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Studies in the genus Phoma. III. Paraphoma, a new genus to accommodate Phoma radicina
... Unfortunately, the morphology could not be compared as Paraphoma aquatica was reported in its asexual morph with no information on its sexual morph (Magaña-Dueñas et al. 2021). The species of Paraphoma were introduced from its asexual morph (Morgan-Jones and White 1983;de Gruyter et al. 2010;Quaedvlieg et al. 2013;Moslemi et al. 2016Moslemi et al. , 2018Crous et al. 2017Crous et al. , 2021aCrous et al. , 2021bGomzhina et al. 2020;Magaña-Dueñas et al. 2021;Guarnaccia et al. 2022), while we introduced our new collection from its sexual morph. Therefore, we could not compare our new collection with other Paraphoma species. ...
... Paraphoma was established in 1983 with P. radicina as the type species (Morgan-Jones and White 1983). Subsequently, fourteen species are accepted in Paraphoma. ...
During a survey of the diversity of lignicolous fungi in Yunnan Province, China, we collected and identified five microfungi species from dead woody litters of Castanopsis trees in terrestrial habitats. Through both morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses of multi-gene sequences, we identified two taxa as new species and three collections as new host records within Pleosporales. Pseudolophiostoma lincangensesp. nov. is introduced as a sexual morph in Lophiostomataceae, Pleopunctum baoshanensesp. nov. is introduced as a hyphomycetous fungi in Phaeoseptaceae, and Paraphoma aquatica as a first report of sexual morph in Paraphoma. In addition, Occultibambusa kunmingensis and Pleopunctum megalosporum were isolated for the first time from the dead twigs of Castanopsis delavayi and C. calathiformis, respectively. Comprehensive morphological descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic analysis results are provided for the above-mentioned species.
... Paraphoma radicina is the type species of the genus Paraphoma, although it was originally named Phoma radicina [16]. The fungus was initially described in isolates obtained from cysts of Heterodera glycines in North Carolina, USA, in soybean field soils [17]. Subsequently, it was also recorded on H. glycines in Shenyang, China [18]. ...
... In the present study, we evaluated the effects of eight media on conidia production of P. radicina and demonstrated that it was able to produce pycnidia and conidia only on PDA and ARDA media, while few conidia were generated on PDA. This is in agreement with earlier studies where it was also reported that pycnidia and conidia of P. radicina were not produced abundantly on the PDA medium [17]. Furthermore, in this study, we found that conidia of P. radicina were not produced on OA. ...
In 2020, alfalfa root rot, a disease caused by Paraphoma radicina, was identified in Inner Mongolia, China, where it seriously affected alfalfa crop yields. Conditions for in vitro growth, sporulation and conidial germination of P. radicina are poorly understood, limiting further studies. In this contribution, we evaluated the suitability of different media, carbon and nitrogen sources, as well as temperature and pH for P. radicina in vitro growth and germination. In addition, the temperature sensitivity of these cultures was assessed. Paraphoma radicina growth and sporulation were most vigorous on the ARDA medium, reaching the maximum growth and sporulation rates after 4 weeks of incubation. All carbon and nitrogen sources supported growth, but none induced sporulation. The best carbon and nitrogen sources for growth were mannitol and peptone, respectively. Conidial germination was observed in the 4 to 35 °C temperature range, with an optimum temperature of 25 °C. The germination rate was highest at pH 7, and more than 50% of conidia germinated after 38 h of incubation at 25 °C. On the other hand, temperatures above 55 °C (10 min) and 41 °C (10 min) proved lethal for the mycelial and conidial forms of the pathogen, respectively. These results can provide clues to the environmental conditions amenable for P. radicina infection of alfalfa crops and, on the whole, a better understanding of pathogenicity.
... In 1983, Morgan-Jones introduced the new genus Paraphoma in order to accommodate phoma-like species with setose conidiomata [41]. However, the genus was later treated at section level within Phoma by Boerema [42]. ...
The Dothideomycetes are a class of cosmopolitan fungi that are present principally in terrestrial environments, but which have also been found in freshwater and marine habitats. In the present study, more than a hundred samples of plant debris were collected from various freshwater locations in Spain. Its incubation in wet chambers allowed us to detect and to isolate in pure culture numerous fungi producing asexual reproductive fruiting bodies (conidiomata). Thanks to a morphological comparison and to a phylogenetic analysis that combined the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nrDNA with fragments of the RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2), beta tubulin (tub2), and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1) genes, six of those strains were identified as new species to science. Three belong to the family Didymellaceae: Didymella brevipilosa, Heterophoma polypusiformis and Paraboeremia clausa; and three belong to the family Phaeosphaeriaceae:Paraphoma aquatica, Phaeosphaeria fructigena and Xenophoma microspora. The finding of these new taxa significantly increases the number of the coelomycetous fungi that have been described from freshwater habitats.
... The P. radicina DNA quantities P. radicina is the type species of Paraphoma, isolated from the roots of various plants such as Prunus cerasus, Malus sylvestris, Solanum lycopersicum (De Gruyter et al., 2010). In addition to the alfalfa root rot (Cao et al., 2020), P. radicina can also affect the ability of the soybean cyst-nematode to colonize soybean roots (Morganjones & White, 1983). ...
Paraphoma radicina is the causal pathogen of alfalfa root rot. Identification of P. radicina using the traditional morphological methods is difficult and time-consuming. Therefore, there is a need to develop rapid molecular techniques that can detect and identify P. radicina. This study employed conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using a primer pair designed from the pathogen’s internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to detect the P. radicina levels in alfalfa plants. Accordingly, a 363 bp fragment of P. radicina DNA was amplified using the primers Par-F and Par-R. Conventional PCR could detect as little as 1.2 pg/μL, but real-time PCR was more sensitive and could amplify as low as 12 fg/μL. The two PCR methods detected P. radicina from 15 alfalfa field plants, among which nine had typical P. radicina symptoms, while the other six did not display the typical symptoms. These results show that the PCR assays were more sensitive in detecting P. radicina than the traditional isolation methods. Moreover, relative qPCR, employing the comparative threshold cycle (Ct) method, was reliable for quantifying P. radicina DNA from the infected alfalfa root tissues. The P. radicina DNA quantities detected by real-time PCR assay had high correlations with the disease severity index (DSI) rating of alfalfa cultivars. This study is the first report of P. radicina identification by conventional and real-time PCR assays. The assays might be useful in detecting P. radicina in alfalfa field plants and determining the levels of P. radicina DNA in different alfalfa cultivars for pathogen resistance evaluation.
... A. vagum and P. putaminum have been detected in tobacco and licorice roots [8,9,26]. P. radicina was isolated in the root surfaces of soybean [27]. C. pallescens was found on the surfaces of banana fruits [28], in cereals [29], and on the leaves of Lippia sidoides and Humboldtia brunonis [30,31]. ...
Background:
This study aimed to assess whether licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) can benefit from dual inoculation by Trichoderma viride and dark septate endophytes (DSE) isolated from other medicinal plants.
Methods:
First, we isolated and identified three DSE (Paraboeremia putaminum, Scytalidium lignicola, and Phoma herbarum) and Trichoderma viride from medicinal plants growing in farmland of China. Second, we investigated the influences of these three DSE on the performance of licorice at different T. viride densities (1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 CFU/mL) under sterilised condition in a growth chamber.
Results:
Three DSE strains could colonize the roots of licorice, and they established a positive symbiosis with host plants depending on DSE species and T. viride densities. Inoculation of P. putaminum increased the root biomass, length, surface area, and root:shoot ratio. S. lignicola increased the root length, diameter and surface area and decreased the root:shoot ratio. P. herbarum increased the root biomass and surface area. T. viride increased the root biomass, length, and surface area. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis showed that DSE associated with T. viride augmented plant biomass and height, shoot branching, and root surface area. Variations in root morphology and biomass were attributed to differences in DSE species and T. viride density among treatments. P. putaminum or P. herbarum with low- or medium T. viride density and S. lignicola with low- or high T. viride density improved licorice root morphology and biomass.
Conclusions:
DSE isolated from other medicinal plants enhanced the root growth of licorice plants under different densities T. viride conditions and may also be used to promote the cultivation of medicinal plants.
... White 1983). Initially, it was suggested that the most informative taxonomic feature for members of this genus was setose pycnidia. ...
Substantial difficulties in the morphological identification of phoma-like fungi, including Paraphoma spp., have resulted in poor understanding of the generic and species boundaries in this group of organisms. This study was devoted to the reidentification and taxonomic revision of phoma-like isolates derived from Convolvulaceae leaves collected from different geographical locations in Russia and territories of neighboring countries. The study was based primarily on sequencing phylogenetically informative loci (ITS, LSU, TUB, and RPB2) and on traditional morphological approaches. The resulting phylogenetic tree revealed three well-supported monophyletic clades, corresponding to three Paraphoma species. The new species Paraphoma melnikiae Gomzhina M. M. & Gasich E. L. was described, and a new taxonomic combination, Paraphoma convolvuli (Dearn. & House) Gomzhina M. M. & Gasich E. L., was established for Stagonospora convolvuli. Several isolates were preliminarily identified as Paraphoma cf. convolvuli and are likely new species of the genus Paraphoma, but this requires further verification.
... The colony morphology of isolate UC30 identified as D. americana, resembled that described for the holotype (Morgan-Jones & White 1983, Boerema 1993. Didymella americana causes diseases on glycines, beans, and gramineae (wheat, sorghum, and corn) worldwide (Boerema et al. 2004, Aveskamp et al. 2010, Gorny et al. 2016. ...
Thirteen new species are formally described: Cortinarius brunneocarpus from Pakistan, C. lilacinoarmillatus from India, Curvularia khuzestanica on Atriplex lentiformis from Iran, Gloeocantharellus neoechinosporus from China, Laboulbenia bernaliana on species of Apenes, Apristus, and Philophuga (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Nicaragua and Panama, L. oioveliicola on Oiovelia machadoi (Hemiptera, Veliidae) from Brazil, L. termiticola on Macrotermes subhyalinus (Blattodea, Termitidae) from the DR Congo, Pluteus cutefractus from Slovenia, Rhizoglomus variabile from Peru, Russula phloginea from China, Stagonosporopsis flacciduvarum on Vitis vinifera from Italy, Strobilomyces huangshanensis from China, Uromyces klotzschianus on Rumex dentatus subsp. klotzschianus from Pakistan. The following new records are reported: Alternaria calendulae on Calendula officinalis from India; A. tenuissima on apple and quince fruits from Iran; Candelariella oleaginescens from Turkey; Didymella americana and D. calidophila on Vitis vinifera from Italy; Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing tip blight of Dianella tasmanica ‘variegata’ from India; Marasmiellus subpruinosus from Madeira, Portugal, new for Macaronesia and Africa; Mycena albidolilacea, M. tenuispinosa, and M. xantholeuca from Russia; Neonectria neomacrospora on Madhuca longifolia from India; Nothophoma quercina on Vitis vinifera from Italy; Plagiosphaera immersa on Urtica dioica from Austria; Rinodina sicula from Turkey; Sphaerosporium lignatile from Wisconsin, USA; and Verrucaria murina from Turkey. Multi-locus analysis of ITS, LSU, rpb1, tef1 sequences revealed that P. immersa, commonly classified within Gnomoniaceae (Diaporthales) or as Sordariomycetes incertae sedis, belongs to Magnaporthaceae (Magnaporthales). Analysis of a six-locus Ascomycota-wide dataset including SSU and LSU sequences of S. lignatile revealed that this species, currently in Ascomycota incertae sedis, belongs to Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes, Pezizales).
Didymella blight of lily is a major fungal disease and is one of the main factors that limit the lily cultivation and production. It appeared as a new disease on crop lily from May to August (2018–2019) in both the mentioned years causing death of leaves. The pathogen was consistently isolated on Mathur’s media from infected leaves and was identified as Didymella americana based on morphological characteristics of isolate in pure culture as well as on host and molecular characteristics.
This study aimed to assess whether licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) can benefit from dual inoculation by Trichoderma viride and dark septate endophytes (DSE) isolated from other medicinal plants. We investigated the influences of three DSE (Paraboeremia putaminum, Scytalidium lignicola, and Phoma herbarum) isolated from other medicinal plants on the performance of licorice at different T. viride densities (1×10⁶, 1×10⁷, and 1×10⁸ CFU/mL). Three DSE strains could colonize the roots of licorice, and they established a positive symbiosis with host plants depending on DSE species and T. viride densities. Inoculation of Paraboeremia putaminum increased the root biomass, length, surface area, and root:shoot ratio. Scytalidium lignicola increased the root length, diameter and surface area and decreased the root:shoot ratio. Phoma herbarum increased the root biomass and surface area. T. viride increased the root biomass, length, and surface area. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis showed that DSE associated with T. viride augmented plant biomass and height, shoot branching, and root surface area. Variations in root morphology and biomass were attributed to differences in DSE species and T. viride density among treatments. Paraboeremia putaminum or Phoma herbarum with low- or medium T. viride density and S. lignicola with low- or high T. viride density improved licorice root morphology and biomass. Our findings support the viewpoint that non-host DSE enhanced the root growth of the host plant under different densities T. viride conditions and may also be used to promote the cultivation of medicinal plants.
The generic name Dactuliochaeta is established to accommodate Pyrenochaeta glycines, the causal agent of red leaf blotch of soybeans and its synanamorph Dactuliophora glycines. The fungus is redescribed and illustrated from isolates originating from sclerotia on Neonotonia wightii or soybean (Glycine max) leaves or that were sieved from soil in Zambia, Africa. The genus is characterized by setose sclerotia which germinate to form mycelium and then setose pycnidia and/or pycnidia and sclerotia on their surfaces. The inner pycnidial walls are lined with ampulliform to lageniform, phialidic conidiogenous cells that often are periclinally thickened at the conidiogenous locus and bear uninucleate, hyaline conidia.
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