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Relations between personality domains, internal drinking motives, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems were examined. Undergraduate student drinkers (N = 521) completed the NEO-FFI, the Modified DMQ-R, a quantity/frequency measure of alcohol use, and the RAPI. A path analysis was performed to test a theoretical model of relations between these variables which specified internal drinking motives as mediators of the relations between personality domains and alcohol use/drinking consequences. Coping-depression drinking motives were predicted by Neuroticism, coping-anxiety drinking motives by Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness, and enhancement drinking motives by Extraversion and low Conscientiousness. Moreover, heavier drinking was predicted by enhancement motives, while alcohol-related problems were predicted by both coping-anxiety and coping-depression drinking motives. The results support the distinction between coping-anxiety and coping-depression drinking motives in that a different pattern of personality domains was associated with each. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)

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... Con respecto a la personalidad, el dominio de neuroticismo mostró puntajes altos en ambos grupos, caracterizado por afectos negativos como miedo, venganza, culpa, sin capacidad de autocontrol y afrontamiento al estrés (Mezquita et al., 2009). El presente estudio evidenció diferencias significativas en las facetas de hostilidad y ansiedad; los estudiantes que presentan un consumo de riesgo y/o perjudicial son más agresivos, con tendencia a experimentar ira, frustración y rencor (Mezquita et al., 2010). ...
... Esas observaciones se corresponden muy bien con los resultados de McAdams & Donnellan (2009) en estudiantes universitarios de primer año. En investigaciones con colegiales refieren como predictor de aumento de ingesta, la extroversión (Raynor & Levine, 2009;Mezquita et al., 2009), aunque Mezquita et al. (2010) refieren que es necesario profundizar más en este aspecto debido a que el consumo de alcohol es un medio para la desinhibición y favorece al contacto social, las personas que tienen bajo afrontamiento a la ansiedad y dificultades en relaciones sociales presentaron un consumo alto de alcohol como motivante interno, lo que permite reflexionar sobre los datos obtenidos. Por su parte las facetas de vulnerabilidad y ansiedad social puntuaron alto en ambos grupos. ...
... Las facetas que hacen parte de este dominio y que puntuaron con diferencias significativas en los estudiantes con consumo de riesgo y/o perjudicial fueron autodisciplina y deliberación las cuales fueron bajas, lo que implica que son personas que postergan el inicio de sus labores y responsabilidades, poco perseverantes, precipitados para hablar y actuar, sin tener en cuenta las consecuencias, aunque son capaces de tomar decisiones inmediatas cuando es necesario. Estos resultados concuerdan con otras investigaciones que refieren que a menor responsabilidad aumenta el consumo (Cyder et al., 2009;Mezquita et al., 2009;Raynor & Levine, 2009;Hong & Paunonen, 2009;Mezquita et al., 2010). ...
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El artículo presenta un análisis transversal de las facetas de personalidad de estudiantes universitarios con indicadores de consumo de riesgo y perjudicial de alcohol. El Alcohol Use Disorders Identificación Test (AUDIT) se utilizó para dividir un grupo no probabilístico aleatorio de 75 estudiantes, en un grupo de 40 estudiantes con patrones peligrosos y nocivos del consumo de alcohol y otro grupo de 35 estudiantes que no presenten estos síntomas. La personalidad de los individuos de ambos grupos se caracterizó mediante la prueba Inventario de Personalidad NEO Revisado (NEO PI-R), que mide seis facetas de cinco dimensiones de personalidad. Los resultados del grupo de estudiantes con alto consumo de alcohol mostraron una mayor prevalencia presente en los hombres (77.5%), soleros (97.5%), matriculados en el tercero y cuarto semestre (47.5%), siendo la media de 21 años. Las diferencias significativas observadas entre los dos grupos fueron, en el dominio de personalidad de extraversión y en las facetas de hostilidad, gregarismo, búsqueda de emociones, emociones positivas, actividad, autodisciplina y deliberación.
... Studies on the relationship between the four motives and alcohol use show that social motives are related to irregular and non-problematic use of alcohol (see e.g., Cooper, 1994;Mezquita, Stewart, & Ruipérez, 2010). The relationship between conformity motives and alcohol use is more ambiguous and seems to depend on the outcome measure, environmental factors, phase of alcohol use and age. ...
... In adolescents, conformity motives may be beneficial in a positive social context to connect with a group of friends, but may instigate a negative effect in a social context with friends who display risky behaviour. In contrast, coping motives and conformity motives are associated with a risk for problematic alcohol use, such as heavy alcohol use and alcohol-related problems (Cooper, 1994;Mezquita et al., 2010;van der Zwaluw, Kuntsche, & Engels, 2011). ...
... Social motives to non-problematic use of alcohol (Cooper, 1994;Mezquita et al., 2010). This finding is also in line with the fact that light alcohol use is socially accepted and goes hand in hand with healthy social relationships. ...
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Background This study examined the relationship between substance use motives (i.e., social, conformity, coping and enhancement) and substance use in individuals with mild intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning (MID‐BIF). Method Data were collected among 163 clients with MID‐BIF using interactive questionnaires with visual cues on a tablet with a web application. Results Results show that social motives were positively related to frequency of alcohol use, while conformity, coping and enhancement motives were positively related to severity of alcohol use. Results for drug use show that social motives were positively related to frequency of cannabis and hard drug use and that conformity motives were negatively related to frequency of cannabis use. Coping motives were positively related to severity of drug use. Conclusions Insight in substance use motives should be used when adapting interventions, as it could contribute to the prevention and reduction of substance use disorders in individuals with MID‐BIF.
... Enhancement drinking motives have been related to drinking with friends at home or drinking at bars (Cooper, 1994), with same-sex friends (Cooper, 1994;Cooper et al., 1992), weekend drinking (Mezquita et al., 2011;Studer et al., 2014) and binge drinking (White et al., 2016). Cross-sectional (Adams et al., 2012;Caneto et al., 2014;Goldstein et al., 2010) and longitudinal (Vernig and Orsillo, 2015) studies have found an association between enhancement motives and alcohol-related problems, even though these associations seem mediated by alcohol use (Merrill et al., 2014;Mezquita et al., 2010). Additionally, multiple meta-analyses support an association between personality traits (e.g., impulsivity and extraversion) and alcohol use/misuse (Coskunpinar et al., 2013;Hakulinen et al., 2015;Kotov et al., 2010). ...
... Additionally, multiple meta-analyses support an association between personality traits (e.g., impulsivity and extraversion) and alcohol use/misuse (Coskunpinar et al., 2013;Hakulinen et al., 2015;Kotov et al., 2010). Noteworthy, a number of studies, based on the Big Five Model of Personality, found that the associations involving extraversion and low conscientiousness with alcohol outcomes are fully or partially mediated by enhancement drinking motives (Kuntsche et al., 2008;Mezquita et al., 2014Mezquita et al., , 2010Stewart et al., 2001). These findings support the existence of a positive affect regulation pathway, in which disinhibition and positive emotionality characteristics play a key role. ...
... Within motivational models of alcohol (Cooper, 1994;Klinger, 1988, 2004), negative affect regulation is related to coping motives, which have been associated with drinking at home, drinking alone, heavy drinking (Mohr et al., 2005;O'Hara et al., 2014), and drinking during the weekdays (Studer et al., 2014). Further, both cross-sectional (Bravo et al., 2016;Bravo and Pearson, 2017;Mezquita et al., 2010) and longitudinal (Merrill et al., 2014;Mezquita et al., 2016;Vernig and Orsillo, 2015) studies have found a robust link between coping motives and alcoholrelated problems. Additionally, low emotional stability, or neuroticism, has been related to alcohol disorders and alcohol-related problems (Kotov et al., 2010;Ruiz et al., 2003). ...
Article
Background: Previous research has identified different, but not mutually exclusive, etiological pathways (i.e., the positive affect regulation pathway, the negative affect regulation pathway and the deviance proneness pathway) to alcohol use and misuse in which personality characteristics play a key role. Objectives: The present study aimed to simultaneously and cross-culturally examine all these personality pathways to alcohol use in a large sample of young adult drinkers (N = 1280) from the US, Argentina, and Spain. Method: Structural equation modeling was conducted to test the models. Multi-group models were conducted to test model invariance across countries and gender groups. Results: In the whole sample, low conscientiousness and extraversion were related to alcohol outcomes through enhancement drinking motives (i.e., positive affect regulation pathway), low emotional stability was related through coping drinking motives (i.e., negative affect regulation pathway), and low conscientiousness and low agreeableness were related through antisocial behavior (i.e., deviance proneness pathway). The model was invariant between gender groups. Some minor, yet significant, differences across countries arose. Specifically, antisocial behavior was a significant mediator of the association between agreeableness and alcohol use, but only in the US subsample. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that risky-personality pathways for alcohol use and alcohol-related problems may be generalized across gender groups and cultures in young adults.
... In addition, this study suggests that Young's schema theory might constitute a valuable framework to understand alcohol abuse in adolescence. The results also show that alcohol abusers present low emotional stability and difficulties in feeling positive emotions, which is consistent with earlier studies among young adults (Mezquita et al., 2010;Ruiz et al., 2003). However, more research is needed to further understand the relationship between early maladaptive schemas, personality and alcohol abuse in adolescence. ...
... Costa et McCrae [25] proposent une conceptualisation de la personnalité en cinq grands facteurs, à savoir le Névrosisme, l'Extraversion, l'Ouverture, l'Agréabilité et la Conscience. En s'inscrivant dans ce cadre de référence, plusieurs recherches ont eu pour objectif d'évaluer ces cinq grandes dimensions de la personnalité en lien avec la consommation d'alcool chez des adultes [26,27]. Leurs résultats montrent que des scores élevés de Névrosisme et faibles de Conscience prédisent à la fois une forte consommation d'alcool et la survenue de problèmes liés à une consommation excessive. ...
... Ainsi, les adolescents consommateurs abusifs d'alcool sont plus instables émotionnellement que les deux autres groupes d'adolescents. Cela corrobore les études antérieures faisant état de l'association entre le Névrosisme et une consommation problématique d'alcool [26,27]. Cependant, le Névrosisme ne différencie pas les non-consommateurs des consommateurs occasionnels. ...
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Résumé La présente étude vise à évaluer les schémas précoces inadaptés et les dimensions de la personnalité du modèle à cinq facteurs dans la consommation abusive d’alcool à l’adolescence. Pour mesurer les dimensions de la personnalité, nous avons utilisé le Big Five Inventory français (BFI-Fr), la version abrégée du questionnaire de Young (YSQ-S2) pour évaluer les schémas précoces inadaptés, ainsi que l’Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) pour la consommation d’alcool. Deux cents adolescents ayant préalablement complété ces questionnaires ont ensuite été répartis en trois groupes selon que leur consommation d’alcool était nulle (n = 33), occasionnelle (n = 78) ou abusive (n = 89). Les résultats montrent que les consommateurs abusifs obtiennent des scores significativement plus élevés que les consommateurs occasionnels et que les non-consommateurs sur le score global d’activation des schémas précoces inadaptés, ainsi que sur six schémas spécifiques (abandon, imperfection, vulnérabilité, contrôle émotionnel à outrance, grandeur, manque d’autocontrôle). Nos résultats montrent également des scores de Névrosisme significativement plus élevés chez les consommateurs abusifs, en comparaison aux consommateurs occasionnels et aux non-consommateurs. Les implications théoriques et pratiques de ces résultats sont discutées.
... Drinking motives have primarily been studied in relation to alcohol, where studies consistently demonstrate that coping and enhancement motives serve as important mediators of the relationship between temperament (neuroticism and impulsivity, respectively) and alcohol use/misuse outcomes (Adams et al., 2012;Mezquita et al., 2010). Coping motives also have strong evidence for mediating the effects of environmental exposures-in particular, trauma-on problematic alcohol use (Hawn et al., 2020). ...
... There is also some evidence from twin studies that drinking motives mediate the latent genetic overlap between depression and AUD via coping motives (Young-Wolff et al., 2009). The latent genetic association between the personality traits of neuroticism/impulsivity and AUD are also mediated via coping and enhancement motives, respectively Prescott et al., 2004), mirroring the relationship observed at the phenotypic level (Adams et al., 2012;Mezquita et al., 2010). However, to date, no robust molecular genetic studies have yet investigated the genetic etiology of drinking motives or their genetic relationship to alcohol misuse. ...
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Background Drinking motives are robust proximal predictors of alcohol use behaviors and may mediate distinct etiological pathways in the development of alcohol misuse. However, little is known about the genetic and environmental etiology of drinking motives themselves and their potential utility as endophenotypes. Methods Here, we leverage a longitudinal study of college students from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds (phenotypic N = 9889, genotypic N = 4855) to investigate the temporal stability and demographic and environmental predictors of four types of drinking motives (enhancement, social, coping, and conformity). Using genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and in silico tools, we characterize their associated genes and genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs). Results Drinking motives were stable across four years of college (ICC >0.74). Some robust environmental predictors of alcohol misuse (parental autonomy granting and peer deviance) were broadly associated with multiple types of drinking motives, while others (e.g., trauma exposure) were type specific. Genome‐wide analyses indicated modest SNP‐based heritability (14–22%, n.s.) and several suggestive genomic loci that corroborate findings from previous molecular genetic studies (e.g., PECR and SIRT4 genes), indicating possible differences in the genetic etiology of positive versus negative reinforcement drinking motives that align with an internalizing/externalizing typology of alcohol misuse. Coping motives were significantly genetically correlated with alcohol use disorder diagnoses (rg = 0.71, p = 0.001). However, results from the genetic analyses were largely underpowered to detect significant associations. Conclusions Drinking motives show promise as endophenotypes but require further investigation in larger samples to further our understanding of the etiology of alcohol misuse.
... In addition to the alleviation of NA, many individuals report drinking because of its positive mood enhancing effects (Cooper et al. 2015;Simons et al. 2005a) and alcohol is commonly used to facilitate social interaction and in celebratory situations, especially in young adults (Cooper et al. 2015;Glindemann et al. 2007;Neighbors et al. 2007). As such, positive affect (PA) exhibits significant positive associations with alcohol use in situations where social drinking is the predominant pattern (Duif et al. 2019;Mezquita et al. 2010;Simons et al. 2005a). Accordingly, within-person studies of young adults consistently find a positive association between increases in PA and subsequent alcohol consumption (Colder et al. 2010;Dvorak et al. 2018;Simons et al. 2010;Simons et al. 2014). ...
... Similarly, at the between-person level (i.e., trait), dispositional NA was not related to greater levels of alcohol use. This too is in line with between-person studies that show that trait NA often exhibits weak or insignificant associations with drinking among young adults (Mezquita et al. 2010;Simons et al. 2005a). Taken together, these findings highlight that while there is strong theoretical rationale for the hypothesis that NA and drinking should be linked at the state level and that individuals with higher dispositional NA should be at increased risk for higher rates of alcohol use, the empirical support remains mixed. ...
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RationaleCoping with negative affect is central to several prominent etiological models of alcohol use. These models posit that alcohol use becomes negatively reinforced due to its ability to alleviate negative affect. However, there have been mixed findings when testing this association at the event-level.Objectives The current experience sampling study sought to clarify this by testing if (1) within-person changes in the perceived difficulty of managing emotional distress is a significant predictor of alcohol consumption, over and above levels negative and positive affect and (2) whether acute changes in affective experiences give rise to increased attentional bias toward alcohol-related cues in the environment and if attentional bias mediates the association between difficulty managing emotions and alcohol consumption. Participants were 92 college students aged 18–25, who drink alcohol at least moderately.Methods Participants completed 28 days of experiencing sampling measures on their mood, difficulty managing emotions, alcohol-related attentional biases, and drinking.ResultsFindings showed that neither negative affect nor difficult managing emotions had significant effects on alcohol use. However, positive affect exhibited the expected associations with both attentional biases and drinking. State positive affect predicted acute increases in attentional biases and drinking, whereas trait positive affect was inversely associated with trait attentional biases and alcohol use. Alcohol-related attentional biases exhibited significant within-person variance; however, its relationship with drinking was only significant when the constructs were assessed concurrently at night and did not mediate the relationship between affect and alcohol use.Conclusions Results highlight the importance of positive affect in this population.
... Rovnako výsledky viacerých štúdií potvrdili spojenie medzi dimenziami osobnosti v intenciách Big Five a požívaním alkoholu. Medzi neurotizmom a konzumáciou alkoholu bol preukázaný pozitívny vzťah (Lackner, Unterrainer, & Neubauer, 2013;Mezquita, Ruipérez, & Stewart, 2010;Zhang, et al., 2015), zatiaľ čo s otvorenosťou, prívetivosťou a svedomitosťou, vzťah negatívny (Lackner, Unterrainer, & Neubauer, 2013;Mezquita, Ruipérez, & Stewart, 2010;Vollrath, & Torgersen, 2002;Walton, & Roberts, 2004;Zhang, et al., 2015). V prípade extroverzie sú výsledky nejednoznačné (Jackson, & Matthews, 1988;Rankin, Stockwell, & Hodgson, 1982;Vollrath, & Torgersen, 2002). ...
... Rovnako výsledky viacerých štúdií potvrdili spojenie medzi dimenziami osobnosti v intenciách Big Five a požívaním alkoholu. Medzi neurotizmom a konzumáciou alkoholu bol preukázaný pozitívny vzťah (Lackner, Unterrainer, & Neubauer, 2013;Mezquita, Ruipérez, & Stewart, 2010;Zhang, et al., 2015), zatiaľ čo s otvorenosťou, prívetivosťou a svedomitosťou, vzťah negatívny (Lackner, Unterrainer, & Neubauer, 2013;Mezquita, Ruipérez, & Stewart, 2010;Vollrath, & Torgersen, 2002;Walton, & Roberts, 2004;Zhang, et al., 2015). V prípade extroverzie sú výsledky nejednoznačné (Jackson, & Matthews, 1988;Rankin, Stockwell, & Hodgson, 1982;Vollrath, & Torgersen, 2002). ...
... The motivational models of alcohol use assume that individuals drink in order to attain certain valued outcomes and that the drinking behavior motivated by different needs is characterized by distinct patterns of antecedents and consequences (Cox and Klinger, 1988). Previous literature has suggested a role for personality in drinking motives (Cooper et al., 1995;Stewart and Devine, 2000;Trull et al., 2004;Kuntsche et al., 2006;Mezquita et al., 2010), but as a risk factor for adolescents and young adults. The present study sought to extend these results, in abstinent adult alcoholic men and women, by examining how the associations between personality traits and drinking motivation vary with gender. ...
... Both assumptions have been corroborated in undergraduate and adolescent samples. These studies have shown that coping motives are predicted by neuroticism (Stewart and Devine, 2000;Mezquita et al., 2010) and enhancement motives by extraversion (Cooper et al., 1995;Stewart and Devine, 2000). Cooper's hypotheses are congruent with Eysenck's motivation theory, which views personality traits as biologically based systems that respond to positive and negative affective stimuli differentially (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1985). ...
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Aims: Men and women differ in personality characteristics and may be motivated to use alcohol for different reasons. The goals of the present study were to characterize personality and drinking motives by gender and alcoholism status in adults, and to determine how alcoholism history and gender are related to the associations between personality traits and drinking motivation. Methods: Personality characteristics were assessed with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, which includes Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and Lie (Social Conforming) scales. To evaluate drinking motivation, we asked abstinent long-term alcoholic men and women, and demographically similar nonalcoholic participants to complete the Drinking Motives Questionnaire, which includes Conformity, Coping, Social and Enhancement scales. Results: Patterns of personality scale scores and drinking motives differed by alcoholism status, with alcoholics showing higher psychopathology and stronger motives for drinking compared with controls. Divergent gender-specific relationships between personality and drinking motives also were identified, which differed for alcoholics and controls. Conclusion: Alcoholic and control men and women differed with respect to the associations between personality traits and motives for drinking. A better understanding of how different personality traits affect drinking motivations for alcoholic men and women can inform individualized relapse prevention strategies. Short summary: Men and women differed in their personality traits and their motivations for drinking, and these relationships differed for abstinent alcoholic and control groups. Additionally, alcoholics scored higher on Neuroticism and Psychoticism personality traits, and had lower Enhancement and Social Conformity drinking motives than nonalcoholic controls.
... This finding appears to contradict previous research linking hazardous alcohol use with higher neuroticism (Fischer et al. 2007;Malouff et al. 2007;Papachristou et al. 2016). However, higher neuroticism has also been positively correlated with emotional disorders (Chinneck et al. 2018) and coping-anxiety and coping-depression drinking motives (Mezquita et al. 2010). It is noteworthy that among the assessed adolescents who were abstinent in T1, we found no evidence of high levels of neuroticism or severe mental health issues. ...
... Some studies have demonstrated that recreation, together with social interaction, emerge as crucial motives in predicting hours played (Greenberg et al., 2008;Sherry et al., 2012). In this vein, the role of recreation (i.e., enhancement) motives in predicting higher use/frequencies is commonly found across different substance and technological addictive behaviors, including alcohol (Mezquita et al., 2010), cannabis (Mezquita et al., 2019b) and gambling (Stewart & Zack, 2008). Some minor differences across countries emerged in the mediational model, mostly in the paths mediated by weekly gaming. ...
... Similar results (i.e., significant positive association) were also found with college students from England (Jones et al., 2014), which is different from the present study. Previous studies in college students showed that personality is related to alcohol outcomes mainly through internal drinking motives (Mezquita et al., 2010(Mezquita et al., , 2014, and that substance use to avoid social rejection (i.e., conformity motives) present weak and inconsistent associations with personality traits (Cooper et al., 2016;Votaw & Witkiewitz, 2021). Likewise, conformity motives appear to be less commonly reported for college students who use alcohol and marijuana (Votaw & Witkiewitz, 2021). ...
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The present study sought to examine three distinct research questions: a) are self-control constructs (i.e., negative/positive urgency, self-regulation, and emotion-regulation) indirectly related to negative alcohol/marijuana consequences via substance use motives, b) to what extent are these indirect effects consistent across differing drugs (i.e., alcohol and marijuana), and c) are these models invariant across gender and countries. Participants were 2,230 college students (mean age=20.28, SD=0.40; 71.1% females) across 7 countries (USA, Canada, Spain, England, Argentina, Uruguay, and South Africa) who consumed alcohol and marijuana in the last month. Two (one for alcohol and one for marijuana) fully saturated path models were conducted, such that indirect paths were examined for each self-control construct and substance use motive on negative consequences (e.g., negative urgency → coping motives → negative consequences) within the same model. Within the comprehensive alcohol model, we found that lower self-regulation and higher negative urgency/suppression were related to more alcohol consequences via higher coping and conformity motives. For marijuana, we found that lower self-regulation and higher negative urgency/suppression were related to more marijuana consequences via higher coping motives (not significant for conformity motives). Unique to marijuana, we did find support for higher expansion motives indirectly linking positive urgency to more negative consequences. These results were invariant across gender groups and only minor differences across countries emerged. Prevention and intervention programs of alcohol and marijuana around university campuses may benefit from targeting self-control related skills in addition to motives to drug use to prevent and reduce negative drug-related consequences.
... According to previous research (Terracciano et al., 2008), individuals with low levels of conscientiousness tend to exhibit higher levels of neuroticism and lower levels of extraversion, which in turn can lead to greater susceptibility to stress. Also, Mezquita (2016) asserted that published investigations utilizing a standard measure of coping motives found that neuroticism or weak emotional stability influenced coping drinking motives. Throughout this investigation, there was evidence that conscientiousness may be beneficial during the primary years of higher education yet may be detrimental afterwards, except if extraversion provides protection. ...
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When editing regular and special issues of numerous journals, we have observed several recurring shortcomings in the manuscripts, particularly in relation to methodology. Many of these manuscripts are often found lacking in providing critical methodological information or justifying the use of the selected methods, thus resulting in desk rejection at the preliminary stage or major revision in the review process. Although the theoretical and managerial aspects of manuscripts are essential to publication consideration, methodological flaws can be detrimental. It is therefore of no surprise that failures to address methodological concerns are some of the common reasons for a manuscript to be rejected from publication, even after going through several rounds of revision. The purpose of this editorial is to provide clear guidelines on effectively reporting the methodological section in a quantitative manuscript in the fields of business and social sciences. Specifically, we present a set of recommendations on implementing and reporting operationalization, instrument validation, sampling techniques, questionnaire administration, and common method bias. Researchers, whether students or academics, should consider these guidelines to ensure methodological rigor in their research projects.
... As discussed above in more detail, the present study focuses specifically on the personality traits of neuroticism and extraversion due to prior research findings linking these traits consistently with both HID (Lee & Sibley, 2020) and unhealthy alcohol use in general (Adan et al., 2017;Malouff et al., 2007). Consistent with prior research examining alcohol consumption and related problems as outcome variables (Cooper, 1994;Loose et al., 2018;Mezquita et al., 2010), we hypothesized the following: (1) neuroticism would be indirectly associated with the likelihood of HID via coping motives and (2) extraversion would be indirectly associated with the likelihood of HID via social and enhancement motives. ...
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Background Researchers have long been interested in identifying risk factors for binge drinking behavior (4+/5+ drinks/occasion for females/males), but many studies have demonstrated that a substantial proportion of young adults are drinking at levels far beyond (often 2 to 3 times) the standard binge threshold. The consumption of such large quantities of alcohol, typically referred to as high‐intensity drinking (HID), can cause severe alcohol‐related problems, such as blackouts, unintended sexual experiences, and death. This study is the first to investigate whether personality is indirectly associated with the likelihood of HID via drinking motives in a large (N = 999) sample of underage young adult drinkers. We hypothesized that trait neuroticism would be indirectly associated with the likelihood of HID via coping motives and that extraversion would be indirectly associated with the likelihood of HID via social and enhancement motives. Methods To investigate these hypotheses, we used two archival data sets that recruited current underage (18‐ to 20‐year‐old) adult drinkers residing in the United States from online panel services. Participants completed self‐report survey items assessing constructs of interest. To investigate the role of drinking motives in the association between personality and HID, both the direct and indirect effects were calculated via three path analyses. Results Findings revealed that neuroticism was partially indirectly associated with the likelihood of HID via coping motives (b = 0.02, SE = 0.004, p < 0.01). In addition, extraversion was indirectly associated with the likelihood of HID via social (b = 0.031, SE = 0.002, p < 0.01) and enhancement motives (b = 0.01, SE = 0.002, p = 0.01). Conclusions These findings are an initial step in examining the interplay among personality traits, drinking motives, and HID in underage drinkers and point to the need for longitudinal studies assessing these associations.
... Public health researchers have identified a variety of associations between Big Five traits and alcohol and tobacco consumption (McAdams & Donnellan 2009, Mezquita et al. 2010, Paunonen & Ashton 2001, frequency of physical exercise (Rhodes & Smith 2006), cholesterol and triglyceride levels (Sutin et al. 2010), longevity (Friedman et al. 2010, Roberts et al. 2007, and overall mental and physical health (Goodwin & Friedman 2006, Ozer & Benet-Martínez 2006. Economists find evidence that dispositional personality traits predict behavior in economic games (Ben-Ner et al. 2008, Koole et al. 2001) as well as wages (Nyhus & Pons 2005) and occupational status (De Fruyt & Mervielde 1999). ...
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Contemporary politics is noteworthy for its emotional character. Emotions shape and, in turn, are elicited by partisan polarization, public opinion, and political attitudes. In this article, we outline recent work in the field of emotion and politics with an emphasis on the relationship between emotion and polarization, issue attitudes, information processing, and views on democratic governance. We also highlight a growing body of scholarship that examines the racial and gender differences in emotion's ability to affect political behavior. We conclude with a discussion of unaddressed questions and suggestions for future directions for scholars working in this area of growing importance. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 25 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
... One of the most proximal predictors of alcohol use behavior with strong ties to personality is thought to be a person's motivation for drinking, with different motives predicting different outcomes (Bresin & Mekawi, 2021;Cox & Klinger, 1988). The broader literature on alcohol use and personality supports this hypothesized pathway; for instance, research shows that the relationship between Extraversion and alcohol consumption is accounted for by the motivation to enhance positive emotions and social experiences, whereas the relationship between Neuroticism and alcohol problems is accounted for by the motivation to cope with negative emotions (Gaher et al., 2006;Hussong, 2003;Mezquita et al., 2010). ...
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College students are at heightened risk of engaging in unhealthy alcohol use that leads to negative consequences (e.g., motor vehicle accidents, poor academic performance). Understanding how individual differences, such as maladaptive personality traits, contribute to that risk could improve intervention efforts. A potential pathway through which personality confers risk for consequences is by influencing students' motivation to drink. In this study of 441 college students, we investigated whether different motivations to pregame, a particularly risky and common drinking practice on college campuses, accounts for links between maladaptive traits and alcohol-related consequences. Results of bivariate analyses showed that all pregaming motives and maladaptive traits (except detachment) were strongly correlated with negative consequences. In path analytic models that adjusted for shared variance between pregaming motives and between maladaptive traits, results showed that traits had indirect effects on total drinking consequences via individual differences in pregaming motives as well as direct effects that were independent of motives. Specifically, antagonism, disinhibition, and negative affectivity predicted more drinking consequences via stronger motives to pregame for instrumental reasons over and above the general motivation to pregame, whereas detachment predicted fewer consequences via weaker instrumental pregaming motives. Antagonism and disinhibition were also associated with more drinking consequences, and detachment with fewer consequences, over and above pregaming motives and general personality problems. Our study indicates that one way maladaptive personality traits may shape alcohol-related consequences in college students is by associations with their motivations to pregame. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
... For example, the literature shows that internalizing traits (e.g. anxiety and depression) increase the risk for alcohol problems as individuals are said to drink for coping reasons (Kuntsche et al., 2006;Lyvers et al., 2010;Mezquita et al., 2010). Further, externalizing factors (e.g. ...
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Background: Emerging adulthood is associated with heavy drinking. Despite overall heavy use, studies show considerable heterogeneity in emerging adult drinking habits. Lau-Barraco and colleagues (2016 b) identified three subtypes (high, moderate, low) of emerging adult heavy drinkers based on patterns of use across common drinking situations. Heavy situational drinkers had more alcohol problems, mental health symptoms, and coping/conformity motives for alcohol use. Objective: Our goal was to replicate and extend the aforementioned study, expecting to find the same subgroups, then examining whether certain risk factors predicted subgroup membership. Methods/Results: Undergraduates (N = 497) completed online self-report measures and a latent profile analysis (LPA) found support for three similar subtypes; low, “moderate” (higher endorsement of pleasant emotion/social pressure situations, relative to the low group), and high. Univariate ANOVAs, followed by pairwise comparisons, found that heavy situational drinkers scored highest on measures of alcohol problems, problem gambling, drug use, depression, and anxiety compared to the other two groups, and consistent with previous findings. Conclusions: This study showed that emerging adults who drink heavily across various situations are likely to engage in other addictive behaviors and struggle with mental health symptoms. Identifying one’s personal risk factors and their riskiest drinking situations is critical for developing targeted intervention programs and increasing the understanding of the heterogeneous nature of drinking behaviors in emerging adults in Canada.
... Es importante destacar que a diferencia de las conclusiones aportadas por los trabajos anteriores sobre la importancia de la dimensión de Responsabilidad entre los BD (Winogra, Steinley y Sher, 2014; Ibáñez et al., 2010;Mezquita et al., 2010;Ruiz et al., 2003), en este estudio solamente los chicos y chicas que realizan un BD moderado e intensivo han mostrado una baja Responsabilidad, así como en algunas de las facetas. Estas particularidades se han podido detectar dado que en este estudio, a diferencia de los anteriores, se ha tenido en cuenta los diferentes tipos de consumidores BD, según la cantidad y la frecuencia de ingesta de alcohol. ...
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Existen factores de personalidad que se encuentran relacionados con la práctica del binge drinking (BD) entre la población universitaria, patrón de consumo asociado a graves implicaciones biopsicosociales. En este estudio se pretende explorar la relación de las dimensiones y facetas de la personalidad en función del nivel de gravedad del BD. 601 estudiantes de la Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche entre 18 y 20 años (64.1% mujeres) cumplimentaron un autorregistro del patrón de consumo y la adaptación española del NEO-PI-R. Los grupos de hombres y mujeres BD se clasificaron según la intensidad y frecuencia del consumo. Los resultados muestran la existencia de ciertas relaciones entre algunas facetas de personalidad y los diferentes tipos de consumidores BD. Concretamente, en los varones que realizan BD con mayor regularidad se recomienda atender a las facetas de las dimensiones de Apertura y Amabilidad. En las mujeres BD sería relevante intervenir en las facetas de la dimensión de Neuroticismo, sobre todo la Impulsividad entre las consumidoras más extremas. Por último, sería importante trabajar aspectos relacionados con la faceta de Búsqueda de Sensaciones en los varones que consumen mayores cantidades.
... According to Cooper (1994), negative affectivity or "neuroticism" (i.e. the tendency to experience NA; [24]) should theoretically be related to coping motives given that coping motives are internal and negatively valenced [17]. In fact, neuroticism has been linked to coping motives in young adult samples (e.g., [25]) and, importantly, research has found that the associations between experiences that induced NA (i.e., negative interpersonal exchanges) and drinking alone were stronger for adults higher in trait neuroticism [26]. Additional research found that the relationship between drinking alone and drinking in response to NA was moderated by a social discomfort latent variable including social anxiety, loneliness, and perceived social support [10]. ...
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Solitary drinking is a risk marker for alcohol use disorder; thus, it is important to identify why individuals drink alone and for whom this association is particularly relevant. Evidence suggests the desire to ameliorate negative affect (NA) motivates solitary drinking, with some individuals particularly likely to drink alone to cope, but all past studies are cross-sectional. The present study therefore aimed to determine whether 1) experimentally induced NA increased preferences to drink alcohol alone, and 2) whether the relationship between NA and choosing to drink alcohol alone was moderated by neuroticism, drinking to cope motives, and social anxiety. Current drinkers (ages 21-29) with a solitary drinking history (N=126) were randomly assigned to either NA, positive affect [PA], or no affect change (control) conditions via differing cognitive task feedback. After the mood manipulation, participants chose between drinking alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverages in one of two contexts: alone or socially. Evidence regarding effectiveness of the mood manipulation was mixed, and few chose non-alcoholic beverages in either context. Condition did not influence outcome choice. Across conditions, increases in NA and the importance placed on receiving one’s context choice were associated with solitary (versus social) alcohol preference. Neuroticism and its interaction with NA change also influenced choice; individuals high in neuroticism chose more solitary (versus social) drinking contexts while the opposite was true for those low in neuroticism, and among the latter, the preference difference was more pronounced with relatively smaller NA increases. Findings are discussed based on the existing solitary drinking literature.
... Fourth, this meta-analysis did not allow for the examination of gender differences in the relation between drinking motives and drinking outcomes. 8 Finally, drinking motives do not exist in a psychological vacuum, and their effects are likely to be moderated by several psychological phenomena, including internalizing psychopathology (e.g., depression; Grazioli et al., 2018), personality traits (e.g., impulsivity; Mezquita et al., 2010), and other life stressors (e.g., acculturative stress; Conn et al., 2017). Further research should address the potentially interactive roles of these phenomena and establish whether the effect sizes consistently vary based on sample type (e.g., clinical vs. undergraduate sample). ...
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Background Knowledge of how drinking motives are differentially associated with alcohol use (e.g., frequency, quantity) and drinking problems is critical in understanding risky drinking and the development of alcohol use disorder. The purpose of this paper was to use meta‐analytic techniques to answer 2 overarching questions: (a) Which types of drinking motives (i.e., enhancement, coping, social, conformity) are most strongly associated with alcohol use and drinking problems? and (b) What are the most likely mechanisms (alcohol use or drinking problems) through which motives may be indirectly associated with outcomes? Method A comprehensive literature search identified 229 studies that met inclusion criteria (254 samples; N = 130,705) with a subset containing longitudinal data (k = 5; N = 6283). Data were analyzed using 2‐stage meta‐analytic structural equation modeling. Results Results showed that both enhancement and coping motives were the strongest predictors of drinking problems, but only enhancement motives were the strongest predictor of alcohol use. Enhancement and social motives were indirectly associated with alcohol use through drinking problems and with drinking problems through alcohol use, whereas coping motives were only indirectly associated with alcohol use through drinking problems, although the results differed for cross‐sectional and longitudinal data. Conclusion Overall, findings from this meta‐analysis provide evidence that drinking motives differentially predict alcohol use outcomes through unique direct and indirect pathways.
... Relationships between sex, coping motives and problematic drug use are less clear. Studies have found conflicting results regarding any difference between males and females in coping motives for substance use (Mezquita, Stewart, & Ruipérez, 2010;Norberg, Norton, Olivier, & Zvolensky, 2010;Thornton et al., 2012), and such differences may vary by substance (Terry-McElrath, O'Malley, & Johnston, 2009). To date, only one study has examined sex differences in motives for ecstasy use, finding no difference in coping motives as a function of sex (Ter Bogt & Engels, 2005). ...
Article
Background Ecstasy users who report symptoms of problematic use experience adverse social, psychological, and health-related consequences not reported by non-problem users. Relatively little is known about the risk factors for the development of problematic ecstasy use. Such information would be valuable for targeted intervention, prevention, and education. Aims The current study aimed to fill this gap by investigating several hypothesised risk factors for problematic use and the relationships between them. Methods Impulsivity, psychological distress, sex, and coping motives for ecstasy use were investigated as predictors of problematic ecstasy use in a cross-sectional online survey. Results The sample consisted of 483 individuals (60.5% male, 38.3% female, 1.2% other) aged 18-62 years, reporting ecstasy use on an average of 59.7 occasions (SD = 167.8). Both higher self-reported impulsivity and psychological distress predicted problem ecstasy use, and both these relationships were partially mediated by coping motives. When these variables were examined in a combined mediation model accounting for their covariance, psychological distress still predicted problematic use partially via an effect of coping motives, while impulsivity showed only a direct effect on problem use. No sex differences in problem ecstasy use were observed. Conclusions Increased trait impulsivity and psychological distress appear to confer greater risk of problematic ecstasy use. Targeting these factors, as well as coping motives for ecstasy use may be useful in efforts to prevent and reduce problematic ecstasy use among those who use the drug.
... Positive affect appears to positively predict enhancement motives (Cooper, 1994), as well as consumption and alcohol-related problems at the state level (Cooper, 1994;Gautreau, Sherry, Battista, Goldstein, & Stewart, 2015;Simons et al., 2014). Similarly, constructs closely related to positive affect, such as extraversion (Kuntsche, von Fischer, & Gmel, 2008;Mezquita, Stewart, & Ruipérez, 2010) and sensation seeking (Read et al., 2003;Simons, Gaher, Correia, et al., 2005) indirectly predict consumption via enhancement motives. This is suggestive of in the moment and celebratory drinking, in which the effects of alcohol are utilized to up-regulate positive mood. ...
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This study tested a multiple group path model in a sample of young adults (n = 402; 233 university participant pool/169 Amazon MTurk) linking positive and negative affect to alcohol consumption and problems via enhancement and coping motives, respectively. Motivational models of alcohol use suggest that individuals drink in order to alleviate negative affective states or to enhance positive moods or feelings. Deficits in modulating attention toward emotional experience (i.e., involuntary attention to emotion [IAE]); and poor distress tolerance may contribute to maladaptive patterns of substance use (i.e., negative reinforcement). As negative affect increases, those with deficits in the ability to efficiently attend to emotions as well as the inability to withstand distress may seek more external means of regulating unwanted or intrusive emotional experiences via alcohol. It was hypothesized that involuntarily attending to one's emotions would contribute to negative reinforcement drinking and problems. Coping motives were directly associated with alcohol-related problems, while enhancement motives were directly associated with problems both directly and indirectly via alcohol consumption. The hypothesized interaction between negative affect and IAE to coping motives was conditional upon levels of distress tolerance, with the moderating effect of involuntary attention being significant at high but not low levels of distress tolerance. Distress tolerance exhibited direct, inverse associations with alcohol-related problems. This pathway was significant over and above the direct effects of both coping motives and alcohol consumption. This suggests that while tolerance for emotional distress may reduce negative reinforcement drinking, it also fosters adaptive regulation when intoxicated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
... Enhancement and coping drinking motives played a role as mediators of the associations between personality domains and alcohol consumption as well as negative consequences. Mezquita, Stewart, and Ruipérez (2010) pointed out that coping motives were predicted by neuroticism, low conscientiousness. Enhancement motives were predicted by extraversion and low conscientiousness. ...
Thesis
Introduction: Alcohol use among medical students not only causes a lot of problems for themselves but also impacts on other people including their families, friends, and even patients. A high prevalence of alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences among medical students were reported in Vietnam and in many countries. Drinking motives are the most proximal factors to alcohol consumption and were widely suggested for alcohol- related harm prevention among adolescents and young adults. However, little research was conducted to examine drinking motives and its related factors. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of alcohol use, alcohol-related consequences, and drinking motives; and to identify the relationships between drinking motives and alcohol use as well as alcohol- related consequences in Vietnamese medical students. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study conducted at Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy. A multi-stage-stratum-clustered sampling was used to recruit the sample. Nine hundred and eighty-two medical students from first to fifth academic year were recruited in 2014. Data was collected by using a self-administered questionnaire that included three sections: demographic information, The Student Alcohol Questionnaire (SAQ), and Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revise (DMQR). Chi-square and t-test were applied to compare the differences of alcohol consumption among different characteristics of participants. Multiple logistic regression was used to find the predictors of alcohol consumption above the recommended limit and alcohol-related consequences. Results: The average alcohol consumption of 895 participants was 10.3 standard drinks per week (± 21.2). Of those students, 251 (28.1%) students consumed above the recommended limit (≥ 14 standard drinks per week for male, ≥ 7 standard drinks per week for female) according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010. In terms of alcohol-related consequences, 32.4% of 895 students experienced at least one alcohol-related consequence during two months prior to the survey and 68.8% students experienced at least one alcohol- related consequence during one year before the survey. The consequences were physical and mental health problems (65.4%), driven after drinking (27%), violent behaviors (22.6%), academic performance (15.4%), and troubles with laws (4.1%). For drinking motives, social motive was the most frequent (87.6%), followed by conformity motive (47.2%), coping motive (33.5%), and enhancement motive (20.2%). Results from multivariate logistic regression shows that gender, major, grade, grade point average (GPA), part-time job, smoking, peer pressure, coping motive, and enhancement motives were predictors of consuming alcohol above the recommended limit. Gender, peer pressure for drinking, alcohol quantity, and four drinking motives were predictors of alcohol-related consequences. Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that alcohol use in Vietnamese medical students was a serious problem, especially among students who were male, had medium and bad GPA, had part-time job, smoked, had peer pressure for drinking, had coping motive, and had enhancement motive. Appropriate strategies for reducing alcohol misuse among medical students should be developed in the future.
... There is current evidence for the association between drinking motives and personality factors, although these relationships have been studied in relation to problematic alcohol use but have not been studied within the context of PTSD (Kuntsche, Knibbe, Gmel, & Engels, 2005;Mezquita, Stewart, & Ruipérez, 2010;Stewart & Devine, 2000;Theakston, Stewart, Dawson, Knowlden-Loewen, & Lehman, 2004). Within civilian samples, high neuroticism and low extraversion have been associated with coping motives (Sher, Bartholow, & Wood, 2000;Stewart & Devine, 2000;Theakston et al., 2004). ...
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Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at elevated risk for alcohol use problems, a relationship commonly explained by using alcohol to cope with unpleasant symptoms of PTSD. However, patterns of alcohol use motives, more broadly, have not been well characterized in veteran samples, nor have they been evaluated in the context of other relevant factors, such as normative personality traits. The aims of the present study were to identify empirically derived drinking motive and personality typologies to determine whether these typologies differ as a function of PTSD status (i.e., nontrauma control, trauma exposed−no PTSD, and PTSD) and to evaluate associations between typology and PTSD symptom severity and alcohol consumption, respectively. Cluster analyses identified a 4-cluster solution. Results indicated that these typologies differed significantly according to trauma group as well as across levels of PTSD symptom severity and alcohol use. Specifically, Cluster 4 represented individuals at highest risk for both PTSD symptom severity and alcohol use compared to all the other typologies; Cluster 1 demonstrated lowest risk for PTSD symptom severity and alcohol use compared to all other typologies; and although Clusters 2 and 3 did not differ according to PTSD symptom severity, individuals in Cluster 2 had significantly higher alcohol use. These results represent certain “at risk” versus “protective” typologies that may facilitate the identification of individuals at risk for comorbid PTSD and problematic alcohol use.
... Regarding social motives (external, positive), this unexpected finding may be due to the normalization of social drinking behavior within (the French) culture. For example, social motives led to alcohol related problems among a young Brazilians (Mezquita, Stewart, & Ruipérez, 2010), young Australians (Lyvers, Hasking, Hani, Rhodes, & Trew, 2010), American high school drop outs (Kong & Bergman, 2010) and French young people (Loose & Acier, 2017). Conformity motives may have been particularly salient because of the age of our sample: some studies suggest that these motives become less pertinent as age advances (e.g. ...
Article
Abstract Introduction Relationships between personality traits and alcohol consumption behaviors have been inconsistently found. Research suggests that taking into account more proximal factors, such as drinking motives, would aid in explaining these inconsistent findings. Method Participants (N = 690) were administered measures of alcohol use, drinking motives and personality traits. Five multiple parallel mediator models were elaborated wherein drinking motives mediated the relationship between each trait and AUDIT scores once having controlled for age, school group and sex. Results Enhancement, social and conformity motives mediated the relationship between extraversion and alcohol use. The indirect effect between agreeableness or conscientiousness and alcohol use was mediated by decreased coping-depression, enhancement and social motives. Interestingly, neuroticism alone did not predict alcohol consumption, but a case of competitive mediation was observed. Neuroticism led to heightened coping-depression motives, which led to increased alcohol use, but also to increased conformity motives, which led to depleted alcohol consumption. Discussion Our study suggests that most Big 5 personality traits have a relationship with alcohol consumption in part because they develop into drinking motives. Inconsistent findings observed in the extent literature were explained in part by conditional processes. Keywords Alcohol; Drinking motives; Personality; France; Mediation
... Conscientiousness may lead to other adaptive behaviors that were not included in this study. For example, several meditational analyses have shown that conscientiousness leads to decreased enhancement drinking motives which in turn lead to decreased alcohol use (Mezquita et al., 2010;Stewart and Devine, 2000;Theakston et al., 2004). Conscientiousness was a strong protective factor and should be cultivated among young clients in order to positively impact drinking behaviors. ...
Article
Background and aims Personality traits are considered distal determinants of various behaviors including alcohol consumption meaning that the association between traits and behaviors is mediated by other intervening variables. Time perspectives are thought to be both stable dispositions and dependent on situational variables. They are related to personality traits but cannot be reduced to such which may suggest that they explain the relationship between traits and various behaviors. This study aimed to explore the possibility that time perspectives mediate the relationship between personality traits and alcohol consumption behaviors. Methods Five hundred and forty nine young adults living in France were administered online measures of Big 5 personality traits (Big Five Factor Inventory in French), time perspectives (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory Short Form) and alcohol use (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). Five multiple parallel mediator models were elaborated in which personality traits led to time perspectives, which in turn led to alcohol consumption. Results Exclusively conscientiousness and extraversion directly predicted alcohol consumption. However, in all five models at least one time perspective mediated the relationship between each personality trait and alcohol consumption. For example, the relationship between openness and alcohol use was fully mediated by two competitive mediators: past positive and present hedonist time perspectives. The relationship between agreeableness and alcohol use was fully accounted for by two complementary mediators: past positive and future. Fifty seven percent of the direct effect between extraversion and alcohol use was accounted for three competitive mediators: future, past positive and present hedonist perspectives. Conclusions Time perspectives may explain entirely or in part the relationship between Big 5 personality traits and alcohol consumption behavior among young people. Intervening on the level of time perspectives rather than on that of personality traits may be a viable direction for prospective studies regarding alcohol consumption.
... Higher alcohol consumption rates can also be ventured for the emotional and repetition environments. This happens because, as Carter andGilovich (2010, p.1194) state, the consumer's main purpose is to acquire or repeat a life experience and a remembered emotion; this is sought to a great extent by consuming alcohol, catering for the expected experience or promised reward (Howell, Pchelin, & Iyer, 2012;Mezquita, Stewart, & Ruipérez, 2010). Thus a second hypothesis could be envisioned for this study: ...
Article
From a public administration approach, alcohol consumption is responsible for 3.8% of overall mortality. From a private approach, companies in the alcohol industry are faced with increasing competition, which forces them to focus their business more while promoting responsible consumption. In this scene, an empirical investigation was carried out to determine the individual and environmental factors with most impact on alcohol consumption in the Spanish market. 1031 valid responses were obtained. Using multivariate techniques, four different consumer groups of highly alcoholic vs. slightly alcoholic beverages were identified: Pragmatic group; Self-confident group; #hashtag group and Vital Seniors group. Based on the variables (individual and environmental) that significantly define each cluster, two groups of managerial implications were stated: (i) four to recommend private managers how to reach each cluster of alcohol consumers; (ii) three to recommend public authorities how to deal with the most problematic areas (curb alcoholism & encourage healthy consumption).
... This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. demonstrated significant between-level associations among positive affect and increased drinking motives and alcohol use in young adults (Mezquita, Stewart, & Ruiperez, 2010;Simons, Gaher, Correia, Hansen, & Christopher, 2005). Alternatively, feeling more rested and alert despite waking earlier and getting less sleep may indicate a marker of risk (i.e., reduced sensitivity to the impairing effects of sleep loss) rather than a deeper sleep stage at the time of awakening. ...
Article
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Prior studies have established an association between sleep problems during early adolescence and heavy alcohol use/alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk in late adolescence. Less research has explored the association between sleep problems and heavy alcohol use during young adulthood, the period when AUD onset peaks. Moreover, research to date has primarily utilized cross-sectional, between-subjects’ methods to examine this relationship, with limited focus on the potential intraindividual variation in these behaviors. Multilevel modeling techniques are well-suited to examine the variability in sleep problems and risky alcohol use over time and the dynamic bidirectional relations among these behaviors. This article reports on 42 heavy-drinking college students at-risk for an AUD based on their responses to a validated alcohol screener who completed daily diaries of sleep and alcohol use and wore a sleep-wake activity monitor (i.e., Philips Respironics Actiwatch 2™) daily for 7 days yielding a total of 294 reports. Hierarchical linear models demonstrated that days of heavy drinking predicted delayed bed and wake times within individuals and those individuals who tended to drink more heavily on average had shorter sleep durations. Conversely, days of shorter sleep duration, earlier wake times, and greater perceived sleep quality upon waking predicted greater alcohol use within individuals, and those who tended to feel more alert upon waking drank more on average. These results highlight important within- and between-person variability in the associations among objective and subjective sleep-related problems and at-risk drinking among young adults. Further, the results have implications for alcohol prevention/intervention strategies for young adults at risk for AUDs.
... As highlighted in the following limitations section, further studies also need to ask participants about the specific applications of the Internet and smartphone they most use, to enable a more complete understanding of the results of the present study. In this context, it should be noted that several studies did find similar associations between personality and other addictive behaviors (besides PIU and PSU) like, for example, alcoholism (Mezquita, Stewart, & Ruipérez, 2010) or pathologic gambling (Mann et al., 2017). This evidence points to the presence of general vulnerability factors for the development of addictive behaviors. ...
Article
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Over the past few years, a growing amount of research has considered the links between personality and overuse (pathological use) of the Internet. Given the partial overlap between problematic Internet and smartphone use (PIU and PSU, respectively), the present study seeks to investigate whether the same personality traits can be linked to overuse of both platforms. A total of 612 participants (177 males/435 females, mostly students) completed questionnaires assessing both PIU and PSU, and the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) to measure the Five-Factor Model of Personality and the Self-Directedness scale of the Temperament and Character Inventory. Our results indicate the existence of a common personality structure linked to both PIU and PSU. Interestingly, the associations between personality and PIU were higher than those concerning PSU. Low Self-Directedness appears to be the best predictor of overuse on both digital platforms. Therefore, lower willpower anchored in the personality trait Self-Directedness may reflect the core of digital additive tendencies.
... A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T 6 neuroticism and drinking problems for young adults (Stewart, Loughlin, & Rhyno, 2001;Theakston, Stewart, Dawson, Knowlden-Loewen, & Lehman, 2004;Mezquita, Stewart, & Ruipérez, 2010). However, the influences of DER domains as mediators on the associations of negative and positive affects with craving have not yet been studied in alcoholic patients. ...
Article
The aim of this study was to assess the mediating effects of difficulties in emotion regulation (DER) on the relations of negative and positive affects to craving in alcoholic patients. 205 treatment-seeking alcoholic outpatients were included. DER, positive and negative affects as well as craving were evaluated by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Positive/Negative Affect Scales, and the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) respectively. Clinical factors including depression and severity of alcohol dependence were investigated by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) respectively. Results revealed that both increased negative affect and decreased positive affect indirectly influenced craving through limited access to emotion regulation strategies. It was concluded that limited access to emotion regulation strategies may be important in predicting craving for alcoholics who experience both increased negative affect and decreased positive affect. This suggests that treatment and prevention efforts focused on increasing positive affect, decreasing negative affect and teaching effective regulation strategies may be critical in reducing craving in alcoholic patients.
... The 4/4 genotype has been previously associated with better performance in cognitive tasks (such as planning, vigilance and activation), and the 5/5 genotype has been associated with a worse performance in working memory tasks (Burgess et al., 2000;Barbato et al., 2013;Mesmer-Magnus et al., 2014). Interestingly, the PER3 VNTR has been also associated with bipolar disorder (Benedetti et al., 2008; Dallaspezia et al., 2011), considering that the extravert personality trait is related to several high-risk behaviors, such as substance use and impulsivity (Amini et al., 2015;Fagiolini et al., 2013;Kuntsche et al., 2008;Lonnqvist et al., 2009;Mezquita et al., 2010;Quilty et al., 2009;Walton et al., 2015). ...
Article
A polymorphism in the PER3 (period circadian clock 3) gene has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and endophenotypes. We evaluated the possible association of personality domains with the PER3 polymorphism in a sample of healthy subjects: 271 individuals were evaluated with the Big Five Inventory and genotyped for the PER3 Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) polymorphism. We found a significant association between the PER3 polymorphism and the extraversion personality trait (p = 0.0093). The 5/5 genotype carriers showed higher scores for extraversion. This is the first time that a significant association between the PER3 VNTR polymorphism and extraversion is reported.
... These results are consistent with previous reports that offenders with high P levels show impulsivity, aggressiveness, and coldness in interpersonal relations [29], which can lead to both alcohol consumption and violent offences. Our results are also consistent with studies showing that alcohol consumption can be a coping strategy to escape negative internal experiences such as anxiety [30][31][32][33], which is associated with neuroticism. This alcohol consumption then inhibits selfcontrol and can lead to violent offences. ...
Article
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Strong evidence exists that alcohol consumption and violent offending are linked, and the " common cause " model suggests that this link results from shared risk factors. To test this model and further explore the connection between alcohol consumption and violent offending, the present study used regression analysis to examine possible relationships among alcohol consumption, violent offending and personality characteristics (extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism) in 1464 male prisoners aged 17 to 79 years who entered in Croatian prison system in 2013. and were evaluated in the Center for Diagnostics in Zagreb. The results suggest that alcohol consumption and violent offending share some personality risk factors, and that alcohol consumption mediates the relationship between personality and violent offending. These results are discussed within the framework of the common cause model, providing more detailed insights into the complex relationship among personality, alcohol consumption, and violent offending.
... has been recognized as a major public health concern that has remained a consistent problem over the past two decades (Hingson et al., 2009; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2015). Several historical (e.g., age at drinking onset), mental health (e.g., depression), and personalitytype variables (e.g., impulsivity traits, conscientiousness, self-regulation) have been found to be risk/protective factors associated with alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, and the development of an alcohol use disorder among emerging adults, including college students (Ham & Hope, 2003;Kuntsche et al., 2008;Mallet et al., 2013;Mezquita et al., 2010;Quinn & Fromme, 2010;Stone et al., 2012). Given the strength of these associations, it is imperative to understand more malleable factors that can explain these associations. ...
Article
Objective: In the present study, we examined whether we could replicate previous findings that use of protective behavioral strategies (PBSs) mediates the associations between distal antecedents and alcohol-related outcomes in an independent sample. Further, we examined a more comprehensive model to determine which constructs uniquely (i.e., controlling for other distal antecedents) relate to PBS use and alcohol-related outcomes. Method: Participants were recruited from a psychology department participant pool at a large, southwestern university in the United States (N = 628). The majority of participants identified themselves as being either Hispanic (n = 334, 53.18%) or White, non-Hispanic (n = 212, 33.78%), were female (n = 386, 61.5%), and reported a mean age of 20.30 (SD = 3.80) years. Results: Across five replication attempts in separate models, we found significant indirect associations of age at first use, self-regulation, impulsivity-like traits, depressive symptoms, and conscientiousness on alcohol-related outcomes (i.e., use and problems) via PBS use. However, only the indirect associations of a second-order latent factor of self-regulation (based on premeditation, perseverance, self-regulation, and conscientiousness) and age at first use on alcohol-related outcomes via PBS use remained significant in the comprehensive model. Conclusions: Taken together, the replication attempts were largely successful in that nearly all associations were replicated in an independent sample of college students. However, in a comprehensive model with all distal antecedents simultaneously included, most of the direct and indirect associations failed to be supported.
... Moreover, Bogg and Roberts (2004) find that conscientious individuals avoid excessive alcohol, drunk driving, marijuana and tobacco use, risky sex, and violence. Likewise, neurotic people are more likely to drink excessively and as a coping mechanism (Mroczek, Spiro, & Turiano, 2009), which predicts further alcohol abuse (e.g., Mezquita, Stewart, & Ruipérez, 2010). Therefore, approaching behaviors that increase positive emotions and avoiding behaviors that increase negative emotions should all be examined as future mediators of the state personality and daily well-being link. ...
Article
The dynamic mediation model (Wilt, Noftle, Fleeson, & Spain, 2012) explains the associations between personality traits and happiness through links between personality states and daily well-being. To test this model, and the mediators of these relations, we examined if between- and within-person variation in personality was associated with daily well-being for undergraduates ( N = 133) and US adults ( N = 117). The model explained the trait neuroticism and daily well-being association. Also, after controlling for traits, people were happier on days in which they were extraverted, agreeable, conscientious, emotionally stable, and open to experience. Finally, these associations were partially mediated by the satisfaction of daily psychological needs. We discuss how the operationalization of state extraversion might impact its relation with daily well-being.
... Higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness, which are characteristic of the at-risk profile, are associated with maladaptive coping behavior (Bogg & Roberts, 2004;Stewart, Loughlin, & Rhyno, 2001) and coping-motivated alcohol use (Mezquita, Stewart, & Ruipérez, 2010). Higher conscientiousness, on the other hand, is positively associated with engagement in healthy activities (Takahashi, Edmonds, Jackson, & Roberts, 2013), as well as task-oriented coping behaviors (e.g., problem-solving; Penley, Tomaka, & Wiebe, 2002). ...
... Varios estudios han sugerido que cada una de las cinco categorías de motivos de consumo de alcohol se relaciona con patrones específicos de consumo de alcohol entre adultos jóvenes. Los motivos de animación tienen una relación fuerte con el consumo de alcohol durante el fin de semana (Kuntsche y Cooper, 2010;Mezquita, Ibáñez, Moya, Villa y Ortet, 2014) e indirecta con problemas resultantes del consumo de alcohol (Mezquita, Ibáñez, Moya, Villa y Ortet, 2014;Mezquita, Ruipérez y Stewart, 2010). Los motivos sociales están relacionados con la frecuencia y la cantidad, pero no con los problemas derivados del consumo de alcohol (Grant, Stewart, O'Connor, Blackwell, y Conrod, 2007;Kuntsche, Knibbe, Gmel y Engels, 2005). ...
Article
This study aims to test the cross-cultural suitability of Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (M DMQ-R) (Grant, Stewart, O'Connor, Blackwell, & Conrod, 2007). The sample included 571 Spanish and 571 Canadian undergraduates between the ages of 18 and 22 (65.8% women). The confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated factorial invariance between samples. The regression analysis showed that social, enhancement and low conformity motives were related to drinking frequency and drinking quantity in the total sample. No moderation effect of country on predicting alcohol consumption was found. The results suggest that M DMQ-R is a suitable instrument for comparing drinking motives across Spanish and Canadian undergraduates, and that motives-focused prevention and treatment programmes developed in one country could be generalised to another.
... Personality traits can also be predictive of health outcomes. They have been shown to predict problematic drinking behaviours (Mezquita et al., 2010), as well as how susceptible employees are to burnout (Armon et al., 2012). ...
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At its core, the field of psychometrics is concerned with the measurement of psychological constructs. The term psychometric is derived from the ancient Greek words ψυχικóζ (“of the soul”; “of life”) and μέτρησις (“measurement”), and describes a group of methods by which a psychologist can measure a test taker’s cognitive ability, personality, attitudes, interests, or other psychological characteristics relevant to a wide variety of therapeutic, occupational, educational, and forensic settings. These measurements are based on the test taker’s responses to a series of questions and statements, known as items, traditionally administered using a pencil-and-paper system of question booklets and answer sheets. Within practitioner circles (as is the case in this chapter), “psychometrics,” “psychological assessment,” and “psychological measurement” are terms that are used interchangeably (Coaley, 2014).
... Though counterintuitive that the Reserved and Resilient groups had the highest odds of binge drinking, they may be indicative of two different drinking patterns and/or drinking motives, led by different alcohol expectancies. Several studies (e.g., Mezquita, Stewart, & Ruipérez, 2010;Stewart, Loughlin, & Rhyno, 2001) have found that increased drinking quantity was predicted by enhancement motives, which were related to high Extraversion or low Conscientiousness. In the current study, the Resilient group may have greater tendency toward social contact and may therefore be more vulnerable to temptations in social drinking circumstance, while the Confident group, which may have lesser motivation to get along with others, may be more able to detach from social pressure leading to social drinking. ...
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Most research examining the relationship between effective leadership and personality has focused on individual personality traits. However, profiles of personality traits more fully describe individuals, and these profiles may be important as they relate to leadership. This study used latent class analysis to examine how personality traits combine and interact to form subpopulations of leaders and how these subpopulations relate to performance criteria. Using a sample of 2,461 executive-level leaders, six personality profiles were identified: Unpredictable Leaders with Low Diligence (7.3%); Conscientious, Backend Leaders (3.6%); Unpredictable Leaders (8.6%); Creative Communicators (20.8%); Power Players (32.4%); and Protocol Followers (27.1%). One profile performed well on all criteria in an assessment center; remaining profiles exhibited strengths and weaknesses across criteria. Implications and future directions for research are highlighted.
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Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic condition in which the individual keeps drinking despite recognizing that such behavior is associated with a plethora of negative social, occupational, and health consequences. Several factors promote (e.g., a family history of AUD, exposure to aversive events, an early age of first alcohol use or intoxication) or deter (e.g., high levels of paternal monitoring and low levels of impulsivity-like personality traits) from risky drinking and AUD, and are thus referred to as vulnerability or protective factors, respectively. These factors can be described as distal factors that interact in increasingly complex manners and ultimately affect drinking behavior via more proximal factors, such as drinking motives, greater perception of alcohol-related cues or greater sensitivity to ethanol’s pharmacological effects. The present chapter puts forward the hypothesis that an anxiety-prone phenotype or the motivation of drinking to cope (DTC) with negative emotions is a common and proximal mediator of a wide range of vulnerability factors for AUD or risky drinking, ranging from personality traits to environmental exposure to aversive life events or early alcohol exposure. Specifically, we review preclinical studies indicating that rats or mice selectively bred for high alcohol drinking across several generations or exposed to ethanol during pregnancy or to experimental stress exhibit greater ethanol intake and preference. These behaviors are associated with reduced exploration of brightly lit environments or greater shelter seeking. We similarly describe clinical work indicating that drinking to cope (DTC) motives are a primary mechanism through which psychosocial constructs relate to problematic alcohol use and consequences.
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Introduction Alcohol and cannabis use are common during young adulthood. Less is known regarding correlates of alcohol-cannabis use patterns and related problematic health outcomes. Methods Using longitudinal survey data (Fall 2018, 2019, 2020) from 2,194 young adults (YAs; ages 18–34), bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regressions examined: (1) Wave 1 (W1) sociodemographics and psychosocial factors (i.e., adverse childhood experiences [ACEs], depressive symptoms, personality traits, parent and peer alcohol and cannabis use) in relation to W3 past-month use group (i.e., use of neither, alcohol only, cannabis only, both/co-use); and (2) W3 use group in relation to W5 problematic alcohol use (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test), problematic cannabis use (Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test), and depressive/anxiety symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire – 4 item). Results Overall, 42.3% reported W3 alcohol-only use, 34.9% co-use, 17.8% no use, and 5.0% cannabis-only use. Those reporting W3 co-use reported greater W1 extraversion, openness, friend alcohol/cannabis use, and were more likely to report parent cannabis use (vs. no use); reported less conscientiousness, greater friend cannabis use, and were more likely to report depressive symptoms and parent cannabis use (vs. alcohol-only use); and reported greater friend alcohol use, and were more likely to report parent alcohol use (vs. cannabis-only use). W3 co-use was associated with higher odds of W5 problematic alcohol use (vs. alcohol-only use) and problematic cannabis use (vs. cannabis-only use). Conclusions Substance use messaging and interventions should consider YAs’ alcohol-cannabis co-use and the unique correlates of such use.
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Objective: Previous research suggests drinking alcohol to cope with negative affect, including stress, is a risk for increased alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Stress mindset, the individually held belief that stress can lead to either enhancing or debilitating outcomes, has yet to be studied within the context of alcohol use. Studying stress mindset among college students as it relates to alcohol consumption may provide important insight into heavy alcohol use in this population. Method: A sample of 320 undergraduates (Mage = 19.06 (SD = 0.06); 63.44% female; 65.49% White) who endorsed past-year alcohol use completed self-report measures of drinking motives, stress mindset, alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related consequences. Zero-inflated negative binomial regressions were utilized to examine the moderating effect of stress mindset on the relationship between drinking to cope and alcohol consumption. Results: Stress mindset significantly moderated the relationship between drinking to cope and alcohol consumption (IRR = 0.98, se = 0.01, p < 0.05, CI = 0.96, 1.00), such that the relationship was stronger among those with a debilitating stress mindset compared to those with an enhancing stress mindset. Stress mindset did not significantly moderate the relationship between drinking to cope and alcohol-related consequences. Conclusions: Individuals with high drinking to cope scores and who hold a debilitating stress mindset may be at a particular vulnerability for heavy alcohol consumption. The present study furthers our understanding of predictors of alcohol use in a college sample and suggests the importance of future research focused on stress mindset among college student drinkers.
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Background: Drinking motives are strong proximal predictors of alcohol use behaviors and may represent a mediational mechanism by which different individual predispositions toward internalizing or externalizing psychopathology lead to the development of alcohol misuse. However, whether the association is due to a causal relationship or a shared etiology (i.e., confounding) is difficult to determine and may change across developmental periods. Methods: This study leveraged a cross-lagged panel design to disentangle the nature of the relationships between self-report measures of drinking motives, alcohol misuse, and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in a 4-year longitudinal sample of college students (N = 9,889). Results: Results pointed to a putative causal effect of drinking motives on early binge drinking frequency, but the direction of effect later reversed, reflecting a possible developmental shift during college. On the other hand, the relationships between drinking motives and internalizing/externalizing psychopathology appeared to be driven by shared etiology rather than direct causal mechanisms. Conclusions: These findings highlight the distinct and important role of drinking motives in the etiology of alcohol misuse and have implications for the application of tailored prevention and treatment strategies.
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Background Several typologies have proposed two etiological pathways involved in the development of alcohol misuse which are associated with the internalizing and externalizing domains of psychopathology, respectively. This study’s aim was to investigate this typology in a young adult sample, and test whether drinking motives, specifically drinking for negative or positive reinforcement, may provide a plausible mechanism characterizing these pathways. Method Mixture modeling was conducted on a set of internalizing (anxiety, depression, neuroticism), externalizing (antisocial behavior, conscientiousness, sensation seeking, drug use), and alcohol misuse items (binge drinking, alcohol use disorder symptoms [AUDsx]) measured by self-report in a sample of 9,807 college students. Linear regression and chi-square tests were used to determine how latent class membership was associated with drinking motives, demographics, and personality characteristics. Results The model identified 3 latent classes: a Low Risk class (70%), an Internalizing class (19%) with elevated levels of internalizing traits/symptoms and AUDsx, and an Externalizing class (10%) with elevated levels of externalizing traits/symptoms and both binge drinking and AUDsx. All drinking motives were substantially elevated in the Internalizing and Externalizing (vs. Low Risk) classes (p < 3.0E-10), while positive reinforcement motives were specifically elevated in the Externalizing (vs. Internalizing) class (p < 2.0E-55). Personality comparisons further emphasized the relevance of class distinctions. Conclusions These findings provide additional support for both a specific internalizing and a broadband externalizing association with subtypes of alcohol misuse. Drinking motives may be useful intermediate indicators of these different risk processes.
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Background: College life is characterized by marked increases in alcohol consumption. Extraversion and neuroticism are associated with alcohol use problems in college and throughout adulthood, each with alcohol use patterns consistent with an externalizing and internalizing pathway respectively. Students higher in extraversion drink more frequently and consume more alcohol, while neuroticism is paradoxically not consistently associated with elevated alcohol use. Objective: This study examined whether students higher in neuroticism may drink the day before stressors, namely tests and assignment deadlines. Method: Multilevel generalized linear models were performed using data from a longitudinal study of first-time, first-year undergraduates assessing alcohol use across four years of college, with daily diary bursts each semester. Results: Students higher in extraversion had heavier alcohol use and greater alcohol use problems in their fourth year of college. Neuroticism was not associated with drinking behaviors or with drinking before a test or assignment, but was associated with greater fourth year alcohol problems. Students lower in extraversion who reduced heavy drinking the day before academic events had fewer alcohol use problems at the fourth year of college relative to students higher in extraversion. Conclusions: Students higher in extraversion appear to exhibit a continuity of established alcohol use patterns from adolescence, predisposing them to a more hazardous trajectory of college alcohol use. Characteristics of low extraversion may afford some protection from alcohol-positive college culture. High neuroticism appears associated with a hazardous trajectory of college alcohol use, but continued research into situational factors of alcohol use in high neuroticism is warranted.
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Alcohol consumption is known to have a disinhibiting effect and is associated with a higher likelihood of aggressive behavior, especially among men. People with certain personality traits maybe more likely to behave aggressively when intoxicated, and there may also be variation by gender. We aimed to investigate whether the reason why men and women with certain personality traits are more likely to engage in violence may be because of their alcohol use. The Big Five personality traits and anger-hostility, alcohol consumption, and violence were measured by questionnaire in 15,701 nationally representative participants in the United States. We tested the extent to which alcohol mediates the relationship between personality factors and violence in men and women. We found that agreeableness was inversely associated with violence in both genders. Alcohol mediated approximately 11% of the effect in males, but there was no evidence of an effect in females. Anger-hostility was associated with violence in both sexes, but alcohol mediated the effect only in males. We also found that Extraversion was associated with violence and alcohol use in males and females. Alcohol accounted for 15% of the effect of extraversion on violence in males and 29% in females. The mechanism by which personality traits relate to violence may be different in men and women. Agreeableness and anger-hostility underpin the relationship between alcohol and violence in men, but not in women. Reducing alcohol consumption in men with disagreeable and angry/hostile traits would have a small but significant effect in reducing violence, whereas in women, reducing alcohol consumption among the extraverted, would have a greater effect.
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Research on those variables that have been shown to influence the consumer’s choice of beer is reviewed. The focus is on the choice of whether to drink beer as opposed to a beverage from another category, and to a greater extent, the choice between different types of beer. Inspired by previous research on a diverse array of factors that have been shown to influence food and beverage choice, the review examines how beer choice is driven by consumer variables (covering biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors), product-intrinsic attributes (the sensory aspects of the beer itself), product-extrinsic attributes (external sensory characteristics, such as packaging), and contextual and environmental influences. These situational factors refer to variables such as the location where choice/consumption takes place (i.e., on- versus off-trade), as well as the context, occasion, and reason for drinking. Current trends related to choice and consumption, such as the emerging interest in beer-food pairing, are also examined. The review groups these attributes which affect people’s beer wanting, choice, and purchase in order to understand the beer consumer’s choice process. Along with general conclusions, a number of key directions for future research are also presented, given that the relative contribution of each type of factor on consumer’s choice behaviour is still unclear.
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Introduction: In the interest of positively impacting alcohol consumption among college students, we studied determinants of consumption behaviors within an etiological framework. Personality traits would be associated with alcohol consumption, but the association would be mediated by other more proximal variables. Drinking motives are theorized to be the most proximal predictive factor of alcohol consumption through which all other distal factors exert their influence. There has been a recent spark of interest in “time perspective” meaning the organization of experience into temporal frames (past, present, future). Some have theorized that time perspectives would stem from personality traits, whereas others theorized that time perspective would give rise to motivated behavior. As time perspective has been viewed as a situational-dispositional construct, we advanced the hypothesis they would be etiologically situated between personality and motivation. Methods: Students living in France or in Québec were administered questionnaires online. Measures included Big 5 personality, time perspective, temporal competency, drinking motives and problematic alcohol consumption. Our main aim was to draw up multiple parallel mediator models reflecting different etiological relationships. In study 1, personality traits led to alcohol use through drinking motives. In study 2, personality traits led to alcohol consumption through temporalities. In study 3, temporalities led to drinking behaviors through drinking motives. In study 4, these results were taken collectively in order to derive and test hypotheses relating serial mediation (personality, temporality, drinking motives, alcohol consumption). Results: Cultural differences were identified in study 1. French students drank alcohol in larger quantities than those in Canada, but Canadians drank with a higher frequency. Canadians scored higher on openness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and extraversion in comparison to the French, whereas the French scored higher on specific drinking motives (coping-depression, 6 conformity, social). There were indirect effects of personality traits on alcohol consumption through drinking motives. Every motive, except coping-anxiety, was identified as a significant mediator, and all traits led to alcohol consumption in part through drinking motives. In study 2 we used regressions to identify temporalities that were best associated with drinking behaviors: anticipation, temporal rupture, past negative and present hedonist. We explored their relationships with personality traits and confirmed our hypothesis that traits would lead to alcohol consumption through specific temporalities. In the third study, specific drinking motives explained the relationship between temporalities and alcohol consumption. The fourth study compiled positive results from studies 1-3 in a result matrix that was then used to generate a hypothesis matrix about serial mediational relationships. We found that nearly all hypotheses grounded in sufficient logical assumptions were true. We also proposed hypotheses that implied that we must take into account the full serial chain in order for a part of the chain to yield positive results and found that 40% of such relationships were significant. Discussion: Understanding specific etiological pathways leading up to problematic alcohol consumption could aide practitioners and policy makers to positively impact drinking behaviors among students in Canada or in France. We found that the reasons why people drink alcohol best explained drinking behaviors. Personality traits would be related to alcohol consumption but mostly just because they led to drinking motives. However, before personality traits develop into drinking motives, they would give rise to specific temporalities. As our study advanced the existent literature on the processes leading up to drinking behaviors, we may be able to better foresee among which students problems will develop and prevent the onset or the aggravation of problematic alcohol use through emerging adulthood. Key words : alcohol, student, France, Québec, personality, temporality, drinking motives, mediation
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Although motivations to use alcohol have been shown to predict alcohol use and alcohol-related problems, little is known about how drinking motives develop. This study identified antecedents in adolescence of social and coping motives for drinking in early adulthood. Data came from a longitudinal study of youths in the eastern U.S. (N = 451) followed from secondary school into early adulthood (52.4% female; Mage = 23.01; SD = 1.03). In a structural equation analysis, frequency of drunkenness and peer alcohol use positively predicted young adult social motives, whereas only frequency of drunkenness predicted coping motives. These findings indicate that alcohol use behaviors and social relationships in adolescence may contribute to the development of adult drinking motives.
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"Introduction to Psychological Tests and Scales" is [a] text for all psychology students who are embarking on fieldwork or research analysis. The author . . . examines these core areas of the psychologist's training and education. Emphasis is placed on the practical aspects of test construction and questionnaire development . . . , which allows the author to introduce statistical tests and methods of analysis. The author's principal aim is to teach beginners how to construct simple self-report measures of psychological constructs such as beliefs, attitudes, moods, feelings, values, skills and so on. Loewenthal seeks to develop the student's ability to write, understand and evaluate reports on a range of psychological measures. She also tackles the problem of statistical test selection for a particular set of results. As an undergraduate primer, this book provides a . . . foundation for more advanced study and the application of psychometrics. It will be [a] tool for psychology undergraduates and [an] introductory text for students and professionals in related disciplines. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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In the context of the development of prototypic assessment instruments in the areas of cognition, personality, and adaptive functioning, the issues of standardization, norming procedures, and the important psychometrics of test reliability and validity are evaluated critically. Criteria, guidelines, and simple rules of thumb are provided to assist the clinician faced with the challenge of choosing an appropriate test instrument for a given psychological assessment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Despite consistent evidence that alcohol can be used to cope with negative emotions or to enhance positive emotions, research on drinking motives has focused primarily on coping and social motives. This article reports on the development of a 3-factor measure that also assesses enhancement motives. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the authors demonstrated that enhancement motives are empirically distinct from coping and social motives and that a correlated 3-factor model fits the data equally well across race and gender groups in a large representative sample. Each drinking motive was also shown to predict distinct aspects of alcohol use and abuse. Finally, interaction analyses suggested that coping and enhancement motives differ in the magnitude of their effects on drinking behavior across Blacks and Whites and that enhancement motives differ in their effects across men and women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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provide a five-factor translation of the personality disorders provided within and proposed for the American Psychiatric Association's DSM [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual] / indicate how each of the DSM-III-R (as well as fourth edition DSM [DSM-IV]) personality disorders can be translated as maladaptively extreme variants of the five basic factors of personality / after describing each of the 11 DSM-III-R personality disorder categories, we then consider three new diagnostic categories under review: negativistic (NEG), self-defeating (SDF), and depressive (DPS) personality disorders / end the chapter with a discussion of the sadistic disorder, which is a personality disorder category that, like the passive-aggressive disorder (PAG), is likely to be dropped from the DSM-III-R's set of 11 in the DSM-IV (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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A 4-factor measure of drinking motives based on a conceptual model by M. Cox and E. Klinger (see PA, Vol 75:32975; see also 1990) is presented. Using data from a representative household sample of 1,243 Black and White adolescents, confirmatory factor analyses showed that the hypothesized model provided an excellent fit to the data and that the factor pattern was invariant across gender, race, and age. Each drinking motive was related to a distinct pattern of contextual antecedents and drinking-related outcomes, and these relationships did not generally vary across demographic subgroups. Results support both the conceptual validity of Cox and Klinger's model and the utility of this measure for clinical and research purposes across a diverse range of adolescent populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Shame has been observed to play an important role in social anxiety in China [Xu, 1982]. Shame and personality factors, such as neuroticism and introversion-extraversion, are also related to social anxiety symptoms in Chinese college students [Li et al., 2003]. The aim of this study was to explore cross-cultural differences of the effects of shame and personality on social anxiety using the Experience Scale of Shame, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale and Social Anxiety Inventory. Data were collected from both a Chinese sample (n=211, 66 males and 145 females, average ages 20.12±1.56 years) and an American sample (n=211, 66 males and 145 females, average ages 20.22±1.90 years) of college students. The structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed separately for the Chinese and American samples. The SEM results reveal a shame-mediating model, which is adaptive and only in the Chinese sample. This suggests that shame is a mediator between the Chinese personality and social anxiety. The shame factor did not play the same role in the American sample. This empirical study supports the hypothesis that shame has a more important effect on social anxiety in the Chinese culture compared to its effect on Americans. Depression and Anxiety 0:1–12, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Individuals with different drinking motives show distinctive patterns of alcohol use and problems. Drinking to cope, or endorsing strong coping motives for alcohol use, has been shown to be particularly hazardous. It is important to determine the unique triggers associated with coping drinking. One limitation of past research has been the failure to contend with the complexities inherent in coping motives. Using the Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (Grant, Stewart, O'Connor, Blackwell, & Conrod, 2007), which separates coping-anxiety and coping-depression motives, we investigated whether these motives moderated relationships between daily mood and subsequent drinking (statistically controlling for sex, baseline anxious and depressive symptomatology, initial alcohol problems, and additional drinking motives). College students (N=146) provided daily reports of mood and alcohol consumption online for 3 weeks. Multilevel modeling analyses revealed that, as hypothesized, stronger initial coping-depression motives predicted higher daily depressed mood-alcohol consumption slopes. Also consistent with expectation, stronger initial coping-anxiety motives predicted higher anxious mood-alcohol consumption slopes. We discuss how this identification of the unique mood triggers associated with each type of coping drinking motive can provide the basis for targeted interventions.
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Longitudinal data were obtained from a nonclinical sample of 1,308 male and female adolescents covering the age range from 12 to 21. Factor analyses of 52 symptoms and/or consequences of alcohol use yielded three problem dimensions. In addition, a unidimensional, 23-item scale (the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index, RAPI) was constructed with an internal consistency of .92. Correlations between RAPI and alcohol-use intensity were moderately strong for all age groups at each test occasion (ranging from .20 to .57), yet low enough to suggest that identification of problem drinkers requires both types of measures. The results suggest that the RAPI may be a useful tool for the standardized and efficient assessment of problem drinking during adolescence.
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The final, common pathway to alcohol use is motivational. A person decides consciously or unconsciously to consume or not to consume any particular drink of alcohol according to whether or not he or she expects that the positive affective consequences of drinking will outweigh those of not drinking. Various factors (e.g., past experiences with drinking, current life situation) help to form expectations of affective change from drinking, these factors always modulated by a person’s neurochemical reactivity to alcohol. Such major influences include the person’s current nonchemical incentives and the prospect of acquiring new positive incentives and removing current negative incentives. Our motivational counseling technique uses nonchemical goals and incentives to help the alcoholic develop a satisfying life without the necessity of alcohol. The technique first assesses the alcoholic’s motivational structure and then seeks to modify it through a multicomponent counseling procedure. The counseling technique is one example of the heuristic value of the motivational model.
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This study assessed prevalence rates and overlap among Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., revised; DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) personality disorders in a multisite sample of 366 substance abusers in treatment. In addition, the relation of antisocial personality disorder (APD), borderline personality disorder (BPD), and paranoid personality disorder (PPD) to alcohol typology variables was examined. Structured diagnostic interviews and other measures were administered to participants at least 14 days after entry into treatment. Results indicated high prevalence rates for APD and non-APD disorders. There was extensive overlap between Axis I disorders and personality disorders, and among personality disorders themselves. APD, BPD, and PPD were linked to more severe symptomatology of alcoholism and other clinical problems. However, only APD and BPD satisfied subtyping criteria, after controlling for other comorbidity. Implications for classifying alcoholics by comorbid disorders are discussed.
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The personality systems of Cloninger (as measured by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire [TPQ]) and Eysenck (as measured by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire [EPQ]) both have been linked to substance use and abuse. The current study examined the predictive utility of both systems for substance use disorder (SUD) diagnoses, both cross-sectionally and prospectively. Participants (N = 489 at baseline) completed the EPQ and TPQ and were assessed via structured diagnostic interview at baseline and 6 years later (N = 457 at follow-up). Both the EPQ and TPQ scales demonstrated bivariate cross-sectional and prospective associations with SUDs. Within each system, those dimensions marking a broad impulsive sensation-seeking or behavioral disinhibition trait were the best predictors prospectively, although the 2 systems were differentially sensitive to specific diagnoses. These relations remained significant even with autoregressivity, other concurrent SUD diagnoses, and multiple personality dimensions statistically controlled.
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We investigated the relationships between Five-factor model domains and facets and drinking and alcohol-related problems. We also examined the moderating effects of gender. Two hundred students (99 men and 101 women) who had used alcohol in the past year completed self-report and interview assessments. Bivariate analyses demonstrated some significant relationships. In the multivariate analyses that controlled for gender, Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were linked to drinking, but only some of the facets from these domains had significant relationships to drinking. Facets of Extraversion and Agreeableness, but not these domains, were associated with drinking. Neuroticism and Conscientiousness and most of their facets were related to alcohol-related problems in the multivariate analyses. The interactions between gender and traits were not significant.
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The present study examined the association between alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and psychological distress over an 11-year period using a sample of 378 young adults (46% men, 54% women: baseline age = 18.5; 51% with paternal history of alcoholism). The authors examined this relation using a state-trait model, which decomposes variance in a given construct into a general traitlike factor that spans measurement occasion and more situational, occasion-specific variability. Trait AUD and trait distress were correlated (r =.43), suggesting that the tendency to meet criteria for an AUD is associated with the tendency to experience psychological distress. Much of this association was due to 3rd variables (primarily neuroticism but also childhood stressors and behavioral undercontrol), supporting a common 3rd-variable influence model of comorbidity.
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Mediating variables are prominent in psychological theory and research. A mediating variable transmits the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable. Differences between mediating variables and confounders, moderators, and covariates are outlined. Statistical methods to assess mediation and modern comprehensive approaches are described. Future directions for mediation analysis are discussed.
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This study assessed prevalence rates and overlap among Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( 3rd ed., revised; DSM-III—R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) personality disorders in a multisite sample of 366 substance abusers in treatment. In addition, the relation of antisocial personality disorder (APD), borderline personality disorder (BPD), and paranoid personality disorder (PPD) to alcohol typology variables was examined. Structured diagnostic interviews and other measures were administered to participants at least 14 days after entry into treatment. Results indicated high prevalence rates for APD and non-APD disorders. There was extensive overlap between Axis I disorders and personality disorders, and among personality disorders themselves. APD, BPD, and PPD were linked to more severe symptomatology of alcoholism and other clinical problems. However, only APD and BPD satisfied subtyping criteria, after controlling for other comorbidity. Implications for classifying alcoholics by comorbid disorders are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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This book provides an updated theory of the nature of anxiety and the brain systems controlling anxiety, combined with a theory of hippocampal function, which was first proposed thirty years ago. While remaining controversial, the core of this theory, of a 'Behavioural Inhibition System', has stood the test of time, with its main predictions repeatedly confirmed. Novel anti-anxiety drugs share none of the side effects or primary pharmacological actions of the classical anti-anxiety drugs on the actions of which the theory was based; but they have both the behavioural and hippocampal actions predicted by the theory. This text is the second edition of the book and it departs significantly from the first. It provides, for the first time, a single construct - goal conflict - that underlies all the known inputs to the system; and it includes current data on the amygdala. Its reviews include the ethology of defence, learning theory, the psychopharmacology of anti-anxiety drugs, anxiety disorders, and the clinical and laboratory analysis of amnesia. The cognitive and behavioural functions in anxiety of the septo-hippocampal system and the amygdala are also analysed, as are their separate roles in memory and fear. Their functions are related to a hierarchy of additional structures - from the prefrontal cortex to the periaqueductal gray - that control the various forms of defensive behaviour and to detailed analysis of the monoamine systems that modulate this control. The resultant neurology is linked to the typology, symptoms, pre-disposing personality and therapy of anxiety and phobic disorders, and to the symptoms of amnesia. © Jeffrey A. Gray and Neil McNaughton 2000 , 2003. All rights reserved.
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SUMMARY Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis are developed by extending certain studies on robustness of the t statistic. These measures are shown to possess desirable properties. The asymptotic distributions of the measures for samples from a multivariate normal population are derived and a test of multivariate normality is proposed. The effect of nonnormality on the size of the one-sample Hotelling's T2 test is studied empirically with the help of these measures, and it is found that Hotelling's T2 test is more sensitive to the measure of skewness than to the measure of kurtosis.
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The purpose of the present study was to place drinking motives within the context of the Five-Factor Model of personality. Specifically, we sought to determine whether certain personality domains and facets of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) predict Enhancement, Coping, Social, and/or Conformity drinking motives from the Revised Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ-R). A sample of 256 university student drinkers (M age =21.3 years) completed the NEO-PI-R and DMQ-R. In bivariate correlations, the two negative reinforcement motives (Coping and Conformity) were positively correlated with Neuroticism and negatively correlated with Extraversion. The two positive reinforcement motives (Enhancement and Social) were positively correlated with Extraversion and negatively correlated with Conscientiousness. Multiple regression analyses revealed that personality domain scores predicted two of the four drinking motives (i.e. the internal drinking motives of Coping and Enhancement), after controlling for the influences of alternative drinking motives. Enhancement Motives were predicted by high Extraversion and low Conscientiousness, and Coping Motives by high Neuroticism. Supplementary correlational analyses involving certain personality facet scores revealed that the depression and self-consciousness facets of the Neuroticism domain were positively correlated with residual Coping and Conformity Motives, respectively, and that the excitement-seeking and gregariousness facets of the Extraversion domain were positively correlated with residual Enhancement and Social Motives, respectively. These results provide further validation of Cox and Klinger’s 2×2 (valence [positive vs negative reinforcement]×source [internal vs external]) model of drinking motivations, and confirm previous speculations that drinking motives are distinguishable on the basis of personality domains and facets. Understanding the relations between personality and drinking motives may prove useful in identifying young drinkers whose drinking motivations may portend the development of heavy and/or problem drinking.
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A model for the relation between multivariate Fourth-order central moments of a set of variables and the marginal kurtoses and covariances among these variables is used to produce an estimator for covariance structure analysis that is asymptotically efficient and yields an asymptotic X 2 goodness of fit test of the covariance structure while substantially reducing the computations. When the kurtoses of the variables are equal, the method reduces to one based on multivariate elliptical distribution theory, and, when there is no excess kurtosis, to one based on multivariate normal distribution theory.
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A model of the neuropsychology of anxiety is proposed. The model is based in the first instance upon an analysis of the behavioural effects of the antianxiety drugs (benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol) in animals. From such psychopharmacologi-cal experiments the concept of a “behavioural inhibition system” (BIS) has been developed. This system responds to novel stimuli or to those associated with punishment or nonreward by inhibiting ongoing behaviour and increasing arousal and attention to the environment. It is activity in the BIS that constitutes anxiety and that is reduced by antianxiety drugs. The effects of the antianxiety drugs in the brain also suggest hypotheses concerning the neural substrate of anxiety. Although the benzodiazepines and barbiturates facilitate the effects of γ-aminobutyrate, this is insufficient to explain their highly specific behavioural effects. Because of similarities between the behavioural effects of certain lesions and those of the antianxiety drugs, it is proposed that these drugs reduce anxiety by impairing the functioning of a widespread neural system including the septo-hippocampal system (SHS), the Papez circuit, the prefrontal cortex, and ascending monoaminergic and cholinergic pathways which innervate these forebrain structures. Analysis of the functions of this system (based on anatomical, physiological, and behavioural data) suggests that it acts as a comparator: it compares predicted to actual sensory events and activates the outputs of the BIS when there is a mismatch or when the predicted event is aversive. Suggestions are made as to the functions of particular pathways within this overall brain system. The resulting theory is applied to the symptoms and treatment of anxiety in man, its relations to depression, and the personality of individuals who are susceptible to anxiety or depression.
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Relations between the Big-Five personality domains and motivations for drinking alcohol were examined. Young adult drinkers (n=581) completed the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised and the 100-item International Personality Item Pool questionnaire measuring the Big-Five personality domains. Multiple regression analyses revealed that personality domains predicted both external (Conformity and Social), and particularly, internal (Coping and Enhancement) drinking motives after controlling for usual weekly drinking levels, demographic variables and overlap between drinking motives. Replicating previous findings with the NEO personality scales, Coping motives were predicted by low Emotional Stability, and Enhancement motives were predicted by high Extraversion and low Conscientiousness. Additional relations not previously documented with the NEO personality scales were observed between personality domains and drinking motives (e.g., low Extraversion predicted Coping motives, and high Intellect/Imagination and low Agreeableness predicted Enhancement motives). Thus, converging evidence suggests the presence of personality vulnerability factors associated with risky internal reasons for drinking.
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The present study was conducted in an attempt to replicate previous findings regarding relations between personality domains in the five-factor model of personality and drinking motives, and to examine the potential mediating role of the internal drinking motives in explaining hypothesized relations between personality variables and drinking quantity/drinking problems. A sample of 154 university student drinkers completed the NEO five factor inventory, the revised drinking motives questionnaire, and measures of drinking quantity and alcohol-related problems. Multiple regressions indicated that the two internal drinking motives (coping and enhancement) were predicted by personality domains information, whereas the two external drinking motives (conformity and social) were not. Coping motives were significantly predicted by high neuroticism, whereas enhancement motives were significantly predicted by a combination of low conscientiousness and low neuroticism. Mediator regression analyses demonstrated that coping motives partially mediated the relation between high neuroticism and increased drinking problems, whereas enhancement motives mediated the relation between low conscientiousness and increased drinking quantity. Implications of the findings for prevention of heavy drinking and drinking problems in young adults are discussed.
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We examined whether certain “risky” drinking motives mediate the previously established relation between elevated anxiety sensitivity (AS) and increased drinking behavior in college student drinkers (n=109 women, 73 men). Specifically, we administered the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), Revised Drinking Motives Questionnaire, and a quantity-frequency measure of typical drinking levels. Participants were parceled according to high (n=30), moderate (n=29), and low (n=34) AS levels. As expected, high AS participants reported a higher typical weekly drinking frequency than the low and moderate AS students regardless of gender. Similarly, high AS participants (particularly high AS men) reported a higher yearly excessive drinking frequency than low AS students. Only the negative reinforcement motives of Coping and Conformity were found to independently mediate the relations between AS and increased drinking behavior in the total sample. High AS women's greater drinking behavior was largely explained by their elevated Coping Motives, while heightened Conformity Motives explained the increased drinking behavior of high AS men. Finally, associations between AS and increased drinking behavior in university students were largely attributable to the “social concerns” component of the ASI. We discuss the observed relations with respect to the psychological functions of drinking behavior that may portend the development of alcohol problems in young adult high AS men and women.
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The 42-item version of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) assesses relative frequency of drinking behavior across eight categories of drinking situations and was originally developed as a method for identifying high-risk situations in alcoholic samples. This study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the IDS-42 in a sample of university students in order to assess its suitability as an assessment tool in the non-clinical population. Three hundred and ninety-six students (111 M, 283 F, 2 with missing gender data) completed the IDS-42 and a well established measure of drinking motives, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ). Confirmatory factor analysis of the IDS-42 established a hierarchical factor structure with eight lower-order factors and three higher-order factors of negatively-reinforcing situations, positively-reinforcing situations, and temptation situations. The eight lower-order IDS-42 factors demonstrated moderate to high internal consistency and excellent concurrent validity with conceptually-similar DMQ subscale scores. Non-parametric analyses revealed that male students reported a higher drinking frequency overall as compared to female students, particularly in IDS-42 situations involving Social Pressure to Drink, Pleasant Times with Others, Testing Personal Control, and Urges and Temptations. Across the entire sample of university student drinkers, a higher drinking frequency was reported in positively-reinforcing situations as compared to negatively-reinforcing situations and temptation situations, as predicted. Results suggest the IDS-42 possesses good psychometric properties and support its utility as a tool in identifying situation-specific antecedents to drinking among university students.
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Alcohol, tobacco, and drug use were investigated in a representative sample of 4501 Russian youths aged 14–25 years. In addition to questions on substance use (SU), the participants filled in the short forms of the Gray–Wilson Personality Questionnaire (GWPQ-S, Slobodskaya, Knyazev, Safronova, & Wilson, 2003) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R) along with questions about environmental risk factors––family and peer SU. Behavioural activation (BAS) was the best personality predictor of SU. Personality variables moderated relations between SU and environmental risk factors. Social conformity enhanced the effect of family drinking on alcohol use, while N moderated the relationship between family smoking and self-smoking. Youths with more active BAS and lower social conformity were more vulnerable to the influence of deviant peers. E also increased peer influence, but this effect was most evident for males. BIS also predisposed to peer influence in males only.
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The relation between individual differences in personality and differences in developmental maturity was studied by relating observations of personality by multiple, independent judges to level of ego development. The personality characteristics of longitudinally followed Ss (104 at age 14; 98 at age 23) were evaluated by the California Adult Q-Set (CAQ); ego level was evaluated by the Washington University Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development (SCT). A priori personality dimensions--consisting of CAQ items for which a common developmental pathway was expected--were constructed and related to the SCT: (a) Ego-resiliency and interpersonal integrity were associated with increasing ego development, (b) conformity was associated with the Conformist level and, unexpectedly, to the Conscientious level, (c) need regulation was associated with the Conscientious level, and (d) self-ease and expressiveness-playfulness were not associated with ego level.
Article
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of comorbid substance use disorders in patients referred for treatment of personality disorders. Two hundred inpatients and outpatients were assessed by semistructured interviews for substance use and personality disorders. Univariate odds ratios were calculated for groups of substance use disorders and each DSM-III-R axis II disorder; comorbidity among axis II disorders was controlled in multivariate models predicting current or lifetime substance use disorder groups. The impact of personality disorder on chronicity and overall impairment associated with substance use disorders was evaluated. Close to 60% of subjects with substance use disorders had personality disorders. Borderline personality disorder was significantly associated with current substance use disorders, excluding alcohol and cannabis, and with lifetime alcohol, stimulant, and other substance use disorders, excluding cannabis. Antisocial personality disorder was associated with lifetime substance use disorders other than alcohol, cannabis, and stimulants. These relationships remained significant after controlling for the presence of all other personality disorders. There was no evidence that personality disorders increased the chronicity of substance use disorders, but comorbid personality disorders were associated with greater global impairment. Borderline personality disorder may be associated with a wide variety of substance use disorders, especially among patients seeking treatment for personality problems.
Article
Relationships between drinking motives (self-perceived reasons for drinking alcohol) and drinking restraint (preoccupation with controlling alcohol intake) were examined in a nonclinical young adult sample. Ninety-seven undergraduate university drinkers completed the Temptation and Restraint Inventory (Collins & Lapp, 1992), the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (Cooper, Russell, Skinner, & Windle, 1992), and measures of demographics (age and gender) and social desirability. Results indicated that after accounting for the influences of demographic and social desirability information, Coping Motives and Enhancement Motives scores from the Drinking Motives Questionnaire were significant predictors of Cognitive and Emotional Preoccupation scores on the Temptation and Restraint Inventory, and Coping Motives scores were a significant predictor of Cognitive and Behavioral Control scores on the Temptation and Restraint Inventory. Social Motives scores on the Drinking Motives Questionnaire did not significantly predict either Cognitive and Emotional Preoccupation or Cognitive and Behavioral Control scores. Further analyses suggested that actual behavioral attempts at alcohol restriction on the Temptation and Restraint Inventory were predicted by Enhancement Motives scores, whereas cognitive concerns about drinking were predicted by Coping Motives scores. Results are discussed in terms of implications for risk for excessive and problem drinking in enhancement and coping-motivated young adult drinkers.
Article
We compared the utility of several trait models for describing personality disorder in a heterogeneous clinical sample (N = 94). Participants completed the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP; Clark, 1993b), a self-report measure that assesses traits relevant to personality disorder, and two measures of the Five-Factor Model: the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa and McCrae, 1992) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John, Donahue, & Kentle, 1991). Regression analyses indicated substantial overlap between the SNAP scales and the NEO-PI-R facets. In addition, use of the NEO-PI-R facets afforded substantial improvement over the Five-Factor Model domains in predicting interview-based ratings of DSM-IV personality disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), such that the NEO facets and the SNAP scales demonstrated roughly equivalent levels of predictive power. Results support assessment of the full range of NEO-PI-R facets over the Five-Factor Model domains for both research and clinical use.