Behavioral Expression and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking
... It is a 40-item forcedchoice questionnaire which measures four factors: Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Experience Seelung, Disinhibition, and Boredom Susceptibihty. Internal consistencies for the total scale range from .83 to .86 and from .56 to .82 for the four subscales (Zuckerman, 1994). Cronbach coefficients alpha for the present sample were .87 for the total scale, and .83, ...
... This finding was also expecced, in view of previous research on sex M e rences in sensation seekmg. As reported by Zuckerman (1994)) in all the countries where Form V of the Sensation Seelung Scale was used, male subjects scored significantly higher than female subjects on the total score and on the Thrdl and Adventure Seeking, Disinhibition, and Boredom Susceptibility subscales, while there were no sex differences on the Experience Seeking scale. The present results show the same pattern. ...
... A sex-by-age interaction in that study was based on the slightly higher mean scores of female than male subjects at ages 30 to 39 years, noted primarily for the Disinhibition and Boredom Susceptibility scores. Also, sex-byage interaction was found on the General scale in an Itahan sample, in which female subjects had lower mean scores than male subjects in the youngest age group (15-19 years) but not at subsequent ages (Zuckerman, 1994). ...
Previous research regarding sex and age differences for sensation seeking in English, American, Canadian, and Australian samples showed clear sex differences and a decline of sensation seeking across ages. The 1978 Form V of the Sensation Seeking Scale was administered to a Croatian sample of 151 high school students and their 226 parents. Analysis showed that parents had lower mean scores than their children, consistent with the hypothesis that sensation seeking declines with age. Male subjects scored higher on the total Sensation Seeking, and Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Disinhibition, and Boredom Susceptibility subscales than female subjects, while there was no difference between male and female subjects on the Experience Seeking scale. Also, several sex-by-generation interactions were significant.
... Low platelet MAO levels in healthy individuals are associated with personality differences, such as increases in sensation seeking (Schooler et al., 1978;Zuckerman, 1994a). Sensation seeking is defined as the extent to which people seek experiences that are stimulating and novel (Zuckerman, 1994a, p. 27). ...
... The authors found that low MAO levels and high sensation seeking contributed to variability in alcohol consumption in males, however, MAO levels did not contribute to variability in alcohol consumption in females. Importantly, Zuckerman (1994a) compiled research conducted from 1977 to 1990, examining the negative correlation between low human blood platelet counts of MAO and increased sensation seeking as determined by the General SSS, and noted that 9 out of 13 correlations were statistically significant. Interestingly, negative correlations are more consistently observed in males than females (Calhoon-La Grange et al., 1993). ...
... Conversely, high levels of MAO are associated with lower levels of sensation seeking. These findings are consistent with prior research examining the relationship between MAO and SSS (Zuckerman, 1994a). Moreover, these findings have potential clinical implications for treating individuals diagnosed with disorders related to impulsivity or sensation seeking including drug dependence, attention deficit disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and suicidal behavior (Fowler et al., 1982;Buchsbaum et al., 1977;Murphy et al., 1982). ...
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme in the brain responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters. MAO levels can be measured in humans by collecting blood platelets. Low platelet MAO levels in healthy individuals are associated with personality differences, such as increases in sensation seeking. In this meta-analysis, we investigated the association between low platelet MAO activity and sensation seeking behavior, as measured by Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS). To identify studies to include in this meta-analysis, a preliminary database was produced by searching PsycInfo, Medline, PubMed, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect, from the time period of January 01, 1970 through August 01, 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed for study inclusion. Fourteen studies with a total of 24 correlations and 1,470 participants were included in the analyses. Across 24 independent effect sizes, the correlations ranged from −0.74 to 0.40. The Random Effects Model (REM) yielded a weighted average correlation of −0.22 (95% CI = −0.31, −0.13), indicating an inverse relationship where lower levels of MAO tend to be associated with higher levels of SSS. A subgroup analysis was used to examine the effects of gender. The REM yielded a weighted average correlation of −0.22 (95% CI = −0.33, −0.10) for the effect sizes of males, −0.22 (95% CI = −0.47, 0.06) for the effect sizes of females, and −0.23 (95% CI = −0.38, −0.06) for the effect sizes that included both males and females. The subgroup analysis did not reveal differences between males and females on the association between human blood platelet MAO levels and SSS. Our hypothesis that there is a negative association between MAO levels and SSS was supported. These findings have potential clinical implications suggesting that MAO platelet concentrations could be used as a potential biomarker for identifying maladaptive behaviors.
... For instance, a designer with high self-efficacy may approach new methods with greater assurance, ready to experiment and modify them (see Bandura, 1997;Jobst et al., 2012;Kelley & Kelley, 2013), while someone with a high ambiguity tolerance will more easily navigate uncertain or open-ended design situations (see Budner, 1962;Herman et al., 2010;Mahmoud et al., 2020). Meanwhile, Sensation-seeking individuals might be more open to trying new methods and challenging social conventions in the design context (see Franken, 2002;Hoyle et al., 2002;Zuckerman, 1979Zuckerman, , 1994Zuckerman & Aluja, 2015). Articles I (Chapter 4) and II (Chapter 5) investigate the relationship between the three personality traits and design mindset. ...
... Sensation-seeking is a well-established psychological construct dating back to the 1960s. It is the inclination to seek diverse, novel, complex, and intense sensory and experiential stimuli, often involving a willingness to undertake physical, social, legal, and financial risks to attain such experiences (Zuckerman, 1979(Zuckerman, , 1994. Sensation-seeking has a deep-rooted and well-established connection to risk-taking (Hoyle et al., 2002;Zuckerman, 1979Zuckerman, , 1994. ...
... It is the inclination to seek diverse, novel, complex, and intense sensory and experiential stimuli, often involving a willingness to undertake physical, social, legal, and financial risks to attain such experiences (Zuckerman, 1979(Zuckerman, , 1994. Sensation-seeking has a deep-rooted and well-established connection to risk-taking (Hoyle et al., 2002;Zuckerman, 1979Zuckerman, , 1994. People scoring high in sensation-seeking are likelier to engage in risky behaviours (Zuckerman & Aluja, 2015); they tend to underestimate the risk associated with their behaviours and are more likely to repeat them (Hoyle et al., 2002). ...
This dissertation, Methods over Madness: Investigating the Interaction between Designers, their Mindset, and Design Methods on a Cognitive Level, contributes to the understanding of how designers engage with design methods by exploring the cognitive dynamics of their interaction. As design methods are increasingly called upon to address abstract, systemic challenges, the need to comprehend how these tools function in practice becomes critical. This work situates this investigation within the growing body of design research that frames methods not merely as prescriptive guidelines but as adaptive mental tools both shaping method usage and the method users.
The research addresses the overarching question: How does the interaction between method and method user influence the user and the usage of methods in design? It does so through two interconnected lines of inquiry: the role of the designer's mindset in method usage and the influence of cognitive load on design behaviours. These inquiries contribute to advancing the theoretical understanding of method usage while addressing gaps in existing research regarding how the interaction between methods and method users influences method usage.
The first inquiry focuses on design mindset. Article I defines and operationalises the construct, resulting in the development of the Design Mindset Inventory (D-Mindset0.1), a psychometric instrument designed to measure it and four underlying constructs: Conversation with the Situation, Iteration, Co-Evolution of Problem–Solution, and Imagination. The inventory also establishes connections between these facets and relevant personality traits such as ambiguity tolerance, self-efficacy, and sensation-seeking, contributing to a nuanced understanding of the method user. Article II extends this investigation by examining how method teaching influences the development of design mindset. Using a quasi-experimental research design, it demonstrates that both individual traits and contextual factors significantly shape design mindset development, offering a framework for understanding how designers learn through method usage.
The second inquiry investigates cognitive load in relation to design and method usage. Cognitive Load Theory provides a lens through which the mental effort associated with method use can be understood in relation to complex and iterative design processes. Article III develops a conceptual framework linking cognitive load to design activities, with a particular emphasis on framing and reframing practices. Article IV complements this by empirically exploring cognitive efficiency—how designers balance performance and mental effort—through a pilot study comparing heuristic and systematic design methods in an idea-generation task. Together, these articles highlight the cognitive constraints designers find themselves under when navigating a problem space and using design methods.
The dissertation positions design methods as flexible, interpretive tools rather than rigid, procedural frameworks, foregrounding the critical role of the designer in contextualising and adapting methods to fit evolving challenges. By integrating perspectives on design mindset and cognitive load, the research contributes a theoretical foundation for understanding method usage and its implications for design practice and education. This work aligns with efforts in design research to formalise a theory of methods usage in design, validate methods effectiveness, and ultimately support the creation of methods that respond to both cognitive and practical needs.
By addressing these dimensions, this dissertation aspires to inform ongoing debates within design research while offering actionable insights for educators, practitioners, and method developers. It emphasises the interplay between cognitive processes and the reflective practice of design, ultimately contributing to the broader goal of advancing design methods as tools for innovation in an increasingly complex world.
... While sensation seeking is associated with risky behaviors, it has also been examined as a risk factor for addiction (Hatami Nejad et al., 2024;O'Connor et al., 2021). Zuckerman (1994) defines sensation seeking as the need for diverse, new, complex, and intense experiences and the willingness to take risks in various domains (Shojeyan et al., 2024;Zuckerman, 1994). Zuckerman (1994) defined sensation seeking as a need, with neurobiological origins, to experience varied, new, complex, and dangerous feelings and experiences. ...
... While sensation seeking is associated with risky behaviors, it has also been examined as a risk factor for addiction (Hatami Nejad et al., 2024;O'Connor et al., 2021). Zuckerman (1994) defines sensation seeking as the need for diverse, new, complex, and intense experiences and the willingness to take risks in various domains (Shojeyan et al., 2024;Zuckerman, 1994). Zuckerman (1994) defined sensation seeking as a need, with neurobiological origins, to experience varied, new, complex, and dangerous feelings and experiences. ...
... Zuckerman (1994) defines sensation seeking as the need for diverse, new, complex, and intense experiences and the willingness to take risks in various domains (Shojeyan et al., 2024;Zuckerman, 1994). Zuckerman (1994) defined sensation seeking as a need, with neurobiological origins, to experience varied, new, complex, and dangerous feelings and experiences. He believes that sensation seeking, as a dynamic personality trait, can take different forms and pleasures throughout an individual's life, with individuals expressing it in various ways depending on their gender and experiences (Zuckerman, 1994). ...
Objective: The objective of the present study was to predict addiction potential in adolescent boys based on sensation seeking, with the mediation of resilience. Methods and Materials: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all 12-year-old male students from public schools in Tehran during the first and second semesters of the 2018-2019 academic year. A total of 300 students were selected through multi-stage random sampling. The research tools included the Sensation Seeking Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Adolescent Addiction Potential Scale. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and AMOS software. Findings: The results showed that sensation seeking (β = 0.501, P = 0.001) positively and significantly predicted addiction potential in adolescents, while resilience (β = -0.246, P = 0.001) negatively and significantly predicted addiction potential in adolescents. Sensation seeking, through the mediation of resilience, predicted addiction potential in adolescents (β = 0.074, P = 0.010). Conclusion: Sensation seeking, through the mediation of resilience, predicted addiction potential in adolescent boys. It is recommended that specialists implement educational and therapeutic programs aimed at enhancing resilience for sensation-seeking adolescents and youth in educational and university settings.
... Sensation-seeking is a well-established psychological construct dating back to the 1960s. It is the inclination to seek diverse, novel, complex and intense sensory and experiential stimuli, often involving a willingness to undertake physical, social, legal and financial risks to attain such experiences (Zuckerman 1979(Zuckerman , 1994. Sensation-seeking has a deep-rooted and well-established connection to risk-taking (Zuckerman 1979(Zuckerman , 1994Hoyle et al. 2002). ...
... It is the inclination to seek diverse, novel, complex and intense sensory and experiential stimuli, often involving a willingness to undertake physical, social, legal and financial risks to attain such experiences (Zuckerman 1979(Zuckerman , 1994. Sensation-seeking has a deep-rooted and well-established connection to risk-taking (Zuckerman 1979(Zuckerman , 1994Hoyle et al. 2002). People scoring high in sensationseeking are likelier to engage in risky behaviors (Zuckerman and Aluja 2015); they tend to underestimate the risk associated with their behaviors and are more likely to repeat them (Hoyle et al. 2002). ...
... This relationship seems to align somewhat with our initial framing of Factor 4. While the nature of the relationship is inconclusive (McDaniel et al. 2001), sensation-seeking has previously been related to imagination. Zuckerman (1994) concludes that sensation seekers are less prone to fantasies due to their tendency to active lives. However, Franken and Rowland's (1990) research indicates that sensation seekers have a rich and varied fantasy life. ...
Designers rely on many methods and strategies to create innovative designs. However, design research often overlooks the personality and attitudinal factors influencing method utility and effectiveness. This article defines and operationalizes the construct design mindset and introduces the Design Mindset Inventory ( D-Mindset0.1 ), allowing us to measure and leverage statistical analyses to advance our understanding of its role in design. The inventory’s validity and reliability are evaluated by analyzing a large sample of engineering students ( N = 473). Using factor analysis, we identified four underlying factors of D-Mindset0.1 related to the theoretical concepts: Conversation with the Situation , Iteration , Co-Evolution of Problem–Solution and Imagination. The latter part of the article finds statistical and theoretically meaningful relationships between design mindset and the three design-related constructs of sensation-seeking , self-efficacy and ambiguity tolerance. Ambiguity tolerance and self-efficacy emerge as positively correlated with design mindset. Sensation-seeking , which is only significantly correlated with subconstructs of D-Mindset0.1 , is both negatively and positively correlated. These relationships lend validity D-Mindset0.1 and, by drawing on previously established relationships between the three personality traits and specific behaviors, facilitate further investigations of what its subconstructs capture.
... This study measured mood state using the Sensation Seeking and the Anxiety State Test on which, as sensation-seeking mood state increases, anxiety mood state decreases (2). Zuckerman (2) found that studying sensationseelung as a mood state could be useful in experimencs, with sensation seeking being a positive mood effect and anxiety a negative mood effect. ...
... This study measured mood state using the Sensation Seeking and the Anxiety State Test on which, as sensation-seeking mood state increases, anxiety mood state decreases (2). Zuckerman (2) found that studying sensationseelung as a mood state could be useful in experimencs, with sensation seeking being a positive mood effect and anxiety a negative mood effect. The present intent was to investigate if sensation seekmg and anxiety mood states are affected by one bout of exercise (aerobic and nonaerobic). ...
This study randomly assigned participants to either an aerobic, non-aerobic, or lecture group to assess whether one bout of exercise would alter mood state. Regardless of experimental condition, changes in mood state were found on the Sensation Seeking and Anxiety State Tests, where sensation-seeking scores increased and anxiety state decreased from pre- to posttest.
... From a conceptual standpoint, sensation seeking (SS) is defined as the need for varied, novel, and intense experiences, coupled with the willingness to take physical and social risks to achieve such experiences. Individuals with high sensation seeking are driven by the pursuit of excitement and stimulation (Roberti, 2004;Zuckerman, 1994). ...
... This is due to its role in increasing the likelihood of problematic behaviors and common risks, such as intoxicated circulation, aggression, impulsive decision-making, and normlessness. This is operationally consistent with the theoretical foundations of sensation seeking in general life spheres, as developed by Zuckerman (1994). Similarly, Torres-Quintero et al. (2019) have shown that motorcyclists' risky behaviors in Colombia are linked to a deep-rooted 'macho' culture prevalent in many Hispanic countries. ...
While young cyclists remain overrepresented in cycling crash figures, effective actions to mitigate their risks remain understudied and underapplied, especially in regions with low cycling tradition and weak or fragmented governance, as is the case in most Hispanic countries. One key emerging issue is the potential influence of personality traits such as sensation seeking (SS) on young cyclists' behavior and safety outcomes. This study aimed to assess the relationships among SS, cycling behavior, and safety-related outcomes among a sample of young cyclists. Data were collected from 945 cyclists aged 18-25 from five Hispanic countries, who responded to an electronic survey on personality traits and cycling-related topics. Significant associations were found between sensation seeking and risk-related cycling behaviors, as well as gender differences in SS, risky cycling behavior, and self-reported cycling crash rates, with males exhibiting higher values in all categories. Path analyses suggest that SS predicts self-reported crashes through the full mediation of both deliberate (traffic violations) and unintentional (errors) risky road behaviors, with the former having a greater explanatory effect on young cyclists' self-reported crash figures. The findings of this study highlight the need to address under-researched issues such as sensation seeking (SS) and risk-taking behavior through evidence-based interventions aimed at improving the safety of young cyclists. This is particularly relevant in countries with similar demographic characteristics and further nascent cycling cultures.
... Kişilerdeki heyecan arayışı olağandan farklı, değişkenlik gösteren, farklı tecrübe ve duygu değişimlere yol açacak davranışlar sonucu sosyal, fiziksel ve finansal olarak risk alma amacıyla meydana gelmektedir (Zuckerman, 1994). Bundan dolayı heyecan arayışındaki kişilerin çeşitli risk, macera gibi deneyimleri elde edeceği doğa sporlarını tercih ettiği düşünülmektedir. ...
... Tablo 1' e bakıldığında erkeklerin, kadınlara göre çevresel davranış ve heyecan arayışı arasında anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu açıklanmış çevresel tutum ve çevresel düşünce olarak aralarında anlamlı farklılık olmadığı anlaşılmıştır. Yapılan bir araştırma da erkeklerin heyecan arayışının kadınlara göre daha yüksek olduğu belirtilmiştir (Zuckerman, 1994). Aynı şekilde yapılan bir çalışmada kişilerin cinsiyet durumuna göre heyecan arayışlarının macera tutkusuna göre incelendiğinde erkeklerin kadınlara göre daha çok macera tutkusuyla heyecan arayışlarının yüksek olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır (Cross, Cyrenne ve Brown, 2013). ...
In recent years, environmental damage has begun to increase due to global climate change. Outdoor sports are among the areas that feel these effects the most. Because, nature offers many opportunities for sensation seeking. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between the attitudes towards the environment and sensation seeking of participants in outdoor sports activities. The population of the research consisted of participants in outdoor activities in Turkey, and the sample consisted of a total of 298 outdoor sports athlete participants selected by random sampling method. Survey collection technique, one of the quantitative research methods, was used to collect data. Data collection tools, the Environmental Attitude Scale developed by Uzun and Sağlam (2006) with the Sensation Seeking Scale developed by Hoyle et al., (2002) and adapted into Turkish by Çelik and Turan (2016) were used. Statistical analyzes were obtained using the SPSS 22 package program. According to the findings; Significant differences were found according to gender, athlete license and educational status variables. A weak relationship emerged between environmental attitude and sensation seeking. Accordingly, the environmental attitudes and behaviors of those who go out into outdoor in search of excitement are not related. As a result, it was seen that the environmental attitudes of those participating in outdoor sports activities were high. In today's world where nature is being consumed rapidly, it is recommended that those who participate in outdoor sports pay attention to environmental cleanliness and protection of the environment.
... of physical aggression and the use of the vehicle to express aggression at an average level, is characteristic for the groups of drivers with longer driving experience (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) years) than for the novice group, up to 5 years. Beginner car drivers adopt a high level of manifestation of the constructive expression of aggression, adopting cognitive and behavioral strategies to avoid conflict situations in traffic. ...
... Conducerea agresivă este considerată a fi un comportament deliberat al unui șofer în trafic, astfel încât acesta să crească riscul unui accident de circulație, provocând prejudicii fizice sau emoționale altor utilizatori ai drumului. Conducerea agresivă include acțiuni precum: depășirea vitezei, schimbările frecvente nemotivate de bandă, conducerea pe marginea drumului, depășirea pe dreapta, neaprinderea semnalizatorului la depășire, apropierea la o distanță periculoasă din spate sau din lateral, frânarea bruscă nemotivată din față, blocarea mașinii, țipete, înjurături, amenințări sau gesturi obscene față de alți șoferi, sunet inutil de claxoane, faruri intermitente cu faza lungă etc [10]. ...
Aggression in traffic is a widely researched topic with numerous factors identified as contributors to aggressive behavior. The purpose of the research is to highlight the manifestation of risk-taking, aggressiveness and the need for thrills in relation to the drivers’ driving experience. The experimental sample consisted of 149 male and female drivers aged 18-60. The results indicate that the predisposition to risk is more pronounced among drivers with longer driving experience (5-10 years; 10-15 years). The manifestation of physical aggression and the use of the vehicle to express aggression at an average level, is characteristic for the groups of drivers with longer driving experience (5-15 years) than for the novice group, up to 5 years. Beginner car drivers adopt a high level of manifestation of the constructive expression of aggression, adopting cognitive and behavioral strategies to avoid conflict situations in traffic.
... Horvath and Zuckerman (1993) suggested that high SSs are more attracted to the kinds of rewards, both physical and emotional, that traditionally risky activities provide. Zuckerman (1994) states that high SSs are rewarded through increased dopaminergic activity when they participate in these intense and novel actions, resulting in increased willingness to undertake substantial risk for stimulation. Low SSs, on the other hand, receive little to no positive impact from those intense and novel situations, and so they have less motivation to take the same risks. ...
... Third, many of the items of the SSS-V use expressions that are no longer familiar (e.g., hippies, jet set, queer, swingers). Zuckerman (1994) clarified some of the language from Form V (e.g., replacing queer with gay or lesbian, defining swingers as people who are uninhibited and free about sex) and showed that the changes did not reduce the reliability of the scale. Zuckerman (1996Zuckerman ( , 2007b recommended that researchers should be sure that they are using the revised version of the scale that featured changes or clarifications for the language used. ...
Sensation seeking is the pursuit of varied, novel, and complex experiences and has been the subject of many studies since the 1950s. Research has demonstrated sensation seeking traits are related to risk-taking, including use and abuse of substances as well as physical risk-taking such as participation in extreme sports. Researchers have developed multiple measures to assess individual differences in sensation seeking. The most used measures for adults have weaknesses, such as conflating traits with behaviors, using out-of-date language, and low internal consistency. In the present research we carried out a series of studies in which we developed and validated a brief measure of sensation. The final version of the measure contained seven adjectives that participants rated how accurately each described them. The results showed that scores on the new measure were positively related to scores on two popular measures of sensation-seeking (i.e., the SSS-V and the AISS) as well as to two measures of risk-taking (i.e., DOSPERT and YRBS).
... Heyecan arama kişilerin heyecan seviyelerini yüksekte tutabilmek için sürekli farklı ve yeni aktivite arayışlarına girmesidir (Zuckerman, 1994;Akt: Sivrikaya, 2019). Heyecan arayışı yaşamın bütün alanlarına yayılan bir olgu haline gelmiştir (Çolakoğlu, 2018). ...
... Since adolescents prefer an exciting life, they can meet their sensation seeking needs with digital games. Excitement seeking is the constant search for different and new activities in order to keep their excitement levels high (Zuckerman, 1994;cited in Sivrikaya, 2019). It has four sub-sections, namely excitement and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition (inability to inhibit), and boredom sensitivity (Zuckerman & Aluja, 2015). ...
Dünyada giderek artan dijital oyun kullanımı farklı yaş gruplarında çok fazla kullanıcı sayısına ulaşmıştır. Dijital oyunların aşırı ve zorlayıcı kullanımlarının bireylerde farklı şekillerde olumsuzluklar ortaya çıkardığı düşünülmektedir. Bu araştırmada ergenlerde temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar ile dijital oyun bağımlılığı arasında heyecan aramanın aracılık rolünün incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma grubu 2022-2023 eğitim öğretim yılında Türkiye’de bir ilde öğrenimine devam eden 266’sı kız (%50,1) ve 265’i erkek (%49,9) toplamda 531 lise öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Veriler Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Ölçeği, Ergenler İçin Kısa Heyecan Arayışı Ölçeği, Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçlar Ölçeği-Lise Formu ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu ile elde edilmiştir. Katılımcıların temel psikolojik ihtiyaçları ile dijital oyun bağımlılığı puanları arasında heyecan aramanın aracılık rolü yapısal eşitlik modeli ile incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkiler incelendiğinde, oyun bağımlılığı ile heyecan arama arasında pozitif yönde ve anlamlı bir ilişki elde edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte oyun bağımlılığı ile temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar alt boyutları arasında negatif anlamlı ilişkiler elde edilmiştir. Yapısal eşitlik modeli bulgularına göre ergenlerde temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar ile dijital oyun bağımlılığı arasında heyecan aramanın aracılık rolüne sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Daha büyük örneklemler için yapılan bootstrapping yönteminde ergenlerin temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının heyecan aramanın aracılığı ile dijital oyun bağımlılığı düzeylerini dolaylı olarak yordadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ergenlerde temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar arttıkça heyecan arama seviyeleri azalmakta ve dijital oyun bağımlılığı seviyeleri azalmaktadır.
... The studies also show that different motives, personality traits, and sensations explain participation in extreme sports. The sensation-seeking theory assumes that extreme sports individuals constantly explore risk, adverse or novel experiences [61]. Based on this background, different scales were developed to explore the participation of individuals in extreme sport activities [61][62][63]. ...
... The sensation-seeking theory assumes that extreme sports individuals constantly explore risk, adverse or novel experiences [61]. Based on this background, different scales were developed to explore the participation of individuals in extreme sport activities [61][62][63]. The focus on riskbased theories tends to classify participants as unhealthy or with deviant traits and, consequently, ignore the benefits of extreme sports [57,60]. ...
Background
Extreme sports have increased in popularity, particularly over the past two decades. Theories explaining participation in extreme sports tend to focus on risk. Consequently, extreme sports participants are often characterized by an accentuated desire for risk and abnormal personal traits, but the positive aspects of extreme sports are often neglected in the literature. This scoping review summarizes extreme sport motives, emotions and personal characteristics.
Methods
Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) Checklist, three databases were searched (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscus and, PsycInfo) on 20th April 2023. Studies were included if they were originally articles written in English and examined psychology traits in extreme sport participants.
Results
In total, 39 manuscripts met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in the present review. There is no unique profile for individuals involved in extreme sports. Risk and fear are considered natural characteristic of participation, and many positive aspects are associated with involvement in extreme sports (e.g., organization, planning, confidence). The quality of experience is often reported to justify extreme sport participation.
Conclusion
Changes in emotions and motives characterized the reversal theory, which in combination with the flow approach, could explain the participation in extreme activities. A dynamic ecological approach considering the interaction between individuals and the environment should be adopted to understand individual motives, behaviour and emotions.
... generally found differential patterns of augmentation and reduction of evoked potentials in high sensation seekers and low sensation seekers when exposed to sensory s t i m d of varying intensity. The most common finding is that people who exhibit augmented evoked potentials tend to score high on sensation seekmg, whereas people who exhibit reduced evoked potentials tend to score low on sensation seelung (e.g., Zuckerman, 1990Zuckerman, , 1994Wang, Mei, Du, Lu, Fu, & Wang, 1999;Brocke, Beauducel, John, Debener, & Heilemann, 2000). While evoked potentials provide cues as to the physiological response to a stimulus, they do not necessarily tell us the subjective experience of the perceiver. ...
Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale measures tendency to seek novel, varied, complex, and intense sensations and experiences and the willingness to take risks for the sake of such experiences. In this study, the subjective experience of sensory intensity change was explored by asking six high and six low sensation seekers to expose themselves to a combined sound and vibration stimulus that increased in intensity until one of three different levels of subjective unpleasantness was reached. Analysis showed that high sensation seekers consistently exposed themselves to longer periods of stimulation and thus higher intensities.
... The significant p-values have been highlighted in bold. (Zuckerman, 1994;Bornovalova et al., 2009;Xu et al., 2019). HSS individuals are more sensitive to rewards but less sensitive to punishment compared with LSS. ...
Objective
The primary objective of our research is to delve into the relationships between sensation seeking (SS), reward sensitivity (RS), and risk adjustment (RA) within the context of dynamic risk-taking behaviors. By integrating the reinforcement learning model and neural measures obtained from dynamic risk-taking tasks, we aim to explore how these personality traits influence individual decision-making processes and engagement in risk-related activities. We aim to dissect the neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying this interplay, thereby shedding light on the stable brain-based characteristics contributing to the observed variability in risk-taking and decision-making behaviors. Understanding these links could significantly enhance our ability to predict individual differences in risk preferences and develop targeted interventions for managing risky behaviors across different contexts.
Method
We developed a task to measure RA through a structured yet uncertain environment modeled after the Balloon Analog Risk Task. We enlisted 80 young adults to perform this task, and of these, 40 were subjected to electroencephalography (EEG) to assess neural correlates of RS. Subsequently, we analyzed event-related potentials and spectral perturbations to discern neural distinctions related to RS. We compared these distinctions concerning RA among participants exhibiting different levels of SS.
Results
Individuals exhibiting higher levels of SS (HSS) in the study displayed a tendency to disregard past risks, potentially resulting in diminished behavioral adaptability. EEG results indicated that individuals with HSS exhibited reduced neural responses to feedback compared to those with low SS, potentially affecting their feedback processing and decision-making. Moreover, the comparison of effects underscores the significant impact of RS and SS on shaping RA during dynamic decision-making scenarios.
Conclusion
This study has advanced the understanding of how SS and RS influence RA, revealing that RS prompts RA, while individuals with HSS often exhibit blunted RS, leading to worse RA. Future research should focus on the specific aspects of HSS and their implications for decision-making across different risk contexts. Employing advanced neuroimaging and cognitive modeling techniques will be pivotal in unraveling the neural mechanisms driving these individual differences in risky behavior.
... Contextual features, such as individual and cultural factors (Greenaway et al., 2018), are known to highly influence human behaviours' frequency and expressiveness (Zuckerman, 1994). Such individual differences in behaviours often challenge generalized behaviour-based LA (Zunino et al., 2017). ...
Learner behaviours often provide critical clues about learners' cognitive processes. However, the capacity of human intelligence to comprehend and intervene in learners' cognitive processes is often constrained by the subjective nature of human evaluation and the challenges of maintaining consistency and scalability. The recent widespread AI technology has been applied to learning analytics (LA), aiming at a more accurate, consistent and scalable understanding of learning to compensate for challenges that human intelligence faces. However, machine intelligence has been criticized for lacking contextual understanding and difficulties dealing with complex human emotions and social cues. In this work, we aim to understand learners' internal cognitive processes based on the external behavioural cues of learners in a digital reading context, using a hybrid intelligence (HI) approach, bridging human and machine intelligence. Based on the behavioural frameworks and the insights from human experts, we scope specific behavioural cues that are known to be relevant to learners' attention regulation, which is highly relevant for learners' cognitive processes. We utilize the public WEDAR dataset with 30 subjects' video data, behaviour annotation and pre–post tests on multiple choice and summarization tasks. We apply the explainable AI (XAI) approach to train the machine learning model so that human evaluators can also understand which behavioural features were essential for predicting the usage of the cognitive processes (ie, higher‐order thinking skills [HOTS] and lower‐order thinking skills [LOTS]) of learners, providing insights for the next‐round feature engineering and intervention design. The result indicates that the dominant use of attention regulation behaviours is a reliable indicator of low use of LOTS with 79.33% prediction accuracy, while reading speed is a valuable indicator for predicting the overall usage of HOTS and LOTS, ranging from 60.66% to 78.66% accuracy, highly surpassing random guess of 33.33%. Our study demonstrates how various combinations of behavioural features supported by HI can inform learners' cognitive processes accurately and interpretably, integrating human and machine intelligence.
Practitioner notes
What is already known about this topic Human attention is a cognitive process that allows us to choose and concentrate on relevant information, which leads to successful learning.
In affective computing, certain behavioural cues (eg, attention regulation behaviours) are used to indicate learners' attentional states during learning.
What this paper adds Attention regulation behaviours during digital reading can work as predictors of different levels of cognitive processes (ie, the utilization of higher‐order thinking skills [HOTS] and lower‐order thinking skills [LOTS]), leveraged by computer vision and machine learning.
By developing an explainable AI model, we can predict learners' cognitive processes, which often cannot be achieved by human observations, while understanding behavioural components that lead to such machine decisions is critical. It can provide valuable machine‐driven insights into the relationship between humans' external and internal states in learning.
Based on the frameworks spanning cognitive AI, psychology and education, expert knowledge can contribute to initial feature selection and engineering for the hybrid intelligence (HI) model development and next‐round intervention design.
Implications for practice and/or policy Human and machine intelligence form an iterative cycle to build a HI to understand and intervene in learners' cognitive processes in digital reading, balancing each other's strengths and weaknesses in decision‐making. It can eventually inform automated feedback loops in widespread e‐learning, a new education norm since the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Our framework also has the potential to be extended to other scenarios with digital reading, providing concrete examples of where human intelligence and machine intelligence can contribute to building a HI. It represents more systematic supports that apply to real‐life practices.
... ss is a personality trait characterized by seeking varied, novel, and often involving risk or adventure (Zuckerman, 1994). The level of ss in a specific person varies with demographic factors such as age, gender, and cultural background. ...
Sensation seeking plays a role in explaining tourists' behavior in tourism and hospitality. However, there is limited knowledge about the effects of sensation seeking on street food consumption by travelers. This study examines how sensation seeking affects tourists' intentions to consume street food by incorporating the theory of planned behavior and the moderating effect of gender. This study adopted a survey method to obtain data from 394 international tourists in three major cities of Vietnam (Hanoi, Danang, and Ho Chi Minh City). Multivariate data analysis shows that tourists' attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control positively impact their intentions to consume street food. Moreover, sensation seeking affects attitude and perceived behavioral control, leading to intentions to consume street food. Notably, gender moderates the impact of sensation seeking on attitude and subjective norms and the effects of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control on intentions to consume street food. These findings expand the current understanding of the theory of planned behavior research in the street food context and uniquely explain the mechanism through which sensation seeking enhances street food consumption intention. They also provide valuable practical implications to Vietnamese destination marketers, government administrators, and street vendors in attracting international tourists.
... Based on this, the urge of seeking sensation within adolescence along with their peers is becoming the factor that makes teenager choose to join in the alley with a variety of dangerous actions happens. Zuckerman (1994) explains that the impetus to seeking sensation is a person's tendency to seek diversity, novelty, complexity, sensational feeling and experiences, and individual readiness to accept the risk of physical, social, legal and economic experience carried over . ...
This study aim to see the influence of sensation seeking, parenting style and religion values on juvenile delinquency behaviour. Sensation seeking is a person's tendency to seek diversity, and finding something new. Parenting styles is a ways of parenting that done by parents to their children. Religious value education is a process of transferring a set of moral values and norms that serve to guide spiritual life and human life both as individuals and as communities. While juvenile delinquency is behavior of breaking social, legal, and religion norms. This research was conducted among people under age 18 years. The research was conducted on 222 middle adolescents (ages 15-18 years) from two high school that has a tendency to behave delinquent. The results of the regression test there was a significant effect (R 2 = 0.220 or 22%) of the urge of sensation seeking, parenting styles and religious value education on juvenile delinquency.
... This behavior suggests a dysfunction in novelty processing, evaluation, and learning, akin to ADHD (Schultz, 2016;Sethi et al., 2018). According to standardized measures of sensation-seeking subcomponents, disinhibition characterizes impulsive sensation-seeking (Zuckerman, 1994;Surányi et al., 2013). Moreover, the A53T+ mice showed a decrease in the number of fecal boli left during the exploration of the novel environment (supplementary data). ...
... Seeking out sexual sensations has been associated with increased paraphilic interests (Dawson et al., 2016). Sensation seeking is a multidimensional construct encompassing thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility (Kalichman & Rompa, 1995;Zuckerman, 1994). Sexual sensation seeking is a multidimensional motivational construct that describes the predisposition to seek out novel, high-risk, and sexually interesting stimuli. ...
We examined whether beliefs about autonomic arousal sensations and sexual sensation seeking explain some of the gender differences in self-reporting paraphilic sexual interests in 672 university students. A serial mediation model was used to test the direct association of gender and the indirect associations of positive interpretations of autonomic arousal sensations and sexual sensation seeking on paraphilic sexual interests. Anxiety sensitivity (e.g., the belief that anxiety sensations are dangerous) was included in the serial mediation model to evaluate the relationship between negative interpretations of autonomic arousal sensations and paraphilic interests. As predicted, men reported more paraphilic interests, sexual sensation seeking, positive beliefs about autonomic arousal sensations, and lower anxiety sensitivity than women. Participants' gender was indirectly related to paraphilic interests through positive beliefs about autonomic arousal sensations and sexual sensation seeking. Notably, positive interpretations of autonomic arousal sensations had a greater association with paraphilic sexual interests than anxiety sensitivity. When autonomic arousal sensations are interpreted positively, they may facilitate sexual sensation seeking, and people may endorse more paraphilic sexual interests. Future research on paraphilias should further examine positive interpretations of autonomic arousal sensations as they may relate to sexual sensation seeking and the endorsement of paraphilic interests.
... These findings can also be seen in detail in Table . The four sub-dimensions of the Sensation Seeking Scale and the total score are calculated using the respondents' answers and transformed into standardized scores using the tables in Zuckerman (1994). To compare the values of TAS, ES, Dis, BS, and total score with respect to risk categories, a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis H (KW test) was conducted. ...
Purpose- This study investigates the complex relationship between sensation-seeking, biological indicators, and financial risk-taking behavior. Utilizing a digital research approach, the study examines how individual differences in sensation seeking, measured by the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS-V), correlate with financial risk tolerance. Methodology- Each unit of analysis is categorized as a risk-averse, risk-neutral, and risk-lover according to both biological and probabilistic game attitudes. Biological indicators, specifically the 2D:4D ratio, are used to categorize individuals as risk-averse, risk-neutral, or risk-lover. The research employs a probabilistic lottery game to further classify participants' risk preferences. Findings- Findings reveal that while sensation seeking is generally associated with higher financial risk-taking, the interplay between biological indicators and risk behavior is nuanced. Probabilistic game categorization results indicate that sensational-seeking score not only for total but also for subdimension is not statistically significant. Conclusion- Notably, individuals with higher sensation-seeking scores do not always exhibit higher financial risk tolerance. Biological indicators and probabilistic game classification will indicate the different mean values of the sensational-seeking score. Biological indicators differentiate the mean difference of individuals’ sensational-seeking scores. The study contributes to the understanding of how psychological traits and biological factors jointly influence financial decision-making. Keywords: Financial risk-taking, 2D:4D ratio, digital research, sensation seeking, risk tolerance JEL Codes: D81, D84, D91
... Alhassan and Biekpe (2016) find that income has a negative effect on life insurance demand and argue that demographic factors better explain life insurance demand. Zuckerman (1994) argues that demographics can provide alternative hypotheses for explaining social phenomena. Razin (1976) shows that the more educated consumers are, the greater their demand for life insurance is. ...
Income is often viewed as the main determinant of life insurance demand. However, in the last two decades, the world’s life insurance penetration has continued to decrease even as income grows. This study investigates the relationship between income and life insurance demand using panel data from forty-one countries from 2013 to 2022, along with education and life expectancy as control variables. The study finds a non-monotonic relationship between income and life insurance penetration and between education and life insurance penetration, while life expectancy shows a monotonic relationship with life insurance penetration. This study provides significant policy implications for insurers to predict life insurance demand and suggests that non-high-income countries emphasize the improvement of their life insurance sector development.
... Another perspective on risk taking can be found in personality psychology. Psychologists from this field of research (e.g., Zuckerman, 1994) show that some people often take risk to experience pleasure and excitement. They argue that such behavior could be regarded as an expression of a trait named 'sensation seeking'. ...
... Curiosity, novelty-seeking, and openness to experience include general positive affect, willingness to challenge stereotypes, creativity, preference for the challenge in work and play, perceived control, and negative relationships with perceived stress and boredom (Cacioppo et al., 1996;McCrae & Costa, 1997;Zuckerman, 1994). The positive affect is linked to emotionalmotivational state of curiosity, which appears to fuel positive emotions such as excitement, enjoyment, and attentiveness (Ainley, 1998;Kashdan & Roberts, 2002), facilitating complex decision-making (Kreitler et al., 1974) and goal perseverance (Sansone & Smith, 2000). ...
The aim of the article is to present the research results on two important character virtues, namely creativity and curiosity. Creativity is very significant in the teaching profession, as it involves researching, looking for solutions, and making choices. Curiosity involves “the active recognition, pursuit, and regulation of one’s experience in response to challenging opportunities” (Peterson & Seligman, 2004: 125). The research was conducted in Poland among 149 Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) teachers for whom these features are indispensable, bearing in mind various obstacles they have to face, e.g., lack of proper teaching materials. In order to collect the data, the VIA Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) was disseminated among Primary, Junior High School and Secondary School teachers. In the following article, only the data concerning creativity and curiosity is discussed. The findings indicate that self-reported scores for the statements connected with CLIL teachers’ creativity and curiosity did not correlate significantly with the teachers’ experience in CLIL and none of the tested aspects significantly depended on the educational level of the teachers’ employing institutions.
... Additionally, a wide range of individual factors-such as biographical crises, loss of significance, uncertainty, need for closure, sensation seeking, feelings of injustice, frustration, hate, shame, grievance, alienation, and experiences of discrimination-play crucial roles in these processes (cf. Borum, 2003;Ebner, 2017;Horgan, 2003;Kruglanski et al., 2019;McCauley & Moskalenko, 2008, 2011Moghaddam, 2005;Neumann, 2013Neumann, , 2017Sageman, 2004;Weber, 2023;Webster & Kruglanski, 1994;Zuckerman, 1994). ...
... Este traço de personalidade tem suscitado muita atenção na investigação sobre o comportamento dos motoristas, havendo já países como a Austrália (NSW, 2011) onde as autoridades medem o índice de sensation seeking dos candidatos à obtenção da carteira de habilitação como fator de risco para os acidentes. Para Zuckerman (1994), a procura de sensações ou sensation seeking é um traço de personalidade que se revela através da procura de sensações e experiências variadas, novas, complexas e intensas e pela intenção de correr riscos físicos, sociais, legais e financeiros por causa das mesmas. Traduz-se numa tendência optimista para abordar novos estímulos e para explorar o ambiente, levando à aceitação do risco pelo prazer que isso acarreta. ...
O traço de personalidade procura de sensações está associado a comportamentos de risco na condução, com implicações na vida em sociedade. Este estudo teve como objectivo verificar se o sexo diferencia o traço procura de sensações e a propensão para comportamentos de risco na condução. Foram avaliados 140 motoristas (70 homens, 70 mulheres), com idades entre 25 e 55 anos. Como instrumentos, utilizaram- se um questionário sociodemográfico e as escalas SSS-V e DBQ. Verificou-se que os motoristas masculinos cometem mais infrações e apresentam escores mais elevados na procura de emoção e aventura (TAS), enquanto as mulheres apresentam maior propensão para a busca de experiências (ES) e uma correlação mais forte entre o traço procura de sensações e o cometimento de lapsos e infrações de trânsito. O sexo diferencia o traço procura de sensações e a sua associação aos comportamentos de risco na condução, devendo ser considerado na formação de futuros motoristas.
... Sensation seeking is also discussed as the varied bundle of novels and complex bundles of experiences to take physical risks (Zuckerman, 1994). When different kinds of biochemical and psychological factors take place in human mind then sensation seeking takes place. ...
This study examines the relationship between individual financial risk tolerance and psychosocial factors (sensation seeking, locus of control, self-esteem) with the moderating role of spirituality. The data was collected from 388 government employees and PLS-SEM (Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling) was used for data estimation. The study found that individual financial risk tolerance is significantly influenced by psychosocial factors, including sensation seeking, locus of control, and self-esteem. Specifically, individuals with higher sensation seeking and internal locus of control tend to exhibit greater financial risk tolerance. Additionally, self-esteem was positively correlated with a higher willingness to take financial risks. Importantly, spirituality moderated these relationships, with individuals who reported higher spiritual engagement showing more cautious financial behavior, even if their psychosocial traits suggested a higher risk tolerance.
... Perceived negative emotional states during manual driving, such as nervousness, tenseness, or stress 'always nervous', 'generally nervous', 'conscious aware', 'generally moody' (Lajunen, 2001), 'generally tense', 'generally stressed' (Matthews & Desmond, 2000), 'trouble', 'worrying', 'nerves', 'depressed', 'confrontation', 'tension', 'uneasy', 'awkward', 'pain' Sensation seeking Tendency for sensation seeking, exploring limits of technology, pushing its boundaries, and engaging in risky or sensational driving experiences 'adrenaline', 'cliff', 'exciting' (Hoyle, Stephenson, Palmgreen, Lorch, & Donohew, 2002), 'racing', 'unsafe passing', 'speeding' (Arnett, Offer, & Fine, 1997), 'race car', 'risk taking', 'impaired driving', 'non-use of seatbelts', 'running red lights' (Zuckerman, 1994), 'obsession', 'youngster', 'sensations', 'fascination' Human states Providing adequate supervisory control Establishing perceived safety by adequate supervisory control (i.e., supervising automation) 'supervise', 'monitoring', 'monitor' ...
Introduction: Partially automated cars are on the road. Trust in automation and perceived safety are critical factors determining use of automation. Background: Drivers misuse partially automated driving systems. Misuse is associated with mis-calibrated trust in the automation. Research gap: Little is known about the factors impacting the perceived safety when using partial driving automation. Research objective: The main objective of the present study is to provide a comprehensive driver perspective on the psychological aspects of automation use pertaining to trust in automation, perceived safety, and its relationship with use of automation. Method: Semi-structured interviews (n = 103) were conducted with users of partially automated driving systems. Supplemented with content analysis, natural language processing (NLP) techniques were applied to perform automatic text processing. Guided seed-term analysis was conducted to identify the number of occurrences of the subcategories in the dataset. Main results: We identified human operator-related, automation-related, and environmental factors of trust and perceived safety. The identified factors were more strongly associated with perceived safety than with trust. Participants with physical and visual impairments reported to feel safer using the automation compared to driving manually. Neurotic behavior during manual driving contributed to lower trust and perceived safety using the automation. A correct mental model of the capabilities and limitations of the automation did not guarantee proper automation use. A novel conceptual, process-oriented model, titled PTS-a (predicting trust in and perceived safety of automation use), synthesizes the results of the data analysis. Informed by the cognition-leads-to-emotions approach, the model posits that trust as cognition precedes perceived safety as affective construct. Trust and perceived safety determine how human operators (mis-, disuse e the automation. Future research: We recommend future research to perform experimental studies to identify cognitive-related thoughts and beliefs pertaining to trust in automation and perceived safety to contribute to the operationalization of these constructs, and unravel the nature of their relationship.
... Extroverts are also more likely to engage in online environments and make use of technology (Zmud, 1979;Choi et al., 2015). Additionally, extroverts tend to exhibit excitement and novelty-seeking behaviors (Li & Tsai, 2013;Zuckerman, 1994;Eysenck & Eysenck, 1984). ...
The use of immersive technologies such as augmented reality (AR) on social media platforms has drastically increased in the past few years. As AR technologies focus on providing individual experiences, it becomes critical to understand how individual differences affect AR immersive experience. In this study, we draw on the Big-Five model to examine the impact of personality traits on AR immersive experiences. Through a survey involving 331 participants from Amazon MTurk, we explore the varied effects of personality traits on AR immersive experiences. To ensure the robustness of the results, we utilized both variance-based SEM and co-variance-based SEM. Results show that agreeableness and openness positively affect the AR immersive experience, while conscientiousness partially influences the AR immersive experience. Theoretically, our findings elucidate the influence of personality traits on AR immersion. In addition, our study offers important practical implications for social media and brand managers. These implications provide important design considerations that can enhance user experiences in AR environments.
... Sensation-seeking refers to "the need for varied, novel and complex sensations and experiences, and the willingness to take physical and social risks for the sake of such experiences" (Zuckerman & Neeb, 1979, p. 10). It has repeatedly been discussed as a correlate of performing arousing activities (Müller et al., 2016;Zuckerman, 1994). Addiction models also posit that sensation-seeking tendencies are related to addictive behaviors (e.g., Steinberg et al., 2008). ...
Since Internet pornography (IP) is widespread and can become problematic for some users, investigating the personality traits which correlate with its consumption is important. Though many studies have been conducted on the relationship between IP, personality traits, and attachment, no meta-analysis has been conducted to synthesize this literature. We aimed to address this gap through a meta-analysis comprising 51 studies with 45,808 individuals (female = 35.19%, mean age = 37.81). The strongest correlation was found for sexual compulsivity ( r = .372), followed by impulsivity ( r = .273), self-control ( r = −.210), narcissism ( r = .172), and conscientiousness ( r = −.147). Statistically significant positive correlations were found between impulsivity ( r = .245), (sexual) compulsivity ( r = .392), neuroticism ( r = .114), and anxious attachment ( r = .131) with problematic use of IP. The correlations between conscientiousness and both general IP ( r = −.145) and problematic use of IP ( r = −.149) were statistically significant and negative. Moderator analyses revealed that the internal consistency of pornography measurement moderated the relationship between IP and neuroticism.
... These constructs include sensation seeking, intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy and flow. [17][18][19][20][21][22] Climate and weather changes can be unpredictable and rapid in wilderness areas. Therefore it is important to acknowledge that exploring a wilderness in difficult weather conditions can carry significant risks, including the possibility of serious injury or even death. ...
The aim of the study was to explore attitudes towards climate change among wilderness seekers. The subjects were 273 (M=23.15; SD=7.72) adults. The respondents completed four questionnaires: Wilderness Novelty Seeking Scale, Wilderness Self-Efficacy Sale, Wilderness Courage Scale and Attitude Towards Climate Changes Scale. There were three distinct profiles of the respondents: Curious, who are interested in the wilderness but lack the skills and courage to explore dangerous wilderness places; Adventurous, who actively seek experiences in dangerous wilderness places and have survival skills; and Indifferent, who have little interest in the wilderness. The participants in these profiles differed in terms of attitude toward climate change. The Curious and Adventurous groups were significantly more concerned about climate change. In addition, they were more likely to believe that climate change is already having a negative impact on the lives of people in the places where they live. Furthermore, the Curious group experienced positive feelings towards climate change less often than the Adventurous group. On the other hand, the Curious group experienced significantly more negative feelings in relation to climate change. Finally, wilderness seekers (Curious and Adventurous) were statistically more likely to engage in pro-environmental behaviors in the context of climate change compared to the Indifferent group.
... Several constructs have been developed to examine the motivated performance of individuals in rural environments and anticipate their involvement. These constructs include sensation seeking, intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and flow [25][26][27][28][29][30]. ...
The aim of the study was to explore attitudes towards climate change among wilderness seekers. The subjects were 273 (M = 23.15, SD = 7.72) adults. These included: 189 women, 80 men and 4 people who identified as non-binary. The respondents completed four questionnaires: Wilderness Novelty Seeking Scale, Wilderness Self-Efficacy Sale, Wilderness Courage Scale, and Attitude Towards Climate Changes Scale. There were three distinct profiles of the respondents: Curious, who are interested in the wilderness but lack the skills and courage to explore dangerous wilderness places; Adventurous, who actively seek experiences in dangerous wilderness places and have survival skills; and Indifferent, who have little interest in the wilderness. The participants in these profiles differed in terms of attitude toward climate change. The Curious and Adventurous groups were significantly more concerned about climate change. In addition, they were more likely to believe that climate change is already having a negative impact on the lives of people in the places where they live. Furthermore, The Curious group felt less positive about climate change than the Adventurous group. They also felt more negative about it. Finally, wilderness seekers (Curious and Adventurous) were statistically more likely to engage in pro-environmental behaviors in the context of climate change compared to the Indifferent group.
... Sensation seeking fundamentally represents a personality trait. It is defined as the pursuit of varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences, and the willingness to take physical, social, legal, and financial risks for such experiences (Zuckerman, 1994). A positive linear relationship is observed between the dimension of sensation seeking and the dependent variable of expectation of experience. ...
Space tourism, within the post-modern tourism paradigm, emerges as an alternative tourism type in line with new information about space. The aim of research is to determine the impact of potential tourists' sensation seeking tendencies on their expectations of experiencing space tourism, which is expected to be a frequent activity in the future. To achieve this objective, a quantitative research method was used. The research was conducted on potential tourists living in Turkey. Data were collected through an online survey from potential tourists reached by convenience sampling, a non-random sampling method. This research is limited to the information obtained as a result of the resources available after a literature review in the field. finding of the study is that sensation seeking decreases as age increases. It is observed that individuals in younger age groups have a higher level of sensation seeking. A positive linear relationship is observed between the dimension of sensation seeking and the dependent variable of expectation of experience. The use of new technologies is often linked to hedonic motivation. Tourists' sensation seeking trait significantly influences their expectation of experience in space tourism. The study concludes that tourists' sensation seeking impacts their expectation of experience in space tourism by 37%. Space tourism has emerged as a new and rising field in recent years. The tendencies of potential tourists in this field can shape their future space experiences. In this sense, this study, which has a unique research area, can also provide important information for the marketing strategies to be developed by space tourism companies.
The relationship between participation in sporting activity and both risk taking and risk perception when traveling on a two-wheeled vehicle were evaluated among 614 adolescents between the ages of 14 and 17 years. The sex of the respondents (252 girls, 362 boys) and their experience with road accidents were taken into account. Three-way analyses of variance indicated a significant main effect for sex, with girls reporting both fewer risky behaviors and higher risk perception than boys when traveling on a two-wheeled vehicle. Effect for sporting activity was also significant, with sports practitioners reporting lower risk taking and higher risk perception than nonsportsmen. There was also a significant interaction between sex and sporting activity. For boys, risk taking was higher and risk perception lower among the nonsportsmen than among the sports practitioners. Experience with road accidents had no significant relationship with risk taking or risk perception when traveling on a two-wheeled vehicle.
Impulsivity is consistently linked to various problematic behaviors, including aggression, substance abuse, pathological gambling, risky driving, and numerous psychopathological disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and personality disorders. This study aims to investigate the relationship between self-reported impulsivity, measured by the Behavioral Inhibition/Behavioral Activation Scales, and emotional states (pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral), in the context of time estimation deviations. A time estimation task was administered to 129 adult participants (88 females) from the community to assess this deviation. The findings reveal that participants underestimated time across all emotional conditions, enhancing our understanding of how impulsivity relates to time perception. Therefore, it is crucial to continue neuropsychophysiological research on impulsivity to explore its causes, manifestations, and connections with other aspects of cognitive and affective functioning. This research will lead to a more precise definition and comprehensive understanding of impulsive behavior.
Our study aimed to investigate the effects of personality characteristics, cognitive emotion regulation, and impulsivity on the use of legitimate violence by commissioned officers in the French National Gendarmerie. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire including a personality inventory (BFI), an impulsivity scale (UPPS), and an emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ). To assess their behavioral intention to use legitimate violence, the participants watched a video of a domestic violence intervention and then completed a questionnaire on the use of coercion. The video (Appendix) was designed to show an escalation in a routine intervention to assess how viewers might react when confronted with such a situation. The procedures took place at the French National Gendarmerie Commissioned Officers’ Academy in two sessions held 1 week apart between June and July 2022. The participants were 128 commissioned officers (N = 128), of whom 23.44% were women (N = 30) and 25% were former non-commissioned officers (N = 32). Lack of premeditation and perseverance (Impulsivity Scale) and a high score on the other-blame subscale (Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale) were linked to increased use of restraint. The conscientiousness dimension of the Big Five Inventory appeared to be a protective factor, significantly reducing the use of intermediate force. These results shed light on the factors influencing the use of legitimate violence. Further research on real-life situations could be conducted to corroborate these initial findings and verify their operational materiality.
Objective
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) and disorders due to addictive behavior (DABs) are prevalent conditions that share common neurobiological and behavioral characteristics. This scoping review aims to identify and map the range of subjective assessment tools (e.g., interviews and self-report instruments) for assessing Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and related constructs underlying DABs and OCRDs, such as impaired response inhibition, habit formation, and compulsivity.
Method
A scoping review was performed following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA ScR). The search was conducted in Medline, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and EMBASE databases. No constraints of data or document type were adopted.
Results
The search yielded 615 instruments, of which 79 were deemed transdiagnostic and capable of assessing at least one of the target constructs. Noteworthy tools included are the Cambridge-Chicago Compulsivity Trait Scale, the Self-report Habit Index, the Reward Probability Index, the Threat-Related Reassurance-Seeking Scale, and the recent Positive Valence Systems Scale.
Conclusions
Despite the growing body of literature on OCRDs and DABs as new diagnostic chapters and the number of tools with the potential to assess their transdiagnostic constructs clinically, most instruments were designed to capture dimensions or psychopathology not directly (or primarily) related to OCRDs, DABs and the concepts of impaired response inhibition, habit formation, and compulsivity in the context of these conditions. Further studies exploring the correlation between subjective assessments, corresponding behavior paradigms, and neuroimaging data would be of great value in the translation of RDoC constructs and domains into clinical settings.
To prevent young children’s injuries, studies have considered both child (e.g., temperament, age, sex) and parent factors (e.g., parental supervision and style, attachment) associated with risk-taking behaviors. Building on risk-taking theory literature, Jonas and Kochanska (Jonas & Kochanska, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 46:1573–1583, 2018) adapted the dual systems model (Steinberg, Developmental Review 28:78–106, 2008) to children and suggested that risk-taking propensity arises from an imbalance between the overactivation of the child’s socioemotional system (sensation seeking or traits of surgency) and the lower cognitive control system (lack of self-regulation or of effortful control). However, from an intergenerational transmission perspective, it is relevant to consider the role both parents’ and the children’s socioemotional and cognitive control systems have on a child’s risk-taking behaviors. The current longitudinal study is the first to examines sensation seeking and lack of self-regulation in parents in addition to the child’s surgency-effortful control imbalance to understand the child’s risk-taking behaviors. The sample comprised 177 two-parent families (89 boys) observed at two time points (child age ranges: 12–18 months and 24–30 months). Both parents provided sociodemographic information and completed self-reported questionnaires on sensation seeking and self-regulation, child’s temperament and risk-taking behaviors. Results showed that fathers’ higher sensation-seeking and mothers’ lack of self-regulation were associated with higher children’s risk-taking behaviors. After controlling for these parent factors and child sex, child surgency-effortful imbalance was strongly associated with higher children’s risk-taking behaviors. An adapted dual systems model including both parents (sensation seeking and self-regulation) and children (surgency-effortful imbalance) seems a promising avenue to a fuller understanding of children’s risk-taking behaviors.
The study purposed to interrogate the underlying barriers to HIV non-protective behaviours’ control among university students, geared towards formulating an effective psycho-educational intervention for the same. The population was both male and female year three university students. The respondents were 12 for the focus group discussion and 15 for the in-depth interviews, selected purposively. Data analysis was done using thematic analysis. There was concurrent data analysis and discussion of findings. The findings revealed that university students continue to engage in HIV non-protective behaviours like lack of and inconsistent condom use, multiple sexual partners and low adherence to HIV messages and training due to factors associated with low socio-economic status, shame, lack of knowledge, flaws within the HIV messaging, to mention but a few. It is therefore concluded that HIV continues to soar among university students through non-protective conduct related to unsafe sex, multiple and concurrent sexual partners and low interest in and negative attitude towards uptake of HIV control messages. Hence, there is a need for a supply of condoms in socially safe spaces, education on condom use and the dangers of multiple sexual partners, economic empowerment, and most importantly, embracing an effective psycho-educational intervention that addresses the specific learning needs of university students about HIV and its control
According to the recently proposed dark-ego-vehicle principle (DEVP), individuals high in dark-personality traits (e.g., narcissism, psychopathy) tend to be attracted to certain kinds of (political) ideologies if and when these ideologies can be used to satisfy their dark needs. With the present pre-registered longitudinal study, we attempted to falsify the DEVP in the context of antisemitism. In this regard, we predicted positively directed relationships between certain dark-personality traits (i.e., grandiose narcissism, antagonistic narcissism, psychopathy) and antizionist antisemitism. Individuals from several samples from the US and the UK (N = 3,981) completed validated psychometric measures of antisemitic attitudes. This data was correlated with several variables which had already been assessed previously: individuals’ dark-personality traits and specific dark-personality-needs indicators (e.g., aggression, virtue signaling). The results showed a failed falsification of the DEVP: The vast majority of the correlations between the examined dark-personality traits and antisemitism were positively directed. This was not only true for antizionist antisemitism but also for the classical Judeophobic antisemitism. The overall pattern of the found relationships was in line with the DEVP and its assumption that individuals high in dark-personality traits, particularly in antagonistic narcissism and psychopathy, may be attracted to antisemitic ideology.
Watching pimple-popping videos has become very popular, particularly on social media. However, the psychological mechanisms behind this novel and puzzling phenomenon remain largely unexplored. Two studies were conducted on this topic. A first study explored the validity of the Pimple Popping Enjoyment Scale (PPES) in terms of predicting viewing behavior during exposure to pimple-popping videos. A second study investigated the association between the PPES and other personality scales.
In Study 1, 104 participants (mean age = 26 years, 64% female) completed the PPES and watched pimple-popping videos with the option to skip forward and backward during viewing. In Study 2, 501 participants (mean age = 25 years, 79% female) answered the PPES and additional personality scales (e.g., benign masochism (BM), morbid curiosity (MC)).
Higher scores on the PPES were linked to fewer instances of skipping forward while watching pimple-popping videos, indicating reduced visual avoidance. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that MC and BM were positively associated with PPES scores.
The present findings help to understand a social media trend: why people watch and enjoy pimple-popping videos. This behavior is likely motivated by an interest in danger and potential death (MC) and the enjoyment derived from discomfort in non-threatening, controlled situations (BM).
El artículo permite analizar uno de los problemas socioeducativos que afecta a la población ecuatoriana misma que no determina situación económica, genero, edad de consumo y/o cultura; es decir afecta a aquel individuo que presente esta enfermedad. Este estudio se realizó en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación Humanas y Tecnologías de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo lo que ha permitido determinar que el alcoholismo está inmerso en esta población objeto de estudio entre las edades de 12 a 29 años. La presente investigación tiene un enfoque mixto (cualitativo y cuantitativo), además se realizó la respectiva revisión bibliográfica para poder determinar cuáles son los factores que influyen en el consumo de alcohol, se utilizó el método analítico - sintético, deductivo - inductivo y como instrumento una encuesta virtual estructurada de 13 indicadores se contó con una población de 673 estudiantes de las 14 carreras que oferta esta facultad. Como hallazgos relevantes están la necesidad de proponer charlas sobre este problema social y el haber podido determinar que 133 estudiantes iniciaron su proceso de consumo de alcohol en el tercer periodo es decir en la adolescencia que comienza con la pubertad que es el final de la infancia y el inicio de la adolescencia comprendida desde los 12 a los 29 años según.
Objectives: Current literature links substance abuse with primary emotions and dissociative symptoms, but little research combines these relationships. This study investigates the clinical significance of these concepts and the mediating role of dissociative symptoms in the relationship between primary emotions and substance abuse.
Methods: Study 1 included 517 adults (77.6% female, Age: M = 27.84) from the community. Path analysis examined the relationships between primary emotions (BANPS-GL), dissociative symptoms (FDS), psychopathology (BSI-18), and substance abuse (WHO-ASSIST). Study 2 involved 73 inpatients with substance use disorders (SUD) compared to 73 matched individuals from the general population, totalling 146 participants (21.9% female, Age: M = 34.90). MANOVA and Discriminant analysis assessed the differences and contributions of the variables to group separation.
Results: Significant correlations were found between the FDS and the WHO-ASSIST, all BSI-scales, and all primary emotions except SEEKING. The FDS was a key mediator between primary emotions and substance abuse (WHO-ASSIST) and effectively differentiated between the clinical and general population groups.
Conclusions: These findings highlight the role of dissociative symptoms in the relationship between emotional experiences and addictive behaviour. Future research should consider dissociative symptoms in the prevention and treatment of addictive disorders.
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between the level of boredom experienced at work and the strategies chosen as the most effective - either offensive (non-escapist strategies, i.e., strategies for enriching the employee experience) or defensive (boreout strategies/escapist strategies) - strategies for dealing with this experience. This requires first developing a typology of offensive strategies. Design/methodology/approach: A diagnostic survey was used to obtain data, and to verify the hypothesis, an attendance analysis and an index of deviation from equal distribution were applied separately to the two aforementioned groups of strategies. The survey included questions based on an abbreviated version of the Boredom Vulnerability Scale and a typology of boreaut strategies in the literature. Findings: It was confirmed that independently from the level of perceived boredom at work may be preferred defined offensive and defensive behavioral strategies. Research limitations/implications: The limitations of the survey are related to the diagnostic survey method used. The methodological and empirical knowledge gained is intended to improve the methodology of planned future nationwide representative surveys. Practical implications: The results of the survey may be useful to employers who want to understand employees' experiences of boredom and who want to improve those experiences - in line with the Employee Experience idea. Social implications: Boredom at work can imply undesirable behaviors and financial consequences for employers. They are associated with, among other things, the deterioration of employees' health and their counterproductive conduct. Originality/value: The originality relates to the included research context (Employee Experience) and the typology of non-escapist strategies proposed based on this context, as well as to - relating to employee behavioral strategies towards boredom - the results of empirical studies differentiating defensive and offensive strategies. Keywords: boredom at work, boreout strategies, work experience enrichment strategies, Employee Experience. Category of the paper: Research paper.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.