DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD IN THE WATERS, SEDIMENT, RICE ANDVEGETABLE CROPS IN THE BASIN OF THE RIVER BREGALNICA

Abstract

During the period from January to December 1999 year and 2000, 2007 and 2008 field research has
been made at 20 measuring points on the river Bregalnica together with its tributaries. The research
made during these year on the territory of East Macedonia had an aim to establish the degree of water
pollution in the river Bregalnica with its tributaries, and distribution of lead in the sediment, rice and
vegetable crops in the basin of the river Bregalnica pollution with heavy metals as a result of direct
release of waste water from lead-zinc mines “Zletovo” and “Sasa” as well as from copper mine
“Bucim”. From the results acquired research while the annual an seasonal dynamics of the lead
content in the river Bregalnica with its tributaries was monitored, it can be seen that there is a
variation in the values of a relatively wide range between respective measuring sites, monthly
variations, which id the consequence of anthropogenic influence upon the living environment.

Full text

Uluslararası Katılımlı
I. ALİ NUMAN KIRAÇ
TARIM KONGRESİ VE FUARI
27-30 Nisan 2011
ESKİŞEHİR
BİLDİRİLER/
PROCEEDINGS
1
st
National Agriculture Congress and
Exposition on behalf of
Ali Numan Kıraç with
International Participation
April 27
-
30, 2011
CİLT I /VOLUME I

ALİ NUMAN KIRAÇ
Ali Numan Bey 1897’de Bursa’da doğmuş, Afyon İdadisi ve Bursa
Ziraat Mektebi’nden mezun olmuştur.
Bursa Ziraat Mektebi’nde öğretmen olarak başlayan ziraatçılık
serüveni, Ankara’da Gazi Çiftliğinde devam etmiş ve eğitimini
geliştirmek için Atatürk tarafından Amerika Birleşik Devletlerin
e
gönderilen ilk ziraatçı olmuştur. 1927-1931 yılları arasında Kansas
Ziraat Koleji sonra Nebraska Üniversitesi’nden mezun olarak
Türkiye’de dönmüş ve çalışmalarına Eskişehir’de devam etmiştir.
“Kıraç” soyadı kendisine Atatürk tarafından verilmiştir.
Ali Numan Bey ve eşi Semiha Hanım on yıl sürece oğulları Can ve
İnan’la Eskişehir’in beş kilometre dışında Karacaşehir eteklerinde
kurulan Drayfarming Deneme İstasyonu’nda yaşamışlardır.
Ali Numan Kıraç, Türk tarımının gelişmesi için eleman yetiştirme, ye
ni
metotlar ve ürünler geliştirme çalışmalarını 31 yıl sürdürmüştür. Türk
tarımında kullanılan pek çok yeni tür tohumu geliştirmiştir. Tarım
Bakanlığı Müsteşarlığı ve Devlet Üretme Çiftlikleri Genel
Müdürlüğü’nden emekli olarak İstanbul’a taşınmış ve 30
Haziran 1954
günü hayata veda etmiştir.

Uluslararası Katılımlı
I. ALİ NUMAN KIRAÇ
TARIM KONGRESİ VE FUARI
27-30 Nisan 2011
ESKİŞEHİR
BİLDİRİLER/
PROCEEDINGS
CİLT I /VOLUME I
1
st
National Agriculture Congress and
Exposition on behalf of
Ali Numan Kıraç with
International Participation
April 27-30, 2011
Editörler/Edited by
Dr. Hasan TOSUN
Dr. Ece TURHAN
Dr. Zehra AYTAÇ

iv
KURULLAR / COMMITTEE
(Kurul üyeleri soyadlarına göre alfabetik olarak sıralanmıştır)
(Committee members are alphabetically ordered according to their last names)
Onur Kurulu / Honour Committee
Prof. Dr. İrfan ASLAN Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi Rektörü
Prof. Dr. Mehmet BABAOĞLU Konya Ticaret Odası Karatay Üniv. Rektörü
Prof. Dr. Sabri GÖKMEN Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Rektörü
Prof. Dr. İsmail GÜVENÇ Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Rektörü
Mehmet Mehdi EKER Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanı
Prof. Dr. Atilla ERİŞ YÖK Yürütme Kurulu Üyesi
Prof. Dr. M. Fatih KARAASLAN Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniv. Rektörü
Vedat MİRMAHMUTOĞ
ULLARI Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Müsteşarı
Prof.Dr. Nizamettin ŞENKÖYLÜ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Rektörü
Prof. Dr. Cemal TALUĞ Ankara Üniversitesi Rektörü
Prof. Dr. Fazıl TEKİN Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Rektörü
Prof.Dr. Nüket YETİŞ TÜBİTAK Başkanı
Prof. Dr. İbrahim H. YILMAZ Iğdır Üniversitesi Rektörü
Danışma Kurulu / Advisory Committee
Doç. Dr. Muzaffer AYDEMİR TKB Koruma ve Kontrol Genel Müdürü
Mehmet Halis BİLDEN Tarım İşletmeleri Genel Müdürü
Prof. Dr. Zeki BOSTAN Ordu Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Doç. Dr. Masum BURAK TKB Tarımsal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürü
Prof. Dr. Mustafa Y. CANBOLAT Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Ahmet ÇOLAK Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ali ÇULLU Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Hacı DULUKLU TKB Toprak Reformu Genel Müdürü
Prof. Dr. Alper DURAK
İnönü Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. İbrahim ERDAL Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Ali GÜLÜMSER Bozok Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Ali İrfan İLBAŞ
Erciyes Üniversitesi Seyrani Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Ahmet İSTANBULLUOĞLU Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Ali KARACA TKB Tarımsal Üretim ve Geliştirme Genel Müdürü
Prof.Dr. Orhan KARACA Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Osman KARAGÜZEL Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Mehmet KURAN Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Ayzin KÜDEN Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. F. Akın OLGUN Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Emine ÖZDEMİR Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Ayhan ÖZTÜRK Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Kadir SALTALI
Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof.Dr. F. Kemal SÖNMEZ Dicle Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Turgay ŞENGÜL Bingöl Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Mehmet TAŞAN TKB Teşkilatlanma ve Destekleme Genel Müdürü
Prof. Dr. Şefik TÜFENKÇİ Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Güngör YILMAZ Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Hüdai YILMAZ Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı
Prof. Dr. Hüseyin ZENGİN Iğdır Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dekanı

v
Bilim Kurulu/ Science Committee
Prof. Dr. Esvet AÇIKGÖZ Uludağ Üniversitesi
Prof.Dr. Necati AKBULUT Ege Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. İlknur AKGÜN Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi
Doç. Dr. Mevlüt AKÇURA Bingöl Üniversitesi
Prof.Dr. Muhammet ALAN
Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Ali Münir ALTAN Ege Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Halis ARIOĞLU Çukurova Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Remzi ATLIHAN Yüzün
cü Yıl Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Turgut AYGÜN Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. İdris BAHÇECİ
Harran Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. İsmet BAŞER Namık Kemal Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Belgin ÇAKMAK Ankara Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Hayran ÇELEM Ankara Üniversitesi.
Prof. Dr. A.Esen ÇELEN Ege Üniversitesi
Doç. Dr. Öner ÇETİN Dicle Üniversitesi
Doç. Dr. Kerim Mesut ÇİMRİ Ahi Evran Üniversitesi
Prof.Dr. Adnan DEĞİRMENCİOĞLU Ege Üniversitesi
Doç. Dr. Muharrem ERGÜN Bingöl Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Mustafa ERKAN Akdeniz Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Sabit ERŞAHİN Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi
Prof.Dr. Resul GERÇEKÇİOĞLU Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Sait GEZGİN
Selçuk Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Şaban GÜÇLÜ Atatürk Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Ahmet Ali IŞILDAR Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Orhan KARACA Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi
Prof.Dr. Vahap KATKAT
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Doç. Dr. Ali KAYGISIZ Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Kenan KAYNAŞ Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Kudret KEVSEROĞLU Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Halil KIRNAK Harran Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Hüseyin KOÇ
Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Celalettin KOÇAK Ankara Üniversitesi
Doç. Dr. Yusuf KONCA Erciyes Üniversitesi
Doç. Dr. Mehmet KOYUNCU
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Muhlis MACİT
Atatürk Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Ahmet Ruhi MERMUT Harran Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Ferhat ODABAŞ Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Mustafa OĞLAKÇI Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniver
sitesi
Prof.Dr. Nazmi ORUÇ
TEMA Vakfı
Prof. Dr. Hüseyin ÖĞÜT
Selçuk Üniversitesi
Prof.Dr. Necati ÖREN Çukurova Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Sebahattin ÖZCAN Ankara Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Burhan ÖZKAN Akdeniz Üniversitesi
Prof.Dr. M. Bülent ÖZKAN Ege Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Serap POLATSÜ Ankara Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Abuzer SAĞIR Dicle Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Türke
r SAVAŞ Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
Doç. Dr. Fatih SEYİS Bozok Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Gökhan SÖYLEMEZOĞLU Ankara Üniversitesi
Doç. Dr. Ahmet ŞAHİN Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi
Prof.Dr. Vedat ŞENİZ Uludağ Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Mustafa TAN Atatürk Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Veyis TANSI Çukurova Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Ekmel TEKİNTAŞ Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Osman TİRYAKİ Erciyes Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Celal TUNCER Selçuk Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Tamer UÇAR Bozok Universitesi
Prof. Dr. Poyraz ÜLGER
Namık Kemal Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Köksal YAĞDI Uludağ Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Tarık YARILGAÇ
Ordu Üniversitesi
Prof. Dr. Nuri YILMAZ Ordu Üniversitesi

vi
Düzenleme Kurulu / Organizing Committee
Samet Hasan ABACI ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi
Bilgin AYDIN Bilecik Tarım İl Müdürü
Çiğdem AYDOĞAN ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi
Zehra AYTAÇ ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi (Kurul Sekreteri)
Nazife Gözde AYTER ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi
Zekiye Budak BAŞÇİFTÇİ ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi
Ali BAYKUL ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi
Harun CİNLİ ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi
Ömer DEMİRTAŞ Kütahya Ziraat Odası Başkanı
Yasemin EVRENOSOĞLU ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi
Bekir GENCER
Kütahya Tarım İl Müdürü
Nurdilek GÜLMEZOĞLU ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi
Mevlüt GÜMÜŞ Eskişehir Tarım İl Müdürü
Halil GÜNGÖR TEMA Eskişehir Şube Başkanı
Harun KARACAN Eskişehir Ticaret Odası Başkanı
Yakup KARAMAN
Eskişehir Anadolu Tarımsal Araştırmalar Enstitüsü Müdürü
Ertuğrul KARAŞ
Eskişehir Toprak ve Su Kaynakları Araştırma Enst. Müdürü
Nihal KAYAN ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi
Yusuf KIZILDAĞ Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası Eskişehir Şube Başkanı
Engin Gökhan KULAN ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi
İmren KUTLU ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi
Murat OLGUN ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi
Selim ÖĞÜTÜR Eskişehir Ticaret Borsası Başkanı
Ahmet SEVİNEN Bilecik Ziraat Odası Başkanı
Hasan TOSUN ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi (Kurul Başkanı)
Ece TURHAN ESOGU Ziraat Fakültesi (Kurul Sekreteri)
Hüseyin ÜNAL Eskişehir Ziraat Odası Başkanı

vii

ix
ÖNSÖZ
Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi (ESOGU), Uluslararası Kuru Tarım Araştırma
Merkezi (ICARDA), Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı (TKB) ve Türkiye Bilimsel ve
Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) tarafından ortaklaşa düzenlenen
Uluslararası Katılımlı I.Ulusal Ali Numan Kıraç Kongre ve Fuarına hoş geldiniz.
Organizasyon komitesi sizleri aramızda görmekten büyük mutluluk duymaktadır.
Bu kongrenin amacı, Türkiye’de ve komşu ülke
lerde ortaya çıkan tarımsal
problemleri değerlendirmek, alternatif çözümleri tartışmak ve yeniliklerin
benimsenmesine yardımcı olmaktır. Komite, anlamlı ve faydalı bir kongre ve fuarın
oluşması için hiçbir fedakârlıktan kaçınmamıştır.
Organizasyon komitesi, katılımcılara konu başlıkları aşağıda verilen 400’ün üzerinde
sözlü ve poster sunumunun olduğu ilginç oturumlar ile yüksek seviyeli teknik
programlar hazırlamıştır.
 Bitki besin elementleri ve toprak verimliliği
 Bitki yetiştirme ve ıslahında gelişmeler
 Bitki ekolojisi ve fizyolojisi
 Tarımsal biyoteknoloji
 Endüstriyel bitkiler ve bio-dizel üretimi
 Alternatif bitkiler
 Bitki korumada gelişmeler
 Bitkisel gen kaynakları
 Hasat sonu teknolojileri
 Toprak koruma
 Sulama sistemleri, su yönetimi ve su kullanım stratejileri
 Hayvan besleme
 Toprak reformu ve arazi toplulaştırma
 Tarımda çevre sorunları ve çevre dostu üretim teknikleri
 Küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliğinin tarım üzerindeki etkisi
Aynı zamanda programda gıda güvenliği, stratejileri ve teknolojileri ile ilgili özel
teknik oturumlar oluşturulmuştur. Ayrıca özgün konularda uluslararası literatüre
katkı koymuş bilim insanlarını davet edilerek programa dahil edilmiştir.
Kongrenin; mühendisler, müşavirler ve bilim insanları arasında deneyimlerin ve
yeni gelişmelerin paylaşıldığı ve işbirliği imkânının yaratıldığı bir fırsat ortamı
olmasını ümit ediyorum. Aynı zamanda delegeler ve yakınlarının Anadolu’nun
tarih ve kültür yüklü bu şehrinde zevkli anlar geçirebilecekleri düşünüyorum.
Tekrar hoş geldiniz. Başarılı bir Kongre ve Fuar dilerim.
Organizasyon Komitesi adına
Prof. Dr. Hasan TOSUN
Organizasyon Komitesi Başkanı

x
PREFACE
On behalf of the Organizing Committee you are warmly welcomed to the First
National Congress and Exposition on Agriculture in memory of Ali Numan Kırac
with international participation. It was organized by Eskişehir Osmangazi University
(ESOGU), International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area (ICARDA),
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (TKB), National Scientific and Research
Council (TUBİTAK). The purpose of this congress is to evaluate the problems of
agriculture in Turkey and neighboring countries and discuss the alternative solutions
and to advance the implementation of practice and to ensure the safe foods by
ecological agriculture activities. The organizing committee has been working
extremely hard to present a meaningful and worthwhile congress and exposition.
The Committee is proud to offer to delegates the opportunity to take part an
interesting sessions and a high level technical program including over 400 oral and
poster presentations on the following topics:
 soil fertility and plant nutrition
 plant ecology and physiology
 agricultural biotechnology
 alternative plants
 developments in plant protection
 environmentally friendly production
 water management and water strategy
 farm machinery and innovations
 animal breeding
 biology of reproduction
 animal nutrition
 agricultural - environmental problems
 effects of global warming and climatic changes in agriculture.
Also on the program, a special technical sessions will be realized on the food safety,
food processing and technologies and keynote lectures on special topics will
presented by the invited speakers.
I hope that the congress has been an opportunity for engineers, consultants and
scientists working in the field of agriculture and other issues to meet and to present
new ideas, achievements and experiences and to incorporate of the latest knowledge
into practice. Also it has provided an enjoyable experience for cultural and social
activities with the background of an ancient city in Anatolia for the delegates and the
accompanying people.
Welcome again. Have a great Congress.
Prof. Dr. Hasan TOSUN
Head of Organizing Committee

xi
Sayfa/Page
ÖNSÖZ/FOREWORD
I. CİLT / VOLUME I
DAVETLİ BİLDİRİLER
KEYNOTE LECTURES
“Agricultural Solutions to Global Micronutrient Malnutrition Problem” / “İnsanlarda Yaygın
Mikroelement Noksanlıklarının Giderilmesinde Tarımın Rolü”
İsmail ÇAKMAK
1
“An Integrated Approach of Improving Crops Water Productivity in the Context of Climate Change” /
“
İklim Değişikliği Durumunda Bitki Su Etkinliğini Geliştirmede Entegre Bir Yaklaşım”
Mohammed KARROU
9
“Agricultural Research and Their Importance for the Economy of the Country” / “
Tarımsal
Araştırmalar ve Ülke Ekonomisi için Önemi”
Masum BURAK, A. Ahmet YÜCER
21
“Drought Effect on Wheat Yield and Mitigation the Drought Effect by Breeding
” / “Kuraklığın
Buğday Verimi Üzerine Etkisi ve Islah Yolu ile Kuraklık Etkisinin Azaltılması
”
Mesut KESER, A. MORGOUNOV, Y. KAYA
39
“Using Genomics and Proteomics Data to Study Quantitative Traits in Potatoes” /
“Patateste
Kantitatif Özelliklerin İncelenmesinde Genomik ve Proteomik Verilerin Kullanımı”
Gefu WANG-PRUSKI
47
“Resolving the Infertility Syndrome of Lactating Dairy Cows of The 21
st
Century: A Vivid Example
of Technology Transfer” /
“21. Yüzyılda Laktasyon Dönemindeki Süt Sığırlarında Kısırlık
Sendromunun Tahlili: Teknoloji Transferinin Etkili Bir Örneği”
William W. THATCHER
57
“Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Bitkiler ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Etkileri” / “Genetically Modified Plants and
Their Socioeconomic Impacts”
Sebahattin ÖZCAN
75
“Optimizing Water Management Using Smart Irrigation Controller: A Farm Management Level for
Irrigation under Deficit” /
“Akıllı Sulama Kontrolörü Kullanarak Su Yönetiminin Optimizasyonu: Su
Noksanlığı Koşulları için Bir Çiftlik Yönetimi”
Fadi KARAM
83
“Türkiye'de Bologna Süreci Açısından Yükseköğretimdeki Gelişmeler ve Tarımsal
Yükseköğretimden Beklenenler” /
“Progress in Turkish Higher Education and Expectation in
Agricultural Higher Education in the Aspect of Bologna Process”
Atilla ERİŞ
93
TARIMDA DOĞAL KAYNAKLAR VE ÇEVRE
GENETIC RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
“Türkiye’nin Korunga Tür Zenginliği Üzerine Araştırmalar” / “Studies on the Richness of Sainfoin
Species in Turkey
”
Süleyman AVCI, Satı ÇÖÇÜ, Cengiz SANCAK, Ahmet DURAN, Sebahattin ÖZCAN, Cafer
Sırrı SEVİMAY
105
“Van ve Çevresi’nde Sebze
ve Baharat Olarak Kullanılan Önemli Bazı Yabancı Otlar”/ “Some
Special Weeds Used as Vegetable and Spice in and around Van”
İlhan KAYA
113

xii
“Karadeniz Bölgesi’nden Toplanan Sert Mısır (
Zea mays
L
.
indurata
) ve Cin Mısır (
Zea mays
L.
everta ) Genotiplerinin Tohum ve Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi” / “Determination of Seed and
Qaulity Charactesitics of Flint Corn
(Zea mays L. indurata ) and Popcorn (Zea mays L. everta )
Collected from Blacksea Region”
Fatih ÖNER, Ali GÜLÜMSER, İsmail SEZER, Zeki MUT, Hasan AKAY
125
“Türkiye Kökenli Linum bienne Mill. (Yabani Keten) Türü Üzerinde Bir Araştırma”/ “A Research on
the Species of Turkey Originated Linum bienne Mill.”
Hüseyin UYSAL, Orhan KURT
133
“Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi Doğal Alanlarından Toplanan Bazı Fiğ Türlerinin Ot Kalite
Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi” / “The Determination of Quality Characters of Some Vetch Species
Collected in Natural Areas of Southeastren Anatolia Region”
Mehmet BAŞBAĞ, Erdal ÇAÇAN, Ali AYDIN, M. Salih SAYAR
143
“Gü
neydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi Doğal Vejetasyonlarında Yer Alan Anchusa strigosa Labill.’nın Bazı
Ot Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi”/ “The Determination of Quality Characters of Anchusa
strigosa Labill. Field in Natural Vegetations of Southeastren Anatolia Region of Turkey”
Ali AYDIN, Mehmet BAŞBAĞ
153
“Doğu Anadolu Bölgesinden Toplanan Yem Bezelyesi Populasyonlarının Bazı Özellikleri”/ “Some
Characteristics of Forage Pea Populations Collected from Eastern Anatolia Region”
Mustafa TAN, Ali KOÇ, Binali ÇOMAKLI, Erdal ELKOCA
161
“Bakü Şehrinin Yeşillendirilmesinde Kullanılan Ağaç ve Ağacımsı Bitkilerin Tanıtımı”/ “
Introduction of Trees and Bushes in Flora of Bakü”
Tofiq MAMMADOV, Zemfira ABBASOVA
169
“Linuron ve Trifluralinin Topraktaki Degradasyonu”/
“Degradation of Linuron and Trifluralin in the
Soil”
A. Alev BURÇAK, Cengiz KARACA, Ergün CÖNGER, M. Selçuk BAŞARAN, Ayşegül
YILDIRIM
171
“Pestisitler ve Bal Arıları”/ “Pesticides and Honey Bees”
Cengiz ERKAN, Serbay SANDALCIOĞLU
183
“Tokat İli Çevre Kirliliği Envanteri”/ “Inventory of Environmental Pollution in the Province of
Tokat”
Gümüş Funda Gökçe KILCI, Esin Hande BAYRAK, Semire Yokuş KALPAKÇI
189
“K.K.T.C.’de Yeşil Alanlara İlişkin Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri”/ “Problems of Turfgrass in
Cyprus and Some Suggestions”
Reşat DEĞİRMENCİ, Nihat YILMAZ
203
“Mühendislik Yatırımlarında Planlama ve Önemi” / “Planning and İt’s Importance in Engineering
Investment”
Selami OĞUZ
211
“The Potential of Weed Plant Species for Treating Metal Contaminated Soils” /
“Metalle Bulaşık
Toprakların İşlenmesinde Yabancı Ot Türlerinin Potansiyeli”
Behrooz Eshghi MALAYERI, Mitra NOORI
217
“Study of Comparative Biotic Windbreak (
Tamarix aphylla) and Abiotic Windbreak (Mud Wall) on
Changes of Wind Velocity (Case Study: Jiroft Region, Iran)”/
“Biyotik (Tamarix aphylla) ve/veya
Abiyotik Rüzgar Kıran (Kerpiç Duvar)’ın Rüzgar Hızındaki Değişimle Karşılaştırılması Çalışması
(Örnek Çalışma: Jiroft Bölgesi, İran)”
Iraj AMIRI, Sayed Mahmoud HOSEINI
223
“Study of Desertification Base on Wind Erosion (Case Study: Sistan Region, Iran) / “
Rüzgar
Erozyonu Tabanlı Çölleşme Çalışması (Örnek Çalışma: Sistan Bölgesi, İran)”
Seyed Mahmoud HOSEINI
233
“Study of Type and Intensity Effective Factors in Desertification Sistan Region, Iran”/
“Sistan
Bölgesinde Çölleşmede Tür ve Yoğunluk Etkinliği Faktörleri Çalışması”
Seyed Mahmoud HOSEINI
241
“Study of Water Pollution Factors in Sistan Region, Iran, Problems and Solutions” /
“Sistan
Bölgesinde Su Kirliliği Faktörleri, Sorunlar ve Çözümleri Çalışması”
Seyed Mahmoud HOSEINI, Rohallah HASSANSHAHI, Hamed SHAFIE, Iraj AMIRI
249

xiii
“Phytotoxicity of Cadmium and Lead to Some Pasture Crops as Affected by Introduction of
Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi” /
“Endojen Arbuscular Mikorizal Mantar Girişiyle
Etkilenen Bazı Çayır Bitkilerinde Kadmiyum ve Kurşun Fitotoksisitesi”
Mohammad RAHMANIAN, Habib KHODAVERDILOO, Younes REZAEE DANESH,
Mirhassan RASOULI SADAGHIANI
253
“Study on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Status Associated with Thyme Rhizospheres in Central
Parts of Iran”/ “İran’ın Merkez Bölgelerinde Kekik Rizosferleriyle Birleşik Arbuscular Mikorizal
Mantarların Durumu”
Younes REZAEE DANESH, Alinaghi JANANI, Mirhassan RASOULI SADAGHIANI, Morad
JAFARI, Ali ESKANDARI
257
“Remediation and Restoration of Pollutant Environments: Plants and Microorganisms as Paramount
Bio-Operators”/
“Kirlenmiş Çevrelerin İyileştirilmesi ve Onarılması: Olağanüstü Biyo-Operatör
Olarak Bitki ve Mikroorganizmalar”
Morad JAFARI,Younes REZAEE DANESH
263
“Distribution of Lead in the Waters, Sediment, Rice and Vegetable Crops in the Basin of the River
Bregalnica”/
“Bregalnica Nehri Havzası’nda Su, Tortul Madde, Çeltik ve Sebzelerde Kurşun
Dağılmıı”
Snezana Stavreva-VESELINOVSKA, Jordan ZIVANOVIK
269
“Microorganisms- Indicators of the Level of Soil Pollution with Lead” /
“Mikroorganizmalar:
Toprakta Kurşun Kirliliği Düzeyinin İndikatörleri”
Snezana Stavreva-VESELINOVSKA
279
“Tarımsal Kaynaklı Nitrat Kirliliği ve Olumsuz Etkileri” / “Nitrate Pollution Based on Agriculture
and
İt’s Negative Effects”
İlker SÖNMEZ, Halil DEMİR
287
“Bitkilerde Kadmiyum Toksisitesi” /
“Cadmium Toxicity in Plants”
Ece TURHAN, Çiğdem AYDOĞAN
295
“Doğal Bir Arı Ürünü; “Propolis” ve Kullanım Alanları”/ “A Natural Bee Product; “Propolis” and
İt’s Usage Area”
Banu DAL
305
“Adana İlinde Yapılan Koruyucu Toprak İşleme ve Doğrudan Ekim Çalışmaları”/ “Conducted
Researches of Conservation Tillage and Direct Seeding in Adana Province”
Hasan Ali KARAAĞAÇ, Zeliha Bereket BARUT, Sait AYKANAT, Mehdi A. COŞKUN
311
“
Buğday Tarımında Farklı Toprak İşleme ve Ekim Yöntemlerinin Ekonomik Analizi”/ “Economi
Analysis of Different Tillage and Seeding Methods in Wheat Farming
”
Sait AYKANAT, Zeliha Bereket BARUT, M. Murat TURGUT, Hasan Ali KARAAĞAÇ
323
“Tarımsal Çevre Yönetimi Sistemleri ve Gübre İdare Yöntemleri”/ “Environmental Managemet
Systems and Manure Management”
Zeki GÖKALP, Sedat KARAMAN
331
“Evsel Atıksu Arıtma Çamurlarının Tarımda Kullanılması: Genel Değerlendirme” / “Use of
Municipal Sewage Sludge in Agriculture”
Nazmi ORUÇ, Yeşim Sıla TURAN
339
“
Küresel İklim Değişikliği ve Hayvansal Üretim Etkileşimi” / “Global Climate Change and Animal
Production Interactions”
Nazan Koluman DARCAN, İrfan DAŞKIRAN, Serap GÖNCÜ, Sezen OCAK
349
“
Eskişehir’de 1991-2009 Yılları Arasında Kuraklık İncelemesi ve Su Yöntimi”/ “Research on
Drougth Phenomenon Between 1991-
2009 in Eskişehir ”
Nazmi ORUÇ
357
“
Eskişehir-Kütahya ve Bilecik İllerinde Aydeniz Yöntemine Göre 1991-2009 Yılları Arasında
Tarımsal Kuraklığın Araştırılması ” /
“Investigation of Agricultural Drought Between 1991-2009 by
using Aydeniz Methods, for Eskisehir-Kütahya and Bilecik Provinces”
Ramazan ÖZGER, Bülent HIZLI, Hikmet KORKMAZER, Nazmi ORUÇ
367
“Türkiye’de Tütün Verimi Üzerine İklim Faktörlerinin Etkileri”/ “Impacts of Climate Factors on
Tobacco Yields in Turkey”
Hatice KIZILAY, Handan AKÇAÖZ, İlkay KUTLAR, Asaf ÖZALP
377

1st National Agriculture Congress and
Exposition on behalf of
Ali Numan Kıraç with
International Participation
April 27-30, 2011
DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD IN THE WATERS, SEDIMENT, RICE AND
VEGETABLE CROPS IN THE BASIN OF THE RIVER BREGALNICA
Snezana STAVREVA-VESELINOVSKA
1
, Jordan ZIVANOVIK
2
ABSTRACT
During the period from January to December 1999 year and 2000, 2007 and 2008 field research has
been made at 20 measuring points on the river Bregalnica together with its tributaries. The research
made during these year on the territory of East Macedonia had an aim to establish the degree of water
pollution in the river Bregalnica with its tributaries, and distribution of lead in the sediment, rice and
vegetable crops in the basin of the river Bregalnica pollution with heavy metals as a result of direct
release of waste water from lead-zinc mines “Zletovo” and “Sasa” as well as from copper mine
“Bucim”. From the results acquired research while the annual an seasonal dynamics of the lead
content in the river Bregalnica with its tributaries was monitored, it can be seen that there is a
variation in the values of a relatively wide range between respective measuring sites, monthly
variations, which id the consequence of anthropogenic influence upon the living environment.
Key words: River Bregalnica, heavy metals, water, lead, rice, sediment.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, industry and agriculture in Macedonia are co-evolving, often in the same area. Factories are
established in the central region where there are paddy fields. Heavy metals such as cadmium and lead
are widely used in industry. They enter to the environment from natural and anthropogenic sources.
The most important anthropogenic sources of soil pollution to metals are industrial sludge sewage
discharging, applying super phosphate fertilizers, burying the non-ferrous wastes in land and closing
the agricultural fields to lead and Zinc mines or refining factories (Rowland
et al., 1997). These
metals contaminate food source and accumulate in both agricultural products and seafood through
water, air and soil pollution (Lin
et al., 2004). Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are two of the most well-
known environmental intoxicants to humans.
Lead is a heavy metal considered highly toxic to human and animals. The effects of lead are the same
whether it enters the body through breathing or swallowing. The main target of lead toxicity is the
nervous system, both in children and adults. Long-term exposure of adults to lead at work has resulted
in decreased performance in some tests that measure functions of the nervous system. Lead exposure
may also cause weakness in fingers, wrists, or ankles. Some studies in humans showed that lead
exposure may increase blood pressure, but the evidence is still inconclusive. Lead exposure may also
cause anemia, a symptom showing low number of red blood cells. High-level exposure in males can
damage the organs responsible for sperm production. In plants, lead inhibits chloroplast bio
1
Professor, University “Goce Delcev” Stip, Macedonia, e-mail: snezana.veselinovska@ugd.edu.mk
2
Professor, University “Goce Delcev” Stip, Macedonia, e-mail: jordan.zivanovik@ugd.edu.mk
269

generation and photosynthesis due to direct interference with the reaction caused by light or indirect
interference with the synthesis of carbohydrates, resulting in flaccidity of stomatal guard cells,
impairing transpiration and carbon dioxide exchange, and further reducing of carbohydrate synthesis.
The toxicity of lead also inhibits DNA synthesis, cell division, and seed germination (Iqbal et al.,
2000).
Studies and research of heavy metals in ecosystems have shown that many areas near cities, urban
complexes, mines or great road systems contain unusually high concentrations of heavy metals. The
soil in these regions is especially contaminated by a wide range of sources of lead (Pb), cadmium
(Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As) and other heavy metals. Nriagu (1988) wrote that we may be
experiencing “a quiet epidemic of poisoning the environment with heavy metals” by the existent
increased quantities of metals that are thrown up into the atmosphere.
Water as the basic component of any living matter is one of the essential factors of the survival of our
planet, and cannot be replaced by anything. 71% of the Earth’s surface is under water, 98.77% of
which is salty and mineral water in the seas and oceans, and 1.23% is fresh water which is available to
mankind and other living organisms. 1.19% of freshwater is contained in the Antarctic polar cap, and
0.040% is in rivers, lakes, underground waters and atmospheric water.
Water is the most universal phenomenon in nature, and as a precondition of total life on the planet it –
directly or indirectly – influences all human activities in space. As the most significant and most
specific component of living matter in all the stages of its evolution, water is the most precious
resource on earth that fulfils the needs at the level of planetary survival. It occurs in the form of a
uniquely essential and very rich substance in any plant or animal cell, as well as in other elements in
the natural environment, and in urban surroundings created by man. Because of this, mankind must
pay its full attention to the issue of water, it must make severe efforts to protect and preserve its
natural resources with a quality that will provide a future of healthy, rich and long living.
OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH
This research was performed along the river Bregalnica with its tributaries: the rivers Zletovica,
Kamenichka Reka, Osojnica and Kriva Lakavica.
In the first year of research (1999) the material for analysis was taken once a month in the course of
the whole calendar year (from January to December). During this period the annual dynamics of the
content of heavy metals in the river Bregalnica and its tributaries was monitored, as well as in the
river sediment, in leaves and fruits of
Oryza sativa L, and in some vegetable crops such as Lactuca
sativa, Allium sativum, Capsicum annuum
and Solanum lycopersicum.
During the second year of research (2000) the seasonal dynamics of the heavy metals content (Pb, Zn,
Cd, Mn, Cu and Fe) was monitored. The material for analysis was taken during the four seasons
(spring, summer, autumn and winter).
In the years of research (2007 and 2008) the material for analysis was taken during the four seasons
(spring, summer, autumn and winter).
Research was performed at twelve measuring pints along the river Bregalnica with some of its
tributaries (rivers Zletovica, Kamechka Reka, Osojnica and Kriva Lakavica) into which the waste
waters of the zinc and lead mines “Zletovo” and “Sasa” and the copper mine “Buchim” are being let
out.
Water and sediment was taken a material for analysis from all the mentioned measuring points during
the two years of research. Exceptions were Kozja and Svina reka after the mine, i.e. T2 and T3,
270

because sediment analysis was not made as it was represented there with fractions of coarse sand and
gravel and not with mud, because of the rapid flow of these rivers. These measuring points are located
at 1000 m above sea level.
The choice of measuring pints was made according to the location of industrial objects, i.e. lead and
zinc mines “Zletovo” and “Sasa”, as well as copper mine “Buchim”. The three tributaries of the river
Bregalnica were taken as objects of research because the flotation waste waters of the three mines
directly flow into them and continue to contaminate the water of the river Bregalnica. The locations of
the measuring points in the frames of the researched area were chosen to be situated before and after
the flow of the tributaries of the river Bregalnica, and the measuring point on the river Osojnica is
taken to be the control measuring point because there are no industrial objects in its vicinity.
Sampling
Samplings had been carried out during in 1999, 2000, 2007 and 2008 years. Grab water samples
(number of samples collected n=20) were collected in polyethylene cans and transported to the
Faculty of natural Science, Institute of Biology, Vegetable samples were collected in polyethylene
bags during the harvest time. Soil samples at surface level (0-15 cm in depth) were collected from the
same locations where the vegetable crops were sampled.
Sample preparation
Water samples (500 ml) were filtered using Whatman No. 41 (0.45 µm pore size) filter paper for
estimation of dissolved metal content. Filtrate and as collected water samples (500 ml each) were
preserved with 2 ml nitric acid to prevent the precipitation of metals. Soil samples were air dried and
ground into fine powder using pestle and mortar and passed through 2 mm sieve. Well mixed samples
of 2 g each were taken in 250 ml glass beakers and digested with 8 ml of aqua regia on a sand bath for
2 h. After evaporation to near dryness, the samples were dissolved with 10 ml of 2% nitric acid,
filtered and then diluted to 50 ml with distilled water. Vegetable samples were thoroughly washed to
remove all adhered soil particles. Samples were cut into small pieces, air dried for 2 days and finally
dried at 105
0
C in an hot air oven for 24 h. The samples were ground in warm condition and passed
through 1 mm sieve. Digestion of these samples (2g each) was carried out using 10 ml of 2% nitric
acid, according to the procedure used for soil samples.
Analysis
Heavy metal analyses were carried out using flame atomic absorption Spectrophotometer – PERCIN
ELMER 5000, to the Faculty of natural Science, Institute of Biology, Skopje. The calibration curves
were prepared separately for all the metals by running different concentrations of standard solutions.
Average values of five replicates were taken for each determination and were subjected to statistical
analysis.
FAO, USEPA and Macedonian guidelines for maximum limits of metals in irrigation water were
compared here. The guideline for maximum allowable limits of metals in soils was adopted from
Lacatusu (2005) and for Fe and Mn from Weigert (1991).
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSION
The complex approach to determining the distribution of heavy metals in water ecosystems enables us
to get relevant data about the level of contamination of ecosystems. The performance of analysis of a
number of substrates (soil, sediment, plant organs) represents a key approach to getting valid and
reliable conclusions.
The analysis results of the heavy metals content in water often give us only an orientation about the
quality of water. The concentration of soluble heavy metals depends on numerous factors such as:
characteristics of the water basin, contents of suspended particles (Botelho et al., 1994; Pelletier
1996), pH value (Tack and ass. 1996), sulphides and phosphates (Reczynska-Dutka, 1991), chemical
271

interactions, organic matter and bio-accumulative processes. The relativity of the water analysis
results is especially noticed during short or discontinued letting out of heavy metals (Vogel and
Chovanec, 1992). However, the first picture of the level of contamination of the river ecosystem is
based on the analysis of water. The research performed so far about the level of contamination with
heavy metals in the river Bregalnica also go in this direction.
The results of the two-year research along the river Bregalnica with its tributaries show intensive
contamination of this river with lead. Compared to the analysis done by Whitton et al. (1989) at 60
measuring points in Great Britain (maximum values for lead 22.4 µg/l) and Reczynska-Dutka (1991)
at three man-made accumulation lakes in Poland (42.3 µg/l), the data about the lead content in the
tributaries of the river Bregalnica (Kozja and Svina Reka, Kamenichka Reka, and the rivers Kiselica
and Koritnica) that carry the waste waters of the lead and zinc mines “Zletovo” and “Sasa” are a
hundred times higher.
The lead contents results during the two years of research in the waters of the river Bregalnica with its
tributaries show variations in values in a relatively wide range between respective measuring sites,
monthly variations, as well as differences in values got for the two years as a result of direct letting
out of flotation waste waters of the lead-zinc ore from the mines “Zletovo” and “Sasa”.
Table 1: Average annual values of lead content in the waters (mg/l)
and sediment (mg/kg) of the river Bregalnica with its tributaries
Pb
1999 2000
Measuring point
water sediment
water sediment
Т1 r. Bregalnica (Iliovo) 0.19 109 0.15 112
Т2 Kozja Reka above the mine 0.02 - 0.02 -
Т3 Svinja Reka above the mine 0.02 - 0.01 -
Т4 Kozja Reka after the mine 3.03 2899 2.66 3329
Т5 Svinja Reka after the mine 3.32 2766 3.88 3065
Т6 Kamenicka Reka 1.65 4009 2.14 4275
Т7 Kamenicka Reka - after waste deposit 3.02 1223 2.95 1420
Т8 Kamenicka Reka - before the dam 1.38 710 1.06 940
Т9 Dam Kalimanci 0.15 438 0.12 523
Т10 Dam Kalimanci - exit 0.07 87 0.07 97
Т11 R. Bregalnica (Istibanja) 0.11 78 0.10 81
Т12 R.Bregalnica (Ularci) 0.07 132 0.06 129
Т13 R.Zletovica (Ularci) 0.12 275 0.11 374
Т14 R. Bregalnica (Balvan) 0.10 325 0.08 353
Т15 R. Kriva Lakavica 0.18 541 0.15 609
Т16 R. Bregalnica (Dragoevo) 0.15 121 0.07 185
Т17 R. Bregalnica (Novo Selo) 0.15 106 0.06 127
Т18 R. Kiselica 1.98 758 1.82 812
Т19 R. Koritnica 0.42 868 0.58 924
Т20 R. Osojnica 0.02 29 0.02 35
At the twenty measuring points along the river Bregalnica with tributaries during the two years of
research, only at the measuring points Kozja and Svina Reka that are located above the mine at 1000
m above sea level, and at the measuring point on the river Osojnica next to the village Blatec near
Vinica mean annual values (0.01-0.02 mg/l) lower than the values prescribed for Maximum Allowed
Concentrations for I and II category of water (up to 0.01 mg/l, Official bulletin of R. Macedonia
18/99). At all the other measuring points mean annual values of the lead content in water (0.07-3.32
mg/l in the first research year; 0.06-3.88 mg/l in the second year of research), are considerably higher
than the MAC for the V category of water (>0.03 mg/l). Maximum values of 1.38-3.32 mg/l and of
1.06-3.88 mg/l in the two research years were measured in the waters of the rivers Kozja and Svina
272

Reka after the mine “Sasa”, the rivers Kamenichka reka and Kiselica as direct carriers of the waste
waters from the two lead and zinc mines “Zletovo” and “Sasa”. Our results show that the rivers
Bregalnica and tributaries are highly contaminated with lead that has a very negative effect upon all
the other components of the environment, which was confirmed by our research.
The analysis of the lead content in the sediment of the river Bregalnica and its tributaries show that
the measuring points situated upstream have a relatively low level of contamination with lead.
Namely, the lead content values in the sediment at the measuring points T4, T5, T6, T18, and T19
(the rivers Kozja and Svina Reka, and Kiselica and Koritnica) are considerably higher (710-4009
mg/kg in the first year of research and 924-4275 mg/kg in the second year). The decrease in lead
content in sediment can be noticed in the lower course of the river Bregalnica (81-353 mg/kg), while
the lowest values were measured at the control measuring point during both years of research; the
mean annual value is a hundred times lower compared to the measuring points (T4, T5, T6, T18, and
T19). The greatest contaminators of the rivers are the waste waters from the mines “Zletovo” and
“Sasa” where the values are increased manifold because of the their waste waters that have relatively
high concentrations of heavy metals.
Table 2: Average annual values of lead content in the waters (mg/l)
and sediment (mg/kg) of the river Bregalnica with its tributaries
Pb
2007 2008
Measuring point
water sediment
water sediment
Т1 r. Bregalnica (Iliovo) 0.22 145 0.25 112
Т2 Kozja Reka above the mine 0.01 - 0.04 -
Т3 Svinja Reka above the mine 0.02 - 0.03 -
Т4 Kozja Reka after the mine 4.22 3599 3.44 4523
Т5 Svinja Reka after the mine 5.12 3796 4.97 4021
Т6 Kamenicka Reka 1.89 5209 3.45 5575
Т7 Kamenicka Reka - after waste deposit 4.55 1623 4.05 1789
Т8 Kamenicka Reka - before the dam 2.12 820 2.87 1089
Т9 Dam Kalimanci 0.23 542 0.43 620
Т10 Dam Kalimanci - exit 0.12 101 0.09 105
Т11 R. Bregalnica (Istibanja) 0.21 118 0.19 98
Т12 R.Bregalnica (Ularci) 0.11 156 0.09 144
Т13 R.Zletovica (Ularci) 0.22 346 0.23 421
Т14 R. Bregalnica (Balvan) 0.23 475 0.31 356
Т15 R. Kriva Lakavica 0.26 674 0.32 789
Т16 R. Bregalnica (Dragoevo) 0.20 146 0.22 255
Т17 R. Bregalnica (Novo Selo) 0.23 177 0.26 187
Т18 R. Kiselica 2.46 868 2.99 923
Т19 R. Koritnica 1.25 921 1.43 1034
Т20 R. Osojnica 0.01 45 0.01 46
At the twenty measuring points along the river Bregalnica with tributaries during the two years of
research, only at the measuring points Kozja and Svina Reka that are located above the mine at 1000
m above sea level, and at the measuring point on the river Osojnica next to the village Blatec near
Vinica mean annual values (0.01-0.02 mg/l) lower than the values prescribed for Maximum Allowed
Concentrations for I and II category of water (up to 0.01 mg/l, Official bulletin of R. Macedonia
18/99). At all the other measuring points mean annual values of the lead content in water (0.07-3.32
mg/l in the first research year; 0.06-3.88 mg/l in the second year of research), are considerably higher
than the MAC for the V category of water (>0.03 mg/l). Maximum values of 1.38-3.32 mg/l and of
1.06-3.88 mg/l in the two research years were measured in the waters of the rivers Kozja and Svina
Reka after the mine “Sasa”, the rivers Kamenichka reka and Kiselica as direct carriers of the waste
waters from the two lead and zinc mines “Zletovo” and “Sasa”. Our results show that the rivers
273

Bregalnica and tributaries are highly contaminated with lead that has a very negative effect upon all
the other components of the environment, which was confirmed by our research.
The analysis of the lead content in the sediment of the river Bregalnica and its tributaries show that
the measuring points situated upstream have a relatively low level of contamination with lead.
Namely, the lead content values in the sediment at the measuring points T4, T5, T6, T18, and T19
(the rivers Kozja and Svina Reka, and Kiselica and Koritnica) are considerably higher (921-
5209mg/kg in the first year of research and 1034-5575 mg/kg in the second year). The decrease in
lead content in sediment can be noticed in the lower course of the river Bregalnica (118-475 mg/kg),
while the lowest values were measured at the control measuring point during both years of research;
the mean annual value is a hundred times lower compared to the measuring points (T4, T5, T6, T18,
and T19). The greatest contaminators of the rivers are the waste waters from the mines “Zletovo” and
“Sasa” where the values are increased manifold because of the their waste waters that have relatively
high concentrations of heavy metals.
Table 2 shows mean annual valus of the lead content in water and sediment in research years 2007
and 2008. These results compared with the results from years 1999 and 2000 are slightly higher. One
of the reasons for these higher values is the damage that happened on the waste landfill of the lead
and zinc mine “Sasa”.
Rice is an important crop as it is basic food for two thirds of the world’s population. Rice (
Oryza
sativa
) is one of the world’s most important cereal crops, providing staple food for nearly a half of the
world population. In many developing countries, rice is the main source of food security and is
intimately associated with local lifestyles and culture. Rice may be contaminated by lead. So far, there
was no report regarding harm from lead contaminated rice to consumers, but this does not mean that
there is no lead contamination in rice. Food Control Division of Macedonia (2009) announced that
lead in rice grain must not exceed the food hygiene concentration limit (1.0 mg Pb per 1 kg dry weight
(DW) of food). Lead may also be a contaminant in bran, the most widely-used rice by product. Rice
bran is a good source of vitamins for humans and animals and is valuable as food and feed. A basic
knowledge of lead accumulation in rice would be beneficial and essential to rice marketing in the
future. Thus, this experiment is aiming to study lead accumulation in roots, shoots/leaves and grains
of rice grown in contaminated soils.
Table 3: Average annual values of lead content in the waters (mg/l), soil, leaf and fruit (mg/kg)
of the
Oryza sativa L of the river Bregalnica with its tributaries
Pb
1999 2000
water soil leaf fruit water soil leaf fruit
R. Osojnica 0.03 36.70 3.83 0.83 0.013 38.56 4.06 0.75
R. zletovica 0.14 182.96 13.53 3.80 0.15 181.22 14.36 2.97
R. Bregalnica 0.12 408.68 18.59 3.42 0.12 421.39 18.81 3.99
HS. Bregalnica 0.08 328.54 18.63 3.50 0.07 333.12 18.85 4.09
In Macedonia the production of rice is concentrated in the eastern region along the course of the river
Bregalnica, around towns Kochani, Shtip and Vinica, and there are smaller areas around towns Veles
and Probishtip. The average return in Macedonia is about 4300 kg/ha. Mean annual values of lead
content in the leaf and fruit of
Oryza sativa L. are lowest at the control measuring point Blatec (3.83
mg/kg in the leaf and 0.83 mg/kg in the fruit), where rice crops are irrigated with the water from the
river Osojnica whose lead content in water is 0.02 mg/l and is on the borderline for MAC for I and II
category of water, while the lead content in soil is 36.70 mg/kg and is below the borderline for MAC
for lead in soil (up to100 mg/kg).
At the other three measuring points where rice crops are irrigated with water from the rivers
Bregalnica and Zletovica and the hydroelectric power station “Bregalnica”, mean annual values of
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lead content vary from 0.08 to 0.14 mg/l while these values are considerably higher than MAC for II
and IV category of water (up to 0.03 mg/l, while mean annual values of lead content in soil are
between 182.96-408.48 mg/kg dry mass and are considerably higher than MAC for lead in soil.
Table 4: Average annual values of lead content in the waters (mg/l), soil, leaf and fruit (mg/kg)
of the
Oryza sativa L of the river Bregalnica with its tributaries
Pb
2007 2008
water soil leaf fruit water soil leaf fruit
R. Osojnica 0.02 42.70 2.53 0.83 0.01 42.33 4.96 0.92
R. zletovica 0.22 194.56 14.33 3.80 0.23 193.42 16.14 3.78
R. Bregalnica 0.23 378.68 19.29 3.42 0.12 501.29 20. 44 4.65
HS. Bregalnica 0.08 401.54 19.23 3.50 0.07 403.32 21.65 5.26
Table 4 shows mean annual values of the lead content in water, soil, leaf and rice grain measured in
the course of the years 2007 and 2008. Compared with the research in the years 1999 and 2000 the
obtained values are slightly higher.
As a result of the statistical data processing we got the correlation coefficient which is 0.75 for the
lead content in water and rice leaf, and 0.71 in fruit. It shows a strong dependence of lead content in
leaf and fruit of
Oryza sativa L. on the lead content in water it was irrigated with.
Heavy metals in vegetables
Next to oxygen, water is the most important substance for human existence and it is essential for
everything on our planet to grow and prosper. Freshwater rivers, lakes and ground water are used to
irrigate crops, to provide drinking water and to act as a sanitation system. Although we as humans
recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Most of our water
resources are gradually becoming contaminated due to the addition of foreign materials from the
surroundings. These include organic matter of plant and animal origin, land surface washing and
industrial and sewage effluents. Rapid urbanization and industrialization with improper environmental
planning often lead to discharge of industrial and sewage effluents into rivers. In addition to the
process of desertification, pollution is also reducing the volume of safe fishing, irrigation and drinking
water.
The problem of water pollution due to toxic metals has begun to cause concern now in most
metropolitan cities. The toxic heavy metals entering the ecosystem may lead to geoaccumulation,
bioaccumulation and biomagnifications. Heavy metals like Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and other trace elements are
important for proper functioning of biological systems and their deficiency or excess could lead to a
number of disorders [3]. Food chain contamination by heavy metals has become a burning issue in
recent years because of their potential accumulation in biosystems through contaminated water, soil
and air.
Therefore, a better understanding of heavy metal sources, their accumulation in the soil and the effect
of their presence in water, soil and on plant systems seem to be particularly important issues of
present day research on risk assessment. The main sources of heavy metals to vegetable crops are
their growth media (soil, air, nutrient solutions) from which these are taken up by the roots or foliage.
The results of the lead content in vegetable crops that are raised in the river basin of Bregalnica show
some differences in relation to the measuring sites. The lowest values were measured at the control
measuring point Blatec, in the nearest vicinity of the town Vinica where the water of the river
Osojnica (left tributary of the river Bregalnica) are used to irrigate vegetable crops. The relatively low
lead content in water (lower than MAC for I and II category of water), and the low level of lead
content in soil where vegetable crops are raised, are the reasons for getting low values in the range of
4.15 mg/kg in
Allium sativum, to 6.81 mg/kg in Solanum lycopersocum. At the other measuring
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points the same values were 3 to 15 times higher when compared to the control measuring point,
where relatively high values of lead content in water and soil were measured.
Table 5: Average annual values of lead content in the Lactuca sativa,
Allium sativum, Capsicum annuum and Solanum lycopersicum
(mg/kg)
Pb
1999 2000
lettuce garlic pepper tomato lettuce garlic pepper tomato
M.Kamenica 90.29 112.19 69.41 99.46 90.53 107.05 74.35 114.03
Ularci 61.54 61.72 14.71 23.84 66.07 71.40 18.49 24.21
Istibanja 55.34 62.14 15.51 19.31 55.66 62.32 1749 19.90
Blatec 5.99 4.77 4.98 6.81 5.89 5.23 5.92 8.34
Most of the laboratory research on bio-sorption of heavy metals indicates that no single mechanism is
responsible for metal uptake. In general, two mechanisms are known to occur, viz., ‘adsorption’,
which refers to binding of materials onto the surface and ‘absorption’, which implies penetration of
metals into the inner matrix, Michio, X, 2005. Either one of these or both the mechanisms might take
place in the transportation of metals into the plant body. Vegetables take up metals by absorbing them
from contaminated soils, as well as from deposits on different parts of the vegetables exposed to the
air from polluted environments (Ejaz Ul Islam et al., 2007).
Difference in metal concentration in vegetables seems to imply that different types of vegetables have
different abilities to accumulate the metals. In spite of the mechanism involved in the element uptake
by root, plants are known to respond to the amounts of readily mobile type of metals in soil. The order
of toxic heavy metal contaminations in vegetables are vary with toxic metals. Different vegetable
species accumulate different metals depending on environmental conditions, metal species and plant
available forms of heavy metals (Lokeshwari, and Chandrappa 2006).
The statistical data processing by means using the STATGRAPHICS program for determining the
correlation coefficient shows a moderately strong dependence of variables. The correlation coefficient
between the lead content in water and in
Lactuca sativa is 0.82, for Allium sativum r = 0.79, for
Capsicum annum r = 0.84 and for Solanum lycopesrsicum r = 0.82.
By means of Kruskal-Wallis test (statistical data processing) of the differences between the medians,
when the zero hypothesis is “that there is no statistically significant difference between the values of
medians”, for the four measuring points we get the p value amounting to p = 0.0001 for lead content
in soil, p = 0.00043 in water, and p = 0.0003 in rice leaf. As p<0.05 there is a statistically significant
difference among the mean values at the four measuring points, at 95% level of trust. The exception to
this is the lead content in the fruit where the p value we got by means of statistical data processing is
0.442 and is greater than 0.05, and there is no statistically significant difference at 95% level of trust.
Table 6: Average annual values of lead content in the Lactuca sativa,
Allium sativum, Capsicum annuum and Solanum lycopersicum
(mg/kg) dry weight
Pb
2007 2008
lettuce garlic pepper tomato lettuce garlic pepper tomato
M.Kamenica 94.23 114.69 72.21 99.89 93.23 110.15 79.95 114.03
Ularci 63.64 65.22 16.31 25.44 69.17 73.30 19.56 24.21
Istibanja 59.64 69.04 17.81 21.51 57.31 64.12 19.03 20. 42
Blatec 3.59 4.97 5.13 7.34 5. 91 4.89 4.23 5.12
Table 6 shows mean annual values of the lead content in Lactuca sativa Alium sativum, Capsicum
annum
and Solanum lycopersicum (mg/kg) dry weight. Compared with the results from 1999 and
2000 there is an increase in the lead content in vegetables at the measuring points M. Kamenica,
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Ularci and Istibanja, while at the measuring point Blatec these values show a decrease in the lead
content.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
From the study it is revealed that, untreated sewage and industrial effluents are the main source of
pollution to Bregalnica water body and irrigation with contaminated river water containing variable
amounts of heavy metals leads to increase in concentration of metals in soil and vegetables, which is
grown using the polluted water. Concentration of metals in vegetables will provide baseline data and
there is a need for intensive sampling for quantification of results throughout the country. Since
cabbage is the least accumulator of metals and metalloids, it may be less risky to eat cabbage than
eating lettuce or Swiss chard, from health standpoint.
To avoid entrance of metals into the food chain, municipal or industrial waste should not be drained
into rivers without prior treatment. Apart from treating the discharge that enters into the rivers, it is
also imperative to utilize alternative measures of cleaning up the already contaminated substrates.
Continuous monitoring of soil, plant and water quality together with prevention of metals entering
vegetables is a prerequisite in order to prevent potential health hazards to human beings.
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