Content uploaded by Aziz Hasib
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Aziz Hasib
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Yield and composition of carob bean gum produced from different Moroccan populations of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.)
Abstract and Figures
The carob product most widely used, especially for the food industry, is the carob bean gum (CBG), or locust
bean gum (LBG). This gum comes from the endosperm of the seed and chemically is a polysaccharide, a
galactomannan. It is used as thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier and gelling agent. This study was carried out to
determine and to compare the characteristics of LBG in terms of yield, moisture and ash content and protein
content. Samples were collected from different regions in the agro-forestry system of Morocco. The results
showed that the Moroccan cultivars are characterized by a high yield of seeds that provide a high yield of
endosperm. The purified CBG from different population of Moroccan carob tree had 60.63–72.49% yield, 6.36–
8.63% moisture, 0.36–0.99% ash and 0.52–0.62% protein. The protein, moisture and ash, and the yields of
purified locust bean gum are comparable to those reported in the literature from other countries.
Keywords: Carob pulp; Carob seeds; Carob bean gum; yield; Composition.
Figures - uploaded by Aziz Hasib
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Aziz Hasib
Content may be subject to copyright.
... was lower than Iranian seeds with 66.34% noted by Farahnaky et al. (2014), but still within the range (51-61%) reported by Dakia et al. (2008) for spanich seeds. On the other hand, the yield of pure LBG (41.80±1.52 %) in Algerian carob seeds was very similar to the mean value of (34.55 to 40.05%) given by El Batal et al. (2013) for Moroccan samples. These results were agreed with the results of Batlle (1997), reporting that about the third weight of the locust bean seed consists of gum. ...
... These results were agreed with the results of Batlle (1997), reporting that about the third weight of the locust bean seed consists of gum. In addition to the origin and the culture conditions of the carob tree, the extraction yield depends on gum separation method from the whole seed including many conditions such as temperature, time and the ratio water/ endosperm (Barbagallo et al., 1997;Lazaridou et al., 2001;El Batal et al., 2013). Boiling water method used in this study was selected by Dakia et al. (2008) as the most efficient technic for LBG extraction for its higher yield. ...
The development of biodegradable edible films/food packaging is in the core of the new management strategies of food handling. The great challenge facing the food industry today is innovation in terms of ecological and effec-tive edible coatings, with improved mechanical and sensory qualities but at lower cost. The current study intends to develop and characterize edible films by combining crude and pure Opuntia cladode mucilage and Locust Bean Gum (LBG), then evaluate their coating effect on stored strawberry fruits. The films were formulated using the two polymers at the same con-centration (2% mucilage / 2% LBG) and glycerol as plasticizer, and they were compared for their physicochemical and mechanical properties like thick-ness, moisture content, water vapor transmission and transparency. The pH, weight loss and sensorial qualities of coated strawberries stored at 4°C were assessed during 14 days. The obtained results have shown that for the crude composite films CM-CLBG the thickness, moisture and water solubility were higher compared to those of PM-PLBG where water vapor permeability (WVP), transparency and surface contact angle (hydrophobicity) displayed the highest values. Weight loss and drop in pH of strawberries soaked in the CM-CLBG and PM-PLBG coating solutions and stored at 4°C were less signifi-cant than those of uncoated strawberries. Otherwise, coated fruits pre-served a marketable visual appearance and texture, but lost their redness and gloss after the storage period. Despite the promising potential of Opun-tia mucilage/LBG formulated films, some improvements are still needed to solve the problem of fruit appearance and meet marketing standards.
... Grafted material yielded lighter and less variable flour color than non-grafted material (L* = 68.05-69.75 vs. L* = 63.38-63.54) in both years of the study, which likely reflects its narrower genetic basis and cumulative selection pressure for improved phenotypes, compared to the nongrafted material [2]. Previous work has indicated the prevailing differentiation of grafted to non-grafted carob stock as well as the influential role of agro-environmental zones on pod phytochemical characteristics [32,33]. A recent work has also showed that pod pulp color is also defined by the genetic material and agro-enviromental zone chiefly by altitude and proximity to the sea [6]. ...
Chromatic variation was examined for its association with flour composition and quality. Carob samples from variable altitudes and genetic backgrounds were milled and assessed for col-orimetric parameter L* (lightness) and analyzed for phenols, tannins, antioxidant capacity, soluble carbohydrates (HPLC-RID), organic acids and protein (IC-CD), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs; HS-SPME/GC-MS). Higher altitudes and grafted genotypes yielded lighter-colored flours of higher antioxidant potential, phenols, tannins, sucrose, and malic acid concentrations. VOCs were mainly acids, esters, aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols. Acids were the most abundant and correlated negatively with L*, though correlation for many individual acids was non-significant, including 2-methyl-propanoic acid, widely considered the carob signature aroma (cheesy acidic buttery). The compositional and quality indexing potential of L* is more robust for grafted than non-grafted material, owing putatively to a narrower genetic basis. Antioxidant capacity and concentrations of phenolics, tannins and sucrose correlated positively with L*, indicating increased levels in carob flours sourced from grafted trees at higher altitudes. These flours also have a lower content of reducing sugars, the implication of which in the darkening of carob flour warrants further investigation. Overall, L* constitutes a reliable index for ranking carob flours for key compositional attributes and may be further reinforced by multiple-year data.
... Содержание маннозы и галактозы у гуара в среднем составляет соответственно 67-73 % и 27-33 %, то есть 2:1 (18). У других видов бобовых, которые служат основными источниками камеди, выявлено следующее соотношение этих компонентов: у пажитника сенного (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) 1,1:1 (25), цезальпинии колючей (Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze) 3:1 (26), рожкового дерева (Ceratonia siliqua L.) 4:1 (27). Эти различия определяют применение камеди указанных видов в качестве разных добавок в пищевой промышленности и желатирующих добавок в косметике. ...
... Компонент Количество, % С т р у к т у р н ы е к о м п о н е н т ы с е м е н и (16,19,20) Семенная кожура 14-16 Зародыш 45 Эндосперм 38-45 Б и о х и м и ч е с к и й с о с т а в э н д о с п е р м а ( Содержание маннозы и галактозы у гуара в среднем составляет соответственно 67-73 % и 27-33 %, то есть 2:1 (18). У других видов бобовых, которые служат основными источниками камеди, выявлено следующее соотношение этих компонентов: у пажитника сенного (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) 1,1:1 (25), цезальпинии колючей (Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze) 3:1 (26), рожкового дерева (Ceratonia siliqua L.) 4:1 (27). Эти различия определяют применение камеди указанных видов в качестве разных добавок в пищевой промышленности и желатирующих добавок в косметике. ...
... ash and 0.52-0.62% protein (El Batal et al., 2013). In carob kernels (Kamal et al., 2013), the purified gum had 3.42-6.89% ...
... Ceratonia siliqua L., also known as the carob tree which belongs to the Leguminosae family [1], is a tree widely cultivated in Mediterranean countries, such as Spain, Morocco, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, and Chypre [2]. The world production of carobs was estimated at 310,000 tons per year, produced in an area of about 200,000 ha [3]. In Morocco, production has increased over the last 30 years and was estimated at 25,000 tons in 2006 [45]. ...
The Ceratonia siliqua L seed extract was extracted using different extraction methods. The characterization and identification of bioactive compounds were carried out using the HPLC-DAD. The quantification of the polyphenol and flavonoid in the cold maceration and Soxhlet extract shows a high content of both phenolic compounds in the carob seed extract with the following values of 14, 713 mg A-G/g E, 19.25 mg A-G/g E of polyphenol content and of 1.92 mg-Q/g E and 2.47 mg-Q/g E of flavonoid content respectively. In similar, the antioxidant activity of the obtained extracts by the DPPH method shows a great capacity to trap the DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 0.041 and 0.014 mg/ml for maceration extract and Soxhlet respectively. The theoretical study using Monte Carlo simulation provides a good estimation of the interaction process between antioxidant agents and DPPH, these results are totally in accordance with data obtained experimentally.
... Carob gum, also called Locust Bean Gum (LBG), is the ground endosperm of the seeds. It is widely used as food additive (E410) to improve the texture of foods [2][3][4][5]. Carob molasses, also called carob syrup, is a juice concentrate (60-80°Brix) prepared by water extraction from the pod or the pulp and then concentration. It is widely consumed especially during the cold periods of the year as an energetic food rich in sugars [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. ...
The by-product generated from carob molasses processing is considered as an excellent source of dietary fiber and may be used as a functional ingredient in food industry. However, it presents a high value of water activity (~ 0.98) which facilitates its microbiological contamination and rapid deterioration. So that, this study provides a solution for the valorization of this by-product and suggests the incorporation of the dried carob by-product into Halva to produce an added value product (Halva with carob powder). Thus, the present work focused on the characterization of carob powder and the optimisation of incorporation percentage of carob powder into Halva formulation. The characterization showed the absence of caffein in carob powder compared to cocoa’s one. Besides, carob and cocoa powders had both a brown color. The former had lower fat and higher sugar contents compared to the latter. The optimization promoted the addition of 5% carob powder into Halva formulation according to the evaluation of hardness, sensory quality and exudative stability. Therefore, the new confectionary product could be considered as a promising nutritious and healthy foodstuff to consumers.
... Overall, seed yield proved higher than that of European cultivars [3,8] and lower than that of Moroccan samples [28,19]. The population range proved comparable to that reported by Naghmouchi et al. [45] and overlaps with that reported by other authors [31,61,7,10,59,38,17]. At population level, Tipaza registered the highest seed yield followed by Blida and Tlemcen which contained respectively 50% and 70% of individuals with seed yield >20%. ...
Description of the subject. In Algeria, the carob tree extends over a large area from East to West. Yet data on the pattern of morphological variation of its pods and seeds across such area are lacking, despite the usefulness of a good understanding of intraspecific variation of such traits for domestication, conservation and sustainable management purposes. Objective: The present study aims at describing morphological variation in pod and seed traits of such populations and addresses the following questions: (a) what is the level of variation within and between wild carob populations; (b) and how is such variation spatially distributed? Methods: 07 wild carob populations of northern Algeria were investigated for pod and seed morphology. Results: Significant differences between provenances were observed for all quantitative traits. Slight differences between trees were also observed. Pod shape and seed surface were the most uniform traits among provenances. Within-provenance, the proportion of polymorphic trees for a given qualitative trait was variable. The pattern of variation did not reflect ecological conditions at site of origin suggesting rather a mosaic of variations. Conclusion: This study provides a first insight into carob genetic resources in Algeria through morphological characters of pods and seeds. It indicates a good potential of Algerian populations as a source of raw material for future breeding programs. RESSOURCES GÉNÉTIQUES DU CAROUBIER (CERATONIA SILIQUA L.) EN ALGÉRIE: APERÇU Á TRAVERS LA MORPHOLOGIE DES GOUSSES ET DES GRAINES Résumé Description du sujet: En Algérie, le caroubier s'étend sur une vaste zone allant d'Est en Ouest, mais on manque de données sur le patron de la variation morphologique de ses gousses et de ses graines dans cette zone, malgré l'utilité d'une bonne compréhension de la variation intra-spécifique de ces caractères pour la domestication; la conservation et la gestion durable. Objectifs: La présente étude vise à décrire la variabilité morphologique des caractères des gousses et des graines de ces populations et aborde les questions suivantes: a) quel est le niveau de variation à l'intérieur et entre les populations du caroubier sauvage; (b) et comment cette variation est-elle répartie spatialement? Méthodes: 07 populations spontanées du caroubier du nord de l'Algérie ont été étudiées pour la morphologie des gousses et des graines. Résultats: Des différences significatives entre les provenances ont été observées pour tous les caractères quantitatifs. De légères différences entre arbres ont aussi été observées. La forme et l'aspect des surfaces des gousses sont les plus uniformes entre les provenances. Au sein des provenances, la proportion d'arbres polymorphes pour un caractère qualitatif donné est variable. Le patron de variation ne reflète pas les conditions écologiques du site d'origine et suggère plutôt une mosaïque de variation. Conclusion. Cette étude fournit un premier aperçu des ressources génétiques du caroubier en Algérie à travers les caractères morphologiques des gousses et des graines. Elle indique un bon potentiel des populations algériennes comme source de matière de base pour les futurs programmes de sélection.
The possibility of producing carob brandy was investigated, focusing on the fermentation of carob and the preliminary characterization of the volatile components in the obtained distillates. Fermentations were carried out in carob mash with or without added nutrients by five Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains at three different temperatures. The obtained wine was subjected to fractional distillation in a copper still to produce carob spirit. Analysis of sugars and fermentation products was performed by high performance liquid chromatography. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with MS detection was used to analyze the volatile components of carob wine and brandy. Carob flour and the strains used can be efficiently used for the fermentation process to produce carob wine with ethanol content ranging from 46.4 to 50.5 gL−1 and corresponding yield coefficients ranging from 0.45 to 0.49 gg−1. More than ninety compounds detected in carob spirit; ethyl 2-methyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methyl propanoate, ethyl cinnamate, ethyl hexanoate, beta-ionone, ethyl butanoate and ethyl octanoate, largely contribute to the bouquet of the spirit. Thus, a novel volatile spirit may be an additional product in the carob processing chain and represent a new potential, especially for small carob growers.
Some physical properties of carob bean (Ceratonia siliqua L.) were evaluated and the application of these properties also discussed. The carob bean has an average of 13.8% (d.b.) moisture content. The average seed length, width, thickness and geometric mean diameter were 8.69 mm, 6.43 mm, 3.88 mm, and 5.99 mm, respectively. The average 1000 seed weight, volume and surface area of carob bean were 158.56 g, 81.23 mm3 and 96.22 mm2, while the sphericity and aspect ratio were 0.70 and 74.09%, respectively. The average bulk density of seed was 899 kg/m3 while the true density was 1364 kg/m3, and the corresponding porosity was 33.78%. The gravimetric and volumetric flow rates of carob beans were 104 g/s and 115.37 ml/s, respectively. The average static and dynamic angle of repose values were found 31.20° and 23.80°, respectively. The static coefficient friction was least in case of stainless steel sheet while it is highest for PVC.
Nineteen Tunisian carob populations from different sites were studied to assess their genetic variation based on pods and kernels measures. The mean of the main descriptive morphological values of pods were weight (16.39g), length (168.9mm), width (20.5mm), lateral thickness (8.3mm), central thickness (5.8mm), number of viable kernels (12.26), number of aborted kernels (1.38), kernels weight (0.2g), kernel length (9.1mm), kernel width (6.9mm), kernel thickness (4.1mm) and kernel yield (17.2%). Most of the parameters measured showed significant differences (P
The carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is an important economic resource for Morocco's rural populations. This species is used in reforestation actions and its cultivation in modern orchards is being undertaken to valorize marginal lands and substitute for drought sensitive species. However, little data is available on its intra-specific variability and its adaptability. Morphological characters of pods and seeds from 13 ecoregions of private-domesticated carob were used to assess phenotypic variation of this species. These stands extend from south-west to north-east and cover a wide range of Morocco's ecoregions. Pods length, width, thickness, seeds number, pulp weight, seeds yield and seeds length, width, thickness and weight were measured for 390 trees (30 trees per ecoregion). Statistically significant differences were found between ecoregions for all characters which were examined, what indicates a high phenotypic diversity. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster of all ecoregions lead to identify two major and opposite groups (the northern ecoregions; and the central and south-western ecoregions). Ecoregions of the north of Morocco exhibited the largest and the thickest pods with the highest pulp weight while other ecoregions have relatively short pods but largest proportion of seed yield. Similarly, the northern ecoregions are characterized by the heaviest seeds. A correlation matrix between morphological characters, geographic parameters and precipitation exhibits a positive and a negative correlation of pods thickness and pulp weight with the latitude and the altitude, respectively. Seed yield and weight are negatively and positively correlated to pod width, pod thickness and pulp weight, respectively. In addition, seed weight is positively correlated with the latitude. The geographic pattern of the carob tree and its variability are discussed in this paper.
The aim of this work is to provide a process for obtaining natural carob syrup of Morocco carob pods and their total and reducing sugar. Samples were collected from different regions in the agro-forestry system of Morocco. The total sugar and reducing sugar in pods obtained from different regions were 31.5–50.1 and 10.2–14.6g/100g “%w/w”, respectively. The yield of syrup from the different regions varies between 28.76 and 37.22g/100g “%w/w”. Populations from Essaouira and Beni-mellal have higher levels of sugar and yield of syrup. The values obtained vary according to the origin of the samples.
The viscosity of 1% Locust Bean Gum (LBG) aqueous solution has been studied at
different shear rates (10-1000 s-1), temperatures (10- 60 °C), and pH values (3.0-6.0)
using a rotational concentric cylinders viscometer. The obtained results show that the
studied solution exhibits a shear-thinning behavior, which consists of a decrease of
the viscosity with the shear rate at a given temperature. A decrease of the effective
viscosity with temperature has been also observed indicating a thermo-dependent
behavior of such a solution. Finally, the pH appears to have an influence on the
viscosity, since this quantity varies with this parameter at both acid and alkaline
conditions.
Salmonella is presently one of the microorganisms of higher concern for food safety in poultry products. The present study examined the effect of feeding galactomannans from carob bean gum on nutrient digestibility and performance in chickens, and on the prevalence of Salmonella enterica var. Enteritidis in challenged animals. Four experiments were performed with either broiler or leghorn chickens, challenged with 106CFU (colony-forming units) of S. Enteritidis at 1day of life, and feeding carob bean gum at different concentrations (25, 50 or 100g/kg, depending on the experiment), alone or in combination with β-mannanase, cellulase or α-galactosidase at 8.3U/g; or feeding D-mannose at 25g/kg, or depolymerized carob bean gum or guar gum at 100mg/kg. Trials lasted 3or 4weeks. Body weight and feed intake were determined and feed conversion ratio calculated (feed:gain). Faeces were collected during the last week on trial for evaluation of nutrient balance (energy, lipids and protein), using chromium oxide as inert marker. Viscosity of the ileal content was also determined at the end of the second experiment. Salmonella presence in caeca was determined two and 3weeks after challenge. Performance and nutritive value of diets were impaired in birds fed carob bean gum, with higher effect at higher inclusion rates. D-mannose impaired performance variables only whereas depolymerized gums did not affect bird performance or nutritive value of the diets. Of the enzymes tested, only β-mannanase significantly decreased the viscosity of the intestinal contents of birds fed carob bean gum and partly counteracted the impairment in bird performance and the reduction in the nutritive value of the diets. The number of Salmonella-positive birds varied among experiments and was lower in the third week post-challenge compared to the second week post-challenge. However, the reduction in the number of Salmonella-positive birds was more constant and marked when carob bean gum was present in the diet. The inclusion of carob bean gum in the diet of chickens at the high concentrations used in the present experiment reduced the presence of Salmonella in challenged birds, but it also impaired performance and nutrient digestibility. These impairments were partially counteracted by the addition of β-mannanase to the diet. Carob bean gum might be used to reduce the incidence of Salmonella in chickens, while its negative effects on performance and nutrient digestibility could be counteracted by β-mannanase.
Carob pods contain about 200–500 g/kg of total sugars, a higher content of sugar than is present in beet or cane, which is below 200 g/kg. In the present paper a sugar syrup (concentrate solution of several sugars) from carob pods has been obtained with a concentration of sugars near 580 g/kg, 62° Brix and 93% of purity. Extraction and purification techniques were performed. From the results of the extraction researches it can be concluded that a 10 column system connected in series is the most advantageous for efficiency and automation of the sugar extraction reaching a yield of at least 90%. In the purification technique a discontinuous treatment followed by purification in several types of columns connected in series have been studied in order to obtain a transparent and colourless extract.
The seed gum from Prosopis juliflora is a galactomannan polysaccharide, which is located in the endosperm. Regarding P. juliflora galactomannan structural studies, there are reports on galactose substitutional pattern, but supporting data by NMR correlation studies are scarce. In this work, a procedure to obtain P. juliflora gum without contamination was employed and the gum was studied by NMR spectroscopy. Overall, results show that mesquite seed has a 1.1:1 Man/Gal ratio. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.