Cucurbitaceae
134

5
106

SafflowerCarthamus tinctorius L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
134

7
107

Chickweed, Stitchwort Stellaria media (L.) Vill.

Caryophyllaceae
135

5
108

CyclamenCyclamen persicum Miller

Primulaceae
122

5
109

MelonCucumis melo L.

Cucurbitaceae
126

5
110

Wild CeleryApium graveolens L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
117

6
111

MistletoeViscum cruciatum Sieber &
Bioss

Linaceae
116

7
112

RiceOryza sativa L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
113

7
113

Narrow-leaved Oleaster Elaeagnus angustifolia L.

Elaeagnaceae
116

5
114

CardamomElettaria cardamomum Maton

Zingiberaceae
106

4
115

Black nightshade Solanum nigrum L.

Solanaceae
103

5
116

Medlar tree Eriobotria japonica L.

Rosaceae
107

3
117

Stemless Hollyhock Alcea acaulis (Cav.) Alef.

Malvaceae
106

6
118

TurmericCurcuma longa L.

Zingiberaceae
96

4
119

Chilli ,Sweet Peppers
Capsicum annuum L.

Solanaceae
94

6
120

Mahaleb CherryPrunus mahaleb L. (Cerasus
mahaleb)

Rosaceae
97

4
121

Greater Plantain Plantago major L.

Plantaginaceae
96

3
122

Chick Pea Cicer arietinum L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
97

2
123

BalmMellisa officinalis L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
96

6
124

Pumpkin ,Vegetable Marrow
Cucurbita pepo L. var. melpepo

Cucurbitaceae
94

4
125

CressLepidium sativum L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
95

4
126

SpinachSpinacia oleraceae L.

Convolvulaceae
95

4
127

African Fleabane, Rock
phagnalon
Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
92

8
128

Caper bush, Egyptian caperCapparis spinosa L.

Capparodaceae
98

4
129

Christ’s thorn Jujube, nabk Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.

Rhamnaceae
89

5
130

Aleppo pine Pinus halepensis Mill.

Pinaceae
86

2
131

TamarinTamarindus indica L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
88

3
4
59

English Name Scientific Name
Family
Family






132

OleanderNerium oleander L.

Apocynaceae
86

3
133

Giant Fennel Ferula communis L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
73

4
134

Patience dockRumex patientia L.

Polygonaceae
73

4
135

BroadbeanVicia faba L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
76

2
136

Capitate Thyme Coridothymus capitatus (L.)
Reichb.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
72

5
137

Downy St. John's-Wort Hypericum languinosum Lam.

Hypericaceae
72

7
138

Prickly JuniperJuniperus oxycedrus L.

Cupressaceae
75

4
139

Olibanum, frankincense tree,
Incense
Boswellia carterii Birdw.

Burseraceae
74

3
140

Bitter almond Amygdalus korschinskyi ( Hand-
Mazzetti) Bornm.

Rosaceae
63

3
141

Mace, Nutmeg Myristica fragrans Houtt.

Myristicaceae
64

3
142

Okra, Lady's finger Abelmoschus esculantus L.

Malvaceae
62

4
143

SquillUrginea maritima (L.) Baker

Liliaceae
61

6
144

LavenderLavandula officinalis Chaix and
Kitt

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
65

3
145

Tree of lifeThuja occidentalis L.

Cupressaceae
63

3
145

ArtichokeCynara scolymus L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
64

2
146

Holy Thistle, Milky
Thistle
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn

Compositae (Asteraceae)
63

3
148

Hazel Nut Corylus avellana L.

Corylaceae
65

1
149

DillAnethum graveolens L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
55

2
150

Egg-plantSolanum melongena L.

Solanaceae
54

2
151

HenbaneHyoscyamus aureus L.

Solanaceae
53

4
152

PeartreePyrus communis L.

Rosaceae
54

2
153

Pine tree ,Norway pine
Pinus sylvestris L.

Pinaceae
52

5
154

AsphodelAsphodelus aestivus Brot. (A.
microcarpus Salzm. & Viv
)

Liliaceae
53

2
155

TurnipBrassica rapa L. var. rapa

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
55

1
156

Wall Penny Wart Umbilicus intermedius Boiss.

Crassulaceae
54

3
157

ArnicaArnica montana L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
55


3

60

English Name Scientific Name
Family
Family






158

Syrian cornflower Centaurea cyanoides Berggren
et Wahlenb.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
52

3
159

Cud Weed Gnaphalium luteo-album L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
53

5
160

Jews MallowCorchorus olitorius L.

Tiliaceae
42

2
161

Plums, common plum Prunus domestica L.

Rosaceae
45

1
162

Shruppy barnet Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.)
Sp.

Rosaceae
44

1
163

Rhubarb, Chinese Rhubrab Rheum officinale Baill.

Polygonaceae
43

2
164

White Acacia Acacia albida Del.

Leguminosae (Mimosaceae)
42

3
165

common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
43

2
166

ClarySalvia Sclarea L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
44

1
167

Sugar– Cane
Saccharum officinarum L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
42

4
168

KhatCatha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. Ex
Endl.

Celastraceae
41

4
169

Tongue fern Phyllitis sagittata (DC.)

Aspleniaceae
43

2
170

Palestinian pistachio,
Terebinth
Pistacia paleastina Boiss.

Anacardiaceae
41

3
171

Common Narcissus Narcissus tazetta L.

Amaryllidaceae
43

2
172

Common Valerian Valeriana officinalis L.

Valerianaceae
31

3
173

MulleinVerbascum sinuatum L.

Scrophulariaceae
33

2
174

Syrian pear Pyrus syriaca Boiss

Rosaceae
34

2
175

Common Anemone Anemone coronaria L.

Ranunculaceae
32

2
176

Sorrel ,Garden Sorrel
Rumex acetosa L.

Polygonaceae
32

2
177

Bougainvillea Bougainvillea glabra

Nyctaginaceae
31

3
178

SycamoreFicus sycomorus L.

Moraceae
32

2
179

Prickly AsparagusAsparagus aphyllus L.

Liliaceae
32

2
180

Cowpea, black-eyed pea Vigna sinensis L.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
33

1
181

GeraniumPelargonium odoratissimum
(L.) L'He'r

Geraniaceae
33

1
182

CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytis
L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
35

1
183

Corn MarigoldChrysanthemum coronarium L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
33

2
4
61

English Name Scientific Name
Family
Family






184

Shrubby centaury Centaurea dumulosa Boiss

Compositae (Asteraceae)
34

1
185

Sugar beet Beta vulgaris L.

Chenopodiaceae
32

2
186

Yellow alkanet Alkanna orientales (L.) Boiss.

Boraginaceae
32

3
187

Syrian sumach Rhus tripartita ( Ucria) Grande

Anacardiaceae
31

3
189

GalingalaAlpinia officinarum Hance

Zingiberaceae
23

1
190

Cacao Tree, Chocolate tree Theobroma cacao L.

Sterculiaceae
21

2
191

BoxthornLycium europaeum L.

Solanaceae
21

2
192

Bitter citrus Citrus aurantium L.

Rutaceae
22

1
193

Evergreen virgin’s-power Clematis cirrhosa L.

Ranunculaceae
21

2
194

KnotgrassPolygonum equisetiforme Sibth.
& Sm.

Polygonaceae
21

1
195

KhamshehPlumbago europea L.

Plumbaginaceae
21

2
196

Lance-leaved phillyrea Phillyrea latifolia L.

Oleaceae
22

1
197

Madonna Lily Lilium candidum L.

Liliaceae
22

1
198

Mezquit, prosopis Prosopis farcta (Banks et Sol.)
Macbride

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
21

2
199

Ground-nutArachis hypogea L.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
22

1
200

Desert-rodEremostachys laciniata (L.)
Bunge

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
22

2
201

Sunflower ,Yellow
Hawkweed
Helianthus annus L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
22

1
202

Corymbed Carline Thistle Carlina hispanica Lam.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
21

2
203

Prickly Alkanet Anchusa strigosa Banks & Sol.

Boraginaceae
23

1
204

Barberry, Pippe ridges Berberis vulgaris L.

Berberidaceae (Leonticaceae)
22

1
205

StranglewortCynanchum acutum L.

Asclepiadaceae
21

2
206

PistachioPistacia vera L.

Anacardiaceae
21

2
207

Mango Tree Mangifera indica L.

Anacardiaceae
23

2
208

Venus Hair Adiantum capillus- veneris L.Adianthaceae
22

1
209

Lilac Chaste Tree Vitex angus-castus L.

Verbenaceae
11

1
210

Snake root Eryngium creticum Lam.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
12

1
211

Deadly nightshade Atropa belladonna L.

Solanaceae
11

1

62

English Name Scientific Name
Family
Family






212

Mandarin Orange,
Tangerine
Citrus reticulata Blanco

Rutaceae
12

1
213

Narrow-Leaved Madder Rubia tenuifolia D'Urv.

Rubiaceae
11

1
214

Common Agrimony Agrimonia eupatoria L.

Rosaceae
11

1
215

Creeping Cinquefoil Potentilla reptans L.

Rosaceae
11

1
216

CherryCerasus vulgaris Mill

Rosaceae
11

1
217

Lesser burnet Poterium sanguisorba L.

Rosaceae
11

1
218

Apricot Prunus armeniaca L.

Primulaceae
12

2
219

Passion flower Passiflora incarnata L.

Passifloraceae
11

1
220

JasmineJasminum fruticans L.

Oleaceae
11

1
221

Musk mallow, Ab-elmosch Hibiscus ablemoscnus L.

Malvaceae
11

1
222

Acacia Strap Flower Loranthus acaciae Zucc
(Plicosepalus acaciae)

Loranthaceae
11

1
223

Oriental Colchicum, Autumn
Crocus
Colchicum byzantinum Ker
Gawl.

Liliaceae
11


1
224

Cajan Pea, Pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
11

1
225

Egyptian Clover Trifolium alexandrinum L.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
11

1
226

Sweet GloverMelilotus officinalis

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
12

1
227

Spiny Broom Calycotome villosa (Poiret.)
Link.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
11

1
228

PeaPisum sativum L. subsp. elatius
(Bieb.) Ascher. & Graeb.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
11

1
229

Retama, white broomRetama raetam (Forssk.) Webb
and Berth

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
11

1
230

Basil, Sweet Basil Ocimum basilicum L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
12

1
231

Jerusalem SageSalvia hierosolymitana Boiss.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
11

1
232

Water mint Mentha aquatica L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
11

1
233

Horse mint Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
11

1
234

Common sage Salvia officinalis L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
11

1
235

BlackcurrantRibes nigrum L.

Grossulariaceae, Ribesiaceae
11

1
236

Desert Goatgrass Aegilops kotschyi Boiss.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
11

1
237

Many-Flowered Millet
Grass
Piptatherum miliaceum (L.)
Coss.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
11

1
4
63

English Name Scientific Name
Family
Family






238

ChestnutCastanea vulgaris Lam.

Fagaceae
11

1
239

Crenated Annual Spurge Euphorbia chamesyce L.

Euphorbiaceae
11

1
240

Barbados nut Jatropha curcas L.

Euphorbiaceae
11

1
241

SpurgeEuphorbia hierosolymitana
Boiss.

Euphorbiaceae
11

1
242

Oriental strawberry tree, Arbutus Arbutus andrachne L.

Ericaceae
11

1
243

Field Horse tail Equisetum arvense L.

Equisetaceae
11

1
244

Sandarac, arar tree, Gum
Juniber
Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl)
Masters

Cupressaceae
11

1
245

Egyptian cucumber Cucumis melo- chate

Cucurbitaceae
11

1
246

MarrowCucurbita pepo L. convar.
giromontiina (L.) Greb. Var.
styriaca Greb

Cucurbitaceae
11

1
247

HoreseradishArmoracia rusticana Gaertner
et al.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
11

1
248

Black radishRaphanus niger Mill.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
11

1
249

True Water-Cress Nasturtium officinale R. Br.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
11


1
250

SedumSedum microcarpum ( Sm.)
Schnol.

Crassulaceae
11

1
251

Absinth ,Common
wormwood
Artemisia absinthium L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
11

1
252

Bellflower Campanula stellaris Boiss.

Campanulaceae
12

1
253

Ananas, Pineapple Ananas sativus Schult. &
Schult. F.

Bromeliaceae
11

1
254

sebesten tree, Assyrian Plum Cordia myxa L.

Boraginaceae
11

1
11

64
2

English NameScientific Name FamilyFamily







1

Golden cotula Matricaria aurea (L.)
Sch. Bip.

Compositae (Asteraceae)9911

92
2

GarlicAllium sativum L.

Liliaceae9214

53
3

ParsleyPeroselinum sativum
Hoffm.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 767

46
4

AniseAnisum vulgare L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 748

49
5

white sage, Common
sage, garden sage
Salvia fruticosa Mill.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)699

40
6

OnionsAllium cepa L.

Liliaceae6411

35
7

Fenugreek seed
Trigonella berythea Boiss. &
Blanche (T. foenum-
graecum L.)

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)6411

37
8

OlivesOlea europaea L.

Oleaceae4810

22
9

Lime, Limon tree Citrus limon (L.) Burm. fil

Rutaceae4612

26
10

Wild Pink Dianthus strictus Banks &
Sol.

Caryophyllaceae44
5

40
11

TeaCamellia thea Link.

Theaceae43
9

26
12

BarleyHordeum vulgare L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)39
7

49
13

CuminCuminum cyminum L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 36
3

34
14

Wild thyme,
mother of thyme
Majorana syriaca (L.)
Rafin.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)36
8

36
15

Garden rocket Eruca sativa Miller

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)36
7

26
16

LentilsLens culinaris Medikus

Leguminosae (Fabaceae) 352

15
17

RadishRaphanus sativum L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)34
8

32
18

CoffeeCoffea arabica L.

Rubiaceae33
5

17
19

SennaCassia senna L.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
33
2

27
20

SesameSesamum indicum L.Pedaliaceae325

23
21

PeppermintMentha spicita L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)32
8

34
22

Castor beans Ricinus communis L.

Euphorbiaceae29
3

23
23

Nigella, black cumin Nigella ciliaris DC.

Ranunculaceae2813

8
2

CarawayCarum carvi L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 266

17
2

English NameScientific Name FamilyFamily







1

Golden cotula Matricaria aurea (L.)
Sch. Bip.

Compositae (Asteraceae)9911

92
2

GarlicAllium sativum L.

Liliaceae9214

53
3

ParsleyPeroselinum sativum
Hoffm.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 767

46
4

AniseAnisum vulgare L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 748

49
5

white sage, Common
sage, garden sage
Salvia fruticosa Mill.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)699

40
6

OnionsAllium cepa L.

Liliaceae6411

35
7

Fenugreek seed
Trigonella berythea Boiss. &
Blanche (T. foenum-
graecum L.)

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)6411

37
8

OlivesOlea europaea L.

Oleaceae4810

22
9

Lime, Limon tree Citrus limon (L.) Burm. fil

Rutaceae4612

26
10

Wild Pink Dianthus strictus Banks &
Sol.

Caryophyllaceae44
5

40
11

TeaCamellia thea Link.

Theaceae43
9

26
12

BarleyHordeum vulgare L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)39
7

49
13

CuminCuminum cyminum L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 36
3

34
14

Wild thyme,
mother of thyme
Majorana syriaca (L.)
Rafin.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)368

36
15

Garden rocket Eruca sativa Miller

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)36
7

26
16

LentilsLens culinaris Medikus

Leguminosae (Fabaceae) 352

15
17

RadishRaphanus sativum L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)34
8

32
18

CoffeeCoffea arabica L.

Rubiaceae335

17
19

SennaCassia senna L.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
33
2

27
20

SesameSesamum indicum L.Pedaliaceae325

23
21

PeppermintMentha spicita L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)328

34
22

Castor beans Ricinus communis L.

Euphorbiaceae29
3

23
23

Nigella, black cumin Nigella ciliaris DC.

Ranunculaceae2813

8
2

CarawayCarum carvi L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 266

17
4
65

English NameScientific Name FamilyFamily







25

GuavaPsidium guajava L.

Myrtaceae252

24
26

LupineLupinus albus L.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)257

11
27

GingerZingiber officinale Rose.

Zingiberaceae24
7

9
28

AlmondAmygdalus communis L.

Rosaceae24
8

9
29

RoselleHibiscus sabdariffa L.

Malvaceae24
3

19
30

Fig tree Ficus carica L.

Moraceae22
2

13
31

CucumberCucumis sativus L.

Cucurbitaceae22
2

20
32

Prickly-pearOpuntia ficus-indica
(L.)
Mill.

Cactaceae22
2

14
33

Roman Nettle Urtica pilulifera L.

Urticaceae21
7

9
34

FennelFoeniculum vulgare
Miller

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 21
6

20
35

Red River Gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Dehn.

Myrtaceae21
9

9
36

Cinnamon
TreeCinnamomum zeylanicum
Blume.

Lauraceae21
3

17
37

ApplePyrus malus L.

Rosaceae19
7

13
38

HennaLawsonia inermis L.

Lythraceae19
2

17
39

PomegranatePunica granatum L.

Punicaceae18
5

14
40

WheatTriticum aestivum L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)18
7

10
41

PotatoSolanum tuberosum L.

Solanaceae16
3

13
42

LettuceLactuca sativa L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)16
3

13
43

White
Wormwood
Artemisia inculata Delile
(= A. herba-alba Asso)

Compositae (Asteraceae)164

8
44

Pick
ToothAmmi visnaga (L.) Lam.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 154

9
45

Wild cabbage Brassica oleracea L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)15
7

5
46

GrapefruitCitrus paradisi Macfad.

Rutaceae14
3

12
47

BlackpepperPiper nigrum L.

Piperaceae132

12
48

RosemaryRosmarinus officinalis L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)13
4

7
49

Coconut Palm Cocos nucifera L.

Palmae (Arecaceae)12
5

5
50

Zea, corn Zea mays L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)104

4

66

English NameScientific Name FamilyFamily







51

GrapeVitis vinifera L.

Vitaceae95

7
52

CommonmallowMalva sylvestris L.

Malvaceae93

6
53

Pink flax Linum pubescens Banks &
Sol.

Linaceae95

3
54

LiquoriceGlycyrrhiza glabra L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
93

4
55

CorianderCoriandrum sativum L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
85

4
56

TomatoLycopersicon esculentum
Mill.

Solanaceae
75

2
57

RiceOryza sativa L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
71

7
58

ColocynthCitrullus colocynthis (L.)
Schrader

Cucurbitaceae
74

3
59

Christ’s thorn Jujube, nabk Ziziphus spina-christi (L.)
Desf.

Rhamnaceae
61

1
60

WatermelonCitrullus lanatus (Thunb.)
Matsun & Nakai

Cucurbitaceae
67

3
61

Silvery
Whitlow- Wart
Paronychia argentea
Lam.

Caryophyllaceae
61

6
62

PurslanePortulaca oleracea L.

Portulacaceae
56

2
63

Mulberry
Morus alba

Moraceae
53

2
64

BroadbeanVicia faba L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
52

4
65

SafflowerCarthamus tinctorius L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
54

2
66

CardamomElettaria cardamomum
Maton

Zingiberaceae
44

2
67

CarrotDaucus carota L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
44

2
68

BananaMusa sapientum L.

Musaceae42

4
69

TamarinTamarindus indica L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
41

3
70

Basil, Sweet Basil Ocimum basilicum L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
43

2
71

Cypress Cupressus sempervirens
L.

Cupressaceae
41

4
72

PumpkinCucurbita pepo L.

Cucurbitaceae
43

2
73

Dwarf chicory Cichorium pumilum Jacq.

Compositae (Asteraceae)43

2
74

Wild
CeleryApium graveolens L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 32

2
75

Cacao Tree, Chocolate tree Theobroma cacao L.

Sterculiaceae
31

3
4
67

English NameScientific Name FamilyFamily







76

WillowSalix acmophylla Boiss.

Salicaceae31


3
77

SweetOrange – treeCitrus Sinensis (L.)
Osbeck

Rutaceae33

1
78

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L.

Palmae (Arecaceae)
34

2
79

SaffronCrocus sativus L.

Iridaceae
31

3
80

Squirting cucumber Ecballium elaterium ( L.)
A. Richard

Cucurbitaceae
32

2
81

SpinachSpinacia oleraceae L.

Convolvulaceae
31

3
82

Chebulic MyrobalanTerminalia chebula Retz.Combretaceae
32

2
83

Lentisk, Mastic tree Pistacia lentiscus L.

Anacardiaceae33

1
84

Pale RoseRosa centifolia L.

Rosaceae22

2
85

Red pimperne Anagallis arvensis L.

Primulaceae
22

1
86

CarobCeratonia siliqua L.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
22

1
87

Chick PeaCicer arietinum L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
21

2
88

AvocadoPersea americana Mill.

Lauraceae21

2
89

TurnipBrassica rapa L. var. rapa

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
22

1
90

Gum Myrrh tree Commiphora myrrha
(Nees) Engl.

Burseraceae
22

1
91

Sicilian sumach Rhus coriaria L.

Anacardiaceae
22

1
92

Syrian sumach Rhus tripartita ( Ucria)
Grande

Anacardiaceae
21

2
93

DillAnethum graveolens L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 11

1
94

Giant Fennel Ferula communis L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
11

1
95

Black nightshade Solanum nigrum L.

Solanaceae
11

1
96

RueRuta chalepensis L.

Rutaceae
11

1
97

Quince- tree Cydonia vulgaris Pers.

Rosaceae
11

1
98

Patience
dockRumex patientia L.

Polygonaceae11

1
99

CommonPoppyPapaver rhoeas L.

Papaveraceae11

1
100
MaceNutmeg
Myristica fragrans Houtt.

Myristicaceae
11

1
101

SycamoreFicus sycomorus L.

Moraceae
11

1

68

English NameScientific Name FamilyFamily







102

Modest Garlic Allium desertorum Forssk.

Liliaceae11

1
103

SweetGloverMelilotus officinalis

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)11

1
104

Cowpea, black-eyed pea Vigna sinensis L.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
11

1
105

common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae) 11

1
106

Laurel, Sweet bay Laurus nobilis L.

Lauraceae
11

1
107

OatsAvena sativa L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
11

1
108
Sugar
Cane
Saccharum officinarum L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
11

1
109

Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon
(L.)
Pers.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
11

1
110

MarrowCucurbita pepo L. convar.
giromontiina (L.) Greb.
Var. styriaca Greb

Cucurbitaceae
11

1
111

CressLepidium sativum L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
11

1
112

CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var.
botrytis L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)11

1
113

BindweedConvolvulus althaeoides
L.

Convolvulaceae
11

1
114
SunflowerYellow
Hawkweed
Helianthus annus L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
11

1
115

Shrubby centaury Centaurea dumulosa
Boiss

Compositae (Asteraceae)
11

1
116

Hazel NutCorylus avellana L.

Corylaceae
11

1
117

PapawCarica papaya L.

Caricaceae (Papaiaceae)
11

1
118

CalamusAcorus calamus L.

Araceae11

1
119

OleanderNerium oleander L
.

Apocynaceae11

1
120

Palestinian
pistachio, Terebinth
Pistacia paleastina Boiss.

Anacardiaceae
11

1
22
4
69
3

English NameScientific Name

Family Name







1

Golden cotulaMatricaria aurea (L.) Sch. Bip.

Compositae (Asteraceae)37317

332
2

white sage, Common
sage, garden sage
Salvia fruticosa Mill.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)34415

260
3

GarlicAllium sativum L.

Liliaceae31621

189
4

AniseAnisum vulgare L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 30917

173
5

Fenugreek seed
Trigonella berythea Boiss. &
Blanche (T. foenum- graecum L.)

Leguminosae
(Papilionaceae)
26216

103
6

PeppermintMentha spicita L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)23317

113
7

OlivesOlea europaea L.

Oleaceae23120

111
8

Wild thyme,
mother of thyme
Majorana syriaca (L.) Rafin.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)22316

166
9

Lime, Limon
tree
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. fil

Rutaceae20915

134
10

OnionsAllium cepa L.

Liliaceae19619

85
11

ParsleyPeroselinum sativum Hoffm.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 17817

109
12

CuminCuminum cyminum L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 16414

130
13

Nigella, black cuminNigella ciliaris DC.

Ranunculaceae16319

50
14

BarleyHordeum vulgare L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)15414

129
15

Wild PinkDianthus strictus Banks & Sol.

Caryophyllaceae15010

123
16

Castor beansRicinus communis L.

Euphorbiaceae13015

78
17

Fig treeFicus carica L.

Moraceae10814

44
18

TeaCamellia thea Link.

Theaceae10116

53
19

CoffeeCoffea arabica L.

Rubiaceae101
9

67
20

Cat thymeTeucrium polium L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)10117

65
21

PomegranatePunica granatum L.

Punicaceae10013

71
22

Roman NettleUrtica pilulifera L.

Urticaceae9616

23
23

FennelFoeniculum vulgare Miller

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 9612

39
24

HennaLawsonia inermis L.

Lythraceae94
6

80
25

Cinnamon
TreeCinnamomum zeylanicum
Blume.

Lauraceae9114

42

70

English NameScientific Name

Family Name







26

SesameSesamum indicum L.
Pedaliaceae9015

39
27

Garden rocketEruca sativa Miller

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)8815

40
28

ApplePyrus malus L.

Rosaceae8617

44
29

GuavaPsidium guajava L.

Myrtaceae85
8

63
30

LentilsLens culinaris Medikus

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)85
9

64
31

LupineLupinus albus L.

Leguminosae
(Papilionaceae)
8311

31
32

SennaCassia senna L.

Leguminosae
(Papilionaceae)
83
6

67
33

Ginger
Zingiber officinale Rose.

Zingiberaceae8014

33
34

Red River GumEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.

Myrtaceae8014

31
35

CarawayCarum carvi L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 7710

38
36

RadishRaphanus sativum L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)7513

48
37

AlmondAmygdalus communis L.

Rosaceae7413

27
38

RosemaryRosmarinus officinalis L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)7215

35
39

PotatoSolanum tuberosum L.

Solanaceae7011

50
40

CarobCeratonia siliqua L.

Leguminosae
(Papilionaceae)
70
9

41
41

Prickly-pearOpuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.

Cactaceae6911

43
42

CucumberCucumis sativus L.

Cucurbitaceae6612

42
43

Squirting cucumberEcballium elaterium ( L.) A.
Richard

Cucurbitaceae65
5

57
44

GrapeVitis vinifera L.

Vitaceae6418

15
45

RoselleHibiscus sabdariffa L.

Malvaceae61
8

45
46

Spotted arumArum dioscorides Sibth & Sm

Araceae60
8

48
47

HawthornCrataegus aronia (L.) Bosc. ex
DC.

Rosaceae59
9

43
8

Kermes oakQuercus calliprinos L.

Fagaceae5613

19
49

ThymeMicromeria nervosa (Desf.)
Benth.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)55
6

37
50

CommonmallowMalva sylvestris L.

Malvaceae5211

16
4
71

English NameScientific Name

Family Name







51

LettuceLactuca sativa L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)5213

21
52

CorianderCoriandrum sativum L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 5113

14
53

Date palmPhoenix dactylifera L.

Palmae (Arecaceae)5113

26
54

ThymeMicromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)5110

28
55

WheatTriticum aestivum L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)5113

22
56

TomatoLycopersicon esculentum Mill.

Solanaceae50
7

17
57

Alhagi MannaAlhagi maurorum Medik.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
49
5

40
58

Common Varthemia
Varthemia iphionoides Boiss &
Blanche ( Chiliadenus
iphionoides)

Compositae (Asteraceae)4811

24
59

RueRuta chalepensis L.

Rutaceae4416

14
60

Wild cabbageBrassica oleracea L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)4414

16
61

CarrotDaucus carota L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 4311

22
62

Coconut PalmCocos nucifera L.

Palmae (Arecaceae)4013

11
63

Common Myrtle Myrtus communis L.

Myrtaceae39
9

20
64

PumpkinCucurbita pepo L.

Cucurbitaceae37
8

28
65

Pink flaxLinum pubescens Banks & Sol.

Linaceae3610

14
66

Pick
ToothAmmi visnaga (L.) Lam.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 35
7

24
67

LiquoriceGlycyrrhiza glabra L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)3512

15
68

Silvery
Whitlow- Wart
Paronychia argentea Lam.

Caryophyllaceae35
6

30
69

SweetOrange – treeCitrus Sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Rutaceae3410

18
70

Persian salvadora,
Toothbrush tree
Salvadora persica L.

Salvadoraceae33
4

30
71

GrapefruitCitrus paradisi Macfad.

Rutaceae32
5


16
72

CypressCupressus sempervirens L.

Cupressaceae32
8

24
73

White Wormwood Artemisia inculata Delile (= A.
herba-alba Asso)

Compositae (Asteraceae)32
8

16
74

BlackpepperPiper nigrum L.

Piperaceae31
9

14
75

Mustard/ wildSinapis arvensis L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)3115

13
76

Zea, cornZea mays L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)30
8

12

72

English NameScientific Name

Family Name







77

BananaMusa sapientum L.

Musaceae29
9

9
78

Inula
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) W. Greuter
(Inula viscosa (L.) Ait.)

Compositae (Asteraceae)2913

14
79

MulberryMorus alba

Moraceae28
8

12
80

WallnutJuglans regia L.

Juglandaceae27
5

18
81

Dwarf chicoryCichorium pumilum Jacq.

Compositae (Asteraceae)2613

15
82

PurslanePortulaca oleracea L.

Portulacaceae2510

9
83

SaffronCrocus sativus L.

Iridaceae2510

12
84

ColocynthCitrullus colocynthis (L.)
Schrader

Cucurbitaceae25
8

9
85

JujubeZiziphus sativa Gaetn.

Rhamnaceae244

22
86

Lion's
Foot,
Lady's - mantle
Alchemilla vulgaris L.

Rosaceae23
5

21
87

Pale
RoseRosa centifolia L.

Rosaceae23
7

12
88

Chebulic Myrobalan
Terminalia chebula Retz.
Combretaceae238

12
89

Sicilian sumachRhus coriaria L.

Anacardiaceae23
8

14
90

Lentisk, Mastic tree Pistacia lentiscus L.

Anacardiaceae2311

9
91

Laurel, Sweet bay Laurus nobilis L.

Lauraceae21
9

11
92

Chamomile, DaisyAnthemis palestina Reuter

Compositae (Asteraceae)2011

9
93

WillowSalix acmophylla Boiss.

Salicaceae18
9

4
94

CommonPoppyPapaver rhoeas L.

Papaveraceae18
6

9
95

RiceOryza sativa L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)18
3

14
96

WatermelonCitrullus lanatus (Thunb.)
Matsun & Nakai

Cucurbitaceae18
8

6
97

SafflowerCarthamus tinctorius
L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)18
5

8
98

Black-berried elder,
common elder
Sambucus nigra L.

Caprifoliaceae18
7

18
99

Quince- treeCydonia vulgaris Pers.

Rosaceae17
8

7
100
BrandleBlackberry
Rubus sanctus Schreb.

Rosaceae16
5

7
101

Acacia, Sponge Tree Acacia farnesiana Willd.

Leguminoceae (Mimosaceae)
1610

7
102

YarrowAchilea fragrantissima Forssk.

Compositae (Asteraceae)15
6

5
4
73

English NameScientific Name

Family Name







103

CardamomElettaria cardamomum Maton

Zingiberaceae14
9

6
104

WildCeleryApium graveolens L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 14
8

6
105

StrawberryFragaria vesca L.

Rosaceae1410

3
106

TamarinTamarindus indica L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)14
8

6
107

OatsAvena sativa L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)14
6

4
108

PeganumPeganum harmala L.

Zygophyllaceae13
9

5
109

Sweet
violetViola odorata L.

Violaceae13
5

5
110

Sweet-marjoramOriganum majorana L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)13
5

13
111

Chickweed, Stitchwort Stellaria media (L.) Vill.

Caryophyllaceae13
5

5
112

Black
nightshade
Solanum nigrum L.

Solanaceae12
3

6
113

CyclamenCyclamen persicum Miller

Primulaceae12
2

5
114

BroadbeanVicia faba L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)12
6

5
115

MelonCucumis melo L.

Cucurbitaceae12
6

5
116

SpinachSpinacia oleraceae L.

Convolvulaceae12
5

7
117

MistletoeViscum cruciatum Sieber &
Bioss

Linaceae11
6

7
118

Chick
PeaCicer arietinum L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)11
7

3
119

Narrow-leaved
Oleaster
Elaeagnus angustifolia L.

Elaeagnaceae11
6

5
120

Medlar treeEriobotria japonica L.

Rosaceae10
7

3
121

Stemless Hollyhock Alcea acaulis (Cav.) Alef.

Malvaceae106

6
122

CressLepidium sativum L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)10
6

4
123

TurmericCurcuma longa L.

Zingiberaceae96

4
124
ChilliSweet Peppers
Capsicum annuum L.

Solanaceae
94

6
125

Mahaleb
CherryPrunus mahaleb L. (Cerasus
mahaleb)

Rosaceae
97

4
126

Greater PlantainPlantago major L.

Plantaginaceae
96

3
127

BalmMellisa officinalis L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
96

6
128
PumpkinVegetable
Marrow
Cucurbita pepo L. var. melpepo

Cucurbitaceae
94

4

74

English NameScientific Name

Family Name







129

AfricanFleabane,
Rock phagnalon
Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
92

8
130

OleanderNerium oleander L.

Apocynaceae
97

3
131

Christ’s thorn Jujube, nabk Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.

Rhamnaceae
89

5
132


Patience
dockRumex patientia L.

Polygonaceae
84

4
133

Aleppo pinePinus halepensis Mill.

Pinaceae
86

2
134

Caper bush,
Egyptian caper
Capparis spinosa L.

Capparodaceae
88

4
135

Giant FennelFerula communis L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
74

4
136
MaceNutmeg
Myristica fragrans Houtt.

Myristicaceae
75

3
137

Capitate ThymeCoridothymus capitatus (L.)
Reichb.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
72

5
138

Jerusalem
SageSalvia hierosolymitana Boiss.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
76

2
139

Downy St. John's-
Wort
Hypericum languinosum Lam.

Hypericaceae
73

7
140

PricklyJuniperJuniperus oxycedrus L.

Cupressaceae
75

4
141

TurnipBrassica rapa L. var. rapa

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
76


2
142
Olibanumfrankincense
tree, Incense
Boswellia carterii Birdw.

Burseraceae
74

3
143

DillAnethum graveolens L.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
65

2
144

Bitter AlmondAmygdalus korschinskyi ( Hand-
Mazzetti) Bornm.

Rosaceae
63

3
145

Okra, Lady's fingerAbelmoschus esculantus L.

Malvaceae
62

4
146

SquillUrginea maritima (L.) Baker

Liliaceae
61

6
147

Tree of
lifeThuja occidentalis L.

Cupressaceae
63

3
148

Holy
Thistle,
Milky Thistle
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn

Compositae (Asteraceae)
63

3
149

ArtichokeCynara scolymus L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
64

2
150

Hazel
NutCorylus avellana L.

Corylaceae
65

2
151

Jews
MallowCorchorus olitorius L.

Tiliaceae
52

2
4
75

English NameScientific Name

Family Name







152

Cacao Tree, Chocolate Tree Theobroma cacao L.

Sterculiaceae
51

5
153

HenbaneHyoscyamus aureus L.

Solanaceae
53

4
154

Egg-plantSolanum melongena L.

Solanaceae
54

2
155

PeartreePyrus communis L.

Rosaceae
54

2
156

Pine
tree, Norway pine Pinus sylvestris L.

Pinaceae
52

5
157

AsphodelAsphodelus aestivus Brot.
(Asphodelus microcarpus Salzm.
& Viv)

Liliaceae
53

2
158

common beanPhaseolus vulgaris L.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)54

2
159

Lavender
Lavandula officinalis Chaix
Kitt

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
55

3
160
Sugar
Cane
Saccharum officinarum L.

Gramineae (Poaceae)53

4
161

Wall Penny Wart Umbilicus intermedius Boiss.

Crassulaceae
54

3
162

ArnicaArnica montana L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
55

3
163

Syrian cornflower Centaurea cyanoides Berggren
et Wahlenb.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
52

3
164

Cud WeedGnaphalium luteo-album L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)53

5
165

Palestinian
pistachio, Terebinth
Pistacia paleastina Boiss.

Anacardiaceae
52

3
166

Syrian sumachRhus tripartita ( Ucria) Grande

Anacardiaceae
52

3
167

Shruppy barnetSarcopoterium spinosum (L.)
Sp.

Rosaceae
44

1
168

Plums, common
plum
Prunus domestica L.

Rosaceae
45

1
169

Rhubarb, Chinese
Rhubrab
Rheum officinale Baill.

Polygonaceae
43

2
170

SycamoreFicus sycomorus L.

Moraceae
43

2
171

White AcaciaAcacia albida Del.

Leguminoceae
(Mimosaceae)
42

3
172

Basil, Sweet Basil Ocimum basilicum L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
44

3
173

ClarySalvia Sclarea L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
44

1
174

CauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytis L.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
46

1
175

Shrubby centaury Centaurea dumulosa Boiss

Compositae (Asteraceae)
44

2

76

English NameScientific Name

Family Name







176

KhatCatha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. Ex
Endl.

Celastraceae
41

4
178

Tongue fernPhyllitis sagittata (DC.)

Aspleniaceae
43

2
179

Common
Narcissus
Narcissus tazetta L.

Amaryllidaceae
43

2
180

Common ValerianValeriana officinalis L.

Valerianaceae
31

3
181

MulleinVerbascum sinuatum L.

Scrophulariaceae
33

2
182

Syrian pearPyrus syriaca Boiss

Rosaceae
34

2
183

Common
Anemone
Anemone coronaria L.

Ranunculaceae
32

2
184

ApricotPrunus armeniaca L.

Primulaceae
32

3
185
SorrelGarden
Sorrel
Rumex acetosa L.

Polygonaceae
32

2
186

BougainvilleaBougainvillea glabra

Nyctaginaceae
31

3
187

Prickly
AsparagusAsparagus aphyllus L.

Liliaceae
32

2
188

Cowpea, black-eyed pea Vigna sinensis L.

Leguminosae
(Papilionaceae)
33

2
189

GeraniumPelargonium odoratissimum (L.)
L'He'r

Geraniaceae
33

1
190
SunflowerYellow
Hawkweed
Helianthus annus L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
3
3

1
191

Corn
MarigoldChrysanthemum coronarium L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
33

2
192

Sugar beetBeta vulgaris L.

Chenopodiaceae
32

2
193

Yellow alkanetAlkanna orientales (L.) Boiss.

Boraginaceae
32

3
194

GalingalaAlpinia officinarum Hance

Zingiberaceae
23

1
195

BoxthornLycium europaeum L.

Solanaceae
21

2
196

Bitter citrusCitrus aurantium L.

Rutaceae
22

1
197

Evergreen
virgin’s-power
Clematis cirrhosa L.

Ranunculaceae
21

2
198

Red pimperneAnagallis arvensis L.

Primulaceae
22

1
199

KnotgrassPolygonum equisetiforme Sibth.
& Sm.

Polygonaceae
22

1
200

KhamshehPlumbago europea L.

Plumbaginaceae
21

2
4
77

English NameScientific Name

Family Name







201

Lance-leaved phillyrea Phillyrea latifolia L.

Oleaceae
22

1
202

Madonna LilyLilium candidum L.

Liliaceae
22

1
203

Sweet
GloverMelilotus officinalis

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
22

2
204

Mezquit, prosopis Prosopis farcta (Banks et Sol.)
Macbride

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
21

2
205

Ground-nutArachis hypogea L.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
22

1
206

AvocadoPersea americana Mill.

Lauraceae
21

2
207

Desert-rodEremostachys laciniata (L.)
Bunge

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
22

2
208

MarrowCucurbita pepo L. convar.
giromontiina (L.) Greb. Var.
styriaca Greb

Cucurbitaceae
22

1
209

Corymbed Carline
Thistle
Carlina hispanica Lam.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
21

2
210

Gum Myrrh treeCommiphora myrrha (Nees)
Engl.

Burseraceae
22

1
211

Barberry, Pippe ridges Berberis vulgaris L.

Berberidaceae (Leonticaceae)
22

1
212

StranglewortCynanchum acutum L.

Asclepiadaceae
21

2
213

PistachioPistacia vera L.

Anacardiaceae
21

2
214

Mango TreeMangifera indica L.

Anacardiaceae
23

2
215

Venus HairAdiantum capillus- veneris L.
Adianthaceae
22

1
216

Lilac Chaste TreeVitex angus-castus L.

Verbenaceae
11

1
217

Snake rootEryngium creticum Lam.

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
12

1
218

Deadly nightshade Atropa belladonna L.

Solanaceae
11

1
219

Mandarin Orange,
Tangerine
Citrus reticulata Blanco

Rutaceae
12

1
220

Narrow-Leaved MadderRubia tenuifolia D'Urv.

Rubiaceae
11

1
221

Common AgrimonyAgrimonia eupatoria L.

Rosaceae
11

1
222

CherryCerasus vulgaris Mill

Rosaceae
11

1
223

Creeping CinquefoilPotentilla reptans L.

Rosaceae
11

1
224

Lesser burnetPoterium sanguisorba L.

Rosaceae
11

1
225

Passion flowerPassiflora incarnata L.

Passifloraceae
11

1

78

English NameScientific Name

Family Name







226

JasmineJasminum fruticans L.

Oleaceae
11

1
227

Musk mallow, Ab-elmoschHibiscus ablemoscnus L.

Malvaceae
11

1
228

Acacia Strap FlowerLoranthus acaciae Zucc
(Plicosepalus acaciae)


Loranthaceae
11

1
229

Modest Garlic Allium desertorum Forssk.

Liliaceae
11

1
230

Oriental Colchicum,
Autumn crocus
Colchicum byzantinum Ker
Gawl.

Liliaceae
11

1
231

Cajan Pea, Pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
11

1
232

Spiny BroomCalycotome villosa (Poiret.)
Link.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
11

1
233

Egyptian cloverTrifolium alexandrinum L.

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)
11

1
234

PeaPisum sativum L. subsp. elatius
( Bieb.) Ascher. & Graeb.

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)11

1
235

Retama, white broom Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb
and Berth

Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
11

1
236

WatermintMentha aquatica L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
11

1
237

Horse mintMentha longifolia (L.) Hudson

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
11

1
238

Common sageSalvia officinalis L.

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
11

1
239

BlackcurrantRibes nigrum L.

Grossulariaceae, Ribesiaceae
11

1
240

Desert GoatgrassAegilops kotschyi Boiss.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
11

1
241

Bermuda grassCynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
11

1
242

Many-Flowered
Millet Grass
Piptatherum miliaceum (L.)
Coss.

Gramineae (Poaceae)
11

1
243

ChestnutCastanea vulgaris Lam.

Fagaceae
11

1
244

Crenated Annual
Spurge
Euphorbia chamesyce L.

Euphorbiaceae
11

1
245

SpurgeEuphorbia hierosolymitana
Boiss.

Euphorbiaceae
11

1
246

Barbados nutJatropha curcas L.

Euphorbiaceae
11

1
247

Oriental strawberr
y
tree, Arbutus
Arbutus andrachne L.

Ericaceae11

1
28

Field Horse tailEquisetum arvense L.

Equisetaceae
11

1
4
79

English NameScientific Name

Family Name







249

Sandarac, arar tree,
Gum Juniber
Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl)
Masters

Cupressaceae
11

1
250

Egyptian cucumberCucumis melo- chate

Cucurbitaceae
11

1
251

HoreseradishArmoracia rusticana Gaertner
et al.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
11

1
252

True Water-CressNasturtium officinale R. Br.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
11

1
253

Black
radishRaphanus niger Mill.

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
11

1
254

SedumSedum microcarpum ( Sm.)
Schnol.

Crassulaceae
11

1
255

BindweedConvolvulus althaeoides L.

Convolvulaceae
11

1
256

AbsinthCommon
wormwood
Artemisia absinthium L.

Compositae (Asteraceae)
11

1
257

PapawCarica papaya L.

Caricaceae (Papaiaceae)
11

1
258

BellflowerCampanula stellaris Boiss.

Campanulaceae
12

1
259

Ananas, Pineapple Ananas sativus Schult. & Schult.
F.

Bromeliaceae
11

1
260

sebesten tree,
Assyrian Plum
Cordia myxa L.

Boraginaceae
11

1
261

Prickly AlkanetAnchusa strigosa Banks & Sol.

Boraginaceae
13

1
262

CalamusAcorus calamus L.

Araceae
11

1
1212

80

12
1
.







83

30




20

5

3


1


1


1

1

1


1




1

1



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23
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11
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7
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7
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7
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6
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5
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5
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5
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5
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5
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4
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4
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4
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3
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2
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2
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2
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27
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14
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6
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21
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20
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19
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17
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16
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88
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15
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14
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14
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14
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13
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12
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12
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11
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9
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9
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9
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9
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7
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7
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7
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7
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5
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4
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4
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89
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4
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4
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4
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3
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35
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26
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23
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22
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17
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14
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13
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10
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9
  
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8
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7
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2
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1
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



53

  

26

2

1


3

 

12

3


1
4
99
2006
2006
Latin name

  
  

ADIANTACEAE
Adiantum capillus- veneris L.

 
- -
Venus Hair

1,
2,3
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Narcissus tazetta L.


 
- 1-3
Common Narcissus

1
ANACARDIACEAE

Mangifera indica L.
-
-
-
- -
Mango Tree

1
Pistacia lentiscus L.


- 3-6
Lentisk, Mastic Tree

1, 2,7
Pistacia paleastina Boiss.

 
- 3-6
Palestinian Pistachio, Terebinth

1, 2,3,4,5,6
Pistacia vera L.

 
- 3-6
Pistachio

1
Rhus coriaria L.

شأ

- 4-5
Sicilian Sumach

1, 2,3,6,7
Rhus tripartita ( Ucria) Grande


- 4-6
Syrian Sumach

1,2
APOCYNACEAE

Nerium oleander L.

 
- 3-8
Oleander

1,2,6,7
ARACEAE

Acorus calamus L. 
-
-
-
- -
Calamus

1
Arum dioscorides Sibth & Sm

 
- 3-5
Spotted Arum

1,2
Arum palaestinum Boiss.

 
ل ف 3-5
Palestine Arum

6
ASPLENIACEAE

Ceterach officinarum DC.

 
- -
Scaly Spleenwort

9
Cynanchum acutum L.

م

- 6-9
Stranglewort

1,2
Phyllitis sagittata (DC.)

 
- 4-7
Tongue Fern

1,2
BERBERIDACEAE (LEONTICACEAE)

Berberis vulgaris L.
-
-
- -
Barberry, Pippe Ridges

1,2
BORAGINACEAE

Alkanna orientales (L.) Boiss.


-
- 4-8
Yellow Alkanet

1,2,3

100
Latin name

  
  

Anchusa aegyptiaca (L.) DC.


- 1-4
Eagyptian Alkanet

6
Anchusa strigosa Banks & Sol.

 
- 3-6
Pricly Alkanet

1,2,3,4,5
Cordia myxa L.
- -
Sebesten Tree, Assyrian Plum

1
Cynoglossum creticum Mill.
(Cynoglosum pictum Aiton.)

-
- blue hound's tongue

9
BROMELIACEAE

Ananas sativus Schult. & Schult. F.

- -
Ananas, Pineapple

1,2
BURSERACEAE

Boswellia carterii Birdw.
- -
Olibanum, Frankincense Tree,
Incense

1
Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl.

- -
Gum Myrrh Tree

1
CACTACEAE

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.

 
- 4-8
Prickly-Pear

1,2,3
CAMPANULACEAE

Campanula rapunculus L.

 
- 4-6
Rampion

3,6
Campanula stellaris Boiss.


ل ف 2-5
Bellflower

1
CAPPARODACEAE

Capparis spinosa L.

- 3-8
Caper Bush, Egyptian Caper

1,2,3,4,5,6,7
CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Lonicera etrusca Santi

- 4,5
Italian Honeysuckle

6
Sambucus nigra L. 

- 5,6
Black-Berried Elder, Common Elder

1,2
CARICACEAE, PAPAIACEAE

Carica papaya L.
- -
Papaw

1
CORYLACEAE

Corylus avellana L.
- -
Hazel Nut

1
CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Dianthus strictus Banks & Sol.

 
- 4-10
Wild Pink

1, 2
Herinaria hirsute L.


- 3,4
Hairy Rupture Wart

2
Paronychia argentea Lam.


- 1-4
Silvery Whitlow- Wart

1, 2,3,5,6
4
101
Latin name

  
  

Sclerocephalus arabicus Boiss.


2-5
Barra

2
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garke
ق ص
،خ ق ج ، ن ج


3-7
Rattlebox, Bladder Campion

6
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.


1-4
Chickweed, Stitchwort

1,2
CELASTRACEAE 
Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. Ex Endl.
- - - -
Khat

CHENOPODIACEAE 
Atriplex halimus L.


4-10
Shruppy Saltbush, Sea Orache

7
Beta vulgaris L.


3-7
Sugar Beet

1
COMBRETACEAE
Terminalia chebula Retz.
Chebulic Myrobalan

1
COMPOSITAE (ASTERACEAE)

Achillea biebersteinii Afan.

 
- 3,4
Yellow Milfoil

6
Achillea fragrantissima Forssk.


3-12
Yarrow

1,2,3
Anthemis palaestina Reuter


 3-6
Chamomile, Daisy

1,2,3
Anthemis tinctoria L.

 
4-6
Dyer's Chamomile

3,6
Arnica montana L.

-
Arnica

1
Artemisia absinthium L.
-
Absinth, Common Wormwood

1
Artemisia arborescens L.


4-10
Shrubby Wormwood

2
Artemisia inculata Delile (= A.
herba-alba Asso)


-
White Wormwood

1,2,3
Carlina hispanica Lam.

 
7-9
Corymbed Carline Thistle

1
Carthamus tinctorius L.

5,6
Safflower

1,2,3
Centaurea cyanoides Berggren et
Wahlenb.


 3-5
Syrian Cornflower

1
Centaurea dumulosa Boiss
-2
-
Shrubby Centaury

1,2,3
Chrysanthemum coronarium L.


3-5
Corn Marigold

1,2,6
Cichorium pumilum Jacq.


4-6
Dwarf Chicory

1,2,3,6
Cynara scolymus L.
-
Artichoke

1

102
Latin name

  
  

Echinops adenocaulos Boiss.

 
- 6,7
Common Globe-Thistle

6
Gundelia tournefortii L.

 
- 3-5
Gundelia

6
Helianthus annus L.
-
- -
Sunflower, Yellow Hawkweed

1
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) W. Greuter
(Inula viscosa (L.) Ait.)


- 7-12
Inula

1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Lactuca orientalis ( Boiss.) Boiss.


- 8-9
Oriental Lettuce

6
Lactuca sativa L.
-
- -
Lettuce

1
Lactuca scariola L. (L. serriola
L.)


-
prickly lettuce, compass
plan

3
Lactuca tuberosa Jacq.
-
- -
3,6
Matricaria aurea (L.) Sch. Bip.


- 2-5
Golden Cotula

1,2,3
Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass.


- 3-5
Syrian thistle

7
Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC.



- 3-6
African Fleabane, Rock
Phagnalon

1,2,3,4,5,6
Pseudognaphalium luteo-album
(L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt
(Gnaphalium luteo-album L.)


-
3,4-6
Cud Weed

1
Scolymus maculatus L.


- 3-8
Spotted Golden-
Thistle

6
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn


- 3-5
Holy Thistle, Milky
Thistle

1
Varthemia iphionoides Boiss &
Blanche ( Chiliadenus
iphionoides (Boiss. & Blanche)
Brullo)
ق ص
،خ ق ج ،ن ج ،م ب م ،ج أ ،ن ص
 9-11
Common Varthemia

1,2,3,6
CONVOLVULACEAE

Convolvulus althaeoides L.

 
- 3-6
Bind Weed

2
Convolvulus arvensis L.


- 3-11
Bind Weed

6
Spinacia oleraceae L.
- -
Spinach

1,2
CRASSULACEAE

Sedum microcarpum ( Sm.)
Schnol.


- 1-4
Sedum

1,2
Umbilicus intermedius Boiss.



- 3-5
Wall Penny Wart

1,2
4
103
Latin name

  
  

CRUCIFERAE (BRASSICACEAE)

Armoracia rusticana Gaertner et al.

-

-
- -
Horesradish

1
Brassica oleracea L.
-
-
-
-
-
Wild Cabbage

1, 2
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. 

-
-
-
- -
Cauliflower

1
Brassica rapa L. var. rapa
-
-
-
-
-
Turnip

1, 2
Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.

 
- 3-4
Heart-Podded Hoary Cress

7
Eruca sativa Miller

ح

- 2-4
Garden Rocket

1,2,3,6
Lepidium sativum L.

ح

-
3,4
Cress

1,2
Nasturtium officinale R. Br.

 
- 2-9
True Water-Cress

1
Raphanus niger Mill.
-
-
- -
Black Radish

1
Raphanus sativum L.
-
- -
- -
Radish

1, 2,3
Sinapis alba L.


- 2,3-5
White Mustard

6
Sinapis arvensis L.


- 2-5
Mustard/ Wild

1,2
CUCURBITACEAE

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader

 
- 5-8
Colocynth

1, 2,3
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsun
& Nakai
-

-
-
Watermelon

1, 2
Cucumis melo- chate
-
-
-
- -
Egyptian Cucumber

1
Cucumis melo L. 
-
-
-
- -
Melon

1
Cucumis sativus L. 
-
- -
- -
Cucumber

1
Cucurbita pepo L.
-
-
-
- -
Pumpkin

1, 2, 3
Cucurbita pepo L. var. melpepo 

-
-
-
- -
Pumpkin, Vegetable Marrow

1
Ecballium elaterium ( L.) A.
Richard

 
- 4-12
Squirting Cucumber

1,2,3,6
CUPRESSACEAE

Cupressus sempervirens L.

 
- 3 -5
Cypress

1, 2,7
Juniperus oxycedrus L.
-
 
- -
Prickly Juniper

1

104
Latin name

  
  

Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters

-

-
- -
Sandarac, Arar Tree, Gum Juniber

1
Thuja occidentalis L.
-

-
- -
Tree Of Life

1
DIPSACACEAE

Scabiosa prolifera L


- 3 -5
Carmel Daisy

6,9
Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus angustifolia L.

 
- 4 -8
Narrow-Leaved Oleaster

1
EQUISETACEAE

Equisetum arvense L.
-

-
- -
Field Horse Tail

1
ERICACEAE

Arbutus andrachne L.

 
- 4-5, 10,11
Oriental Strawberry Tree,
Arbutus

1
EUPHORBIACEAE

Euphorbia chamesyce L.


- 4-9
Crenated Annual Spurge

1,2
Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss.


- 1-4
Spurge

1,2,3
Euphorbia lathyris L.
-
- - 1-4
Caper Spurge, Mole Plant

6
Jatropha curcas L.
-
-
- -
Barbados Nut, Spicy Jatropha

1,2
Ricinus communis L.

شأ

- 3-11
Castor Beans

1, 2,3,6,7
FAGACEAE

Castanea vulgaris Lam. 
-

-
- -
Chestnut

1
Quercus calliprinos L.

 
- 3-5
Kermes Oak

1,2,3,6,7
GERANIACEAE

Geranium purpureum (G.
robertianum
)


-
Purple Crane's-
Bill

6
Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.)
L'He'r
-

-
-
Geranium

1
GRAMINEAE (POACEAE)

Aegilops kotschyi Boiss.


- 3-5
Desert Goatgrass

1,2
4
105
Latin name

  
  

Arundo donax L.

 
- 6-12
Giant Reed

6
Avena sativa L.
-
-
-
- -
Oats

1
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.




- 1-12
Bermuda Grass

1,2
Hordeum vulgare L. 
-
- -
- -
Barley

1
Lolium temulentum L.


- 3-6
Bearded Darnel,
Darnel

8
Oryza sativa L.
-
- -
- -
Rice

1
Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss.




- 2-7
Many-Flowered Millet
Grass

1
Saccharum officinarum L. 
-
-
- -
Suger –Cane

1
Triticum aestivum L.
-
-
- -
Wheat

1, 2
Triticum graminis
-
-
- -
Wheat

3
Zea mays L.
-
-
- -
Zea, Corn

1, 2,3
GROSSULARIACEAE (RIBESIACEAE)

Ribes nigrum L.
-
-
- -
Blackcurrant

1
HYPERICACEAE

Hypericum languinosum Lam.


- 4-6
Downy St. John's-Wort

1
IRIDACEAE

Crocus sativus L.
-

-
- -
Saffron

1, 2,3
JUGLANDACEAE

Juglans regia L.



- -
Wallnut

1,2,3,4,5,6
LABIATAE (LAMIACEAE)

Ajuga orientaslis L.

 
- 4
Eastern Bugle

2,3,6
Calamintha incana (Sm.) Helder


- 5-10
Grey Calaminth

2
Coridothymus capitatus (L.)
Reichb.


- 5-10
Capitate Thyme

1, 2,3,6
Eremostachys laciniata (L.) Bun
g
e



- 2-4
Desert-Rod

1,2

106
Latin name

  
  

Hyssopus officinalis L.
-
- 6-8
Hyssop

8
Lamium moschatum Miller


- 1-5
Musky Archangel

6
Lavandula officinalis Chaix and Kitt

-
-
-
Lavender

1
Majorana syriaca (L.) Rafin.


- -
Wild Thyme, Mother
of Thyme

1, 2,6
Mellisa officinalis L.



- 5-9
Balm

1
Mentha aquatica L.

 
- 7-11
Water Mint

1
Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson

 
- 6-10
Horse Mint

1,2
Mentha spicita L.
-

-
- -
Peppermint

1, 2,3
Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce


- 2-6
Thyme

1,2,3,6
Micromeria nervosa (Desf.)
Benth.


- 2-5
Thyme

1,2,3,4,5,6
Ocimum basilicum L.
-
-
- -
Basil, Sweet Basil

1
Origanum majorana L.
-
-
- -
Sweet-Marjoram

1
Phlomis viscosa Poiret


- 3-6
Syria Phlomis

6
Rosmarinus officinalis L.

-1
- -
Rosemary

1, 2,6
Salvia fruticosa Mill.


- 3-6
White Sage, Common Sage, Garden Sage

1, 2,3,4,5,6,7
Salvia hierosolymitana Boiss.

 
ل س ف 3-6
Jerusalem Sage

1,6
Salvia officinalis L.
-

-
- -
Common Sage

1
Salvia Sclarea L.
-
 
- -
Clary

1
Satureja thymbra L.


- 3-5
Summer Savory

2,3,6
Teucrium capitatum L. (T. polium
L.)


-
Cat Thyme

1,2,3
Teucrium chamaedrys L.
-
-
- -
Germander

9
Thymbra spicata L.


-
4,5-7
Spiked Thymbra

9
LAURACEAE

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume. 
-
-
-
-
-
Cinnamom Tree

1
Laurus nobilis L.

 
- 3-5
Laurel, Sweet Bay

1, 2,3,7
4
107
Latin name

  
  

Persea americana Mill.
-
- -
- -
Avocado

1,2,3,6
LEGUMINOSAE (FABACEAE, PAPILIONACEAE, MIMOSACEAE)

Acacia albida Del.

 
- 3-4,8-9
White Acacia

1
Acacia farnesiana Willd.

 
- 3-9
Acacia, Sponge Tree

1,2,7
Alhagi maurorum Medik.


 
- 4-12
Alhagi Manna

1,2,3
Arachis hypogea L. 
-
-
-
- -
Ground-Nut

1
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp
-
- - -
Cajan Pea, Pigeon Pea

2
Calycotome villosa (Poiret.) Link.



- 1-3
Spiny Broom

1,3,6
Cassia senna L.
-
- -
- -
Senna

1, 2
Ceratonia siliqua L.

 
- 8-11
Carob

1, 2,3,7
Cicer arietinum L. 
-
-
-
- -
Chick Pea

1
Cucurbita pepo L. convar.
giromontiina (L.) Greb. Var.
styriaca Greb 
-
-
-
-
-
Marrow

1
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 



- 5-9
Liquorice

1
Lens culinaris Medikus
-
-
-
- -
Lentils

1,2
Lupinus albus L.
-
-
-
2-4
Lupine

1,2
Lupinus pilosus L. (L. varius L.)


- 2-5

3
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.
-
-
- -
Sweet Glover

1
Ononis spinosa L.

 
- 4-10

6
Phaseolus vulgaris L.
-
-
- -
Common Bean

1
Pisum sativum L. subsp. elatius
(Bieb.) Ascher. & Graeb.

 
- -
Pea

1,2
Prosopis farcta (Banks et Sol.)
Macbride


- 5-8
Mezquit, Prosopis

1,2
Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb
and Berth



- 1-4
Retama, White Broom 
1,7

108
Latin name

  
  

Tamarindus indica L. 
-
-
- -
Tamarin

1
Trifolium alexandrinum L.


- 4,5
Egyptian Clover

1,2
Trigonella berythea Boiss. & Blanche
(T. foenum- graecum L.)


 3,4
Fenugreek Seed,
Beiruth Fenugreek

1,2,3,6
Vicia faba L.
-

-
- -
Broadbean

1,2,3,6
Vigna sinensis L. 
-
- - - -
Cowpea, Black-Eyed Pea

1
LILIACEAE

Allium cepa L.
-
- -
- -
Onions

1,2,3
Allium desertorum Forssk.

 
- 3-5
Modest Garlic

1
Allium erdelii Zucc.

 
- 2-4
Wild Garlic

6
Allium sativum L.
-
-
-
- -
Garlic

1,2,3,6
Asparagus aphyllus L.


- 9-11
Prickly Asparagus

1,6
Asphodeline lutea (L.) Reichenb

 
- 2-5
Jacob`s Rod, Yellow
Asphodel

2,3,4,5,6
Asphodelus aestivus Brot. (A.
microcarpus Salzm. & Viv)

 
-
Common Asphodel

1,2,5
Colchicum byzantinum Ker Gawl.
-

-
- -
Oriental Colchicum, Autumn Crocus

1
Gagea chlorantha (Bieb.) Schult. fil.

 
- 1-4
Gagea

3
Lilium candidum L.
-
 
- -
Madonna Lily

1,2
Ruscus aculeatus L.

ش

- 3-5
Butcher's Broom,
Knee Holly


3,4,5,6,7
Urginea maritime (L.) Baker

 
- 7-11
Squill

1,2,3
LINACEAE

Balanites aegyptiaca L.

 
- 2-7
Zachum Oil Tree

8
Linum pubescens Banks & Sol.


- -
Pink Flax

1,2,3,6
Viscum cruciatum Sieber & Bioss

ط

- 2-9
Mistletoe

1,2
LORANTHACEAE 
Loranthus acaciae Zucc
(Plicosepalus acaciae)
ق ص
،ن ج ،م ب م ،ج أ ،ن ص
- 1-12
Acacia Strap Flower

1,2
4
109
Latin name

  
  

LYTHRACEAE

Lawsonia inermis L.
-
- -
- -
Henna

1,6
MALVACEAE

Abelmoschus esculantus L.
-
-
-
- -
Okra, Lady's Finger

1,2
Alcea acaulis (Cav.) Alef.

 
- 3-5
Stemless Hollyhock


1,2,3
Alcea setosa ( Boiss.) Alef.

 
- 4-6
Bristly Hollyhock

3,6
Hibiscus ablemoscnus L. 
-
-
- -
Musk Mallow, Ab-Elmosch

1
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. 
-
- -
- -
Roselle

1
Malva sylvestris L.


- 2-4
Common Mallow

1
MORACEAE

Ficus carica L.

 
- 6-8
Fig Tree

1,2,7
Ficus sycomorus L.

 
- 6-9
Sycamore

1
Morus alba L.


- -
Mulberry

1,2
MUSACEAE

Musa sapientum L. 
-

-
- -
Banana

1
MYRISTICACEAE

Myristica fragrans Houtt. 
-
- -
- -
Mace, Nutmeg

1
MYRTACEAE

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.
-
 
- -
Red River Gum

1,2,3,7
Myrtus communis L.

ش

- 6-8
Common Myrtle

1,2,3,7
Psidium guajava L.
-
-
- -
Guava

1,2
NYCTAGINACEAE

Bougainvillea glabra Choisy 
-
- -
- 3-5
Bougainvillea, Paper Flower

1
OLEACEAE

Fraxinus syriaca Boiss.

شأ

- 2-3
Syrian Ash

7

110
Latin name

  
  

Jasminum fruticans L.


- 3-6
Jasmine

1
Olea europaea L.

 
- 5
Olives

1,2,3,7
Phillyrea latifolia L.

شأ

- 3-6
Lance-Leaved Phillyrea

1
OROBANCHACEAE

Cistanche tobulosa (Schenk) Wight

ط

- 3-4
Broom Rape

2
PALMAE (ARECACEAE)

Cocos nucifera L.
-
-
- -
Coconut Palm

1,2
Phoenix dactylifera L.


- 3-6
Date Palm

1,2,7
PAPAVERACEAE

Papaver umbonatum Boiss.
(Papaver rhoeas L.)


ح

- 3-4
Common Poppy

1,3,6
PASSIFLORACEAE

Passiflora incarnata L.
-
-
- -
Passion Flower

1,2
PEDALIACEAE
Sesamum indicum L.
-
-
- -
Sesame

1,2
PINACEAE

Pinus halepensis Mill.

 
- 3-5
Aleppo Pine

1,2,3,6,7
Pinus sylvestris L.
-

-
- -
Pine Tree, Norway Pine

1
PIPERACEAE

Piper nigrum L.
-
-
-
- -
Black Pepper

1,2
PLANTAGINACEAE 
Plantago major L.

 
- 3-10
Greater Plantain

1,2
Plantago ovata Forsk


- -
Plantain Seed

9
PLUMBAGINACEAE

Plumbago europea L.

 
- 6-10
Khamsheh

1,2
4
111
Latin name

  
  

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum equisetiforme Sibth. &
Sm.



- 2-12
Knotgrass

1,2,3,5
Rheum officinale Baill.
-
-
- -
Rhubarb, Chinese Rhubrab

1,3,4,5,6
Rumex acetosa L.
-
-
- -
Sorrel, Garden Sorrel

1
Rumex patientia L.
-

-
- -
Patience Dock

1
Portulacaceae

Portulaca oleracea L.


- 2-9
Purslane

1,2,6
PRIMULACEAE

Anagallis arvensis L.


- 3-4
Red Pimperne

1,2,3,4,5
Cyclamen persicum Miller

رأ

- 1-4
Cyclamen

1,2,3,6
Prunus armeniaca L. 
-
-
- -
Apricot

1
PUNICACEAE

Punica granatum L.
-
شأ

- 5-6
Pomegrante

1,2
RANUNCULACEAE

Anemone coronaria L.

 
- 1-3
Common Anemone

1,2
Clematis cirrhosa L.

م

- 1-2
Evergreen Virgin’s-Power

1,2,3,4,5,6
Nigella ciliaris DC.


- 3-6
Nigella, Black
Cumin

1,2,3
RESEDACEAE

Reseda stenostachya Boiss.

ح

- 1-12
Dead Sea Mignonette

6
RHAMNACEAE

Ziziphus sativa Gaetn. 
-
- -
- -
Jujube

1
Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.


شأ

- 3-10
Christ’s Thorn Jujube, Nabk

1,2,3,4,5,6,7
ROSACEAE

Agrimonia eupatoria L.
-
 
- 6
Common Agrimony

1

112
Latin name

  
  

Aphanes vulgaris (Alchemilla
vulgaris L.)

- 3,4
Lion's Foot, Lady's - Mantle

1,2
Amygdalus communis L.

 
2-3
Almond

1,2,3
Amygdalus korschinskyi ( Hand-
Mazzetti) Bornm.

 
- 2-3
Bitter Almond

1
Cerasus vulgaris Mill
-
-
Cherry

1
Crataegus aronia (L.) Bosc. ex
DC.

شأ

-
3,4
Hawthorn, Azarole

1,2,3,4,6,7
Cydonia vulgaris Pers.
-

-
- -
Quince- Tree

1,2
Eriobotria japonica L.
-

-
- -
Medlar Tree

1,2
Fragaria vesca L.
-

-
- -
Strawberry

1
Geum urbanum L
-
-2
- 5-8
Wood Avens, Herb Bennet

2
Potentilla reptans L.
-
 
- -
Creeping Cinquefoil

1,2
Poterium sanguisorba L.
-

-
- -
Lesser Burnet

1
Prunus domestica L.
-
- -
- -
Plums, Common Plum

1,2
Prunus mahaleb L. (Cerasus mahaleb) 
-
-
-
- -
Mahaleb Cherry

1
Pyrus communis L.
-

-
- -
Peartree

1,2
Pyrus malus L.
-
-
- -
Apple

1
Pyrus syriaca Boiss

شأ

- 3-5
Syrian Pear

1,2,6,7
Rosa Canina L.


- 5-8
Dog Rose

7
Rosa centifolia L.
-
Pale Rose

1
Rubus sanctus Schreb.


- 4-9
Brandle, Blackberry

1
Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Sp.


- 3,4
Shruppy Barnet

1,2,3,4,6,7
RUBIACEAE


Coffea Arabica L.
- -
Coffee

1
Rubia tenuifolia D'Urv.


- 3-5
Narrow-Leaved Madder

1,3,6
Rubia tinctorum L.


- 1-8
Madder

7
4
113
Latin name

  
  

RUTACEAE

Citrus aurantium L.
-

-
- -
Bitter Citrus

1
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. fil
-
 - - -
Lime, Limon Tree

1,2,3,6
Citrus paradise Macfad.
-
 -
- -
Grapefruit

1,2
Citrus reticulata Blanco
-

-
- -
Mandarin Orange, Tangerine

1
Citrus Sinensis (L.) Osbeck
-

-
- -
Sweet Orange – Tree

1
Ruta chalepensis L.


- 2-6
Rue

1,2,3,4,5,6,7
SALICACEAE

Salix acmophylla Boiss.



- 3-5
Willow

1, 2,3
Salix alba L.
-
 
- -
White-or Swallow Tailed Willow

7
SALVADORACEAE

Salvadora persica L.

 
- 1-3
Persian Savadora, Toothbrush Tree

1,2
Scrophularia rubricaulis Boiss.
ق ص
،خ ق ج ،ن ج ،م ب م ،جأ ،ن ص
   2-4
Red-Stemmed Figwort

3
Verbascum sinuatum L.


- 4-10
Mullein

1,2,3,6
SOLANACEAE

Atropa belladonna L.
-

-
- -
Deadly Nightshade

1,2,3
Capsicum annuum L.
-
-
- -
Chilli, Sweet Peppers

1
Hyoscyamus aureus L.


- 3-6
Henbane

1,2
Lycium europaeum L.


- 5-9
Boxthorn

1,3,4,5,6
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.

-
-
- -
Tomato

1
Mandragora autumnalis Bertol.

 
- -
Mandrake

6
Solanum melongena L.
-
-
- -
Egg-Plant

1,2
Solanum nigrum L.


- 4-9
Black Nightshade

1,2,3,4,5
Solanum tuberosum L.
-
-
- -
Potato

1,2
STERCULIACEAE

Theobroma cacao L.
-
- -
- -
Cacao Tree, Chocolate Tree

1,2

114
Latin name

  
  

THEACEAE

Camellia thea Link.
-
-
-
- -
Tea

1
THYMELAEACEAE

Thymelaea hirsute L.


- -
Shaggy Sparrow-Wort

9
TILIACEAE

Corchorus olitorius L.


- 5-8
Jews Mallow

1
ULMACEAE

Celtis australis L.


- -
Nettle Tree

7
UMBELLIFERAE (APIACEAE) 
Ammi majus L.


- 5-8
Pick Tooth

2,3
Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam.


- 4-8
Pick Tooth

1,6
Anethum graveolens L.


- 4-6
Dill

1
Anisum vulgare L.
-
- -
- -
Anise

1,2
Apium graveolens L.


- 5-9
Wild Celery

1
Carum carvi L.
-
-
-
- -
Caraway

1
Conium maculatum L.



- 4-6
Hemlock

6
Coriandrum sativum L.


- 3-6
Coriander

1,2,3
Cuminum cyminum L.
-
-
-
- -
Cumin

1,2
Daucus carota L.



- 4-8
Carrot

1,6
Eryngium creticum Lam.

 
- 5-8
Snake Root

1,2,3,4,5,6
Ferula communis L .



- 3-5
Giant Fennel

1
Foeniculum vulgare Miller

 
- 7-11
Fennel

1,2,3,4,6
Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.
-
- -
- -
Parsley

1
Carum copticum (Ptychotis ajowan DC.)
-
-2
-
Ajava

2
4
115
Latin name

  
  

Urticaceae

Parietaria judiaca L. (P. diffusa
Mert. et Koch)


- 1-8
Wall Pellitory

3,4,5,6
Urtica pilulifera L.

 
- 1-5
Roman Nettle

1,2,3,6
Urtica urens L.


- 1-6
Small Nettle

6
VALERIANACEAE

Valeriana officinalis L.
-

-
- -
Common Valerian

1
VERBENACEAE

Vitex angus-castus L.


- 6-9
Lilac Chaste Tree

1,3
VIOLACEAE

Viola odorata L.
-
-
- 2-6
Sweet Violet

1,2
VITACEAE

Vitis vinifera L.

-
- -
Grape

1,2
ZINGIBERACEAE (SCILAMINAE)

Alpinia officinarum Hance
-

-
- -
Galingala

1,2
Curcuma longa L.
-

-
- -
Turmeric

1
Elettaria cardamomum Maton
-

-
- -
Cardamom

1,2
Zingiber officinale Rose. 
-
- -
- -
Ginger

1
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Peganum harmala L.



- 3-6
Harmala, African Rue, Syrian Rue

1,2

116






330


      






35




12Ali- Shtayeh et al., 20003Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2003 4Ali-Shtayeh et al., 19975Ali-Shtayeh & Abu-Ghdaib, 1999
6Khalilia, 200172003820029Crowfoot & Baldensperger, 1932
. 


4
117
2006
2006
Latin name
   �
 
 

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia paleastina Boiss.
  
-  3-5
Palestinian Pistachio, Terebinth

Rhus coriaria L.



4-5
Sicilian Sumach

Pistacia lentiscus L.
 
-  3-6
Lentisk, Mastic Tree

Rhus tripartita ( Ucria) Grande
 
-  4-6
Syrian Sumach

Araceae

Arum dioscorides Sibth & Sm
  
3-5
Spotted Arum

Arum palaestinum Boiss.
  

3-5
Palestine Arum

Aspleniaceae

Phyllitis sagittata (DC.)
  
-  4-7
Tongue Fern

Cynanchum acutum L.


6-9
Stranglewort

Campanulaceae

Campanula stellaris Boiss.
 

2-5
Bellflower

Caprifoliaceae

Sambucus nigra L.
 
-  3-5
Black-Berried Elder, Common Elder

Caryophyllaceae

Sclerocephalus arabicus Boiss.
 
- - 2-5
Barra

Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garke
 

- - 3-7
Rattlebox, Bladder
Campion

Compositae (Asteraceae)

Achillea biebersteinii Afan.
 
- - 4,5
Yellow Milfoil

Artemisia arborescens
 
- - 4-10
Shrubby Wormwood

Pseudognaphalium luteo-album


- -
3-6
Cud Weed

Lactuca orientalis ( Boiss.) Boiss.
 
- - 8-9
Oriental Lettuce

Anthemis tinctoria L.
  
- - 4-6
Dyer's Chamomile


118
Latin name
   �
 
 

Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)

Lepidium sativum L.

- -
3,4
Cress

Cupressaceae

Cupressus sempervirens L.
  
-  3-5
Cypress

Juniperus oxycedrus L.
-
 
-  -
Prickly Juniper

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus angustifolia L.
  
-  4-8
Narrow-Leaved Oleaster

Ericaceae

Arbutus andrachne L.
  
-  4-5, 10-11
Oriental Strawberry Tree,
Arbutus

Euphorbiaceae

Ricinus communis L.



- - 3-11
Castor Beans

Gramineae (Poaceae)

Lolium temulentum L.
 
- - 3-6
Bearded Darnel,
Darnel

Labiatae (Lamiaceae)

Calamintha incana (Sm.) Helder

- - 5-10
Grey Calaminth

Salvia Sclarea L.
-
 
-  -
Clary

Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce





- - 2-6
Thyme

Thymbra spicata L.




- -
4-7
Spiked Thymbra

Lamium moschatum Miller





- - 1-5
Musky Archangel

Ajuga orientaslis L.





- - 4
Eastern Bugle

Eremostachys laciniata (L.) Bun
g
e






- - 2-4
Desert-Rod

Mentha aquatica L.
  
-  7-11
Water Mint

Lauraceae

Laurus nobilis L.
  
-  3-5
Laurel, Sweet Bay

Leguminosae (Fabaceae, Papilionaceae, Mimosaceae)

Acacia albida Del.
  
-  3-4,8-9
White Acacia

4
119
Latin name
   �
 
 

Ceratonia siliqua L.
  
- - 8-11
Carob

Prosopis farcta (Banks et Sol.)
Macbride

ج

-  5-8
Mezquit, Prosopis

Lupinus pilosus (Lupinus varius L.)
 
- - 2-5

Trifolium alexandrinum L.
 
- - 4,5
Egyptian Clover

Liliaceae

Lilium candidum L.
-
 
-  -
Madonna Lily

Allium desertorum Forssk.
  
- - 3-5
Modest Garlic

Allium erdelii Zucc.
  
- - 2-4
Wild Garlic

Ruscus aculeatus L.

ش

- - 3-5
Butcher's Broom, Knee
Holly


Linaceae

Viscum cruciatum Sieber & Bioss

ط
- - 2-9
Mistletoe

Balanites aegyptiaca L.
  
- - 2-7
Zachum Oil Tree

Malvaceae

Malva sylvestris L.
 
- - 2-4
Common Mallow

Myrtaceae

Myrtus communis L.

ش

-  6-8
Common Myrtle

Oleaceae

Jasminum fruticans L.

- - 3-6
Jasmine

Fraxinus syriaca Boiss.

شأ

-  2-3
Syrian Ash

Phillyrea latifolia L.

شأ

-  3-6
Lance-Leaved Phillyrea

Orobanchaceae

Cistanche tobulosa (Schenk)
Wight

ط

- - 3-4
Broom Rape

Pinaceae

Pinus halepensis Mill.
  
-  3-5
Aleppo Pine

Plantaginaceae

Plantago major L.
 
- - 3-10
Greater Plantain


120
Latin name
   �
 
 

Plumbaginaceae

Plumbago europea L.
  
- 6-10
Khamsheh

Resedaceae

Reseda stenostachya Boiss.


- 1-12
Dead Sea Mignonette

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.



-  3-10
Christ’s Thorn Jujube, Nabk

Rosaceae

Agrimonia eupatoria L.
-
 
-  6
Common Agrimony

Aphanes vulgaris (Alchemilla
vulgaris L.)

- 3,4
Lion's Foot, Lady's -
Mantle

Potentilla reptans L.
-
 
-  -
Creeping Cinquefoil

Pyrus syriaca Boiss



-  3-5
Syrian Pear

Rubiaceae

Rubia tinctorum L.
 
-  1-8
Madder

Salicaceae

Salix alba L.
-
 
-
White/ Swallow Tailed Willow

Salvadoraceae

Salvadora persica L.
  
-  1-3
Toothbrush Tree

Scrophularia rubricaulis Boiss.
   
-
2-4
Red-Stemmed Figwort

Ulmaceae

Celtis australis L.
 
- - -
Nettle Tree

Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)

Conium maculatum L.



- - 4-6
Hemlock

Verbenaceae

Vitex angus-castus L.
 
- - 6-9
Lilac Chaste Tree

Zygophyllaceae

Peganum harmala L.



- - 3-6
Peganum

�

4
121
vulgare, and Trigonella foenum-gracum. One hundred and five species are
reported for the first time in this study from the study area. The most important
diseases, based on the total number of species used for their treatment in the study
area, were: diseases and ailments of the digestive system (170 species), skin, hair,
and wounds (141 species). The study findings on sources of medicinal plants
used, family annual expenditure on medicinal plants, and sources of traditional
knowledge of medicinal plants are also discussed in this report. The article
presents all reported medicinal plants used in the NWB and Gaza in a list named
"The 2006 Palestinian National Inventory of Medicinal Plants: West Bank
and Gaza ". The constructed list (323 plant species) provides a reliable picture of
the totality of medicinal plants in use among the Palestinian populations in the
NWB and Gaza. About 39 % of the wild medicinal plants in the National List are
threatened, which reflects a higher threat level than that reported for the wild
plants in general in The
"2002 BERC "Red List of Threatened Plants of The
West Bank and Gaza". This was attributed to excessive collection, habitat
destruction, and habitat loss of medicinal plants as a result of various human
activities. The threatened plants were placed in a separate list named The 2006
"Red List of Medicinal Plants of The West Bank and Gaza". The list
comprised 67 plant species, 22 of which were cited before in the 2002 BERC
"Red List of Threatened Plants of The West Bank and Gaza"; 45 threatened
species are recorded for the first time in this study making the total number of
threatened plants in the West Bank and Gaza 379 species. In conclusion, it has
become imperative that practical measures should be taken to conserve medicinal
plants in Palestine and preserve traditional knowledge associated with it. Such
measures include: promoting safe and effective use of traditional medicine
including herbal medicine and preserving indigenous traditional medicine
knowledge and protecting natural resources by developing a national policy and
regulations that define the role of traditional herbal medicine in national health
care delivery systems, ensuring the development of regulatory and legal
mechanisms for promoting good quality herbal medicines and good practice.
Measures also include increasing the availability and affordability of herbal
medicine and promoting its sound use by providers and consumers. Other
practical measures also include the establishment of national research centers in
traditional medicine including herbal medicine, carrying out training courses for
practitioners, and establishing ethnobotanic conservation sites, especially at
botanic gardens, and a field gene bank.
Keywords: Arab Herbal Medicine, Arab Palestinian Herbal Medicine (TAPHM), medicinal plants,
ethnobotany, threatened medicinal plants, Palestinian National Inventory of Medicinal Plants
Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center (BERC),
Biodiversity & Biotechnology Research Unit,
Til, POB 696 Nablus, Palestine
Website: www.berc.ps,
e-mail: info@berc.ps, berctil@yahoo.com
Sustainable Development & Environmental Society (SDE),
Gaza,
Website: www.sdeps.net,
e-mail: admin@sdeps.net
©200
6 M. S. Ali-Shtayeh, & R. M. Jamous
POB 696 Nablus, Palestine
All rights reserved. No part of this book may
be reproduced by any means, without
permission in writing from the authors.
122 �
Ethnobotany of Palestinian herbal medicine in the Northern West
Bank and Gaza Strip: Review and a comprehensive field study
Mohammed Saleem Ali-Shtayeh, & Rana Majed Jamous
Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center, BERC, Til, Nablus, & Sustainable Development
& Environmental Society, SDE, Gaza
Summary
Medicinal plants are increasingly utilized for treating various human ailments and
diseases worldwide. This has been stimulated by several factors including the
notion that plant remedies are safer and sometimes more effective than synthetic
drugs. There has also been a worldwide growing interest to study medicinal
plants for use in treating various diseases. Palestine, including the West Bank and
Gaza Strip, is unique and diverse in its geographical location and its cultural
characteristics, including traditional Arab Palestinian medicine especially herbal
medicine and the use of medicinal materials for curing illnesses. This article
presents a systematic review on Traditional Arab Medicine including historical
background, and medical innovations introduced by Arab Physicians in this field,
with special emphasis on Traditional Arab Palestinian Medicine (TAPM). The
article also presents a systematic review on the state-of-the-art of the Traditional
Arab Palestinian Herbal Medicine (TAPHM) with special emphasis on the West
Bank and Gaza based on previous ethnpbotanic and ethnopharmacological
studies. The urgent need for the current study was felt because of the scarcity of
etnobotanic and ethnopharmacological data on the Palestinian communities
specially in the Gaza Strip, and following recent reports indicating a rapid decline
in the use of medicinal plants and associated traditional knowledge in the TAPM,
and the concern for their disappearance. This study was therefore, partly, aimed at
studying the current status of the Palestinian herbal medicine in the northern West
Bank (NWB) and Gaza Strip, determining medicinal plants still in use, their
primary health care importance at the household level, economic value,
conservation status, and their healing potentials. The work was also aimed at
documenting and preserving the traditional knowledge associated with the use of
medicinal plants before its disappearance. The ethnobotanic study was carried out
in the NWB and Gaza Strip in the period between July 2004 and August 2005.
The field work was considered an important part of study, and included intensive
field visits in the study area, and interviews with members of the study
population, in order to obtain information on plants used for the treatment of
various ailments and diseases using pre-prepared questionnaires. The study
population comprised 535 subjects (340 women, and 195 men) selected from
various Geographic regions of the NWB (382 subjects with average age of 55),
and Gaza Strip (153 subjects with average age of 42), belonging to three different
groups on the basis of their knowledge of traditional medicine: practitioners or
healers, "attarine", and persons with acknowledged knowledge of traditional
medicine at their communities. Special emphasis was made on women subjects,
as women are traditionally responsible for the family primary health care. Many
plant species (261 species of which 253 in the NWB, and 120 in the Gaza Strip,
belonging to 84 families and 226 genera), are still in use in traditional medicine in
the Palestinian communities, for treating various human diseases. The most
representative families are: Leguminosae (21 genera, 22 species), Compositae (18
genera, 20 species), and Rosaceaea (16 genera, 19 species). The following plants
were the most commonly used medicinal plants in the NWB and Gaza on the
basis of the total number of informants who mentioned the plant for any
medicinal uses: Matricaia aurea, Salvia fruticosa, Allium sativum, Anisum
Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center (BERC),
Biodiversity & Biotechnology Research Unit,
Til, POB 696 Nablus, Palestine
Website: www.berc.ps,
e-mail: info@berc.ps, berctil@yahoo.com
Sustainable Development & Environmental Society (SDE),
Gaza,
Website: www.sdeps.net,
e-mail: admin@sdeps.net
©200
6 M. S. Ali-Shtayeh, & R. M. Jamous
POB 696 Nablus, Palestine
All rights reserved. No part of this book may
be reproduced by any means, without
permission in writing from the authors.
BERC
May 2006 Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences Studies Series, No. (4)
Ethnobotany of Palestinian Herbal Medicine in
the Northern West Bank & Gaza Strip: A
Review and a Comprehensive Field Study
Mohammed Saleem Ali-Shtayeh, & Rana Majed Jamous
Biotechnology Research Unit, BERC, & Sustainable Developmenta & Environmental Society, SDE,
Gaza, Palestine
Biotechnology Research Unit, BERC, & Sustainable Developmenta & Environmental Society, SDE,
Gaza, Palestine
BERC
May 2006 Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences Studies Series, No. (4)
Ethnobotany of Palestinian Herbal Medicine in
the Northern West Bank & Gaza Strip: A
Review and a Comprehensive Field Study
Mohammed Saleem Ali-Shtayeh, & Rana Majed Jamous
Biotechnology Research Unit, BERC, & Sustainable Developmenta & Environmental Society, SDE,
Gaza, Palestine
Biotechnology Research Unit, BERC, & Sustainable Developmenta & Environmental Society, SDE,
Gaza, Palestine
BERC
May 2006 Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences Studies Series, No. (4)
Ethnobotany of Palestinian Herbal Medicine in
the Northern West Bank & Gaza Strip: A
Review and a Comprehensive Field Study
Mohammed Saleem Ali-Shtayeh, & Rana Majed Jamous
Biotechnology Research Unit, BERC, & Sustainable Developmenta & Environmental Society, SDE,
Gaza, Palestine
Biotechnology Research Unit, BERC, & Sustainable Developmenta & Environmental Society, SDE,
Gaza, Palestine
BERC
May 2006 Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences Studies Series, No. (4)
Ethnobotany of Palestinian Herbal Medicine in
the Northern West Bank & Gaza Strip: A
Review and a Comprehensive Field Study
Mohammed Saleem Ali-Shtayeh, & Rana Majed Jamous
Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center, BERC, Til, Nablus, & Sustainable Development & Environmental
Society, SDE, Gaza, Palestine
Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center, BERC, Til, Nablus, & Sustainable Development &
Environmental Society, SDE, Gaza, Palestine
BERC
May 2006 Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences Studies Series, No. (4)
Ethnobotany of Palestinian Herbal Medicine in
the Northern West Bank & Gaza Strip: A
Review and a Comprehensive Field Study
Mohammed Saleem Ali-Shtayeh, & Rana Majed Jamous
Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center, BERC, Til, Nablus, & Sustainable Development & Environmental
Society, SDE, Gaza, Palestine
Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center, BERC, Til, Nablus, & Sustainable Development &
Environmental Society, SDE, Gaza, Palestine
BERC
May 2006 Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences Studies Series, No. (4)
Ethnobotany of Palestinian Herbal Medicine in
the Northern West Bank and Gaza Strip: A
Review and a Comprehensive Field Study
Mohammed Saleem Ali-Shtayeh, & Rana Majed Jamous
Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center, BERC, Til, Nablus, & Sustainable Development & Environmental
Society, SDE, Gaza, Palestine
Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center, BERC, Til, Nablus, & Sustainable Development &
Environmental Society, SDE, Gaza, Palestine
BERC
May 2006 Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences Studies Series, No. (4)
Ethnobotany of Palestinian Herbal Medicine in
the Northern West Bank and Gaza Strip: A
Review and a Comprehensive Field Study
Mohammed Saleem Ali-Shtayeh, & Rana Majed Jamous
Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center, BERC, Til, Nablus, & Sustainable Development & Environmental
Society, SDE, Gaza, Palestine
Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center, BERC, Til, Nablus, & Sustainable Development &
Environmental Society, SDE, Gaza, Palestine
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Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center (BERC), Til, Nablus POB 696,
Telefax: 09- 2346-406, 2346-147, website: www.berc.ps
, e-mail: info@berc.ps, berctil@yahoo.com
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POB 696, Nablus, Palestine, E-mail:
berctil@yahoo.com.
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Prof. A. Shqair (Animal Science),
Department of Biology, Bethlehem
University, Bethlehem.
Prof. M. Haddad (Environmental
Engineering), Civil Engineering
Department, An-Najah University, Nablus.
Prof. Musa Al-Safadi (Animal Biodiversity),
Biology Department, Al-Azhar University,
Gaza.
Prof. R. Salim (Environmental Chemistry),
Chemistry Department, An-Najah
University, Nablus.
Prof. J. Abu Omar (Animal Nutrition),
Animal Production and Health
Department, An-Najah University,
Tulkarm.
Dr. F. Sawalha (Botanist), Plant Production
and Protection, An-Najah University,
Tulkarm.
Dr. I. Al-Khatib (Water & Environment),
Institute of Community and Public Health,
Birzeit University, Birzeit.
Dr. R. Barakat (Plant Pathology), Plant
Production and Protection, Hebron
University, Hebron.
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Eng. F. F. Jabi (Agrobiodiversity), Nablus.
Eng. A. Braghieth, (Forestry), Ministry of
Agriculture, Ramallah.
Mr. A. Kh. Hamad (Educator and
Researcher), Nablus.
This series aims at publishing and
disseminating knowledge in biological
diversity and environmental sciences.
All views published in this series
reflect the views of the authors and are not
necessarily the views of BERC or of the
institutions with which the authors are
affiliated
.
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This work was
supported by a grant to BERC and SDE
from the Global Environmental Facility/
Small Grant Program (GEF/SGP), United
Nations Development Program UNDP
(Project No. PAL-04-5).
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Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center (BERC), Til, Nablus POB 696,
Telefax: 09- 2346-406, 2346-147, website: www.berc.ps
, e-mail: info@berc.ps, berctil@yahoo.com
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Prof. Dr. M. S. Ali-Shtayeh, BERC, Til,
POB 696, Nablus, Palestine, E-mail:
berctil@yahoo.com.
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Prof. A. Shqair (Animal Science),
Department of Biology, Bethlehem
University, Bethlehem.
Prof. M. Haddad (Environmental
Engineering), Civil Engineering
Department, An-Najah University, Nablus.
Prof. Musa Al-Safadi (Animal Biodiversity),
Biology Department, Al-Azhar University,
Gaza.
Prof. R. Salim (Environmental Chemistry),
Chemistry Department, An-Najah
University, Nablus.
Prof. J. Abu Omar (Animal Nutrition),
Animal Production and Health
Department, An-Najah University,
Tulkarm.
Dr. F. Sawalha (Botanist), Plant Production
and Protection, An-Najah University,
Tulkarm.
Dr. I. Al-Khatib (Water & Environment),
Institute of Community and Public Health,
Birzeit University, Birzeit.
Dr. R. Barakat (Plant Pathology), Plant
Production and Protection, Hebron
University, Hebron.
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Eng. F. F. Jabi (Agrobiodiversity), Nablus.
Eng. A. Braghieth, (Forestry), Ministry of
Agriculture, Ramallah.
Mr. A. Kh. Hamad (Educator and
Researcher)
, Nablus.
This series aims at publishing and
disseminating knowledge in biological
diversity and environmental sciences.
All views published in this series
reflect the views of the authors and are not
necessarily the views of BERC or of the
institutions with which the authors are
affiliated
.
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This work was
supported by a grant to BERC and SDE
from the Global Environmental Facility/
Small Grant Program (GEF/SGP), United
Nations Development Program UNDP
(Project No. PAL-04-5).
Cover: Ethnobotanic Conservation Site at BERC-Til
ffffffffffBotanic Gardens, Til
(Partial View)
ISSN 1818-3751
Number 4
May 2006
Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences Studies Series
Official Publication of the Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center, BERC
Silsilät dirāsāt al-tanawwu al-hayawī wa-al-bī at
Ethnobotany
Ethnobotany of Palestinian herbal medicine in the Northern West Bank and Gaza Strip: Review and a
comprehensive field study- Mohammed Saleem Ali-Shtayeh, & Rana Majed Jamous 1-122
BERC
... Information on the economic and medicinal uses of species by local communities, as well as local names, was collected from fieldwork and existing literature (e.g., a, Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2018b, Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2015, Ali-Shtayeh, & Jamous 2006, Ali-Shtayeh et al. 2000, Ali-Shtayeh et al. 2020, Ali-Shtayeh et al. 2013. The TAPHM (florapal.org; ...
Palestine (West Bank) Red List No. 3 Native Vascular Plants
Book
  • Apr 2025
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study presents the Red List of vascular plants for the Palestinian West Bank, assessing the threat status of native vascular taxa, following the latest categories, criteria, and application guidelines of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Vascular plants introduced after 1900 (neophytes) are excluded from this assessment. The analysis is based on records up to December 2024, sourced from the biodiversity databases (BERC, BIOGIS, and GBIF databases) herbarium label, published literature, and BREC field surveys. Since the last publication of the Red Lists of Palestine – Vascular Plants more than two decades ago, significant economic, social, and cultural changes have impacted the distribution, extent, and quality of the semi-natural and other habitats supporting native vascular plants in Palestine. Concurrently, there has been an ample increase in the recording and study of Palestinian vascular plants at multiple scales, including 2 km x 2 km grid squares, specific sites, and population levels. These enhanced datasets have been fully utilized for the current Red List assessments. In total, 1,741 taxa native to the Palestinian West Bank were assessed. Of these, 482 taxa (27.69%) were categorized under IUCN Red List threat categories: Critically Endangered (CR) 94 taxa (5.40%), Endangered (EN) 170 taxa (9.76%), and Vulnerable (VU) 218 taxa (12.52%), comprising the Red-listed taxa for the Palestinian West Bank. Additionally, 401 taxa (23.03%) were classified as Near Threatened (NT), while 710 taxa (40.78%) were assessed as Least Concern (LC) and 121 taxa (6.95%) were data deficient (DD). Notably, 27 species were categorized as Extinct (EX), as they are only known from type specimens collected in the previous century. These findings underscore the urgent need for conservation measures and represent the most comprehensive Red Data List of native vascular plants for the West Bank to date, serving as a vital tool for identifying and protecting threatened flora at both national and global levels.
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... The species preferred were olives-used for a range of products (oil, soap, and medicine) [45]-that were grown over extensive areas. In both villages studied, although the farmers cultivated domestic fruit trees in the orchards and gardens, they also introduced wild trees which served agricultural purposes and as sources of traditional medicine [46,47]. For example, the chinaberry we found in the Qadas orchard was traditionally a species used to protect wheat grains from insects and worms; its fruits were spread alongside the grains and would repel insects and worms (Mahfuz El-Hatib, Ramat Hanadiv, pers comm. ...
An Ecological Comparison of Two Abandoned Heritage Orchards in Northern Israel
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2025
In this study, we documented two relict traditional Palestinian orchards; one was abandoned following the 1948 war when the farmers were exiled to Lebanon and the second was tended by farmers up until the early 1970s. The orchards examined are located in two different Mediterranean phytogeographic regions, one in the hilly Upper Galilee and the other on the slopes of Mount Carmel in the hinterland of the Mediterranean coast. We found differences in the species composition and spatial layout of trees in each orchard which followed the dictates of the geographic settings, demonstrating the farmer’s knowledge of their environment. We discuss the importance of these orchards as part of the heritage horticultural systems of the region and explore possible measures that can be taken to preserve this unique historical arboricultural landscape and ways to empower local, traditional knowledge in promoting awareness for the conservation and preservation of heritage horticulture.
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... People continue to use traditional remedies by consuming special medicinal plant species sold at local markets, and due to the scarcity of studies in Palestine in this field (Ali-Shtayeh and Jamous, 2006), the current study aimed to evaluate the traditional use of medicinal plants by therapists in the Gaza Strip, as part of a series of ethno-botanic studies to estimate the status of traditional remedies. ...
Ethnobotanical Investigation of Medicinal Plants and their Importance, Traded in the Public Herbal Markets and Centers of Gaza Strip, Palestine
Article
  • Feb 2023
A comprehensive assessment of medicinal plant variety used in folk treatment in Gaza was conducted in order to discover medicinal plants still in use by therapists and their relevance in health care. By interviewing 20 informants from various places, an ethnobotanical survey was undertaken to examine and document plant species utilized in traditional medicine. The research identified 72 different medicinal pqlant species belonging to 33 different families. Plant components that were most commonly used were leaves (41%), stems (18%), and seeds (14%). The most common ailments treated were gastrointestinal, circulatory, and urinary system issues.
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... People continue to use traditional remedies by consuming special medicinal plant species sold at local markets, and due to the scarcity of studies in Palestine in this field (Ali-Shtayeh and Jamous, 2006), the current study aimed to evaluate the traditional use of medicinal plants by therapists in the Gaza Strip, as part of a series of ethno-botanic studies to estimate the status of traditional remedies. ...
21 An -Najah Univ
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2023
A comprehensive assessment of medicinal plant variety used in folk treatment in Gaza was conducted in order to discover medicinal plants still in use by therapists and their relevance in health care. By interviewing 20 informants from various places, an ethnobotanical survey was undertaken to examine and document plant species utilized in traditional medicine. The research identified 72 different medicinal pqlant species belonging to 33 different families. Plant components that were most commonly used were leaves (41%), stems (18%), and seeds (14%). The most common ailments treated were gastrointestinal, circulatory, and urinary system issues.
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... The use of plants and animals for humans is a field that needs much examination as it related to environmental conservation directly especially in terms of sustainable use of resources (Nurlu et al. 2008;Gucel et al. 2006Gucel et al. , 2012Khan et al. 2014;Altay et al. 2015;Ozturk et al. 2012bOzturk et al. , 2014Ozturk et al. , 2017a. In Palestine as elsewhere, there is an interest in ethnobotany and ethnozoology (Ali-Shtayeh and Jamous 2006;Ali-Shtayeh et al. 2014;Palevits and Yaniv 2000;Said et al. 2002). ...
Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation in Palestine
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Apr 2021
The rich biodiversity of Palestine is due to geographic and geologic factors and is directly related to why it formed the Western part of the Fertile Crescent where humans first domesticated animals and plants. In this chapter, we review and discuss (1) some of the data known on biodiversity in Palestine, (2) threats to this biodiversity (focusing on three areas, climate change, water and liquid waste, and occupation/colonization), and (3) efforts at environmental conservation. In the threatened areas, we explain potential impact of climate change and the way colonization/occupation has damaged the local environment. We highlight opportunities for moving forward toward a strategy that ensures sustainability of both nature and human population. Environmental education rooted in justice and sustainability will be key factors in forging future strategies.
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... Finally, there must be beneficial outcomes and an understanding of potential economic benefits of both environmental conservation efforts and biodiversity conservation in Palestine as elsewhere (ecosystem services/value) [39,40]. In Palestine, as elsewhere, there is an interest in the national importance of ethnobotany and ethnozoology [41][42][43][44]. The importance of these fields is clear in the case of many developing countries, but the decades-old struggle in Palestine adds a distinct challenge. ...
Role of museums and botanical gardens in ecosystem services in developing countries: case study and outlook
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2017
Unprecedented environmental challenges require new tools. Knowledge based on scientific research is critical for the creation of environmental awareness and education in order to bring about behavioural changes in society at large. Well-structured museums and botanical gardens in developing countries can play significant roles in research, education, and conservation even when governmental institutions are weak and underfunded. The paper offers a case study of the nascent Palestine Institute of Sustainability and Palestine Museum of Natural History with a botanical garden. The related SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis concludes that, despite some limitations and challenges, this is a successful model that should be replicated in other impoverished communities.
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An Ethnobotanical uses of Plants in the Middle Area, Gaza Strip, Palestine
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2011
The present research work was designed to gather indigenous knowledge of plant species, which are being utilized by the local inhabitants of villages of the middle area of Gaza Strip, Palestine. This is the first study that these villages have been the subject of an ethnobotanical research. Information was gathered through interviews with the population in the study area. A total of 19 plant species belonging to 19 genera and 16 families have been recorded which are being used for treating 23 different diseases/ailments during 2008-2009. Herbs (10 species) were found to be the most used plants, followed by trees (5 species) and shrubs (4 species). The Compositae family contributed the highest number of plant species (3 species), followed by the Solanaceae family (2 species). Mimosaceae, Urticaceae, Cactaceae, Ephorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Malvaceae, Tamaricaceae, Moraceae, Umbelliferae, Rhamnaceae, Caryophllaceae, Thymelaceae, Plantaginaceae and Polygonaceae families contributed one plant species per family. Most of the species (6 spp., 32%) were used for treating skin diseases, followed by urinary system (4 spp., 21%), whereas other 4 species were used for treating digestive system, stomach relieved by 3 species (16%) and inflammation, tooth, kidney stones, nervous system, coughing, respiratory system are treated by 2 species. Among other notable ailments treated by only one plant species are prostate disorders, stop bleeding, back pain, liver diseases, flu, intestine pain, anemia, weight despicable, nervous system, diabetes, blood pressure, wounds and rheumatism. The interviewed informants reported the most widely used medicinal plant species were Urtica spp. treats 9 diseases (39% of total 23 diseases) followed by Paronychia argenta treats 4 diseases (17% of total 23 diseases).
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Chemical profile and bioactive properties of the essential oil isolated from Clinopodium serpyllifolium (M.Bieb.) Kuntze growing in Palestine
Article
  • Nov 2018
  • IND CROP PROD
Medicinal aromatic plants (MAPs) are cultivated for the production of specialty materials including essential oils (EO), and pharmaceuticals, but most are still wild collected. The need for renewable sources of intensive industrial products as well as the protection of plant biodiversity can be satisfied by cultivating MAPs as agro-industrial crops. Such crops require ample amounts of irrigation water to meet their potential for rigorous production. Shortage of fresh water in arid and semi-arid zones has necessitated the development of MAPs production systems based on irrigation with treated effluents. In the present study we have investigated the MAP Clinopodium serpyllifolium for its suitability to grow under irrigation with treated effluents, as a source of EO and pharmaceuticals. The results have demonstrated the suitability of the utilization of treated effluents for agro-industrial production of C. serpyllifolium, as a promising source of high quality EO, and biomass production, without compromising yield parameters and bioactivities, compared with potable water irrigation. The results indicate that C. serpyllifolium is a valuable natural source of antioxidants and cholinesterase inhibitors, with interesting inhibitory actions against the key enzymes involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and could represent a starting point for the development of new AD management strategies using natural butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, including its use as a food supplement. The study has demonstrated the ability of C. serpyllifolium extracts to exert health benefits by inhibiting pancreatic lipase, a target for obesity. Treated effluents is suitable for growth and quality production in C. serpyllifolium, and hence it forms the foundation for effluent-based industrial EO production. Fulltext https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1XaRd3IipngHik
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Secondary treated effluent irrigation did not impact chemical composition, and enzyme inhibition activities of essential oils from Origanum syriacum var. syriacum
Article
  • Jan 2018
  • IND CROP PROD
ABSTRACT Environmental conditions, including irrigation water quality, are known to affect secondary metabolite production in plants and hence the composition and activity of essential oils of aromatic plants. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of irrigation with secondary-treated effluent, as compared with potable water irrigation, on the composition, biological activities and yield of essential oil (EO) from Origanum syriacum L. var. syriacum (OSS). The EO from OSS cultivated in Palestine under secondary treated municipal effluent compared with potable water irrigation were analyzed seasonally over a two-year period for oil quantity and composition, antioxidant activities 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2 azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), antimicrobial and inhibitory properties against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL). The quality of the irrigation water did not affect the essential oil yield quantity and quality demonstrating the potential of this marginal water source for agri-industrial production of OSS. Under both irrigation water qualities, the EO contained 35 constituents, of which thymol (40.4–46.7%), and carvacrol (35.1–41.8%) were the most abundant. EOs from plants of both irrigation water qualities exhibited a strong free radical scavenging ability and reducing power activity, and high AChE, BChE, and PPL inhibitory activities. The EOs also showed a moderate antibacterial activity against most test bacterial strains, with high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with 117 percent inhibition compared with chloramphenicol (30 μg/disc). The high inhibitory activity of the EOs on AChE, BChE, and PPL, and its high antioxidant and antibacterial activities may be due to high concentrations of monoterpenes, especially thymol and carvacrol. The data demonstrate that secondary-treated municipal effluents can be successfully utilized for irrigation of industrial crop production setups for essential oil production from OSS (as a source of natural antioxidants, anticholinesterase, antiobesity and antistaphylococcal agents) without compromising yield quantity and bioactivities compared with potable water irrigation. You can download at: https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1WCVt3IipncTlk
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The current status of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and its uses in the Gaza Strip, Palestine
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2017
The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is considered one of the most important fruit crops in Palestine. It has a major socio-economic importance due to its commercial, nutritional, environmental, social, health and religious values. Because of its importance as a resistant and strategic crop facing serious local threats like pest infestation, underdeveloped marketing and mismanagement, the current study comes to investigate the status of the date palm tree and its uses in the Gaza Strip. Field surveys and institutional visits were applied to fulfill the purpose of the study. The current study revealed a total number of 250,000 trees of date palm existing in the Gaza Strip, with 40% of the dates is concentrated in the Middle Governorate. At least, 19 cultivars have been recorded locally with the ‘Hayani’, ‘Barhee’ and ’Bentaisha’ being the most common. The average date production in the last few years was 12,000 - 15,000 ton per year. More than 40 industries and uses associated with the date palm tree have been observed in the Gaza Strip, with the handicraft production and food industries are the main creative uses by the Palestinian community. Finally, the study recommends the improvement of the processes of date palm cultivation, production, protection, and marketing. The cooperation of different parties is very essential to ensure good sustainable development and uses of the date palm in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. © 2017, Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. All rights reserved.
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Production and protection
Article
  • Apr 1973
Radioprotection projects must involve the close collaboration of the party carrying out the work or construction and the specialized party supervising the work, the latter being concerned with the nuclear safety aspects of the problem. In the context considered, a project can range from a new industrial nuclear installation to work in a contaminated environment, an even elementary modification in working conditions being included in the definition. (FR)
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