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Biodiversity and socioeconomic factors supporting farmers' choice of wild edible trees in the agroforestry systems of Benin (West Africa)
Abstract
Wild edible trees are expected to play a significant role in the crop diversification programs and agroforestry development in Africa. In the present study, the diversity of wild food species and socio-economical factors that support farmers' choice for the species used in these systems were assessed. A number of selected sites in each of the 3 climatic zones of Benin were surveyed. Data were collected through a field exploration and a semi-structured survey among 435 selected households throughout the country, using a questionnaire. The most culturally important species ranked by locals were determined for each climatic zone and the relations between the targeted species in traditional agroforestry systems and the reasons which support peasants' choices were described through a Principal Component Analysis. A total of 43 wild edible trees were found in the traditional agroforestry systems of Benin during the survey. Traditional agroforestry systems in the Guineo-Congolian zone turned out to be the most diversified with 29 species followed by the Sudanian zone with 22 species and Sudano-Guinean zone with 16 species. The most culturally important wild edible trees in traditional agroforestry systems in the Guineo-Congolian zone were different from those identified in Sudanian and Sudano-Guinean zones. Three main reasons that support peasants' ambition to conserve or to grow wild edible trees in their field were: their contribution to food, their use in traditional medicine and ceremonies and the farmers' perception of their availability in natural vegetation.
... The DTZ has hydromorphic, well-drained soils, and lithosols. The vegetation of this zone is mainly composed of savannas with small trees [28]. The mean annual rainfall is 953 mm [29]. ...
... The mean annual rainfall is 953 mm [29]. The temperature varies from 24 to 31 • C and relative humidity varies from 18 to 99% [28]. ...
... In STZ, soils are ferruginous with variable fertility [30,31]. The vegetation is characterized by a mosaic of woodland, dry dense forests, tree and shrub savannas, and gallery forests [28]. The mean annual rainfall is 1155 mm [29]. ...
In Benin, adaptation to climate change in the livestock sector has led cattle farmers to develop different livestock practices. Most research has focused on evaluating the effects of these practices on livestock productivity. However, information on the effect of these practices on carbon (C) sequestration in farmland soils is lacking. Soil C sequestration has been identified as a potential strategy to offset greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the present study aimed at filling this gap. The calculation was one hand based on inventory data obtained from literature sources (excrement production of each cattle category, moisture content of each crop, ratio of crop residue to main product, and C content of the main product and excrement) and on the other hand on activity data (cattle herd size, manure applied, land use area, crop yield, and crop residues management) obtained from surveys carried out among 360 cattle farmers belonging to 3 cattle farming types. The results revealed that whatever the cattle farming type, annual C input from manure was higher (p˂0.05) than C input from crop residues. Annual C sequestration in farmland soil of farms integrating livestock with cereal-legume and forage crops was significantly higher (Type 2: 158.07 ± 1.79 kg C ha−1 year−1) followed by farms integrating livestock with cereal-legume crops (Type 1: 99.51 ± 0.95 kg C ha−1 year−1), which in turn had a higher value than farms practicing pastoral mobility (Type 3: 78.46 ± 0.70 kg C ha−1 year−1). These results highlight the potential for climate change mitigation through these farming practices. This is justified because the quantity of C sequestered in farmland soil of all cattle farming types was significant. Thus, for future research, it is necessary to include soil C sequestration in the calculations of farms' carbon footprint.
... It was also suggested that agroforestry systems are more realistic for the future conservation of spatial biodiversity (Udawatta et al. 2019). Furthermore, in the context of current impacts of climate change, there are new insights and consideration of agroforestry to conserve tree species in agricultural landscapes (Assogbadjo et al. 2012;Aleza et al. 2015). There is equally an increasing recognition of social, cultural, economic, ecological and environmental benefits of conserving trees in crop lands especially for smallholder farmers (Assogbadjo et al. 2012). ...
... Furthermore, in the context of current impacts of climate change, there are new insights and consideration of agroforestry to conserve tree species in agricultural landscapes (Assogbadjo et al. 2012;Aleza et al. 2015). There is equally an increasing recognition of social, cultural, economic, ecological and environmental benefits of conserving trees in crop lands especially for smallholder farmers (Assogbadjo et al. 2012). The ancestral practice of sparing some useful trees while clearing lands for agricultural purpose is often referred to as traditional agroforestry systems. ...
... Thus, despite the current concerns on the conservation of tree species on the farmlands in this Catchment, there is not sufficient understanding of how the diversity of tree species manifests in the existing traditional farmlands and the factors that contribute to their improvement. Previous studies mostly focused on the use of diversity of woody species and determining factors for their prioritization (Assogbadjo et al. 2012;Lokonon et al. 2017Lokonon et al. , 2019. Only very few studies have focused on the state of their diversity and structure factors in these areas. ...
Demographic pressure and human activities are having significant impacts on biodiversity conservation. As traditional farmlands have challenges of coupling crop production and conservation of biodiversity, this study assessed traditional farmlands in regard to their typology and impacts on conservation of tree species. A line tran-sect of 26 km was applied for the identification of the farmlands. Tree species were inventoried within each farm. A cluster analysis was performed for the typology; tree species diversity indices and dendrometric parameters were computed and analysed according to farmland groups. Five groups of farmlands were found with the small in size (< 1 ha) having high number of crop species but small number of tree species which dominated the farmlands' cover. Larger farmlands (≥ 1 ha) have fewer crop species but more tree species with high crown cover. On average, tree species richness varied between 2 and 14 in the four farmland groups, with a relatively low Shannon diversity index (1.15-3.18 bits). Tree density, total height of trees and tree crown cover did not vary significantly between the farmland groups (p > 0.5). However , mean stem diameter varied significantly between farmland groups, with larger farmland groups having greater trees with greater diameter. Tree species conservation strategies within agroforestry systems should mainly target the large farmlands in the Ouémé catchment.
... It was also suggested that agroforestry systems are more realistic for the future conservation of spatial biodiversity (Udawatta et al. 2019). Furthermore, in the context of current impacts of climate change, there are new insights and consideration of agroforestry to conserve tree species in agricultural landscapes (Assogbadjo et al. 2012; Aleza et al. 2015). There is equally an increasing recognition of social, cultural, economic, ecological and environmental bene ts of conserving trees in crop lands especially for smallholder farmers (Assogbadjo et al. 2012). ...
... Furthermore, in the context of current impacts of climate change, there are new insights and consideration of agroforestry to conserve tree species in agricultural landscapes (Assogbadjo et al. 2012; Aleza et al. 2015). There is equally an increasing recognition of social, cultural, economic, ecological and environmental bene ts of conserving trees in crop lands especially for smallholder farmers (Assogbadjo et al. 2012). The ancestral practice of sparing some useful trees while clearing lands for agricultural purpose is often referred to as traditional agroforestry systems. ...
... Previous studies mostly focused on the use of diversity of woody species and determining factors for their prioritization (Assogbadjo et al. 2012;Lokonon et al. 2017Lokonon et al. , 2019. Only very few studies have focused on the state of their diversity and structure in these areas. ...
Increase in human population and activities are having signi cant impacts on the conservation of biodiversity. As traditional farmlands have challenges of coupling crop production and conservation of biodiversity, this study aims at assessing traditional farmlands in regard to their typology and impacts on conservation of tree species. A line transect of 26 km was applied for the identi cation of the farmlands and tree species were inventoried within each farm. A cluster analysis was performed; tree species diversity indices and dendrometric parameters were computed and analysed according to each of farmland groups. Five groups of traditional farmlands were found with the small areas with high number of crop species and tree species with dominated cover and the large areas with small number of crop species and tree species with high crown cover and a high number of tree species. The trees species diversity was high within the largest size farmlands. The tree density (p = 0.249), total height of trees (p = 0.585) and tree crown area (p = 0.813) were not signi cantly different among farmland groups. The stem diameter varied signi cantly among farmland groups and the large size farmland groups have high diameter values. The distributions of the diameter of trees for all the farmland groups showed the shapes that were characterized by the tree populations with higher amount of small size stands for all farmland groups. Large farmlands may be promoted to target tree species conservation in agricultural areas in the localities of Ouémé catchment.
... Thereby agroforestry is referred to as a resilient land use system which comprises the integration of woody perennials with crops and/or livestock on the same land (Nair et al. 2021). Many agroforestry trees provide fruits especially after the cropping season, fuelwood, timber, and resin which serve as source of food and cash as these products are sold (Assogbadjo et al. 2012). For some species prunning of leaves and twigs offers nutritious fodder (Bazié et al. 2012;Zampaligré 2012). ...
... As a response to land scarcity, farmers in West-Central Burkina Faso (Roose et al. 1994;Hauchart 2007) grow a higher number of different crops on the same piece of land than those in Koulikoro. In the wake of increasing climatic variability in the study area, crop diversification may increase cropping systems' resilience and stability (Assogbadjo et al. 2012). Farmers in Koulikoro have higher crop yields than those in West-Central Burkina Faso because they apply more mineral fertilizer ( Table 2). ...
Despite the well-known potential of agroforestry systems to sustain livelihoods and ecosystem services, their targeted adoption in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa is low. To address this, we used questionnaires with 279 farmers to understand their socio-economic characteristics determining the adoption of agroforestry technologies and to record the preferred tree species in the Koulikoro region of Mali and West-Central region of Burkina Faso. The result of a binary logistic regression showed that income, off farm activities, average number of owned sheep, cooperative membership, forage security, and maintained trees and shrubs fostered the adoption of agroforestry technologies. Contrarily, the adoption of agroforestry technologies was negatively influenced by household size and crop yield. Our data show that agroforestry parklands are the most popular agroforestry technology. The most common agroforestry tree species in the study region was Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn. The dominance of V. paradoxa within these parklands may be partly explained by the tree’s adaptation to severe drought and fire hazards, which are common to the study region. The study also revealed that smallholder farmers in Mali maintained trees on farms mainly for food security, whereas in Burkina Faso trees were mainly kept for maintaining soil fertility. We conclude that in all initiatives aimed at promoting the adoption of agroforestry in the study region, efforts should be made to consider farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics, tree preferences, and perceptions (as identified in this study).
... Moreover, agroforestry can potentially mitigate climate change, as several practices within the system are found to improve carbon sequestration and therefore reducing GHG emissions [10,14]. Moreover, the system can promote biodiversity through the incorporation of different species of plants/crops which may provide homes for various wildlife [15][16][17]. Apart from its positive impact on the environment, several studies have also highlighted the socio-economic benefits of agroforestry for rural communities [18]. The implementation of a diverse agroecosystem including trees (timbers, fruits) and livestock might provide alternative incomes for the community promoting economic resilience [19]. ...
... The cultivation of different tree species in agroforestry system also improves biodiversity providing a habitat for the wildlife [16]. In addition, trees can also prevent soil erosion and landslides (in the higher slopes) due to the strong rooting system around the soil matrix [7,54]. ...
Several studies have highlighted the benefit of implementing agroforestry for rural communities. From the perspective of socio-economic, agroforestry can potentially improve smallholders’ income, increase food security, promote gender equality and stimulate cultural activities in rural areas. Furthermore, agroforestry can enhance ecosystem service through improved soil structure, increased carbon sequestration and higher water retention. Despite having many advantages, the adoption of agroforestry among rural communities, particularly among smallholder farmers in developing countries remains limited. The absence of agroforestry in public policy causes little recognition of this system to tackle the climate crisis as well as to improve rural livelihood. This may be due to, among others, a less comprehensive evidence on impacts that simultaneously touch upon social, economic as well as environmental aspects of agroforestry on the community. This review gives a special emphasis on the current evidence depicting the characteristics of agroforestry adoption, its benefits and potential drawbacks, as well as challenges for the adoption in some developing countries. The outcomes might help related stakeholders to make appropriate decisions to improve rural livelihood.
... Moreover, agroforestry can potentially mitigate climate change, as several practices within the system are found to improve carbon sequestration and therefore reducing GHG emissions [10,14]. Moreover, the system can promote biodiversity through the incorporation of different species of plants/crops which may provide homes for various wildlife [15][16][17]. Apart from its positive impact on the environment, several studies have also highlighted the socio-economic benefits of agroforestry for rural communities [18]. The implementation of a diverse agroecosystem including trees (timbers, fruits) and livestock might provide alternative incomes for the community promoting economic resilience [19]. ...
... The cultivation of different tree species in agroforestry system also improves biodiversity providing a habitat for the wildlife [16]. In addition, trees can also prevent soil erosion and landslides (in the higher slopes) due to the strong rooting system around the soil matrix [7,54]. ...
Several studies have highlighted the benefit of implementing agroforestry for rural com-
munities. From the perspective of socio-economic, agroforestry can potentially improve smallholders’
income, increase food security, promote gender equality and stimulate cultural activities in rural areas.
Furthermore, agroforestry can enhance ecosystem service through improved soil structure, increased
carbon sequestration and higher water retention. Despite having many advantages, the adoption
of agroforestry among rural communities, particularly among smallholder farmers in developing
countries remains limited. The absence of agroforestry in public policy causes little recognition of this
system to tackle the climate crisis as well as to improve rural livelihood. This may be due to, among
others, a less comprehensive evidence on impacts that simultaneously touch upon social, economic
as well as environmental aspects of agroforestry on the community. This review gives a special
emphasis on the current evidence depicting the characteristics of agroforestry adoption, its benefits
and potential drawbacks, as well as challenges for the adoption in some developing countries. The
outcomes might help related stakeholders to make appropriate decisions to improve rural livelihood
... In the last decade, research questions on ES have been increasingly focused on provisioning services [4,5,[20][21][22][23][24][25]. In order to design effective vegetation management that prevents damage and promotes well-being of local people, it is important to take into account the needs of the latter. ...
... The socioeconomic importance, availability and population dynamics of species define the management of traditional agroforestry systems. According to Assogbadjo et al. [21], species perceived by local communities as threatened are integrated into traditional agroforestry systems. However, the populations admit general degradation of the ecosystems. ...
Context
In Burkina Faso, Sudanian savannas are important ecosystems for conservation of plant diversity. Due to desertification and insecurity, population migration from the North has increased human density and anthropogenic pressure on southern savannas. This study aims to investigate knowledge of local populations on ecosystem services (ES) and perception of their conservation.
Method
Individual semi-structured interviews about knowledge on ES and ecosystem conservation issues were conducted. Informants were selected according to sociocultural groups and sex in three areas of different land use intensity: the communal area of Dano (CAD), the Total Wildlife Reserve of Bontioli (TWRB) and the Game Ranch of Nazinga (GRN). The use value and vulnerability index of each plant species were determined. A cluster analysis and a principal component analysis were carried out to identify the particular knowledge of different ethnic groups.
Results
Overall, 163 plant species were cited for fifteen ES. Provisioning services were most frequently cited (100%), regulating services second most frequently (92.47%). Entire plants were exclusively used for ES with non-material benefits (protection against wind, for shading, soil fertility, erosion prevention, tourism and religion). The ten species contributing most to ES provision were Vitellaria paradoxa , Parkia biglobosa , Diospyros mespiliformis , Adansonia digitata , Lannea microcarpa, Faidherbia albida , Khaya senegalensis , Afzelia africana, Ficus sycomorus , Pterocarpus erinaceus. Seven of them were identified as highly vulnerable. Around GRN, migrants and natives shared the same knowledge, while migrants in TWRB used the ES only to a small extent due to restricted contact with the native population. Migrants and natives of GRN had more knowledge on tourism and crafts services while the natives of CAD and TWRB made use of the services that sustain the quality of the agricultural land and meet their primary needs. To reduce further degradation, different communities suggested unanimously raising awareness of the importance of biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. The most quoted motivations to preserve ecosystems were vegetation sustainability and village development.
Conclusion
This study documented important local knowledge-based information to guide cultivation of local multipurpose species and initiation of communities to practice best management strategies for sustainable conservation of biodiversity.
... In sub-Saharan Africa, WEPs provide a significant part of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), mitigating food scarcity and improving the living conditions of local communities (Lykke and Padonou 2019). The exploitation of NTFPs provides income that helps to improve living standards and contributes to economic growth (Assogbadjo et al. 2012). WEP can play a role as staple food, and they are a significant source of vitamins, minerals and fibre (Ahmad et al. 2021;Teklehaymanot and Giday, 2010). ...
The bush banana, Uvaria chamae is a wild plant species that is widely used for medicinal and nutritional purposes in sub-Saharan Africa. There are concerns that anthropogenic and climatic pressures may cause U. chamae to decline in Benin. This study aims to evaluate the demographic variability and regeneration mechanisms of U. chamae in Benin to assess its regeneration ability and guide sustainable management programmes. Based on an initial survey of occurrence sites of U. chamae in Benin, 14 research sites were selected within the distribution range of the species in Benin, covering seven phytodistricts in two biogeographical zones. A total of 172 plots of 30 m × 30 m were installed, with the number of plots per site ranging from four to 20, depending on the abundance of the species at the respective site. The following variables were recorded for each U. chamae individual: stem diameter 20 cm above the ground surface, number of branches, health status (healthy or diseased) and regeneration mechanism (seedling, resprouting, sucker). The density, mean diameter and basal area were calculated and compared between the Guineo-Congolian and Sudano-Guinean biogeographical zones. The results showed that density, basal area, number of branches and regeneration mechanism varied significantly between the two biogeographical zones. The Guineo-Congolian zone showed a higher mean population density (94.42 ± 31.03 SD individuals per hectare) of the bush banana than the Sudano-Guinean zone which showed a lower mean population density (63.27 ± 22.37 SD individuals per hectare). The demographic structure of the U. chamae populations with a high proportion of young individuals suggests that regeneration capacity is not a limiting factor. Uvaria chamae regenerates mostly through vegetative propagation by resprouting and suckering, enabling it to spread locally and likely create clonal stands. To address potential threats to the species that are expected to increase due to human population growth and projected climate change, we suggest to explore options for introducing U. chamae in agrofor-estry systems to promote its sustainable management.
... The local wisdom of various agrarian countries has a long history in the food sector, including Indonesia. Studies conducted in Benin (West Africa) show that one of the reasons farmers conserve their fields is their need to carry out traditional ceremonies (Assogbadjo et al., 2012). Residents in Uganda are able to overcome various food problems by applying the teachings of their ancestors (Egeru et al., 2015). ...
Global climate change has a direct impact on world food security, including in Indonesia. In fact, previous generations have local wisdom in the context of food preservation. The people of Bima Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province also have local wisdom about how to maintain food that has long been inherited from their ancestors. This study aims to identify how the Bima people with their local wisdom can maintain food values ??in their area. This study was conducted using a qualitative method with an ethnographic strategy. The data sources were informants including traditional leaders, local communities, traditional ceremony implementers, and the procession of traditional ceremonies and their equipment. Sampling was carried out using purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews and field observations of traditional ceremony processions. Data validity testing was carried out by triangulation of sources and methods. Data analysis techniques with interactive models. The results of the study showed that the value of local wisdom about food preservation was presented through folklore, traditional ceremony processions and traditional ceremony offerings. The folktale entitled fare ma lingi conveys the message that we must maintain agricultural activities in accordance with the teachings of our ancestors. The procession of the ampa fare traditional ceremony conveys the message of a frugal lifestyle and managing food
... Changes in forest cover in arid and semi-arid zones have significant repercussions on water resources and population dynamics. Studies in Burkina Faso have highlighted the complex links between land use, population growth, and natural resources [29] (Ouedraogo et al., 2010). Research in Senegal has demonstrated the considerable socio-economic value of trees for local communities, underscoring the importance of forest resources for their livelihoods [30]. ...
Forest massifs in semi-arid zones play an essential role in maintaining ecological balances and the livelihood of local communities. However, unsustainable logging in these regions can have devastating ecological, and socio-economic consequences. This bibliometric review aims to synthesize the available evidence regarding the impacts of logging in semi-arid ecosystem. Analysis of publication trends reveals a significant increase in research from 2008, reflecting a growing awareness of the issues related to sustainable forest management. The United States, Canada, Australia and China the most prominent countries in this field. The bibliometric analysis of the highlights major concerns related to climate change, clear-cutting, interactions with demographic dynamics and biogeochemical cycles. However, gaps remain, including a lack of data specific to semi-arid areas, limited understanding of the complex interactions between different dimensions of impacts, and insufficient integration of local perspectives and traditional knowledge. This review highlights the need to continue interdisciplinary and collaborative research efforts to ensure sustainable management of semi-arid forests in the face of current and future environmental challenges.
... Recently, Avoutchou et al. (2022) reported that population of B. aethiopum play an important role in protecting agricultural soils against wind and water erosion in Chad. Concerning the socio-economic importance, depending of the country and the ethnic groups, leaves and petiole are used for handicrafts and domestic fuel; the stem to make house's frames; roots for medicinal uses; fruits and hypocotyls resulting from seed germination are consumed as food; and sap for production of palm wine (Assogbadjo et al. 2012;Gbesso et al. 2013;Salako et al. 2017;Avoutchou et al. 2022;Atakpama et al. 2022;Zon et al. 2023). Through its area of distribution, all populations are involved in the production of hypocotyls by collecting seeds from wild populations. ...
The African fan palm, Borassus aethiopum, is widely distributed in West and Central Africa. To contribute to the understanding of its evolutionary history and geographical distribution, we have performed the analysis of its genetic diversity and population structure through a wide samples collection in different countries. Simple sequences repeat (SSR) markers were used to assess the population structure and genetic diversity of such samples. Genetic diversity was estimated for a total of 201 samples of B. aethiopum using 13 SSR markers. The result of our analysed populations indicated a mean value of expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.395, suggesting a moderate genetic diversity, with 62% and 37% of molecular variance within individuals and among populations, respectively. Clustering analysis by using Bayesian method and principal component analysis clustered populations into two main groups corresponding to the two sampling regions (West and Central Africa), and each group consists of two genetic clusters. In addition to this, we tested the ability of the same SSR markers to discriminate between both fan palm species occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, namely B. aethiopum and B. akeassii. Hence, our markers can be used as molecular tools for differentiating both species and furthermore for genetic diversity of B. akeassii populations.
... In Benin, a country in West Africa, where the agricultural landscape is characterized by several varieties and types of local species, there is a wide range of agroforestry studies that address very different aspects of agroforestry systems in Benin. They range from ethnobotanical and socioeconomic analyses of agroforestry systems in Benin (Assogbadjo et al. 2012;Koussihouèdé et al. 2020;Lokonon et al. 2021;N'Woueni & Gaoue, 2021;Odounharo et al. 2022), to the vulnerability of systems to human practices and climatic variability (Salako et al. 2019a, b;Kakpo et al. 2024), as well as assessing the contribution of these systems to the conservation of plant and animal biodiversity and ecosystem services (Ouinsavi and Sokpon 2008; Assogbadjo et al. 2010;Fifanou et al. 2011;Enagnon Lokonon et al. 2017;Dassou et al. 2020;Koussihouèdé et al. 2020). These studies provide a very valuable background for the development of agroforestry in Benin, as well as guiding future research in the field. ...
In West Africa, and Benin particularly, local forest resources can potentially contribute to both increasing and stabilizing soil productivity. However, these resources continue to be neglected with efforts instead concentrated on promoting exotic species. This study aimed to prioritize local agroforestry species on agricultural landscape by investigating the gendered, socio-demographic and agro-pedological factors of local knowledge and use of agroforestry species amongst small-holder farmers in Benin. An agroforestry inventory combined with an ethno-agroforestry survey was conducted on 364 farms with 364 farmers. A cluster analysis based on farmers' socio-demographic and agroecological factors was used to cluster farmers into two homogeneous agroforestry systems. Median score, species diversity and ecological networks were established for these two systems. Results illustrate that gendered difference exist between the priority that farmers give to multi-purpose species and this prioritization depends on priority ecosystem services for farmers and gender. Therefore, it would be useful first to consider gender and specific needs of each category of farmer to optimize the choice of agroforestry species to be promoted in such systems. The successful introduction of identified species through extension programs requires more advanced research related to the real contribution of these species to farmland fertilization, as well as the nutrient transmission pathways to associated crops in an agroforestry system to address simultaneously specific ecological, economic and socio-cultural sustainability criteria, as well as improved crop production.
... This study shows that Detarium species are highly valued by local populations, underscoring their critical role within areas of natural occurrence. The consensus among local populations indicates that PAs and fallows are key zones of abundance, affirming the significance of these areas for species conservation (Assogbadjo et al., 2012). This is in accordance with FAO (2015) findings that highlight a positive relationship between species abundance and the level of habitat protection. ...
Understanding local perceptions and the different uses of multipurpose plant species is essential for their sustainable management. Despite this, anthropogenic factors such as deforestation, overexploitation of natural resources, extension of agricultural lands, overgrazing, and bushfires, coupled with the adverse effects of climate change, are contributing to the loss of these species. This study analyses the perceptions of local communities in Burkina Faso regarding the threats to Detarium microcarpum and Detarium senegalense and their implications, aiming to contribute to the effective management and conservation of such species. Through individual semi‐structured and focus group interviews with 465 local people, data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, plant parts used, use categories, threats and their effects, proposed solutions, and perceived conservation strategies. Descriptive statistics (consensus for plant part and relative frequency of citation), component analysis, and non‐parametric analyses were used for data analysis. Results indicated that ethnicity, age, education level, and occupation were the most influential sociodemographic factors in relation to the use of these species. Six plant parts from both Detarium species are used across seven use categories, with fruits (0.40), trunks (0.16), and bark (0.27) being the most exploited. There was consensus among local populations regarding areas of abundance. Threat factors, their effects, and conservation solutions varied significantly according to site status. This study highlights the multipurpose uses of Detarium species throughout Burkina Faso and reveals that threats to these species are linked to the occupation and the status of each site. Sustainable use, effective conservation, and domestication of Detarium species should be considered to promote and sustain the exploitation of non‐timber forest products.
... Besides these, climatic factors such as drought might threaten the existence of Himalayan species (Qiu 2015). Between the two species, more threats were recorded in P. mira linked with the change in agri-practices as socioeconomic factors have an important role in plant selection (Assogbadjo et al. 2012). The population of P. mira and P. armeniaca were threatened more due to changes in agri-practices and development activity similar to other plant-related research in the Himalayas (Dhyani 2023; Sharma and Rana 2013;Shivali and Namrata 2022). ...
Prunus mira and Prunus armeniaca are the two prominent fruit-bearing plant species in the Nepal Himalaya and possess notable ethnobotanical significance. These two species represent relatively unexplored edible resources in Nepalese flora and are characterized by the presence of glands in their leaves and fruits with stony endocarp. Subsequent to an on-site investigation and personal interviews with 90 respondents, we accumulated comprehensive data related to folk nomenclature, distribution, ethnobotanical, threats, and conservation status of P. mira and P. armeniaca in the Nepal Himalaya. We recorded a total of nine vernacular names for P. mira and six for P. armeniaca. P. mira was found to be distributed in six districts at an elevation of 2200–3600 m and P. armeniaca in nine districts within the range between 1500 and 3500 m. The use reports of P. mira were more than 454 and that of P. armeniaca were 367 with significant difference (W = 5485, p < 0.05). Site-wise, the use report of P. armeniaca was significantly different (χ² = 44.317, df = 5, p < 0.01) but the use report of P. mira was less significant. Both species are economically valuable, growing in the farmyards and homestead areas. However, the modifications to agricultural practices posed an additional threat to the survival of these species. Establishing contemporary harvesting infrastructure, developing sustainable marketing goods, and disseminating conservation awareness throughout the Nepal Himalaya areas are necessary to ensure their preservation.
... Smallholder farmers in indigenous agricultural societies typically hold consi-derable knowledge on natural resources like how to maintain soil fertility [1] [2], why to preserve the trees in their agroforestry parklands [3] [4] [5] and how to use the resources and manage them sustainably. Generally, local knowledge has the potential for empirical observations, pattern recognition, linking knowledge with ecological factors, and predicting future outcomes [6] [7]. ...
... Over the years, this practice has become obligatory for farmers (Sturm, 2000) due to the deterioration of living conditions, causing the appearance of parkland species in the West African landscape, the most representative of which are, among others, Faidherbia albida, Parkia biglobosa, Vitellaria, paradoxa (Boffa, 1999). The products of these species in agricultural fields contribute to the food and nutritional security of rural Africans (Omotayo and Aremu, 2020), generate income (Sagna et al., 2019) and protect the environment (Kessler and Breman, 1991;Bonkoungou, 2002;Bayala et al., 2008;Assogbadjo et al., 2012). ...
Agricultural field trees constitute social nets for rural households in Burkina Faso. However, in recent decades they have been affected by climate variability, which has led to a significant reduction in the populations of dominant species such as shea and African locust within them. The objective of this study is therefore to determine the adaptation strategies developed by managers, as well as the factors influencing these strategies to cope with the changing environment. The methodology deployed for this purpose consists of primary and secondary data collection. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyse the collected data. The study revealed that more than 70% of the tree managers are men and the majority of them are illiterate , with households of 5-15 children. In addition, more than 80% of the managers have agriculture as their main activity, and the size of their holdings is between 1ha and 10ha. Three strategies are used by tree managers in agricultural fields. The proactive strategy aims to anticipate the consequences of climate variability. The reactive strategy aims to react to the effects of climate variability. The strategy of silvicultural techniques consists of pruning, grafting and assisting the trees. However, the choice of strategies is influenced by the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents. For example, the proactive strategy is influenced by education level, household size and income from non-timber forest products. For the reactive strategy, the size of the holding and the level of education have an effect on the choice of strategy. For the silvicultural techniques strategy, age and education level have an impact on the choice of strategy. It is then up to the relevant authorities to work in the light of these results to initiate actions to strengthen the coping strategies of the people managing the trees in the agricultural fields.
... Using revenues from the sale of gum Arabic to purchase agricultural inputs can be an effective approach to strengthening the resilience of rural communities to climate change in Niger (FAO, 2018a). The exploitation of NTFPs generates income that contributes to improving the socioeconomic situation of rural households and to the development of national economies (Assogbadjo et al., 2012;Vodouhê et al., 2009). In recent decades, semi-arid areas have experienced an accelerated deterioration of environmental conditions, which has weakened the balance of natural ecosystems (Guimbo et al., 2016).These pressures lead to accelerated degradation of natural plant formations, leading to the decline and disappearance of many woody species used by local populations (Ganamé et al., 2019;Traoré et al., 2019). ...
Climate change posed a significant challenge in the West African Sahel,
a region identified as one of the most vulnerable to climate change
globally. Despite this vulnerability, the role of Non-Timber Forest
Products (NTFPs) in addressing climate change impacts have been
underexplored. This study aimed to compile and analyze existing
research highlighting the contribution of NTFPs in addressing climate
change effects in the West African Sahel. The methodology employed in
this study involved a systematic review of available data, drawing from
various sources such as Google Scholar, Google, Z-library, Mendeley,
and ResearchGate, covering the period from 2010 to 2023. The analysis
revealed two primary categories of NTFPs based on their composition
and societal utility: NTFPs of plant origin and NTFPs of animal origin.
NTFPs made up approximately 3% of West Africa's GDP, with a
significant impact on rural areas. They served as a crucial source of
income for rural households in the Sahel, with some families earning up
to USD 200 per month, constituting a substantial portion of their total
income. The study identified various NTFPs and their roles in climate
action in the West African Sahel. Examples included the leaves of
baobab (Adansonia digitata), gum from Acacia senegal, Vitellaria
paradoxa, and honey. These NTFPs enhanced community resilience by
promoting food and nutrition security, income generation, and land
conservation. Moreover, the study underscored the vital socio-economic role of NTFPs in strengthening community resilience and
their significant contributions to carbon sequestration and biodiversity
conservation. Consequently, this review paper recommended the
inclusion of NTFPs in the climate change policies and programs of the
West African Sahel.
... Agroforestry trees also contribute economic, social, health and environmental benefits through their fruits, timber and plant parts. A number of researchers have emphasised the importance of various trees in West African farming systems [48][49][50][51][52]. ...
One of the major constraints on agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is the steady decline in the level of soil fertility and, consequently, crop yields. In this study, we assessed the impact of the applica-tion of grass mulch on the productivity, net income, soil parameters (soil organic carbon, pH, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogene, conductibility, moisture and bulk density) and plant biodiversi-ty of pineapple-based systems in the ecovillage of Donomadé in Togo. Three systems were as-sessed: mulched pineapple from a local model farm, mulched pineapple from farmers who adopt-ed the model farm system and non-mulched pineapple. Production-related data (e.g., number of plants, the number of productive individuals, and the harvested mass of edible products) were ob-tained. These measurements were combined with semistructured individual interviews with the producers on the history of the plots and production costs in order to assess the plots’ profitability. Fruit production in the mulched plots (21,240 ± 11,890 kg/ha) was three times higher than that in the non-mulched plots (7840 ± 7890 kg/ha), corresponding to two-thirds of the model farm’s pro-duction (33,838 ± 9460 kg/ha). The net incomes of the model farm and the mulched plots were 11 and 8 times higher than those of the non- mulched plots, respectively. Overall,except for the pH and the moisture, there was no significant diffenrence in soil parameters between the three crop-ping systems. The lowest pH and the highest moisture were found in the model farm. The highest pH and the lowest moisture were found in the mulched plots. The mulched plots had the highest diversity of associated crops and weeds (24 and 90 species, respectively), whereas lower values were found in the model farm plots (18 and 64 species, respectively).
... In addition to statistical analysis, qualitative analysis was used for a better contextualization of the results. The results were discussed with similar studies carried out in other regions (e.g., Assogbadjo et al. 2012;Campos et al. 2015;Heinen 1993;Mushi et al. 2020). ...
Wild plants have served as a food source for humans since ancient times. The use of such foods particularly increases when the availability or accessibility of conventional foods is limited due to emergency situations, such as conflicts. Eleven years of the war in Syria have caused substantial socioeconomic and cultural changes, and have led to widespread food insecurity across the country. Our study seeks to scrutinize the impact of socioeconomic factors (e.g., age, gender, education, household size, direct involvement in the conflict, and household income) on the use of wild food plants during the conflict. The study was conducted in the coastal region of Syria between March 2020 and March 2021. Fifty respondents (26 women and 24 men) were interviewed in-depth on their use of wild plants during the current economic conditions resulting from the conflict. Statistical analysis revealed that the number of used species increased with informant age, while it declined with the increase in annual household income. Informant gender was a predictor for both reliance on wild plants and frequency of use. These findings may be crucially important to understand the effect of socioeconomic conditions on human behavior towards natural resources in crisis conditions.
... Some agroforests host numerous species and are structurally rich, although rarely as rich as intact forests (Scales and Marsden, 2008), providing multiple nutritional, medicinal, cultural and regulating services. Many agroforestry designs and practices are deeply embedded in local cultures and ecological knowledge and have ancient roots, such as the Satoyama forests in Japan (Katoh et al., 2009;Nishi et al., 2022), the home-gardens in Kerala, India (Mohan et al., 2007;George and Christopher, 2020), or the cultural parklands of West Africa (Assogbadjo et al., 2012). ...
... Another study was conducted in 3 climatic zones of Benin: The Sudanian zone, the Sudano-Guinean zone, and the subhumid Guinean zone (Dahomey Gap) to assess the farm diversity of wild food species and socio-economic factors that support farmers' choice for the species used in these systems (Assogbadjo et al., 2012). Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire on 435 households. ...
The prevailing global environmental distress, particularly in rural areas, calls for the adoption of integrated sustainable rural development strategies like climate-smart agroforestry (CSA) practices. CSAF is a new name for an old farming practice among the world's traditional farmers, a holistic approach to land use in which trees, crops, and sometimes animals are combined within a managed farmland, a sustainable farming system and practice, and a pathway toward the mitigation and adaptation of the biggest challenge of our times: climate change. CSAF systems and practices provide a range of goods and services vital for human well-being, particularly for people who live below the poverty line. Yet a number of important knowledge, research, and adoption gaps remain regarding human-environment interactions, and the urgency behind these gaps reflects the need to inform evidence-based policymaking and practice to realize the potential for CSAF to support farmers' livelihoods. We conducted a review of CSAF system practices that contribute to achieving the SDGs, in particular those related to increased human well-being, and prosperity, soil and water conservation, bioenergy, climate change response, biodiversity conservation, and landscape management, from the SDGs outlook. The study specifically identifies, (i) what has been innovatively achieved in CSAF practices to cope with climate risks for environmental stability, improved farm productivity, farm income, and food security (what works), (ii) challenges facing smallholder farmers to adopt CSAF practices (what doesn't work), and (iii) room for a significant contribution of CSAF practices in smallholder farmers' productivity beyond what has been observed. Generally, the results show that CSAF practices have the potential to optimize different socioeconomic returns and sustain environmental services. Farming with CSAF technologies has many advantages in both ecological and economic aspects that support the achievement of several of the SDGs, specifically SDG1 (no poverty), SDG2 (zero hunger), SDG3 (good health and well-being), SDG5 (gender equality), SDG6 (clean water and proper sanitation), SDG7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG13 (climate action), and SDG15 (life on land). Results showed that despite its contribution to the SDGs and its global widespread, the challenge remains linking knowledge and action in CSAF research, education, and capacity development. Farmers will not be able to solve the challenge of sustainable agriculture by themselves. Thus, efforts are required from both the public and the industry and effective public-private partnerships along the agricultural and food value chain. There are multidimensional aspects to CSAF which require in-depth scientific analysis for the extensive application of CSAF practices in sustainable land management endeavors. Moreover, in this perspective, CSAF should keep its identity while seeking a role in the nexus of SDGs. We hope this review will provide a clearer picture of what the state-of-the-art in practicing smarter technologies in a changing climate is and provide a more holistic understanding of CSAF systems and practices, and the gaps regarding human-environment interactions, and the way forward to overcoming them.
... All these lead to increased agricultural and household incomes by the farmers embracing agroforestry which serve as an adaptation measure. Similarly, there is evidence that trees on-farm can provide wild edible fruits and non-timber products that serve as alternative food during periods of deficit and serve as primary sources of income for many rural communities (Assogbadjo et al. 2012). Kuntashula and Mungatana (2013) concluded that the uptake of the agroforestry improved fallow system by Zambian farmers significantly increased incomes from a unit area of the staple maize crop. ...
Global climate projections present a very grim picture for the future of agriculture in parts of Africa and Asia. Projections indicate marked impact on rainfall patterns and the mean annual temperature variations in both Africa and Asia. Climate change will be affecting crop yields, food security and livelihood of people. Therefore, there is an urgent need for adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices to achieve sustainable increase in production, adaptation and mitigating climate change. This chapter aimed to provide a synthesis of the state of knowledge and the evidence for the role of agroforestry in achieving the triple objectives of increasing production, improving resilience and mitigating climate change. Through literature review, we first identified and established appropriate indicators and metrics for assessing achievement of these objectives. We also explored the evidence for the potential of different agroforestry practices to provide the productivity, adaptation and mitigation benefits. We concluded that evidence abounds for the different agroforestry practices to provide productivity, adaptation and mitigation benefits. However, enabling policies and incentive mechanisms are needed to address many of the challenges that underpin the low investment in agroforestry as a climate-smart agricultural practice.
... In addition, the population is highly dependent on natural resources for their food needs, primary health care, and income generation. They live on the consumption of fruits and vegetables and refer to medicinal plants as primary resources for the treatment of diseases (Assogbadjo et al., 2012;Dassou et al., 2020). They, therefore, depend heavily on the exploitation of NTFPs. ...
... The choice of villages and ethnic groups was made according to a few considerations, such as: the accessibility of the area (village), the level of use of these plants in the broad sense, the socio-cultural particularities and the openness and adhesion of traditional healers and herbalists to participate in the survey. The respondents (traditional healers and herbalists) were sampled according to the method used by Assogbadjo et al. [54]. It consisted of addressing a question to 30 individuals from each ethnic group. ...
Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae), the wild variety of bitter melon, and Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) were commonly used as a popular folk medicine in Benin. This study
aimed to appreciate the ethnopharmacological knowledge and evaluate the antioxidant and anti�inflammatory effects of M. charantia and M. lucida leaves extracts. Semi-structured surveys supported by individual interviews were conducted with herbalists and traditional healers in southern Benin. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by a micro-dilution technique using ABTS and FRAP methods. These activities were supported by cyclic voltammetry analysis. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the albumin denaturation method. The volatile compounds were analysed by GC-MS analysis. All the respondents involved in this study have good knowledge of the two plants. We identify 21 diseases grouped into five categories of condition. The two plants’ extracts possess variable antioxidant capacity. Indeed, all the active extracts of M. charantia presented an IC50 < 0.078 mg/mL, while the extracts of M. lucida had an IC50 up to 0.21 ± 0.02 mg/mL. For anti�inflammatory activity, a dose-response activity (p < 0.001) was observed in the protein denaturation inhibition rate of the extracts. It should be noted that the highest inhibition rate (98.34 ± 0.12) of the albumin denaturation was observed with M. lucida dichloromethane extract. A total of 59 volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis in the extracts of the two plants. The M. charantia
ethyl acetate extract shows the presence of 30 different compounds with a relative abundance of 98.83%, while that of M. lucida shows 24 compounds with a relative abundance of 98.30%. These plants are potential candidates to discover new compounds with therapeutic properties that could be used to solve public health problems.
... Another study was conducted in 3 climatic zones of Benin: The Sudanian zone, the Sudano-Guinean zone, and the subhumid Guinean zone (Dahomey Gap) to assess the farm diversity of wild food species and socio-economic factors that support farmers' choice for the species used in these systems (Assogbadjo et al., 2012). Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire on 435 households. ...
The prevailing global environmental distress, particularly in rural areas, calls for the adoption of integrated sustainable rural development strategies like climate-smart agroforestry (CSA) practices. CSAF is a new name for an old farming practice among the world’s traditional farmers, a holistic approach to land use in which trees, crops, and sometimes animals are combined within a managed farmland, a sustainable farming system and practice, and a pathway toward the mitigation and adaptation of the biggest challenge of our times: climate change. CSAF systems and practices provide a range of goods and services vital for human well-being, particularly for people who live below the poverty line. Yet a number of important knowledge, research, and adoption gaps remain regarding human-environment interactions, and the urgency behind these gaps reflects the need to inform evidence-based policymaking and practice to realize the potential for CSAF to support farmers' livelihoods. We conducted a review of CSAF system practices that contribute to achieving the SDGs, in particular those related to increased human well-being, and prosperity, soil and water conservation, bioenergy, climate change response, biodiversity conservation, and landscape management, from the SDGs outlook. The study specifically identifies, (i) what has been innovatively achieved in CSAF practices to cope with climate risks for environmental stability, improved farm productivity, farm income, and food security (what works), (ii) challenges facing smallholder farmers to adopt CSAF practices (what doesn’t work), and (iii) room for a significant contribution of CSAF practices in smallholder farmers' productivity beyond what has been observed. Generally, the results show that CSAF practices have the potential to optimize different socio-economic returns and sustain environmental services. Farming with CSAF technologies has many advantages in both ecological and economic aspects that support the achievement of several of the SDGs, specifically SDG1 (no poverty), SDG2 (zero hunger), SDG3 (good health and well-being), SDG5 (gender equality), SDG6 (clean water and proper sanitation), SDG7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG13 (climate action), and SDG15 (life on land). Results showed that despite its contribution to the SDGs and its global widespread, the challenge remains linking knowledge and action in CSAF research, education, and capacity development. Farmers will not be able to solve the challenge of sustainable agriculture by themselves. Thus, efforts are required from both the public and the industry and effective public-private partnerships along the agricultural and food value chain. There are multidimensional aspects to CSAF which require in-depth scientific analysis for the extensive application of CSAF practices in sustainable land management endeavors. Moreover, in this perspective, CSAF should keep its identity while seeking a role in the nexus of SDGs. We hope this review will provide a clearer picture of what the state-of-the-art in practicing smarter technologies in a changing climate is and provide a more holistic understanding of CSAF systems and practices, and the gaps regarding human-environment interactions, and the way forward to overcoming them.
... According to Aladi and Olagunju (2014) multipurpose trees on crop land can supply people's diets in almost all rural areas by adding diversity and flavoring as well as providing essential minerals to human diet. Neupane and Thapa (2001);Assogbadjo, et al. (2012) in their separate studies averted that multipurpose trees can be sources of fodder, edible fruits, and non-timber products that serve as alternative food during periods of deficit and primary sources of income for many rural communities. A total number of 36 (20.0%) respondents practiced home garden. ...
The research assessed agroforestry systems as a tool for restoring ecosystem services in Jere local Government Area of Borno State. Four out of 12 district were purposively selected based on the practice of Agroforestry in the area which includes Alau, Gonglung, Old Maiduguri and Zabarmari. Three villages were randomly selected from each district and 15 respondents were selected from each village randomly, given a total of 180 respondents. Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that most of the farmers were within 31-40 years. Majority (82.8%) of the respondents were male and married (64.4%). Most (36.1%) has attained Quranic education with 6.1% without any form of education. Majority (80.6%) of the farmers had no contact with extension agents. Result further shows that 38.3% got idea on agroforestry system through their parents and 34.4% practiced dispersed tree on cropland. Majority (69.4%) used tree in their farm for the provision of fruits and food. Majority (51.7%) of the respondents stated the use of agroforestry practice helped in restoration through enrichment planting. It also helped for biodiversity management through provision of fauna and flora. Awareness campaign was suggested by the respondents as an effective action to be taken for restoration strategy. It was concluded that agroforestry helped in restoration and biodiversity management. It is therefore recommended that awareness should be emphasized more by government, NGOs and extension agencies.
... According to Aladi and Olagunju (2014) multipurpose trees on crop land can supply people's diets in almost all rural areas by adding diversity and flavoring as well as providing essential minerals to human diet. Neupane and Thapa (2001);Assogbadjo, et al. (2012) in their separate studies averted that multipurpose trees can be sources of fodder, edible fruits, and non-timber products that serve as alternative food during periods of deficit and primary sources of income for many rural communities. A total number of 36 (20.0%) respondents practiced home garden. ...
The research assessed agroforestry systems as a tool for restoring ecosystem services in Jere local Government Area of Borno State. Four out of 12 district were purposively selected based on the practice of Agroforestry in the area which includes Alau, Gonglung, Old Maiduguri and Zabarmari. Three villages were randomly selected from each district and 15 respondents were selected from each village randomly, given a total of 180 respondents. Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that most of the farmers were within 31-40 years. Majority (82.8%) of the respondents were male and married (64.4%). Most (36.1%) has attained Quranic education with 6.1% without any form of education. Majority (80.6%) of the farmers had no contact with extension agents. Result further shows that 38.3% got idea on agroforestry system through their parents and 34.4% practiced dispersed tree on cropland. Majority (69.4%) used tree in their farm for the provision of fruits and food. Majority (51.7%) of the respondents stated the use of agroforestry practice helped in restoration through enrichment planting. It also helped for biodiversity management through provision of fauna and flora. Awareness campaign was suggested by the respondents as an effective action to be taken for restoration strategy. It was concluded that agroforestry helped in restoration and biodiversity management. It is therefore recommended that awareness should be emphasized more by government, NGOs and extension agencies.
Keywords: Agroforestry; Biodiversity; Restoration; Strategy.
... This leads to the prevalence of certain specific trees on farmlands in specific ecological zones or traditional areas. Parkland trees have the potential to reduce the pressure on plant resources in nearby protected areas such as sacred groves and forest reserves and thereby contributing to their preservation (Assogbadjo et al., 2012). ...
In order to understand the dynamics of regeneration, growth, population and possible upscale for the benefit of agroforestry parkland trees in the semi-arid areas of Ghana, a study was conducted to determine the population density, diversity, relative dominance, importance value indices (IVI) and use categories of parkland tree species in the Sudan and Guinea Savannah vegetation zones of Ghana, with special reference to F. albida. Tree inventories were conducted on 80 sampled farms covering a total area of 74.2 hectares across 8 communities distributed in 4 districts in the Sudan and Guinea savannah zones. Mean farm size was 0.93 hectares. Fifty-four tree species belonging to 24 families were encountered during the study. A Simpson's diversity index of 2.72 was determined as the overall diversity index of tree species on farmlands. Tree population densities in the sampled communities ranged between 4 (Katiu) and 11 (Kugri) trees per hectare. The predominant uses of parkland trees include food, medicine, shade, fuelwood and wood for construction. Others include fencing, soil improvement, direct income from sale of tree products, erosion control, fodder, tools, deity, packaging and craft. Ranking parkland tree species according to their Importance Value Indices (IVIs) in the various study ecological zones, it was evident that Faidherbia albida is highly ranked in both ecological zones due to its multipurpose functions such as fodder (pods and leaves) provision, shade provision in the dry season, and its contribution to improved growth and yield of crops grown under its canopy. Faidherbia albida populations should be increased on farmlands through programs like the Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) and possible domestication.
... An important prerequisite for sustainable management of agroecosystems is to procure their maintenance as integrated production systems capable of meeting the satisfaction of subsistence needs of local communities while keeping the ecosystems' balance (Vandermeer et al., 1998;J acome, 1993;Perfecto and Vandermeer, 2008). Traditional Agroforestry Systems (TAFS) have called the attention of agroecologists because of their exceptional adaptive capacity to social-environmental changes throughout history and to favor a good balance between production and biodiversity conservation (Toledo and Barrera-Bassols, 2008;Altieri and Toledo, 2011;Moreno-Calles et al., 2016), providing ecosystem benefits (McNeely and Schroth, 2006;Jose, 2009;Assogbadjo et al., 2012) and both agricultural and forest products to the farmers (Moreno-Calles et al., 2013;Vallejo et al., 2019). ...
Traditional agroforestry systems (TAFS) are important areas for conserving biodiversity, ecosystems benefits and biocultural heritage, outstandingly local knowledge, management techniques, and domestication processes. These systems have adapted to environmental, social, technological, and cultural changes throughout history. However, contemporary drastic socio-environmental changes as climate variability, economic inequality, migration, among others, have caused a productive crisis, with several consequences as productive land abandonment, threaten the sustainability of TAFS and vulnerating livelihoods. In such context, the question arises of what kind of adaptations are needed to face these changes, and how access to water and land, should be managed to improve adaptation of TAFS? The study analyzes TAFS in the Tehuacán Valley, a region with high biological and cultural diversity and early signs of agriculture in Mexico, where TAFS have remained active until present. The study analyzes the capacity of TAFS to conserve biodiversity and sustain local livelihoods, despite socio-environmental threats. It is based on a political ecology approach, which proposes that socio-ecological systems degradation is linked to unequal access to land and natural resources. Looking for an integral study of adaptations of TAFS to socio-environmental changes, this study combines qualitative and historical research methodology with quantitative methods evaluating plant diversity and spatial analysis. The study findings show that differentiated access to resources, water, land, and forest, is a key factor that limits adaptation of TAFS, impacting livelihood strategies, changing management patterns, and constraining social capacities for coping with socio-environmental changes. TAFS have significantly higher species richness than forests but lower diversity. The main contribution of the study is the methodological approach looking for an integral analysis of natural resources management and biocultural conservation in agroecosystems, and the identification of the unequal access to resources, as a keystone to understand and act for improving adaptive strategies of TAFS to socio-environmental changes.
... There are also adaptation prospects emerging from indigenous food management practices. Motivation of indigenous people to conserve or grow wild edible trees have been linked to food security and their use in traditional medicine and cultural events (Assogbadjo et al., 2012). Makondo and Thomas (2018) indicated that indigenous communities have been able to adapt, build resilience and solidarity against food shortages in the face of climate change through household interdependence and spirit of resource sharing. ...
Purpose
Against a milieu of fragmented research that documents indigenous practices related to food security, and the heterogeneous settings from which the studies have been conducted, this study aims to synthesize the evidence of indigenous knowledge-food security nexus to strengthen the call for the revitalization of indigenous knowledge (IK) as part of the mechanisms to manage food security challenges being aggravated by climate change.
Design/methodology/approach
Drawing on insights from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), this study reviews 122 articles accessed from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, which covered indigenous methods used for producing, gathering, processing, preserving and storing diverse food sources that indigenous people deploy in securing their food systems.
Findings
The surge in attention to focus on IK-food security nexus tends to be influenced by the growing acknowledgement of climate change impacts on food systems. Essentially, the IK-based practices adopted address all the four food security pillars that are specified by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) as availability, accessibility, utilization and stability. The main motivation behind the continued use of IK-based ways relates largely to the interest to be food secure against climatic shocks and partly to the desire to maintain people’s food cultures and food sovereignty.
Originality/value
This study deploys the food security pillars provided by the FAO (2012) to demonstrate that IK-based ways of food management are capable of addressing all the four food security dimensions, a critical observation toward revitalizing IK in managing growing food security challenges that are intensified by climate change in SSA.
... This leads to the prevalence of certain specific trees on farmlands in specific ecological zones or traditional areas. Parkland trees have the potential to reduce the pressure on plant resources in nearby protected areas such as sacred groves and forest reserves and thereby contributing to their preservation (Assogbadjo et al., 2012). ...
... Source: author management practices. Studies on Benin farmers (West Africa) showed that they conserve or plant trees to conduct traditional ceremonies [43]. Therefore, losing folktales on the origin of corn and vegetables in Tawangmangu hinders the next generation from recognizing the story's important message, namely non-rice food security. ...
As a country with rice as the staple food, the dominant traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) on food in Indonesia is rice. However, in Tawangmangu District, Central Java Province, the TEK inherited from their ancestors is about non-rice food security. This study aimed to explore how villagers pass on and practice their knowledge and beliefs in food defense based on traditional ecological knowledge. The data were collected through FGD, interviews, and field observations of traditional ceremonial processions, agricultural activities, and natural resource management. The results showed that TEK in Tawangmangu had three themes, including (1) TEK communication and inheritance through folktales on the origin of vegetables and corn, taboo words, such as the prohibition of planting rice, and the symbolic meaning of traditional rituals and offerings; (2) the people’s philosophy is reflected in their view of God, ancestors’ spirits as folktales figures, village guards’ spirits, and other living things. The folktales protagonists’ spirits are asked to provide protection, while the antagonists' spirits are asked not to interfere; and (3) natural resources sustainability involves maintaining non-rice plant commodities, terraced agricultural land management, intercropping systems, managing water resource and crop yields, and traditional houses architecture. The locals protect the forest on Mount Lawu and Pringgodani Cave as their source of life by prohibiting cutting trees and reforestation.
... In Africa, there are several agroforestry practices such as maintaining trees on cultivated land, living fences, home gardens and grazing (Mbow et al., 2013;Abreha and Gebrekidan, 2014). Several studies carried out across the world have demonstrated the importance of preserving tree species on cultivated lands for socio economic, ecological and biodiversity conservation purposes (McNeely, 2004;Acharya, 2006;Nouaïm et al., 2007;Eloy, 2008;Vodouhê et al., 2009;Tesfaye et al., 2010;Assogbadjo et al., 2012). Indeed, local communities resort to tree species for their daily needs, including herbal medicine, food, fodder, construction of housing, and manufacture of household tools (Omafuvbe et al., 2004;De Smedt et al., 2011). ...
Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G. Don, Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir, Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. Berg, Prosopis africana (Guill., Perrot. and Rich.) Taub., Afzelia africana Sm. and Khaya senegalensis (Desv.) A. Juss. are the most highly valued indigenous tree species in the agroforestry systems of the Ouémé catchment area. However, information on the population structure of these species is lacking, thus limiting the development of their sustainable conservation, utilization and restoration strategies. This study addressed this gap. It assessed the population structures and regeneration status of the six species from Don, Tan-Houègbo, Atchabita, Bétékoukou, Glazoué, Tchaorou, Zagnanado, Tévèdji, Sinaou and Bétérou along the catchment. Data were collected from 78 permanent rectangular plots (50 × 30 m) randomly installed within 10 provenances. Dendrometric data including diameter at breast height (dbh) of adult trees (dbh ≥ 10 cm), collar diameter, total height of seedlings and saplings, number of individuals per species according to adult, sapling and seedling were recorded. The population structure was described using ecological and dendrometric parameters (relative frequency, importance value index (IVI), mean densities, basal area, mean height), and diameter size-class distributions. Seedling:sapling and sapling:adult ratios were also computed and analyzed for determining regeneration patterns. Based on IVI, Parkia biglobosa (95.85%) and Khaya senegalensis (65.92%) were the most represented species in the catchment area. The analysis of variances showed that dendrometric parameters of the six species varied significantly between provenances. Seedling:sapling and sapling:adult ratios were
... This number of WOPs represents also approximately one-quarter of the food plant species (168) by Codjia et al. (2015) and one-third of the non-timber forest products (NTFP; 121) recorded in Benin by Assogbadjo et al. (2017). In addition, this diversity of WOPs is relatively small compared to that of Sèwadé et al. (2016) for woody fodder (48), Assogbadjo et al. (2012) for agroforestry systems species (43) and Dansi et al. (2012) for neglected and underutilized crop species (NUCS; 41) in Benin. These different trends observed are explained by the fact that the species richness (36 species) of WOPs (Appendix A) is exclusively made of native/indigenous species and represents a sub-group of NTFP drawn from a large set of species with 1.28% of the flora of Benin estimated at 2807 species (Akoègninou et al., 2006). ...
Wild oil plants (WOP) are species used for food, cosmetics, nutraceutical, and medicine. In Benin, their importance is still poorly documented. This study investigated the diversity of WOPs and identified priority species for valorization in Benin. Literature synthesis was used to gather data on a list of WOP species. This was completed by ethnobotanical surveys involving users (traditional healers, farmers, fishers, traders, and resource persons), actors in the three biogeographical zones of Benin (Guineo-Congolian, Sudano-Guinean, and Sudanian zones). In addition, field visits to the species habitats were conducted with the help of local populations to assess the true presence of species mentioned during the survey and their availability. Data were collected on the identity of informants, WOPs used or known, ethnobotanical, nutritional and economic values, valorization level, their national distribution and threat status. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Findings showed that oils extracted from these WOP seeds serve for medicinal (49.25%), food (29.85%), cosmetic (17.91%), and fuel (2.99%) purposes, and neither gender nor the main occupation defined knowledge of WOP diversity. A total of 36 WOPs belonging to 25 botanical families were identified. The top five priority species to be valorized across the country were: Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, Ricinodendron heudelotii (Bail.) Pierre, Lophira lanceolata Tiegh. ex Keay, Sesamum indicum L., and Cleome gynandra L. These species were identified as important resources for alleviating poverty and food insecurity in the communities and as potential candidates for the development of the oilseed sector in Benin. Further studies are needed to document the indigenous knowledge associated with those species, existing processing techniques, and exploitable capital to ensure their sustainable management.
As the world experiences unprecedented urbanization, particularly in Africa, urban areas face complex challenges of climate change, food security, and environmental sustainability. Peri-urban agroforestry systems (PUAFS) have emerged as promising solutions to address these issues. We investigated the socio-economic factors shaping tree diversity and density in PUAFS in Benin. Woody vegetation inventory and socio-economic data (e.g., gender, resident status, farm size, land tenure, and farming experience) were collected from 323 PUAFS in three climatic zones in Benin. To determine the set of socio-economic variables influencing tree density and diversity, a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with a Poisson distribution was performed. Significant predictors from the GLM were used to fit a piecewise structural equation model (pSEM) which explored their direct and indirect influence on tree diversity and density. We found notable variations in tree diversity and density among climatic zones, with the wetter climatic areas exhibiting the highest diversity. The GLM and pSEM results indicate that resident status, farm size, and farmers’ willingness to plant trees on farm have a significant positive influence on tree density, while species richness was only positively influenced by farming experience and farmers’ willingness to plant trees on farm. As farmers gain more experience, their inclination to incorporate trees into their farms increases, resulting in higher tree density and greater species richness within PUAFS. This research study underscores the importance of considering socio-economic factors in agroforestry planning and management, highlighting the need for context-specific strategies to promote sustainable agroforestry practices in peri-urban areas.
The Chapter provides the definition and concept of multifunctional landscapes in the African context. It also highlights the merits of the different landscape approaches recognizing that no single one can address the needs of all existing African landscapes. Ultimately, the people-centred approach to multifunctional landscape management has the merit for addressing the diverse needs for biodiversity conservation, including climate change, food security and poverty alleviation. In this regard, the principles of Multifunctional Landscape approaches emphasize managing landscapes to achieve the dual purpose of multifunctionality and people-centred sustainable resource conservation. The Chapter highlights different tree-based ecosystem approaches and technologies where trees provide a broad range of ecosystem services that often go beyond their specific habitat, e.g. habitat for pollinators, corridors for wildlife mobility and contribution to the local and global climate systems. It also recognizes traditional tree-based ecosystem management practices across different African landscapes including the tropical forests, savanna woodlands and the Sahel. The selected practices presented in this chapter are neither exhaustive nor meant to be replicated or taken as a blueprint for successful multifunctional landscape approaches, but rather intended to provide a basis for innovation to integrate trees in multifunctional landscapes.
Agroforestry systems have emerged as powerful tools for climate resilience and environmental restoration. Bridging the gap between theory and practice in agroforestry is essential to harnessing the occupied potential of output. The integration of agronomic practices in agroforestry systems presents a promising pathway for enhancing climate resilience and promoting environmental restoration. However, their success hinges on innovative agronomic practices that optimise resource utilisation, minimise environmental impacts, and maximise ecosystem services. Cutting-edge sustainable agronomic interventions encompass precision nutrient management, agroecological pest control, water-efficient irrigation, and tailored intercropping strategies. By optimising crop productivity while reducing chemical inputs, these practices enhance climate resilience by promoting soil health, nutrient cycling, and water conservation, ultimately reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, sustainable agronomic innovations facilitate environmental restoration under agroforestry systems. Through careful tree species selection, optimal spacing, and canopy management, these interventions support biodiversity conservation, control soil erosion, and restore habitats. By promoting ecological balance and enhancing the services of ecosystems, the agroforestry system contributes to the restoration of degraded landscapes and critical ecological functions. In conclusion, sustainable agronomic innovations are vital for enhancing climate resilience and environmental restoration in agroforestry systems. By optimising resource use, minimising environmental impacts, and maximising ecosystem services, these innovations provide transformative solutions for climate change and ecological degradation.
Wild edible plants are important for the livelihoods of both rural and urban people in West Africa, but little is known about their trade networks. This study identifies, quantifies, and characterizes the local trade of wild edible plants in northern Guinea-Bissau to better understand the linkages between wild edible plants, local markets, and livelihoods, and to evaluate the sector’s ecological and economic sustainability. Interviews with 331 market vendors in the capital Bissau and in five sub-regional urban markets revealed that 19 products from 12 species were traded, with an estimated annual retail value of at least 707,000 USD for a volume of 354 metric tons (tonnes). These products are mainly harvested from the country’s woodlands by female vendors in sub-regional markets and are primarily traded to Bissau or neighboring countries. However, increasing demand and persisting deforestation for cashew plantations coupled with a lack of management strategies raise concerns about the long-term availability of certain wild edible plants. The study’s findings are also discussed in terms of their implications on local livelihoods, particularly for rural women who rely on the trade of wild products for income and as a social safety net. We highlight the need to secure women’s roles and enhance their collective power in added value chains.
This study evaluated the utilization potentials of some endangered savannah tree species in north-west Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was employed. Three Local Government areas were selected, from which 36 villages were selected. A structured questionnaire was administered to 360 respondents and ten respondents were randomly selected in each village. Data obtained were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the collected data. Most (38%) were in the 30- to 39-year-old age range. The majority sex was 100% male, 75% were married and had a family size of at least one to ten people per home. 69% of the respondents have completed formal schooling. (65%) were primarily farmers and (49%) had inherited land. Sixty-five percent of the farms were smaller than one hectare. (40%) had been farmers for an average of 21–31 years. Most farmers (100%) utilized trees as boundary demarcation, 98% as shade and 93% as medicine and wind control. However, 99% utilized trees for medicine. The predominant tree families include Fabaceae, Combretaceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Caeselpiniaceae. The most familiar tree species were Azadirachta indica, Adansonia digitata, Parkia biglobosa, Lawsonia inermis, Mangifera indica, Vitellaria paradoxa, Tamarindus indica, Jatropha carcus, Diospyros mespiliformis and Acacia nilotica used to treat and cure various ailments and diseases for optimum benefits.
Black plum (Vitex doniana Sweet) is a sub-Saharan African wild species of the family Lamiaceae that significantly contribute to improving local communities’ livelihoods, especially in women. It generated an average income of US$D 80 during the vegetable harvesting season, per individual seller. This species has numerous applications for not only rural dwellers, but also for those in urban areas where it is used for food, healthcare and arts. However, the plant is overexploited by users of this multipurpose species. Among the threatening factors are bushfires and the low natural regeneration due to poor seed germination caused by seed dormancy. This overexploitation will induce the depletion and disappearance of the species in its natural habitat, thus causing an ecological imbalance and genetic erosion. The conservation of this species must therefore be done through its preservation in the natural environment, production, domestication and awareness of the populations. In this work, we review the existing literature on the species, focusing on geographic distribution, utilisation and threats to natural populations, propagation and agronomy, national and international trade, conservation of genetic resources, prospects for domestication and commercial production, and methods for genetic improvement. The findings provide an overview to guide the development of strategies for genetic resource conservation, domestication, commercial production, and genetic improvement to meet the increasing demand for this resource.
It is commonly known that human activity has a stronger impact on climate change than ever before. Deforestation and forest degradation lead to an increase in carbon emissions. However, this problem may be solved by using appropriate land and forest management. The improvement of forest C stocks by agroforestry is one method that significantly lowers atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions. In order to preserve natural resources, provide livelihood stability, advance the well-being of society and the economy, and sequester carbon, agroforestry is crucial, as this chapter critically investigates. Through the fusion of agricultural science and forestry studies, agroforestry is developing into a specialised area of study. Agroforestry is defined as an integrated agricultural system that includes woody trees, crops and herbaceous annual plants, and animals on a same land piece. The ability of agroforestry systems to sequester and store carbon, which may be fixed, absorbed, and stabilised in soils and plant structures (woody portions), is another benefit they provide. The establishment of databases for tracking tree and soil carbon stocks, however, necessitates the use of standardised procedures, which poses a substantial difficulty within this system. To improve their readiness in achieving national climate goals, regional countries must address additional obstacles like water scarcity, weak interactive governance, problems with farmer rights and land ownership, as well as insufficient financial support for small-scale farmers engaged in agroforestry. As a result, the supervision of agroforestry systems should place a high priority on maximising financial rewards for farmers while also attending to their needs for production (such as fuelwood, rich in nutrients fruits, food, and lumber) and protecting the environment (such as efficient nutrient cycling, watershed management, reducing soil erosion, and improving soil health and fertility).
Agricultural farming is viewed as an essential requirement in today’s era as it meets one of the basic needs of an individual, which is food. The majority of India’s farming families live in rural areas, and they are found to be aloof from the world of technology. This leads to unnoticed essential agricultural support services required for farming activities. Furthermore, improved extension and advisory services catering to the farming community enables to boost farmers’ productivity and revenue. The introduction of technical resources that are appropriate, affordable, user-friendly, and scalable for farmers can improve several aspects of farming. In this research, an architecture for a smart analytics system for effective farming activities has been proposed, and the proposed system ensures to take into account the key elements that fetch high returns, such as effective irrigation, pesticide application to crops at the appropriate time, crop selection, and informing marketing partners about the harvesting period and crop details. Using the proposed analytics system, the farmers will be alerted and prompted with the action required on regular basis. The proposed system resolves the setbacks of conventional farming practices by making efficient use of water resources and cutting production costs. Farmers can be exposed with the essential advice services throughout the whole farming cycle using the proposed approach.
Cattle farmers are developing adaptation strategies to deal with the effects of climate change. Understanding how adaptation affects livestock productivity is, therefore, essential in order to identify and prioritize the optimal strategies. Yet, few studies have addressed this issue. This study aims to fill the gap, by assessing how the adaptation strategies developed by cattle farmers in Benin affect livestock productivity. We conducted surveys with 360 cattle farmers and monitored 30 farms in Benin’s dry and sub humid tropical zones. We collected data on the socio demographic characteristics of cattle farmers, their adaptation strategies and herd productivity. We carried out a multiple correspondence analysis, followed by an ascending hierarchical classification to establish the typology of the cattle farmers’ adaptation strategies. We tested data on livestock productivity using an analysis of variance with the generalized linear model procedure of R.3.5.1. software. The results revealed three groups of adaptation strategies: integrating livestock with crop production; use of supplemental feeding and fodder crops; pastoral mobility. The choice of strategy significantly affected livestock productivity. Animal mortality rates were lower on farms that adopted supplemental feeding (2.7%), and integrated crop/livestock systems (3.3%), compared to farms with pastoral mobility (5.2%). Supplementary feeding improved calf weights at birth and at 6 months and increased daily milk offtake. Based on the results obtained, we recommend that farmers adopt supplemental feeding and integrated crop/livestock strategies in the study zones to improve herd productivity.
Ouémé catchment experiences increasing degradation of its natural resources due to anthropogenic pressure. Consequently, most of the agroforestry species as well as the cultural and Indigenous knowledge related to them are facing a very high risk of extinction. The present research aimed to assess the biodiversity of the useful woody species in this area and their cultural importance and then prioritize these woody species for conservation purpose. An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among 411 randomly selected households followed by an ecological survey conducted in 69 random plots of 0.15 ha. Ecological and ethnobotanical parameters were calculated and then analyzed. To determine the local priorities species for conservation, a local conservation priority index (LCPI) was computed for each species. The high value of LCPI for a given species indicates the need for a greater level of attention for conservation and management. Forty-five useful woody species belonging to 21 families dominated by Leguminosae (24.44%) and Anacardiaceae (8.88%) were reported. The forty-five species were categorized in six use categories by the informants: food, medicinal, construction, fuel, veterinary and technology. The most useful species were Elaeis guineensis (UV=0.24), followed by Parkia biglobosa (UV=0.19) and Vitellaria paradoxa (UV=0.18). The prioritization method yielded top ten ranked species: Adansonia digitata, Parkia biglobosa, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Irvingia gabonensis, Milicia excelsa, Tamarindus indica, Vitex doniana, Prosopis africana, Diospyros mespiliformis and Pterocarpus santalinoides. With the aim of establishing the sustainable management in the catchment, we suggest that more attention be paid to the aforementioned species as part of rehabilitation activities.
Agro forestry systems are believed to provide several ecosystem services; however, until recently evidence in the agro forestry literature supporting these perceived benefits has been lacking. This paper aimed to provide empirical information on the role of agro forestry in ecosystem maintenance and climate change adaptation and mitigation provided by agro forestry. Agro forestry has played a greater role in the maintenance of the ecosystem and mitigation of CO 2 than monocropping and open cereal-based agriculture but less than natural forest. Agro forestry is important for preserving biodiversity, CO 2 sequestration, and adapting to climate change. CO 2 sequestration through above and ground biomass, offsetting CO 2 emission from deforestation and microclimate modification are major climate change mitigation effects. Provision of numerous ecosystem services such as food, fodder, and fuel wood, income source, and enhancing soil productivity help the community to sustain changing climate effects. Hence, considerable attention needs to be given to agro forestry to contribute considerable benefit to the maintenance of the ecosystem, and climate change mitigation and adaptation next to a forest.
La communauté scientifique africaine prend de plus en plus conscience de la valeur de la médecine traditionnelle et de la nécessité d’améliorer les connaissances sur les différentes facettes de cette médecine. Cette étude s'intéresse à l’utilisation des plantes à des fins rituelles et médico-magiques et, a pour objectif de recenser les plantes à usage rituels et médico-magique et d’évaluer les connaissances des populations urbaines en relation avec ces plantes. Les travaux se sont déroulés dans la ville de Cotonou. Une enquête sur les usages des plantes a été faite auprès de 70 personnes. La valeur de diversité des utilisations, l’équitabilité au niveau des connaissances ainsi que la valeur d’usage des organes utilisés ont été calculés. Les résultats des enquêtes révèlent que 38 espèces réparties en 32 genres et 22 familles sont utilisées dans les pratiques rituelles et médico-magiques dans la ville de Cotonou. Sept indications spirituelles des plantes ont été signalées. La majorité des espèces sont utilisées principalement contre les effets néfastes de la sorcellerie (44,74 % du total des espèces), la purification (26,32 % du total des espèces), les mauvais esprits (21,05 % du total des espèces) et 15,79 % du total des espèces sont utilisée pour la chance ou prospérité dans les affaires. Les connaissances sur les pratiques rituelles et médico-magiques sont bien réparties au sein de la population enquêtée (H= 2,18 bits et E= 1,25). Les valeurs d’usage des organes utilisés révèlent que la feuille des espèces est très sollicitée pour ces pratiques. Cette étude a montré l’importance des plantes spirituelles dans la ville de Cotonou. Il est donc nécessaire de penser au développement de ces espèces en jardin de case ou en agriculture urbaine.
Agroforestry systems are believed to provide several ecosystem services; however, until recently evidence in the agroforestry literature supporting these perceived benefits has been lacking. This paper aimed to provide empirical information on the role of agroforestry in ecosystem maintenance and climate change adaptation and mitigation provided by agroforestry. Agroforestry has played a greater role in the maintenance of the ecosystem and mitigation of CO2 than monocropping and open cereal-based agriculture but less than natural forest. The three components of agroforestry are important for biodiversity conservation, CO2 sequestration, and climate change adaptation. CO2 sequestration through above and ground biomass, offsetting CO2 emission from deforestation and microclimate modification are major climate change mitigation effects. Provision of numerous ecosystem services such as food, fodder, and fuel wood, income source, and enhancing soil productivity help the community to sustain changing climate effects. Hence, considerable attention needs to be given to agroforestry to contribute considerable benefit to the maintenance of the ecosystem, and climate change mitigation and adaptation next to a forest.
Trait diversity is crucial in undertaking the domestication of useful species such as Vitellaria paradoxa which makes a significant contribution to the rural household economy in Africa. This study aims to document the criteria farmers use to distinguish shea trees; how they vary according to age, education level and sociolinguistic group; and their perception of trees’ abundance and production. We surveyed 405 respondents across shea parklands in Benin using a semi-structured questionnaire. We used the Kruskal-Wallis test to evaluate the influence of sociodemographic attributes on relative criteria citation frequency and principal components analysis to characterize farmers’ perception on morphotypes’ abundance, fruits, and butter yields. The five most cited criteria were fruit size (55.5%), tree fertility (15.40%), bark colour (10.51%), timing of production (5.38%), and pulp taste (3.42%). The citation frequency of criteria varied significantly depending on the sociodemographic factors considered. Trees having small fruit (‘Yanki’) were reported to be widespread and high fruit/nuts and butter producers. Farmers perceived five important traits with variable importance depending on the sociocultural factors studied. This finding is a key step toward the development of a shea improvement program that could focus on the morphotype Yanki reported to potentially be a high fruit and butter producer.
New initiatives in agroforestry are seeking to integrate into tropical farming systems indigenous trees whose products have traditionally been gathered from natural forests. This is being done in order to provide marketable products from farms that will generate cash for resource-poor rural and peri-urban households. This poverty-alleviating agroforestry strategy is at the same time linked to one in which perennial, biologically diverse and complex mature-stage agroecosystems are developed as sustainable alternatives to slash-and-burn agriculture.
One important component of this approach is the domestication of the local tree species that have commercial potential in local, regional or even international markets. Because of the number of potential candidate species for domestication, one crucial first step is the identification of priority species and the formulation of a domestication strategy that is appropriate to the use, marketability and genetic potential of each species.
For most of these hitherto wild species little or no formal research has been carried out to assess their food value, potential for genetic improvement or reproductive biology. To date their marketability can only be assessed by their position in the local rural and urban marketplaces, since few have attracted international commercial interest. To meet the objective of poverty alleviation, however, it is crucial that market expansion and creation are possible, hence for example it is important to determine which marketable traits are amenable to genetic improvement. While some traits that are relatively easy to identify do benefit the farmer, there are undoubtedly others that are important to the food, pharmaceutical or other industries that require more sophisticated evaluation.
This paper presents the current thinking and strategies of ICRAF in this new area of work and draws on examples from our program.
Restoration ecology is a science focusing on using ecological principles to improve ecosystems degraded usually through habitat destruction (Bradshaw & Chadwik 1980, Handel et al. 1994). Successful ecological restoration depends on negotiation and understanding of different stakeholders, including the daily users of the resources, government institutions that will regulate resource use and the research community working in the area.
In managed landscapes, tree-dominated habitats often show promise for biodiversity conservation. In Bangladesh where natural forest cover is less than 10 percent, homegardens, which are maintained by at least 20 millions households, represent one possible strategy for biodiversity conservation. This study investigated the floristic and structural diversity of 402 homegardens from six regions across southwestern Bangladesh. All plants were censused, totaling 419 species (59% native), including six IUCN Red Listed. The median homegarden (800 m2) contained a mean of 34 species. Each region contained a mean of 293 species in a mean of 67 homegardens. A total of 49,478 individuals (107 per homegarden and 1003 per hectare) of trees and shrubs were counted from 45.2 ha total sampled area. Thus, significant botanical richness was exhibited in the homegardens across southwestern Bangladesh. However, most species were rare: 82 percent of all species including 189 native were found in 50 or fewer homegardens, and 63 species (36 native) were found in only one or two homegardens. Sixty percent of all tree and shrub species had 50 or fewer individuals each. Thus, whereas richness across the landscape was high, serious effort must be made to increase the populations of most species. We propose three main conservation activities: (1) awareness building; (2) protection of existing individuals of rare species; and (3) propagation. Overlaying all of these activities is the inclusion of local communities in the process, who were the ones to retain these species in homegardens in the first place, and the stakeholders who will determine whether homegardens indeed act as long-term repositories to biodiversity conservation.
The environmental services that agroforestry practices can provide, and especially their potential contribution to the conservation
of biodiversity, have only recently attracted wider attention among agroforestry and conservation scientists. This new view
is consistent with the ecosystem approach to natural resource management advocated by the Convention on Biological Diversity.
This collection of six papers, which is based on a Workshop held in June–July 2004, brings together studies of biodiversity
impacts of traditional agroforestry practices from Central and South America, Africa and Asia. The contributions highlight
the considerable potential of traditional agroforestry practices to support biodiversity conservation, but also show their
limits. These include the importance of sufficient areas of natural habitat and of appropriate hunting regulations for maintaining
high levels of biodiversity in agroforestry land use mosaics, as well as the critical role of markets for tree products and
of a favourable policy environment for agroforestry land uses. In combination the case studies suggest that maintaining diversity
in approaches to management of agroforestry systems, along with a pragmatic, undogmatic view on natural resource management,
will provide the widest range of options for adapting to changing land use conditions.
New initiatives in agroforestry are seeking to integrate into tropical farming systems indigenous trees whose products have traditionally been gathered from natural forests. This is being done in order to provide marketable products from farms that will generate cash for resource-poor rural and peri-urban households. This poverty-alleviating agroforestry strategy is at the same time linked to one in which perennial, biologically diverse and complex mature-stage agroecosystems are developed as sustainable alternatives to slash-and-burn agriculture.
One important component of this approach is the domestication of the local tree species that have commercial potential in local, regional or even international markets. Because of the number of potential candidate species for domestication, one crucial first step is the identification of priority species and the formulation of a domestication strategy that is appropriate to the use, marketability and genetic potential of each species.
For most of these hitherto wild species little or no formal research has been carried out to assess their food value, potential for genetic improvement or reproductive biology. To date their marketability can only be assessed by their position in the local rural and urban marketplaces, since few have attracted international commercial interest. To meet the objective of poverty alleviation, however, it is crucial that market expansion and creation are possible, hence for example it is important to determine which marketable traits are amenable to genetic improvement. While some traits that are relatively easy to identify do benefit the farmer, there are undoubtedly others that are important to the food, pharmaceutical or other industries that require more sophisticated evaluation.
This paper presents the current thinking and strategies of ICRAF in this new area of work and draws on examples from our program.
In the present study we analyzed medicinal and edible plant utilization in Cuyin Manzano, a small rural population located
near the Andean forests of Argentina. We also studied where and when plant knowledge was learned, who the principal transmitters
were, and how people were taught. The participants were interviewed individually and at random, by means of a semi-structured
questionnaire. Interviews were carried out in 16 families in order to examine the present use of wild plants. The inhabitants
of Cuyin Manzano cited 87 plants: 63 medicinal and 24 edible species. They mentioned on average 31 ± 10 species per person.
Similar patterns of plant use were found in young and old people alike, irrespective of gender. Learning about useful plants
took place at an early age as a result of family tradition. This local knowledge is acquired and taught “by doing,” and is
mostly transmitted vertically through family dissemination. Wild plant learning implies the acquisition of plants' physical
and functional features as well as their environmental characteristics.
This study builds on earlier quantitative ethnobotanical studies to develop an approach which represents local values for useful forest species, in order to explore factors affecting those values. The method, based on respondents ranking of taxa, compares favourably with more time-consuming quantitative ethnobotanical techniques, and allows results to be differentiated according to social factors (gender and ethnic origin), and ecological and socio-economic context. We worked with 126 respondents in five indigenous and five immigrant communities within a forest-dominated landscape in the Peruvian Amazonia. There was wide variability among responses, indicating a complex of factors affecting value. The most valued family is Arecaceae, followed by Fabaceae and Moraceae. Overall, fruit and non-commercialised construction materials predominate but women tend to value fruit and other non-timber species more highly than timber, while the converse is shown by men. Indigenous respondents tend to value more the species used for fruit, domestic construction and other NTFPs, while immigrants tend to favour commercialised timber species. Across all communities, values are influenced by both markets and the availability of the taxa; as the favourite species become scarce, others replace them in perceived importance. As markets become more accessible, over-exploitation of the most valuable species and livelihood diversification contribute to a decrease in perceived value of the forest.
In the past, the conservation of biodiversity has been mostly understood in terms of the management of protected areas and
natural forests, ignoring the possible role of farm areas and the ways through which rural communities have promoted biodiversity
in their subsistence agricultural production systems. The present study focused on the floristic diversity within traditional
agroforestry parkland systems around the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Benin and showed the diversity of tree species in the
area as well as socio-economic factors which affect the practice of this farming system. We used questionnaires and interviewed
a total of 118 households to collect data. Respondents were interviewed on their farms and during the interview; we inventoried
the number of tree on the farm and determined the farm size. Twenty-one tree species belonging to 14 botanical families were
recorded during the surveys and the average stand density of the woody component of farmlands was 7.97±5.43 stems/ha. A
number of both native and exotic tree species occurred in the parkland agroforestry systems with dominance of indigenous tree
species. Species richness varied with the size of household where households with small land holding conserve more tree species
in their field than households with large land holdings. 64% of households surveyed were making deliberate efforts to plant
tree species on their farmlands. The most important reasons which determined household ambitions to conserve woody species
on farmland were tree products contribution to food and medicine. Results also showed that respondents who noticed that trees
were decreasing in the wild conserve more tree species on their farmlands. This research highlights the role of traditional
agroforestry practices to support tree species richness and provides evidence of the farms’ role as biodiversity reservoirs.
KeywordsConservation indigenous species–Parkland agroforestry–Socio-economic factors
A survey of plant biodiversity and ethnobotanical studies was conducted in southern Ethiopia using an integrated approach
of botanical collections, group discussions, interviews and questionnaires. Species richness, growth forms and uses of native
wild plants are described. Borana pastoralists distinguished and named 86% of the plant species identified. A total of 327
plant species distributed among 197 genera and 69 families are documented: 40% are trees/shrubs, 30% forbs (non-woody plants
other than grasses and sedges), 16% grasses, 10% climbers, 2% sedges and 2% succulents. Based on richness of species and usefulness,
the most important families are Poaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Asteraceae. Two hundred forty-eight species (76%) are used
by Borana pastoralists, out of which 42% have multiple uses. Indigenous knowledge of pastoralists on use and management of
their plant resources is a valuable source of information for conservation and sustainable utilization of the plant biodiversity
and, hence, conservation based on indigenous knowledge is recommended.
Field and herbarium studies on wild flowering plants of Ethiopia furnished 203 species consumed by the community. These account
for about 3% of the higher plant species in the country and comprise herbs (37%), shrubs (32%), and trees (31%). Species with
edible fruits contributed to 61.6%, leaves 27.7%, stems 14.4%, roots 13.3%, and seeds 10.3%. About 15% are considered famine
foods. Forest habitats gave 102 species, woodlands 99, grasslands 83, bushlands 52, rocky and dry areas 47, cultivated places
41, riverbanks 31, and roadsides/ disturbed areas 25. The altitudinal distribution gave 148 species between 1500-2400 m, 144
below 1500 m and 81 above 2400 m a.s.l. Some species are wild and others slightly or strongly associated with humans, revealing
a living analogue of the wild-semiwild-domesticated continuum. Full-scale ethnobotanical studies, implementing appropriate
conservation measures and domesticating and integrating promising taxa into existing crops are favored for the purpose of
diversification of food sources, ensuring food security, and maintenance of biodiversity and environmental integrity.
Women’s Traditional Knowledge, Use Value, and the Contribution of Tamarind (
Tamarindus indica
L.) to Rural Households’ Cash Income in Benin. This study examined differences in knowledge, use values, and contribution of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) to women’s cash income during the dry season, focusing on seven tribal groups in Benin. Data were gathered using semistructured individual interviews and monitoring, and were analyzed using quantitative ethnobotanical methods. Principal component analysis was applied to describe the use value and use forms of tamarind according to different tribes. Tamarind was found to play an important role in local communities’ livelihoods. Overall, 26 different uses were mentioned for tamarind products. Most commonly, the fruit (pulp) was used to make beverages, as a laxative and purgative, and it seems to be the only plant part sold commercially. Bark was frequently used as a medicine to treat wounds, and leaves were used to make porridge and as an antibiotic. Medicinal, cultural, and material use categories were correlated best with the Fulani, whereas commerce was most correlated with Gourma tribes (PCA analysis). There were significant differences for tamarind utilization among the tribal groups, with overall ethnobotanical use values (EUVT) ranging from 10 to 14, and contribution to cash income ranging from 8.8% to 56.4%. In view of its domestication potential, it is crucial that traditional tribal knowledge of tamarind be preserved and integrated into management policies. Further development and research needs for utilization and conservation are improvement of commercialization, organization of market channels, and extent of genetic diversity within and among populations.
Biodiversity in Eastern Madagascar is threatened by slash and burn agriculture, which is resulting in species extinction,
land and soil degradation and rural impoverishment. An ethnobotanical study was undertaken to determine the domestication
potential of indigenous fruit tree species as components of agroforestry systems. Four major selection criteria were used:
nutritional and income needs of the population, diversification of the agroecosystem, and protection of plant and animal diversity.
At three sites, Andasibe, Masoala and Ranomafana, in the humid primary forest region of Eastern Madagascar, a total of 150
wild fruit species from 82 genera and 42 families, of which 85% were indigenous and 92% of woody habit, were identified. In
contrast to most of the deforested areas in Madagascar, the rural population in these areas possess an intimate knowledge
of indigenous plant resources. Most of the indigenous fruits are collected from the forest but for a few species, domestication
is initiated by managing naturally established species or by planting individual trees in agricultural fields. Wild fruits
supplement the daily diet, substitute for exotic fruits, gain importance during periods of food shortage and are most appreciated
by children. Commercialization of wild fruits is mainly undertaken by the poorer section of the population. Gender related
differences in knowledge and preferences on species were identified and related to the respective household responsibilities.
A list of the 26 priority species was established based on the preferences of children, women and men at the three sites.
Local, fruit-eating lemur species are also highly dependent on indigenous fruit trees and are crucial for successful regeneration
of forest vegetation.
Ten fruit and kernel traits were assessed in 24 fruits of each of 152Irvingia gabonensis trees in three distinct populations in west and central Africa [2 populations of non-planted trees in Cameroon: Nko'ovos II (21 trees) and Elig-Nkouma (31 trees) and 1 population of planted trees in Nigeria: Ugwuaji (100 trees)]. Strong relationships were found between fruit weight and other fruit traits (e.g. flesh weight[r
2 = 0.99: P < 0.001],fruit length [r
2 = 0.74–0.83:P < 0.001], fruit width[r
2 = 0.77–0.88: P< 0.001]). In contrast, relationships between kernel weight and other kernel/nut traits (e.g. shell weight and nut weight) were found to be weak[r
2 = 0.009–0.37, P =0.058–0.001], with the exception of nut weight at Nko'ovos II(r
2 = 0.65, P < 0.001).Relations hips between fruit and kernel traits (fruit massv. kernel mass, fruit mass v. shell mass, flesh mass v. kernel mass, nut massv. fruit mass and flesh depth v.kernel mass) were found to be very weak. This indicates that domestication through the selection and vegetative propagation of multiple-trait superior phenotypes is unlikely to be able to combine good fruit characteristics and good kernel characteristics within cultivars. Consequently, domestication activities should independently focus on ideotypes representing: 'fresh fruit' traits, and 'kernel' traits, that combine high values of the different fruit and kernel characteristics respectively. Evidence from this study indicates that selection of the three trees closest to the fruit ideotype per village as the mother plants for vegetative propagation and cultivar development, should give village level gains of 1.3 – 2-fold in fruit mass, and up to 1.5-fold in taste. Similarly for the kernel ideotype, selection of the three trees with the best fit would give potential gains in kernel mass of 1.4 – 1.6-fold.
Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is one of the predominant tree species in West African agroforestry systems. A local morphological classification system
is used by farmers, identifying trees with desired or undesired combinations of traits. This study evaluates the genetic significance
of these morphotypes by comparing local identification with AFLP marker information. Eight morphotypes were recognized by
seven ethnic groups from Benin, Ghana and Senegal, among 182 sampled baobab trees. Five primer pairs were used for DNA fingerprinting,
resulting in a total of 254 scored bands, of which between 94.1% and 100% was polymorphic within morphotypes. Generally, genetic
fingerprinting did not correlate with the traditional morphological identification of Adansonia digitata. Probably, AFLP markers are not directly linked to the differences in phenotype or the traits used for the traditional classification
are largely dependent on environmental factors. Since no genetic differentiation is found between the morphotypes, a morphotype-based
approach in the collection of genetic variation for conservation programs is not advisable.
The Sheanut tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) is highly valued for oil obtained from its seeds and frequently maintained in the semi-arid parklands of sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to Uganda. Although variation has been noted for V. paradoxa subsp. paradoxa, few studies have been undertaken on patterns of phenotypic or genotypic diversity. Results are presented from 294 accessions collected in Ghana, using easily quantifiable morphological parameters.
Productive mature trees varied from shrubby multi-stemmed individuals (height <5 m) to 30-m straight-boled trees with high compact canopies. The leaf lamina (tree mean _% coefficient of variation of total mean) varied from 9.2 to 22.5 cm (_15.0%); seed length from 1.74 to 3.74 cm (_11.7%); and fat content from 29.1 to 61.9% of dry kernel weight (_9.4%). Clinal trends significantly correlated with location parameters that in turn related to environmental variation.
Population variation of seed characteristics increased to the Northeast, perpendicular to the annual movement of the inter-tropical convergence zone. It is proposed that this is a consequence of past climatic changes, coupled with a lack of methodical selection for seed type when trees are maintained on agricultural land. Isozyme analysis revealed moderate to high levels of heterozygosity (He 0.2142) and high geneflow (Fst = 0.0124, Nm = 19.9), supporting results obtained from morphological studies. Isozyme and multivariate morphology analyses showed similar but weak geographical separation patterns.
Worldwide, fruit-tree-based agroforestry systems have been only modestly studied, although they are common on smallholder
farms. Such systems based on apple (Malus spp.), peach (Prunus spp.), and pear (Pyrus spp.) are common in northwest Guatemala as low intensity homegardens and are known to increase total farm productivity in
communities where farm size is a limiting factor. This study investigated the potential for adoption of fruit-tree-based agroforestry
by resource-limited farmers using ethnographic investigation and linear programming simulations of farm activities at the
household level. Two communities with differing demographics, infrastructure, and access to regional markets were selected
based on the presence of extensive fruit-tree-based agroforestry. The influences of family size, land holdings, and tree and
crop yields on the optimal adoption levels of fruit trees were evaluated through a comparative study of the varying social
and physical infrastructure present in the two communities. Fruit-tree-based agroforestry was potentially more attractive
to relatively prosperous families or those with larger land holdings. Improvements in fruit-tree productivity and interspecies
competition were of greater importance where family land holdings were smaller. The inability of families to produce sufficient
food to meet annual needs, poor fruit quality, and lack of market infrastructure were identified as constraints that limit
adoption. The complementarity of production with the dominant maize (Zea mays) crop, home consumption of fruit, and the potential to generate additional cash on limited land holdings were identified
as factors promoting adoption of fruit-tree-based agroforestry.
Fulani Knowledge of the Ecological Impacts of
Khaya senegalensis
(Meliaceae) Foliage Harvest in Benin and Its Implications for Sustainable Harvest. An improved understanding of how local people view their impacts on the resources they exploit and how they perceive that their resources are affected by other factors can provide insight into reasons some resources are overexploited and into strategies to conserve them. In West Africa, various tree species are heavily harvested by indigenous herders for foliage to feed their cattle. The reported declines in populations of several of these species have both biological and cultural implications, as cattle are an integral part of indigenous cultures and livelihoods. In this study we investigated Fulani herders’ practices, knowledge, and perceptions of the ecological impacts of harvesting foliage of African mahogany, Khaya senegalensis, in Benin, and we tested some of the factors that may influence them. Fulani herders have detailed ecological knowledge of their impacts on the resources they depend on, and this is finely tuned to local ecological conditions. This knowledge is also widely spread across different sectors of Fulani communities and is highly congruent with scientific findings. However, due to the open-access context of K. senegalensis populations, detailed knowledge of sustainability does not translate into sustainable practices. Fulani perceptions of threats to populations differ significantly between ecological regions and provide key insights for locally relevant resource management plans. Traditional Fulani practices such as the sopoodu provide a basis for sustainable management of proposed Fulani-owned K. senegalensis plantations. This study illustrates how the assessment of local ecological knowledge, practices, and perceptions can play a key role in the design of culturally-appropriate conservation plans.
The shea tree, Vitellaria paradoxa, is a socio-economically important tree for the rural population in parts of West Africa.
Our study assessed the current status of this native tree species with regard to increasing human pressure in northern Benin.
We compared distribution of adult shea trees, seedlings and saplings in farmed lands with protected areas in the Biosphere
Reserve of Pendjari (BRP). At our study site near BRP, agricultural activities foster recruitment of shea trees by regularly
cropping of vegetation cover. Furthermore, traditional farming practices preserve adult individuals thus permitting regular
fruit harvests. Consequently, most of the tallest and largest individuals of shea trees are found in framed lands. In contrast,
the highest density of juvenile trees including seedlings (dbh <5cm) and saplings (dbh 5–10cm) occurred within BRP. Saplings
were negatively affected by farming activities. Furthermore, spatial point pattern analysis revealed differences in the spatial
structure of juveniles. Juveniles showed significant aggregations at small scale (<20m) in BRP as well as significant and
positive small-scale associations with adult trees. This contrasts with farmed lands where we did not find such spatial patterns
at similar small scale but only a weak aggregation between juveniles and absence of association (attraction) of adults to
juveniles. Although our analyses indicate that shea trees are rather well preserved, we conclude that the observed severe
reduction of saplings in farmed lands is likely to negatively impact the long-term viability of the tree population. Therefore
agroforestry practices must consider the preservation of sapling populations in farming areas for long-term conservation.
Estimating the Local Value of Non-Timber Forest Products to Pendjari Biosphere Reserve Dwellers in Benin. This paper uses an indices method based on participant ranking of species to quantify use–values of Non-Timber Forest Products
(NTFPs) and the socio-economic factors that influence these values for people living around the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve
in Benin. There were 76 species identified that had a high index value to people. The 10 most valued species were Parkia biglobosa, Adansonia digitata, Vitellaria paradoxa, Tamarindus indica, Lannea microcarpa, Vitex doniana, Hibiscus asper, Melochia corchorifolia, Khaya senegalensis, and Diospyros mespiliformis. Species values were influenced by the vegetative form of the species as well as by the gender of a participant and his/her
affiliation to the ethnic group. The study also illustrates that women had a preference for NTFP species with high commercial
and nutritional values, while men preferred plants that provide construction material and medicine. Moreover, the ethnic group
that historically had more contact and interaction with the vegetation valued NTFPs more than any other group. The difference
in value attributed to species by people was also driven by the vertical transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge in the study
area. For long-term biodiversity conservation, it will be useful to involve the needs of all of the local communities in the
design of a management plan and focus attention on the most important species.
Folk Classification, Perception, and Preferences of Baobab Products in West Africa: Consequences for Species Conservation
and Improvement.The present study is a component of a baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) domestication research program being undertaken in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Senegal. Surveys conducted on a total
of 129 women and 281 men of different ages included questions on perceptions and human/cultural meaning of morphological variation,
use forms, preferences (desirable/undesirable traits), and links between traits. Local people in the four countries use 21
criteria to differentiate baobab individuals in situ. According to them, the easier the bark harvesting, the tastier the pulp and leaves; the slimier the pulp, the less tasty
it is; the more closely longitudinally marked the fruit capsules, the tastier the pulp. This study shows that farmers are
able to use preferred combinations of traits as a guide in collecting germplasm from trees. This can allow the selection of
trees that would be candidates for propagation, and planning for a domestication program based on the indigenous knowledge.
This study evaluates the spatial genetic structure of baobab (Adansonia digitata) populations from West African agroforestry systems at different geographical scales using AFLP fingerprints. Eleven populations from four countries (Benin, Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Senegal) had comparable levels of genetic diversity, although the two populations in the extreme west (Senegal) had less diversity. Pairwise F(ST) ranged from 0.02 to 0.28 and increased with geographic distance, even at a regional scale. Gene pools detected by Bayesian clustering seem to be a byproduct of the isolation-by-distance pattern rather than representing actual discrete entities. The organization of genetic diversity appears to result essentially from spatially restricted gene flow, with some influences of human seed exchange. Despite the potential for relatively long-distance pollen and seed dispersal by bats within populations, statistically significant spatial genetic structuring within populations (SGS) was detected and gave a mean indirect estimate of neighborhood size of ca. 45. This study demonstrated that relatively high levels of genetic structuring are present in baobab at both large and within-population level, which was unexpected in regard to its dispersal by bats and the influence of human exchange of seeds. Implications of these results for the conservation of baobab populations are discussed.
Introduction. Adansonia digitata L. is a multi-purpose species in Africa; it has a great morphological variability. Our work aimed at characterizing and measuring this morphological variability in various prospected climatic zones in Benin, then at building predictive models of production variables starting from capsule characters. Materials and methods. The analyses related to a biometric characterization of 1200 capsules grouped in four various forms distributed in the whole of three climatic zones; these data were supplemented by an evaluation and a modelling of the baobab productions. Results and discussion. The most discriminating variables of the baobab capsule form and of the prospected climatic zones were the capsule length, the pulp weight, the total capsule weight, the almond weight, the capsule thickness and the ratio [length / width]. On average, a capsule weighs 275 g in the Guinean zone, 273 g in the Sudan-Guinean zone and 204 g in the Sudanian zone; in each one of these zones, it produces 54 g, 51 g and 32 g of pulp, and approximately 37 g, 28 g and 23 g of almond. The average productions of seeds, almond and pulp were modeled and adjusted with square root functions and/or a logarithmic curve according to the various climatic zones. Conclusion. The morphometric variables made it possible not only to make a rather precise typology of the various capsule forms but also to estimate their production starting from predictive models. The variability of the baobab capsule production in various climatic zones could be a parameter useful for a genetic improvement of the species answering the needs and the means of the rural populations. Introduction. Adansonia digitata L. est une espèce à usages multiples en Afrique qui présente une forte variabilité morphologique. Nos travaux ont cherché à caractériser et à mesurer cette variabilité morphologique dans différentes zones climatiques prospectées au Bénin, puis à construire des modèles prédictifs de variables de production à partir de caractères de la capsule. Matériel et méthodes. Les analyses ont porté sur une caractérisation biométrique de 1200 capsules groupées en quatre différentes formes réparties dans l’ensemble de trois zones climatiques ; ces données ont été complétées par une évaluation et une modélisation de leurs productions. Résultats et discussion. Les variables les plus discriminantes de la forme des capsules de baobab et des zones climatiques prospectées ont été la longueur de la capsule, le poids de la pulpe, le poids total de la capsule, le poids de l’amande, l’épaisseur de la capsule et le rapport [longueur / largeur]. En moyenne, une capsule pèse 275 g en zone guinéenne, 273 g en zone soudano-guinéenne et 204 g en zone soudanienne ; elle produit dans chacune de ces zones 54 g, 51 g et 32 g de pulpe, ainsi que 37 g, 28 g et 23 g d’amande. Les productions moyennes en graines, amande et pulpe ont été modélisées et ajustées à des fonctions racine carrée et/ou logarithmique suivant les différentes zones climatiques. Conclusion. Les variables morphométriques ont permis non seulement de faire une typologie assez précise des différentes formes de capsules mais aussi d’estimer leur production à partir de modèles prédictifs. La variabilité de la production des capsules de baobab suivant différentes zones climatiques pourrait être un paramètre utile à une amélioration génétique de l’espèce répondant aux besoins et aux moyens des populations rurales.
Baobab (Adansonia digitata) is a multi-purpose tree used daily by rural African communities. The present study aimed at investigating the level of morphometric and genetic variation and spatial genetic structure within and between threatened baobab populations from the three climatic zones of Benin.
A total of 137 individuals from six populations were analysed using morphometric data as well as molecular marker data generated using the AFLP technique.
Five primer pairs resulted in a total of 217 scored bands with 78.34 % of them being polymorphic. A two-level AMOVA of 137 individuals from six baobab populations revealed 82.37 % of the total variation within populations and 17.63 % among populations (P < 0.001). Analysis of population structure with allele-frequency based F-statistics revealed a global F(ST) of 0.127 +/- 0.072 (P < 0.001). The mean gene diversity within populations (H(S)) and the average gene diversity between populations (D(ST)) were estimated at 0.309 +/- 0.000 and 0.045 +/- 0.072, respectively. Baobabs in the Sudanian and Sudan-Guinean zones of Benin were short and produced the highest yields of pulp, seeds and kernels, in contrast to the ones in the Guinean zone, which were tall and produced only a small number of fruits with a low pulp, seed and kernel productivity. A statistically significant correlation with the observed patterns of genetic diversity was observed for three morphological characteristics: height of the trees, number of branches and thickness of the capsules.
The results indicate some degree of physical isolation of the populations collected in the different climatic zones and suggest a substantial amount of genetic structuring between the analysed populations of baobab. Sampling options of the natural populations are suggested for in or ex situ conservation.
Ethnobotany, the study of the classification, use and management of plants by people, draws on a range of disciplines, including natural and social sciences, to show how conservation of plants and of local knowledge about them can be achieved. Ethnobotany is critical to the growing importance of developing new crops and products such as drugs from traditional plants. This book is the basic introduction to the field, showing how botany, anthropology, ecology, economics and linguistics are all employed in the techniques and methods involved. It explains data collection and hypothesis testing and provides practical ideas on fieldwork ethics and the application of results to conservation and community development. Case studies illustrate the explanations, demonstrating the importance of collaboration in achieving results. Published with WWF, UNESCO and Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.
Socio-cultural surveys were carried out on the basis of a questionnaire administered on 346 respondents in order to investigate cultural and ethnobotanic uses of Milicia excelsa in Benin.M. excelsa contributes to cure 45 human diseases. The different parts of the tree used are leaves (30.3%), bark (25.8%), root (23.6%), latex (10.1%), flaking bark (6.7%), wood, calcium concentrated in old trees, and gum (1.1% each). Fruits or seeds are rarely used. Six different forms of utilization were recorded: soaking (46.3%), bark or leaves decoction (32.8%), herb tea (11.9%), powder (6.0%), leaves or bark grounded and rolled up into ball (1.5%), component of offering to fetish (1.5%). Iroko wood is also used in carpentry and joinery for construction purposes; furniture as well as for building boats/canoes.Iroko tree is used as the conservatory of cultural values and incarnates many divinities, which differ significantly from one province to another (χ2=1830.27; d.f.=25; P