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A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement
... Y. Miller & Shettleworth, 2007;R. R. Miller & Matzel, 1988;Pearce & Hall, 1980;Rescorla & Wagner, 1972) have been contrasted. Across humans and other species, competition between features and boundary information has been documented in some reports (e.g., Austen & McGregor, 2014; but not in others (Pearce et al., 2001;Redhead & Hamilton, 2007), and hence there is evidence in favor of both families of theories, which has led to numerous debates (e.g., Jeffery, 2010;Pearce, 2009). ...
... Another explanation of these results, which we have simulated using Chung et al.'s simulator (2018) of the Rescorla-Wagner model (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972), is that landmarks at different distances from the goal have different saliences. Assuming different saliences for the four landmarks in the array, the Rescorla-Wagner model can easily accommodate the findings of these three-group experiments, as obviously does a variation of the model that has been proposed to account for some findings in the spatial domain (N. ...
... Y. Miller & Shettleworth, 2007;R. R. Miller & Matzel, 1988;Pearce, 1987;Pearce & Hall, 1980;Rescorla & Wagner, 1972). Although our results do not discriminate between different accounts that can explain the empirical phenomena, they do unambiguously point to a variable that parametrically determines the extent to which landmarks are affected by other landmarks, and hence go some way in identifying reasons for such discrepant findings. ...
... Although individual differences in fear conditioning and extinction have been widely studied (e.g., Duits et al., 2015), these studies have focused mainly on differences in CR between initial and last trials within each phase, and only a few studies addressed individual differences in the learning curve (e.g., Nihei et al., 2021). Investigation of individual differences in acquisition, extinction, and ABA renewal was conducted by Nihei et al. (2021) using the Rescorla-Wagner model (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972) and mathematical representation of Bouton's model (Bouton, 1993), but quantitative representations of the three types of renewal effects are difficult with these models (McConnell & Miller, 2014). ...
We examined whether ABA, ABC, and AAB renewal effects could be observed using fear conditioning with social stimuli as both conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) to investigate the possibility of relapse following exposure interventions for social anxiety in a laboratory setting. Sixty-four participants were randomly allocated to four groups (AAA, ABA, ABC, and AAB). They received nine pairings with a neutral face (CS) and aggressive facial expressions and insults (US) during the acquisition phase, and then received 18 pairings with the same CS and a neutral comment in the extinction phase. Following the extinction, the testing phase (three trials) was conducted. The background colors presented in each phase were manipulated to serve as the contextual stimuli. ANOVA showed the occurrence of the three types of renewals, but there were no consistent results showing differences between the renewals. Bayesian modeling demonstrated that there are some relationships between each parameter in the learning curves and social anxiety. The participants were non-clinical populations; therefore, it remains unclear whether the findings can be generalized to clinical populations. The results suggest that relapse following exposure therapy is related to a contextual change from the therapeutic environment and that individual differences in learning are related to social anxiety symptoms.
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