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Antioxidant activity of different extracts from leaves of Pereskia bleo (Cactaceae)
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess the antioxidant properties of ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol and hexane extracts from leaves of Pereskia bleo using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method (DPPH assay), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP assay) and β-Carotene-Linoleic acid methods. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and flavonoids of the leaves of P. bleo were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu and HPLC methods respectively. Results of the present study showed that Ethyl acetate extract of P. bleo leaf exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher antioxidant activity as measured using DPPH free radical (IC 50), FRAP and β-carotene-linoleic assays than that of hexane extract, methanol extract and ethanol extract. Pereskia bleo leaf was also found to contain high amounts of bioactive compounds including total phenolic compounds (109.43 ±0.84 mg GAE/g), epicatechin (575± 0.04 mg/100g), quercetin (110.94 ±0.12 mg/100g), catechin (918 ± 0.01 mg/100 g) and myricetin (9.49±0.55 mg/100g) while the concentrations of α-tocopherol, β-carotene and lycopene were found to be higher (69±0.25, 51.97±1.18 mg/100 g, 92.46±0.41 µg/g), respectively.
... (Abdul Manaf et al., 2014). Hassanbaglou et al. (2012) noted that the extract of P. bleo leaves is high in antioxidants attributed to various phenolic and flavonoid constituents such as catechin, quercetin, epicatechin, myricetin, as well as ß-carotene and α-tocopherol. The leaves of P. bleo also consist of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, fatty acids, glycosides, lactones, sterol, terpenoid and carotenoid compounds that also function as antioxidant agents (Zareisedehizadeh et al., 2014). ...
... Then, the combined filtrate was concentrated under a rotary evaporator (Buchi, Rotavapor ® R-300, Switzerland). The crude extracts obtained were stored in a dark bottle at 4°C for not more than a week before the evaluation of antioxidant activities (Hassanbaglou et al., 2012). ...
... The lowest radical scavenging ability of P. bleo leaves dried with oven drying, as seen in this current study, suggests that the high temperature used in the drying process might inflict losses on the antioxidant compounds in the leaves. Phenolic content has been reported to be highly attributed to the scavenging capacity of the radicals (Hassanbaglou et al., 2012). Elshaafi et al. (2020) have found that drying leaves at 60°C and above may cause a lowering of the phenolic content and antioxidant activity due to thermal degradation. ...
Pereskia bleo, a widely cultivated plant known for its medicinal applications, contains abundant phytochemicals, including phenolics and flavonoids, predominantly in its leaves. The drying process, a standard practice for enhancing the shelf life, could affect the bioactive compounds within the leaves. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the impact of various drying methods on the colour, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of P. bleo leaves. The tested drying methods include shade, oven, microwave, and freeze-drying. The colour of fresh and dried leaves was assessed using a Minolta chromameter. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the P. bleo leaves extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu’s and aluminium chloride colourimetric assay, respectively. Antioxidant capacities were analysed with DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). The results showed that microwave drying has significantly less impact than the other drying methods on the colour attributes of the leaves (p<0.05). Notably, microwave-dried P. bleo leaves demonstrated significantly higher TPC (77.31 ± 0.70 mg GAE/g dry extract) and TFC (35.79 ± 1.34 mg QE/g dry extract) compared to leaves dried using the other tested methods (p<0.05). Additionally, microwave-dried P. bleo leaves displayed the highest DPPH inhibition (91.62%) and exhibited the most potent IC50 value (76.90 ± 1.06 µg/mL) compared to oven and shade-dried leaves (p<0.05). P. bleo leaves dried with a microwave also recorded a significantly higher FRAP value (62.66 ± 0.10 µg TE/g dry extract) than oven-dried leaves (p<0.05). In conclusion, microwave drying emerged to be an efficient drying method in preserving the colour and antioxidant properties of the P. bleo leaves, suggesting its potential as a favourable drying technique for retaining bioactive compounds in medicinal plant materials.
... Os radicais livres podem ser neutralizados pelos antioxidantes naturais ou compartilhados indiretamente nos sistemas enzimáticos. Entre os antioxidantes mais comuns estão o ácido ascórbico, os compostos fenólicos, os taninos, o ácido úrico, os carotenoides, as betalaínas e os pigmentos (HASSANBAGLOU et al., 2012;REIS et al., 2013). ...
... Essas características fazem com que a vitamina C seja recomendada como suplementação alimentar. Além disso, é bastante utilizada na estabilização da cor e sabor de uma ampla variedade de frutas processadas na forma de sucos, polpas e outras bebidas (HASSANBAGLOU et al., 2012). ...
... Esses dados são muito semelhantes aos encontrados para o manacaru. Hassanbaglou et al. (2012) analisaram quatro tipos de extratos preparados a partir das folhas da espécie vegetal Pereskia bleo (pertencente à família Cactaceae): extrato metanólico 27%; extrato hexânica 24%; extrato etanólico 54% e extrato em acetato de etila 16%. Entre esses, o extrato etanólico foi aquele que apresentou os melhores resultados, possivelmente porque é nesse extrato que encontra-se o maior número de moléculas polares. ...
Cereus fernambucensis, conhecida popularmente como manacaru, é conhecida pelo sabor adocicado do seu fruto. Pesquisas clínicas mostram que os antioxidantes fenólicos de frutas, cereais e vegetais são os principais fatores que auxiliam para a redução da incidência de doenças, contribuindo para a saúde. Dessa forma, avaliaram-se os teores de taninos, fenóis totais, ácido ascórbico e açúcares no manacaru, levando-se em consideração a atividade antioxidante.
... In addition, Doetsch et al. [34] reported the isolation of three alkaloids, namely, 3,4-dimethoxy--phenethylamine (mescaline), 3-methoxytyramine, and tyramine, from the leaves of this plant. Vitamin E ( -tocopherol) [36,37] which is well known for its antioxidant properties; 2,4-ditertbutylphenol and dihydroactinidiolide were isolated through bioassay-guided fractionation by Malek et al. [36]. Murillo et al. [26] analyzed the fruit of P. bleo for lutein and zeaxanthin contents. ...
... Although the reduction was statistically significant, it was not more than ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as positive controls [25]. Hassanbaglou et al. [37] compared the antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract with that of hexane, ethanol, and methanol extracts. They showed that the ethyl acetate extract had significantly higher antioxidant properties compared to the rest of the tested extracts. ...
... Cladosporium cucumerinum c + + NA NA NA + Propiconazole, miconazole [43] a The screening for antibacterial effect was carried out by determining the zone of inhibition using paper disc, + stands for activity between 6-9 mm, ++ stands for activity between 9-14 mm, +++ stands for activity more than 14 mm [38]. In general, although different studies used plant materials from different sources and nonsimilar extraction methods, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts appear to be the strongest antioxidant extracts from the P. bleo leaves [8,25,37]. Moreover, this antioxidant capacity is strongly associated with the total phenolic compounds and flavonoid content of the plant leaves [25,37,58]. ...
Pereskia bleo, a leafy cactus, is a medicinal plant native to West and South America and distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. It is traditionally used as a dietary vegetable, barrier hedge, water purifier, and insect repellant and for maintaining health, detoxification, prevention of cancer, and/or treatment of cancer, hypertension, diabetes, stomach ache, muscle pain, and inflammatory diseases such as dermatitis and rheumatism. The aim of this paper was to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the botanical characteristics, traditional usage, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and safety of P. bleo. A literature search using MEDLINE (via PubMed), Science direct, Scopus and Google scholar and China Academic Journals Full-Text Database (CNKI) and available eBooks and books in the National University of Singapore libraries in English and Chinese was conducted. The following keywords were used: Pereskia bleo, Pereskia panamensis, Pereskia corrugata, Rhodocacus corrugatus, Rhodocacus bleo, Cactus panamensis, Cactus bleo, Spinach cactus, wax rose, Perescia, and Chinese rose. This review revealed the association between the traditional usage of P. bleo and reported pharmacological properties in the literature. Further investigation on the pharmacological properties and phytoconstituents of P. bleo is warranted to further exploit its potentials as a source of novel therapeutic agents or lead compounds.
... Next, the aliquot was filtered with filter paper using a vacuum pump. Lastly, the P. bleo leaves extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator at 40 °C before being stored in a blue cap bottle at 4 °C (Hassanbaglou et al., 2012). ...
... In this study, β-carotene in different parts of the P. bleo was determined using the synthetic antioxidant βcarotene standard curve. In addition, the acetone extraction method was used to extract β-carotene contents from different parts of the plant to maximize each part's extraction volume: the leaves, flowers and fruits (Hassanbaglou et al., 2012). ...
Aims: This study was aimed to investigate the effects of methanol extracts from various parts of the Pereskia bleo Kuhn plant on Acanthamoeba sp. The antioxidant levels of each extract from different plant parts were measured after the extraction process. These extracts were then exposed to Acanthamoeba sp. to assess dose-response, IC50 values, changes in cell morphology, internal cell activity and apoptosis based on alterations in phospholipids. Methodology and results: The total phenolic content, carotenoid estimation and antioxidant activity of the leaves, flowers and fruits of P. bleo were measured based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH) assay. Its anti-amoebic properties were tested using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for the IC50 determination. The morphological and biochemical changes in the Acanthamoeba sp. were observed under light and fluorescence microscopy using the acridine orange and propidium iodide double staining (AO/PI). The IC50 values of P. bleo leaves, flowers and fruits methanolic extracts were 5.884%, 0.1646% and 20.69%, respectively. Morphological observation displayed shortened acanthapodia with darkened cytoplasms. AO/PI-stained Acanthamoeba sp. cells appear with orange-fluorescent organelles in their green cytoplasm, indicating autophagic cell deaths. Apoptotic and necrotic Acanthamoeba sp. cells were absent based on Annexin V labelling. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: This study confirmed that the methanolic crude extracts of P. bleo exhibit high cytotoxic potential towards Acanthamoeba sp. trophozoites by inducing an autophagic mode of cell death.
... Flavonoids are known to have potential antioxidant properties and probable roles in preventing oxidative stress associated diseases (Haminiuk et al., 2012) [7] . Literature shows capacity of the antioxidant is highly associated with the total flavonoid content and total phenolic compounds of the plant leaves crude extract (Sim et al., 2010;Mustafa et al., 2010 andHassanbaglou et al., 2012) [24,18,8] . Ju et al., (2014) [10] observed that the capability of scavenging DPPH free radical of silkworm droppings extracts from different solvents was the highest (80%) in water ultrasonification extraction (WUE). ...
... Flavonoids are known to have potential antioxidant properties and probable roles in preventing oxidative stress associated diseases (Haminiuk et al., 2012) [7] . Literature shows capacity of the antioxidant is highly associated with the total flavonoid content and total phenolic compounds of the plant leaves crude extract (Sim et al., 2010;Mustafa et al., 2010 andHassanbaglou et al., 2012) [24,18,8] . Ju et al., (2014) [10] observed that the capability of scavenging DPPH free radical of silkworm droppings extracts from different solvents was the highest (80%) in water ultrasonification extraction (WUE). ...
Silkworm droppings (SWD) are one of the major wastes generated during rearing of silkworms. However, these droppings are excellent source of manure, fish and poultry food and are utilized in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries because of the presence of some important bioactive compounds. Present study was undertaken to determine the chlorophyll, polyphenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity of SWD in droppings of all the 5 instars of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The ethanol stirrer extraction method was used for the preparation of silkworm dropping extracts of all the 5 instars. The total chlorophyll was found in the increasing order from 1.839mg/g to 3.609mg/g in the 1 st to 4 th instar SWD. However, the content of total chlorophyll decreased in the 5 th instar SWD (2.628mg/g). Total polyphenol content was recorded in decreasing trend from 1 st to 5 th instar SWD from 3.108mgGAE/g to 0.510mgGAE/g, similar trend was observed in the total flavonoid content from 19.097mgQE/g in 1 st instar to 4.07mgQE/g in 5 th instar SWD. Scavenging activity shows direct correlation with the concentration. Highest scavenging activity was observed at 50mg/ml sample. Further, the scavenging activity showed decreasing trend in the SWD samples collected from 1 st to 5 th instar larvae from 87.46% to 76.03% respectively. From the study we conclude that silkworm droppings can serve as a promising dietary, nutraceutical and scavenging application and would thereby add value to sericulture.
... Compared to other compounds, the low content of quercetin found in the extracts may be explained by its high instability [36]. This result was also verified by publications in the literature where P. aculeate and Pereskia bleo (Kunth) leaves extracts were evaluated [19,37]. Finally, catechin was the only compound not detected in any of the P. aculeate leaves extracts assessed in this study. ...
... Finally, catechin was the only compound not detected in any of the P. aculeate leaves extracts assessed in this study. Nevertheless, it is important to mention that previous publications described the identification and quantification of this component (9.18 mg.g −1 ) for P. bleo ethanolic extract [37]. The absence of catechin in the extracts evaluated here may be explained by factors such as the geographical location of plant cultivation, species, harvest condition, leaves drying, and extraction methods. ...
Pereskia aculeata Miller, is an unconventional food plant native to South America. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different ultrasonic extraction times (10, 20, 30, and 40 min) on the phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts obtained from lyophilized Pereskia aculeate Miller (ora-pro-nobis) leaves, an under-researched plant. Morphological structure and chemical group evaluations were also conducted for the lyophilized P. aculeate leaves. The different extraction times resulted in distinct phenolic content and Antioxidant Activity (ATT) values. Different extraction time conditions resulted in phenolic compound contents ranging from 2.07 to 2.60 mg EAG.g−1 of extract and different ATT values. The ATT evaluated by DPPH was significantly higher (from 61.20 to 70.20 μM of TE.g−1 of extract) in extraction times of 30 and 40 min, respectively. For ABTS, it varied between 6.38 and 10.24 μM of TE.g−1 of extract and 24.34 and 32.12 μM ferrous sulp.g−1 of extract. All of the obtained extracts inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, particularly the treatment employing 20 min of extraction at the highest dilution (1.56 mg.mL−1). Although liquid chromatography analyses showed that chlorogenic acid was the primary compound detected for all extracts, Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry (PS-MS) suggested the extracts contained 53 substances, such as organic, fatty, and phenolic acids, sugars, flavonoids, terpenes, phytosterols, and other components. The PS-MS proved to be a valuable technique to obtain the P. aculeate leaves extract chemical profile. It was observed that the freeze-drying process enhanced the conservation of morphological structures of P. aculeate leaves, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified carboxyl functional groups and proteins between the 1000 and 1500 cm−1 bands in the P. aculeate leaves, thus favoring water interaction and contributing to gel formation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate different times (10, 20, 30 and 40 min) for ultrasound extraction of P. aculeate leaves. The polyphenols improved extraction, and high antioxidant activity demonstrates the potential for applying P. aculeate leaves and their extract as functional ingredients or additives in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
... OPN leaves present very appealing characteristics regarding biological activities. Some studies have reported that Pereskia sp. are associated with antioxidant activity [9,10], antibiotic potential [11], diuretic activity [12], cytotoxicity against cervical cancer [13], human nasopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma and hormone-dependent breast carcinoma cells [14], antinociceptive [15], anti-inflammatory [16,17], among other activities. Phenolic compounds, terpenes, sterols, and carotenoids are among the various classes of compounds that have been identified from conventional extracts of ora-pro-nobis leaves (Pereskia sp.), and are associated with its potential activities [11,15,18,19]. ...
... This behavior was associated to quercetin (and isomers) content, identified by HPLC, because quercetin is the main flavonoids from onion. Besides, quercetin has also been identified from OPN samples, from P. bleo specie [10], and from P. aculeata [11]. Then, in order to corroborate with literature data, a tentative identification of compounds from the extracts from OPN leaves (SFE and PLE samples) is presented at Section 3.4. ...
Ora-pro-nobis (OPN) is an unconventional food plant used in some Brazilian regions in traditional culinary. A combination of high-pressure extraction processes was used, following the biorefinery concept, to value this underestimated raw material. A sequence of extractions was performed, with solvents of increasing polarity: supercritical fluid extraction (SFE-CO2), pressurized liquid extraction using ethanol (PLE-ethanol) and water (PLE-water). Soxhlet and buffer maceration were used for comparison. Extraction yield, antioxidant capacity, phenolics and soluble protein contents were evaluated. Samples recovered by water had better antioxidant capacity, while ethanol samples presented higher phenolic content. The process combination improved yield, antioxidant potential, phenolics and soluble protein recovery, especially combining SFE + PLE-ethanol + PLE-water. Overall, 13 phenolics were identified, mainly flavonoids and organic acids, known for its antioxidant and biological activities, confirming the extracts high value-added. Thus, downstream process combination for OPN leaves enabled the recovery of high value-added products following the biorefinery concept.
... It has been attributed to chlorophylls the beneficial effects on tissues, organs, and systems about the prevention of coronary heart disease, certain types of cancer, diabetes, and cataracts (Ferruzzi, & Blakeslee, 2007). This demonstrates the importance of using vegetable flours, such as ora-pro-nobis, in human food (Ferruzzi, & Blakeslee, 2007;Hassanbaglou et al., 2012). ...
... The lower the IC50 value (Table 2), the greater the antioxidant activity observed (Brand-Wiliams, Cuvelier, & Berset, 1995). According to Hassanbaglou et al. (2012), the antioxidant capacity is highly associated with the total content of flavonoids and the total phenolic compounds that the plant has in the crude extract. Thus, the highest antioxidant activity was observed for OPNF and OPN30 (Table 2). ...
This work aimed to evaluate the nutritional and rheological quality of ora-pro-nobis flour (OPNF) and its influence on the replacement of wheat flour (WF), through the analysis of physicochemical parameters, determination of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and rheological analyzes of wheat flour and mixtures with 10 to 30% OPNF. Flour blends with 10%, 20% and 30% of OPNF in substitution of WF in flour base were evaluated. The OPNF showed higher values of lipids (2.87%), proteins (18.29%), fibers (44.13%), ash (11.19%), minerals (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe and Zn), beta-carotene (71.37 µg 100 g-1), lycopene (25.02 µg 100 g-1), total chlorophyll (24.40 µg 100 g-1), ABTS radical-scavenging capacity (15.02 μmol Trolox eq. g-1) and DPPH (IC 50 = 33.30 μmol mL-1 extract) in relation to WF. The flour blends with 10%, 20% and 30% of OPNF showed a higher nutritional value and antioxidant activity proportional to the increase on OPNF concentration. The increasing on the concentration of OPNF in flour blends reduced the values of the gluten strength (P), tenacity (W), extensibility (L), water absorption and falling number. Moreover, it increased the values of dough development time, dough stability and water absorption. The results of rheological analyzes indicate that flour blends of OPNF (10%, 20% and 30%) with WF have characteristics suitable for use in biscuits, baked cakes and breads. The data from this study demonstrate the nutritional value and technological potential of OPNF for the development of food products.
... Caftaric acid was the major extracts' constituent accounting for more than 49% of the phenolic content (11.72 mg/g), followed by quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (3.56 mg/g) and isorhamnetin-O-pentoside-Orutinoside (2.27 mg/g) ( Table 1). With some similarity, Hassanbaglou et al. (2012) found that catechin (9.18 mg/g); quercetin (1.10 mg/g); epicatechin (1.09 mg/g) and myricetin (9.49 mg/g) were the major flavonoid components of the ethanolic leaf extract of Pereskia bleo (Kunth). ...
... Sim, Sri Nurestri, & Norhanom reported (2010), in their study on the bioactivities of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC., found a lower antioxidant potential (IC 50 = 210 µg/ml) determined by the DPPH assay. Likewise, Hassanbaglou et al. (2012) verified lower activities in ethyl acetate (IC 50 = 168 μg/ml), hexane (IC 50 = 244 μg/ml), methanol (IC 50 = 278 μg/ml), and ethanol (IC 50 = 540 μg/ml) extracts of P. bleo leaves using the same method. Pinto et al. (2012) investigated the antioxidant activity of the methanol crude extract, as well as of hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions of P. aculeata leaves via thin-layer chromatography DPPH bioautography analysis. ...
Pereskia aculeata Miller, known worldwide as ora-pro-nobis, is a highly nutritive species of the Cactaceae family from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. In this work, we report inedited information on the phenolic profile of P. aculeata leaves, besides a broad study of their antioxidant potential using a set of five different methods. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified, such as two phenolic acids (caffeic acid derivatives)and eight flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin glycoside derivatives). Caftaric acid was the extract's major phenolic constituent, accounting for more than 49% of the phenolic content, followed by quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (14.99%)and isorhamnetin-O-pentoside-O-rutinoside (9.56%). Overall, the ora-pro-nobis leaf extract showed relevant values of antioxidant capacity, with higher activities than the Trolox in the DPPH and ABTS trials. The antimicrobial activity exhibited by the extract against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria suggests the presence of a broad spectrum of phytochemicals with antibiotic activity.
... The acute and oral toxicity in experimental ICR mice by Sim, et al. has been revealed that there were no mortality and adverse effects on the mice when induced with Pereskia bleo and Pereskia grand folia Haworth (Cacteceae) [9]. Pereskia bleo has also been shown to possess significant antioxidant activity due to the presence of phenol and flavonoid compounds [10,11]. Nevertheless, there was no scientific evidence for the antidiabetic property of Pereskia bleo reported. ...
... The liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy have revealed the presence of the flavonoid of apigenin 6-glycoside and chrysin ( Figure 1). The Pereskia bleo extracts were also reported to have phenolic and flavonoid compound such as catechin, quarcetin, epicatechin, and myricetin in its leaves [10]. Table 1 shows that the aqueous extracts of the stem contained the highest phenol and flavonoid contents at 6.05±0.10mgGAE/g ...
... It belongs to primitive cactus (Cactaceae) plants, which are leafy [13]. This plant contains high antioxidants [14], which are useful as anti-cancer [15], antimicrobial [16] and anti-inflammatory [17]. Drought stress reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis and decreases root dry weight and potential matric on the root zone. ...
... Acid rain has the potential to suppress plant height and damage the leaf surface. Acid rain also causes necrosis in G. Americana [14] and seriously damages the leaf surface [7], but this depends on the sensitivity of leaf surfaces of various plants [26]. The net photosynthetic rate of P. massoniana exposed to acid rain with pH 4 and 2.5 having decreases of 20% and 34% has shown that P. massoniana is susceptible to exposure to acid rain [27]. ...
Global warming due to CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions from human activities have led to climate change and environmental degradation. The acid rain, with the pH of rainwater below 5.6, is a serious environmental problem. Arising from air pollution and potentially harmful to health, it can damage old buildings and distract the growth and physiological metabolism of sensitive plants. How does the influence of climate change on medicinal plants such as Pereskia bleo? The leaf of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC. contains high antioxidants with benefits for anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-rheumatic, and anti-inflammatory. This research aims to investigate the influence of acid rain on the proline level and antioxidant content of Pereskia bleo. Having been carried out from June to August in Jogjakarta, this study was conducted through the use of artificial acid rain with pH 5.8, 4.9, 3.7 and 2.9, by adding sulfate acid (H2SO4) to rainwater. The interval of intermittent watering acid rain to the plants is once a day, twice a day, and once in three days with three replications for six weeks. The results showed that Acid rain with a pH less than 4.9 and the intermittent interval of acid rain twice a day and once in three days significantly suppresses growth and chlorophyll content. In contrast, it increases the proline and antioxidant levels as a tolerant action of the plant.
... Each assay relies on a different mechanism to test for antioxidant activity. FRAP is an assay that evaluates the ability of a sample to reduce a ferric (III)-TPTZ complex to ferrous (II)-TPTZ in vitro 41,42 . Although it is similar to DPPH and ABTS in terms of inhibiting the reactive species, the FRAP assay demonstrates the ability of antioxidants to prevent cellular oxidative damage in the body by becoming the oxidized substrate to the oxidizing species 43 . ...
... Although it is similar to DPPH and ABTS in terms of inhibiting the reactive species, the FRAP assay demonstrates the ability of antioxidants to prevent cellular oxidative damage in the body by becoming the oxidized substrate to the oxidizing species 43 . The leaf extract of N. bicalcarata exhibited a reducing power of 87.1 ± 2.56 mg TE/g DW, which is much higher than the reducing power of other plants reported using the same method 41,[44][45] . Phenolic compounds are thought to be responsible for antioxidant activity and several studies have shown a strong positive correlation between the phenolic and flavonoid content of a plant and its antioxidant activity 42,46 . ...
Pitcher plants (Nepenthes spp.) have a variety of medicinal uses, from simple management of infections to treatment of diabetes. The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of methanolic extracts of the leaves of Nepenthes bicalcarata. The screening for various phytochemicals was conducted using a standard procedure. Pharmacological investigation involved the determination of the antioxidant, antimicrobial, toxicity and antidiabetic activities of the extracts. Antioxidant activity determination was carried out using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging assays, and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using colorimetric methods. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the disk-diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by a two-fold agar dilution method. Toxicity was assessed using a brine-shrimp lethality test (BSLT). Antidiabetic activity was evaluated using alloxan (120 mg/kg body weight) induced diabetic Wistar male rats orally treated on alternate days for 8 weeks at an extract dose of 300 mg/kg body weight. The phytochemical screening led to the detection of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, terpenoids, steroids and phlobatannins. The FRAP, DPPH and ABTS antioxidant assays indicated the extracts had a moderate activity of 87.1 ± 2.50 mg Trolox Equivalent/g dry-weight, and IC50 values of 12.52 ± 0.49 μg/mL and 16.13 ± 0.33 μg/mL, respectively. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were 50.5 ± 0.7 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/g and 6.63 ± 0.17 mg Quercetin Equivalent (QE)/g, respectively. Antimicrobial tests revealed that the leaf extract was active against selected gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and B. spizizenii) and a few fungi (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae), with MIC values ranging from 256 to 1024 μg/mL. An LC50 value of 73.3 μg/mL was obtained from the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. These findings indicate that methanolic extracts of N. bicalcarata leaves have various phytopharmacological activities and thus it would be useful to isolate the compounds responsible for these bioactivities in the future. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. All rights reserved.
... 42,43 Ethyl acetate extract showed significant free radical scavenging on DPPH assay. 44,65 Ethyl acetate extract showed higher activity on ABTS assay than methanol, hexane and water extracts. 65 T-butanol extract had good antioxidant properties on ABTS assay. ...
... Bakhari and Abdullah 65 found ethyl acetate extract of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) leaves having the highest potential to scavenge free radical molecule as its percentage of inhibition was higher (66.32% at 100 ppm) than all extracts. According to Hassanbaglou et al44 ethyl acetate extract of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) leaves exerted better antioxidant activity than other extracts but this activity was low in compared with standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanesole and αtocopherol 44 . Sim et al 42 tested Ferric Reducing Anti-oxidant Power (FRAP) of different extracts of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) at various concentration. ...
Pereskia is the only cactus genus that has green leaf unlike other genera of large Cactaceae family. Pereskia is well known in scientific community for their heterogeneous, morphological and botanical characteristics. Although Pereskia genus originates in Latin American countries but it is also widespread in tropical areas like Malaysia, Indonesia. Some species of Pereskia have been used by traditional practitioners for the treatment of many diseases such as cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, gastric pain and ulcer. Some of the species of this genus have been proven to possess diverse biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-nociceptive, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer activities by several scientific investigations. The objective of this paper is to review the pharmacological activity and phytochemical properties of the Pereskia genus.
... In the present study, A. niebuhriana latex extract was formulated and optimized as efervescent granules. Efervescent granules, comprising a mix of acids and bases, exhibit a unique property: when dissolved in water, they generate foam and mimic the taste of soft drinks [66]. Effervescence is known to enhance the dissolution and aids in masking the unpleasant taste and ofer a refreshing experience when consumed [67,68]. ...
Background: Ethnomedicine exhibits potential in developing afordable efective antidiabetic agents. Aim: Tis work aimed to explore the antidiabetic properties of Aloe niebuhriana latex extract both in vivo, utilizing alloxan-induced diabetic rats, and in vitro, through α-amylase enzyme testing. Additionally, it sought to formulate optimal efervescent granules derived from the extract. Methods: Te α-amylase inhibition assay was performed using the α-amylase kit using biochemical analyzers. Experimental diabetes was induced in animals with alloxan. On Day 14 postdiabetes induction, body weight, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profle parameters were determined. Also, six efervescent granule preparations of the extract were formulated using wet granulation. Based on its physical and organoleptic properties, a formulation was selected and optimized. Results: Te extract displayed modest α-amylase inhibition, with an IC 50 value of 439.2 μg/mL. Both doses of A. niebuhriana extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) signifcantly reduced blood glucose level compared to their respective Day 1 levels (p < 0.001). Moreover, the extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg signifcantly normalized lipid profle compared to the diabetic control groups (p < 0.05 − 0.001). Six formulations containing the extract were prepared (F1-F6), and F6 containing 200 mg of the extract was selected for optimization due to its favorable odor, taste, foaming, and efervescent properties, high solubility, and absence of turbidity and adhesion. Te formulated F6 granules successfully met the quality parameters assessed including fow time, pH efervescent time, angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr's index, and Hausner's ratio. Conclusion: Tis study highlights the antidiabetic potential of A. niebuhriana latex extract, potentially attributed to its hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and α-amylase inhibitory efects. Te successful formulation and evaluation of the extract as efervescent granules suggest its potential as an antidiabetic drug.
... In the present study, A. niebuhriana latex extract was formulated and optimized as efervescent granules. Efervescent granules, comprising a mix of acids and bases, exhibit a unique property: when dissolved in water, they generate foam and mimic the taste of soft drinks [66]. Effervescence is known to enhance the dissolution and aids in masking the unpleasant taste and ofer a refreshing experience when consumed [67,68]. ...
Background: Ethnomedicine exhibits potential in developing affordable effective antidiabetic agents.
Aim: This work aimed to explore the antidiabetic properties of Aloe niebuhriana latex extract both in vivo, utilizing alloxan-induced diabetic rats, and in vitro, through α-amylase enzyme testing. Additionally, it sought to formulate optimal effervescent granules derived from the extract.
Methods: The α-amylase inhibition assay was performed using the α-amylase kit using biochemical analyzers. Experimental diabetes was induced in animals with alloxan. On Day 14 postdiabetes induction, body weight, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile parameters were determined. Also, six effervescent granule preparations of the extract were formulated using wet granulation. Based on its physical and organoleptic properties, a formulation was selected and optimized.
Results: The extract displayed modest α-amylase inhibition, with an IC50 value of 439.2 μg/mL. Both doses of A. niebuhriana extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood glucose level compared to their respective Day 1 levels (p<0.001). Moreover, the extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg significantly normalized lipid profile compared to the diabetic control groups (p<0.05−0.001). Six formulations containing the extract were prepared (F1–F6), and F6 containing 200 mg of the extract was selected for optimization due to its favorable odor, taste, foaming, and effervescent properties, high solubility, and absence of turbidity and adhesion. The formulated F6 granules successfully met the quality parameters assessed including flow time, pH effervescent time, angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, and Hausner’s ratio.
Conclusion: This study highlights the antidiabetic potential of A. niebuhriana latex extract, potentially attributed to its hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and α-amylase inhibitory effects. The successful formulation and evaluation of the extract as effervescent granules suggest its potential as an antidiabetic drug.
... The residue from the filtration was re-extracted twice with 80% methanol, which was then filtered and combined with the previous filtrate obtained. The filtrate was then concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotational evaporator (Buchi, Rotavapor ® R-300, Büchi, Switzerland), and the obtained crude extracts were stored at 4°C in a chiller (Hassanbaglou et al., 2012). ...
Strobilanthes crispus, a medicinal herb, is recognised for its abundant phytochemicals, notably in its leaves, contributing to its high antioxidant activity. However, the crucial step of drying, aimed at extending shelf life, can impact the stability of these bioactive compounds. This study evaluates the impact of different drying methods, which include oven, microwave, freeze drying, and air drying, on the colour, phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities of S. crispus leaves. The colour analysis of the fresh and dried leaves was assessed using the chromameter. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu’s and aluminium chloride colourimetric assays, respectively. Antioxidant capacities were analysed via ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The results showed that microwave-dried S. crispus leaves exhibited minimal alterations in colour attributes L*, a*, and b*, closely resembling the fresh leaves (p > 0.05). Microwave drying significantly preserved TPC (145.42 ± 1.61 mg GAE/g), TFC (117.27 ± 5.10 mg QE/g), FRAP activity (258.92 ± 0.15 µg TE/g extract), and displayed the most potent DPPH scavenging half-maximal inhibitory concentration (7.58 ± 0.48 µg/ml) compared to other methods (p < 0.05). Notably, the DPPH scavenging potency surpassed that of the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. In conclusion, microwave drying appeared to be an efficient method for preserving the colour and antioxidant properties of S. crispus leaves. It highlights its potential as a favourable drying technique for conserving bioactive compounds in medicinal plant materials, offering promising applications in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical fields.
... Generally, degradation of oil during frying is accompanied by increasing the polar compounds of oil (30). Many researchers reported that the total polar components (TPC) to be the most reliable indicator of oil degradation (31)(32)(33). Polar compounds include all oxidized triglycerides, dimerized triglycerides, FFAs, monoglycerides, diglycerides, sterols, antioxidants, antifoamers, hydrogenation catalyst residues and soaps (34). Table 1 shows the percentage of TPC formed during repeatedly heating sesame oil and sesame oil with 200 ppm of TBHQ. ...
... [9] In addition, P. bleo was also studied for its antimicrobial, [10] antinociceptive [3] and antioxidant activity using various in vitro assays. [11,12] Despite the traditional uses and biological activities of P. bleo, the literature review yielded limited information on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of the cladodes/ leaves, fruits, and needles of P. bleo. Therefore, the aims of this study were firstly to identify the bioactive compounds of the ethanol extracts of the leaves, fruits, and needles of P. bleo; and secondly to evaluate their antioxidant activities and the presence of antinutritional factors through investigation on their inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, lipase, and xanthine oxidase (XO). ...
... Loganayaki et al. (2013) further emphasizes that certain secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, and saponins, are crucial to prevent the undesirable oxidation of free radicals. Antioxidants play a crucial role in minimizing and counteracting the oxidation of molecules within the human body (Hassanbaglou et al., 2012). Oxidant metabolism, essential for cell survival, holds significant value in both the body and food (Rahal et al., 2014). ...
Pereskia bleo, belongs to the Cactaceae family has been traditionally used for treating various diseases. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical analysis, antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content of Pereskia bleo flowers. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycoside, alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, steroid, and terpenoid. The antioxidant activity test indicated that the crude extract of Pereskia bleo flowers had an average IC50 value of 6 ± 0.4359, confirming positive results in the phenolic content test. The total phenolic content of the Pereskia bleo flower crude extract was calculated as 75.295 mg/g at a concentration of 15.059 μg/ml and absorbance of 0.165. In contrast, the calculated total flavonoid content was 7.385 mg/g at a concentration of 9.477 μg/ml, suggesting the present of flavonoid compounds in the flowers of Pereskia bleo. The antibacterial activity of this sample was also tested using the disc-diffusion method against Gram-negative (Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas sp., E. coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus epidermidis) bacterial strains. The collected data showed that both 100 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml sample concentrations exhibited potent activity against Salmonella sp. and Pseudomonas sp.
... Our result was the same as Lakhanpal and Rai [11]. This was also because catechin provides the highest concentration of flavonoid quantification [14]. ...
Objective: This study aimed to isolate, identify, and quantify major flavonoid in P. bleo leaves from West Java Regency, Indonesia. Methods: Isolation began with maceration, followed by liquid-liquid extraction and various chromatographic separations. Identification of isolates was carried out using 2D TLC and shifting reagents. Quantification was determined with the colorimetric method. Results: The results showed that extract, ethyl acetate, and distilled water fractions contain flavonoids. The flavonoid screening showed positive results for flavonols. The vacuum liquid chromatography separated 21 sub-fractions; the 12th and 13th sub-fractions were predicted to contain flavonols. Conclusion: The novelty of this study was the isolation and identification of the major flavonoid of P. bleo leaves originating from West Java Regency, Indonesia, i.e. catechin. The content of the compound was 3.795±0.096 g QE/ml with a purity of 94.89%.
... Similar results were obtained by Djikeng et al. (2018). This decrease is because of hydrolysis and oxidation by the enzyme polyphenol oxidase during fermentation (Abdularmir et al., 2012). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2012) has opined that "cocoa flavanols help maintain endothelium-dependent vasodilation, thereby promoting normal blood flow when consumed at 200 mg of cocoa daily [European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2012]. ...
Chocolate is a well-liked and popular food product made from the cocoa bean. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of box fermentation and solar drying of cocoa bean on chocolate quality. Fermentation was carried out in a perforated wooden box for 168 h with periodic turning after every 48 h. The succession of microorganisms during fermentation and total microbial count were monitored. Both the fermented and unfermented samples were solar dried. During drying the change in weight of the beans, amount of solar radiation, and ambient wind speed of the atmosphere were measured. The approximate nutrient (crude protein, crude fat, total ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrate) and phytochemical (phenol) contents of the dried cocoa beans were evaluated. Sensory properties of chocolate, produced from the two samples (box fermented and dried as well as unfermented and dried) were compared. The initial temperature of the fermenting cocoa mash was 30°C. It rose to 46°C by the 96th h of fermentation and sharply declined to 38°C by the 120th h. Candida, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus spp were probable organisms identified with the fermenting mass at the initial stage of the fermentation. Lactic acid bacteria dominated after 72 h. Bacillus spp was also observed until the 168th h. Solar drying of unfermented bean lasted for 4 days, while that of fermented bean lasted for 3 days. Fermentation increased the crude protein, total ash and carbohydrate contents of the cocoa beans. It also improved the appearance, and aroma of chocolate from the cocoa beans.
... The components of the extracts, the solvents used during the extraction process, and the characteristics of the antioxidants, such as their hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, significantly influence the antioxidant activities of extracts [36]. Therefore, it is necessary to use various independent methods to evaluate the antioxidant activities of plant extracts, reflecting their capabilities to inhibit the negative effects of free radicals [37]. ABTS and DPPH assays were used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activities of cardamom fruit extracts [38], whereas FRAP and CUPRAC assays were carried out to investigate their reducing power activities [39]. ...
Free radicals contribute to the pathophysiology of degenerative diseases which increase mortality globally, including mortality in Indonesia. Amomum compactum Soland. Ex Maton fruit from the Zingiberaceae family, also known as Java cardamom, contains secondary metabolites that have high antioxidant activities. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Java cardamom fruit correlates with its flavonoid and phenolic compound contents, which can be affected by different methods and durations of extraction. This study aimed to measure and compare the effects of extraction methods and durations on total flavonoid and phenolic contents (TFCs and TPCs) and subsequent antioxidant activities by the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Methanol extracts of Java cardamom were produced by continuous shaking (CSE), microwave-assisted (MAE), or ultrasonic-assisted extractions (UAE) for three different durations. CSE for 360 min resulted in the highest TFCs (3.202 mg Quercetin Equivalent/g dry weight), while the highest TPCs (1.263 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/g dry weight) were obtained by MAE for 3 min. Out of the investigated methods, MAE for 3 min resulted in the highest antioxidant activity results for the extracts. We conclude that the polyphenolic antioxidant yield of Java cardamom depends on two parameters: the method and the duration of extraction.
... Absorbance was measured at 515 nm against blank samples. The results are expressed as a percentage of inhibition [77]. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, described by Kupnik et al. [78] was used for qualitative determination of antibacterial activity of P. granatum samples. ...
Due to the growing awareness of Punica granatum fruit’s health-promoting properties, the pomegranate is increasingly used for food purposes. This results in the formation of biological waste products such as peels. A biowaste circular bioeconomy strategy holds great prospective for a sustainable economy. Therefore, a sustainable and environmentally friendly way of disposing of waste (e.g., use of biowaste to obtain high-value components (e.g., punicalagins, enzymes)) is crucial for the protection of the environment and human health. In the presented study, the content of total phenols and proanthocyanidins in ten samples of Punica granatum fruit (juice, aqueous (H2O) and ethanolic (EtOH) extracts of peels and seeds) was determined. Peel extracts were found to be the richest in the content of secondary metabolites and showed extremely high antioxidant potential (approximately 90% inhibition: DPPH radical scavenging activity). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative study to determine the enzymatic activity of α-amylase, lipase, peroxidase, protease, and transglutaminase in different P. granatum samples. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy of all P. granatum samples was qualitatively determined against three strains of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and three strains of Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) bacteria, susceptible to gaining antibiotic resistance. Moreover, the most promising peel extracts were quantified for antibacterial efficacy against tested bacteria at five different concentrations. All samples slowed down and inhibited the growth of all tested bacteria. MIC90 values (2.7 or 0.3 mg/mL) were determined in 18 out of 24 experiments (four samples, six bacteria tested). There is no research in the reviewed literature that is current with such detailed and comprehensive determination of P. granatum peel extracts antibacterial activity. The results of the research showed great potential for the use of P. granatum in the field of antibacterial activity in biomedicine applications and in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
... The methanolic leaf extract of P. aculeate exhibited antioxidant activity assessed by 44.99 Trolox/kg (da Silva, Seifert, Schiedeck, Dode, & Nora, 2018) and DPPH scavenging activity (Souza et al., 2016). The ethyl acetate (IC 50 = 168 μg/ml), hexane (IC 50 = 244 μg/ml), methanol (IC 50 = 278 μg/ml), and ethanol (IC 50 = 540 μg/ml) extracts of Pereskia bleo leaves exhibited antioxidant activity as determined by DPPH scavenging assay (Hassanbaglou et al., 2012;Sim, Sri Nurestri, & Norhanom, 2010 6.4 | Antidiabetic potential ...
Cactus species are plants that grow in the arid and semiarid regions of the world. They have long fascinated the attention of the scientific community due to their unusual biology. Cactus species are used for a variety of purposes, such as food, fodder, ornamental, and as medicinal plants. In the last regard, they have been used in traditional medicine for eras by the ancient people to cure several diseases. Recent scientific investigations suggest that cactus materials may be used as a source of naturally‐occurring products, such as mucilage, fiber, pigments, and antioxidants. For this reason, numerous species under this family are becoming endangered and extinct. This review provides an overview of the habitat, classification, phytochemistry, chemical constituents, extraction and isolation of bioactive compounds, nutritional and pharmacological potential with pre‐clinical and clinical studies of different Cactus species. Furthermore, conservation strategies for the ornamental and endangered species have also been discussed.
... The cucurbitane triterpenoids, momocharin and momordicin have been identified to be responsible for the hypoglycaemic activity of the plant (Platel and Srinivasan, 1997;Singh et al., 2011). Pereskia bleo (Cactaceae), known as "jarum tujuh bilah", contains high amounts of phenolic compounds such as epicatechin, quercetin, catechin and myricetin, which are often reported to be responsible for anti-diabetic and hypertensive properties (Shahidi, 1997;Hassanbaglou et al., 2012). Furthermore, previous studies showed that A. bilimbi (Oxalidaceae), or "belimbing buluh", has been used to reduce blood glucose levels (Pushparaj et al., 2000). ...
Plants constitute a major ingredient in traditional or folk medicine. The therapeutic claims made on the use of these traditional medicinal plants range from simple conditions such as fevers and migraines, to more complex diseases such as cancer, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. The aqueous ethanolic extracts of five medicinal plant species; Cosmos caudatus, Leucaena leucocephala, Momordica charantia, Pereskia bleo and Averrhoa bilimbi were assessed for glucose lowering effect via the in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay. Their antioxidant potential, represented by their DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic contents were also measured. The most potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was recorded for the leaf extract of C. caudatus with IC 50 of 21.90 ± 3.60 µg/mL, followed by L. leucocephala with IC 50 value of 30.80 ± 2.50 µg/mL. Momordica charantia, P. bleo and A. bilimbi did not show any significant inhibition of α-glucosidase. Meanwhile C. caudatus also gave the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC 50 value of 272.46 ± 8.98 µg/mL, and the highest total phenolic content with a value of 0.263 ± 0.02 g GAE/g DW. The present work provides a priority list of interesting plants for further study with respect to the treatment of diabetes.
... The high antioxidant activity showed by ME had a positive relationship with TPC. Previous studies have shown that antioxidant capacity is highly associated with both TFC and TPC [45,46]. ...
Background: Plant diversity is a basic source of food and medicine for local Himalayan communities. The current study was designed to assess the effect of different solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate, and water) on the phenolic profile, and the corresponding biological activity was studied. Methods: Antioxidant activity was investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2″-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS) assay, while the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disk diffusion method using various bacterial and fungal strains. Results: The outcomes demonstrated that methanol acted as the most effective solvent for polyphenols extraction, as strengthened by the liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. M. esculenta methanol extract showed the highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenger antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 39.29 μg/mL and 52.83 μg/mL, respectively, while the ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts revealed minimum antioxidant potential. Methanol extract also revealed higher phenolic content, 88.94±0.24 mg of equivalent gallic acid (GAE)/g), measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while the minimum content was recorded for aqueous extract (62.38±0.14 GAE/g). The highest flavonoid content was observed for methanol extract, 67.44±0.14 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g) measured by an aluminum chloride colorimetric method, while the lowest content was recorded for aqueous extract (35.77±0.14 QE/g). Antimicrobial activity findings also reveal that the methanol extract led to a higher inhibition zone against bacterial and fungal strains. FTIR analysis reveals the presence of various functional groups, viz. alkenes, amines, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, alcohols, phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids, and aromatic compounds. This FTIR analysis could serve as a basis for the authentication of M. esculenta extracts for future industrial applications. Compounds identified by LC-MS analysis were gallic acid, myricanol, myricanone, epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate, β-sitosterol, quercetin, p-coumaric acid, palmitic acid, n-pentadecanol, n-octadecanol, stigmasterol, oleanolic acid, n-hexadecanol, cis-β-caryophyllene, lupeol, and myresculoside. Conclusion: This study suggests that the methanolic extract from M. esculenta leaves has strong antioxidant potential Biomolecules 2019, 9, 357 2 of 15 and could be a significant source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials for functional foods formulation.
... High antioxidant activity showed by the methanolic extract has a positive relationship with TPC activity, where high TPC gives a high antioxidant capacity due to the linear correlation between the two parameters. Previous studies have shown that the capacity of the antioxidant is highly associated with the total flavonoid content and total phenolic compounds of the plant leaves' crude extract [8][9][10]. Finding from this study was supported by the findings reported by Sharif et al. [11], where the leaves of the P. bleo methanol extract showed the lowest IC 50 with a value of 68.75 µg/mL. ...
Different solvent extracts of Pereskia bleo leaves were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities based on the Folin–Ciocalteu test and DPPH scavenging activities. The antibacterial activities against four bacteria, namely, Gram-positive bacteria: Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615 (SP) and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737 (SA) and Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 (EC) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 (PA), were also performed based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. The findings demonstrated that both the methanolic and chloroform extracts displayed strong activities against SA, SP, EC, and PA while the hexane extract demonstrated the weakest activities towards all the four bacteria. The methanolic extract also exhibited higher TPC and possessed higher antioxidant activity with the IC 50 value 33.83 µ g/mL compared to the chloroform and hexane extracts. As such, the methanolic extract has a higher ability to scavenge free radical compared to other extracts. Due to the interesting result, activities are shown by the methanolic and chloroform crude extracts of P. bleo ; hence, the study has been extended to the isolation of bioactive compounds to uncover its great potential as a natural source for antibacterial and antioxidant agents.
... In addition to their cytotoxic activities against MCF 7 breast cancer cell lines, the leaves of the plant (both crude methanolic extracts and ethyl acetate fractions) do not exhibit any cytotoxicity to normal human fibroblast cell lines [49]. The plant also contains Vitamin E (α-tocopherol), which has antioxidant [50], antiproliferative, and anticancer properties [51], making it a useful herb that should be further investigated in controlled clinical trials as a possible therapeutic agent against breast cancer. However, the plant's leaves (methanolic and aqueous extracts) and stem (crude methanolic and fractionated ethyl acetate, t-butanol, and aqueous extracts) do not show any significant antiproliferative effects against the murine mammary cancer (4T1) and normal murine fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cell lines [51,52]. ...
Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer in women, and the side effects reported for conventional treatments have motivated scientists to investigate the anticancer properties of natural products such as medicinal plants. This review summarizes the in vitro studies on medicinal plants available in Asian countries, including Aloe vera, Alpinia galangal, Centella asiatica, Andrographis paniculata, Curcuma longa, Morinda citrifolia, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Zingiber officinale, Pereskia bleo, and Typhonium flagelliforme that have exhibited potential therapeutic properties against breast cancer. The mechanisms of action and potential drug-natural product interactions are discussed because these plants are commonly used in Asian populations. Clinical trials are warranted to further explore the safety and efficacy of these plants to better manage breast cancer in the future.
... [67] The presence of various bioactive metabolites in plant extracts especially polyphenols play an imperative role in their inhibitory effects toward PL activity. Therefore, high phenolic content of Cosmos caudatus, Pluchea indica, and Lawsonia inermis might be related to the high inhibitory activity of PL. [69] The higher levels of TPC in Cosmos caudatus and Pluchea indica are supported by other studies, [35,65,66] whereas the lower phenolic contents of Pereskia bleo and Andrographis paniculata were comparable with the findings of Sim et al., [70] Qader et al., [71] and Hassanbaglou et al. [72] The variation in the results for different extracts might be attributed by the presence of different types of phenols and/or presence of other constituents. ...
The present study describes the screening of eight herbs namely Cosmos caudatus, Pluchea indica, Lawsonia inermis, Carica papaya, Piper betle, Andrographis paniculata, Pereskia bleo and Melicope lunu based on their anti-obesity and antioxidant activities. Out of all tested herbs, Cosmos caudatus demonstrated excellent anti-obesity and antioxidant potential with pancreatic lipase inhibitory effect (21.7 ± 1.3%) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 value of 31.98 ± 1.22 µg/mL). Cosmos caudatus was selected for further studies and extracting solvent composition with best anti-obesity and antioxidant potential was identified. Hundred percent Cosmos caudatus ethanolic extract was found to be the most effective, and showed highest anti-obesity and antioxidant activities. Moreover, metabolite profiling of Cosmos caudatus extract was also carried out using UHPLC-MS/MS. The analysis depicted the presence of quercetin-3-rhamnoside, catechin, kaempherol, kaempherol glucoside, quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-O-pentoside, quercetin-rhamnosyl galactoside, quinic acid, 1-caffeyolquinic acid, monogalloyl glucose and procyanidin B1. Results revealed Cosmos caudatus as promising medicinal plant for the development of new functional food with prodigious applications in obesity.
... Besides that, Sim, Sri Nurestri and Norhanom [6] indicated that Ethyl acetate extract and hexane extract of P. bleo's leaves have high antioxidant activity. The most recent antioxidant activity identified the presence of high bioactive compounds in P. bleo leaves extract: cathechin, quercetin, epicatechin, myricetin, ß-carotene and α-tocopherol [7] . However, these findings was contradict with Wahab et al. [8] who found no any potential anticancer activities by using hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl ecetate and methanol extracts of P. bleo leaves. ...
This study is aimed at exploring the medicinal uses and perceived effectiveness of Pereskia bleo in treating certain diseases among the users from three selected villages in the State of Kelantan in Malaysia. This study employed qualitative, structured interview research design. The survey was carried out in three villages in the State of Kelantan in Malaysia. The names of the villages are as follows: Kampung Banggol Setol, Kampung Bunut Susu and Kampung Cherang. Nine informants, who were actually using Pereskia bleo for treating certain diseases, were recruited by the snowball sampling techniques. Thematic Content Analysis method was used for the analysis of data collected from the informants' interview responses. The use of Pereskia bleo to treat diseases by users was based on the recommendation of their relatives and friends. Without consuming any medications from the hospitals, the users reported that the use of leaves, tips and flower of Pereskia bleo was alone effective against cancer, hypertension, boils, diabetes mellitus and also as a health supplement. No conclusive medical studies had been reported on the potential effects of Pereskia bleo on hypertension, diabetes mellitus and boils as reported and claimed by the informants. Thus it may be necessary to do further research to evaluate the use of Pereskia bleo in terms of its safety, efficacy and quality.
... It is also likely that the catalytic metal has an effect; Gregory (2008) noted that ascorbic acid is readily oxidized in the presence of ferric iron. BHA and d,l-α-tocopherol consistently showed poor reductive capacity, a trend similarly reported by El-Baky et al. (2009) and Elmastaş et al. (2006), but differing from those of Hassanbaglou et al. (2011). Their poor ability to effectively compete with the other antioxidants performance could be explained by the hydrophilic environment in which the FCR and ferricyanide assays are run (Elmastaş et al. 2006). ...
Antioxidant effects of natural antioxidants were evaluated by direct analysis and three high‐lipid model systems. The direct analysis assays compared three antioxidant extracts (pomegranate, grape seed and selenium), a synthetic antioxidant (butylated hydroxyanisole) and three natural antioxidant controls (d,l‐ α ‐tocopherol, ascorbic acid and gallic acid). Evaluation compared reducing power determined by F olin– C iocalteu reagent and ferricyanide method, free radical scavenging of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Results indicated that pomegranate and grape seed extracts had better antioxidant efficacy than the synthetic antioxidant. Model systems were constructed in triplicate of three commercial lipid (canola oil, lard and ground beef); samples were subject to an antioxidant treatment (pomegranate extract, grape seed extract, dietary selenium from yeast, butylated hydroxyanisole or no treatment) and chemically evaluated (thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances and diene conjugation) over 9 days. Butylated hydroxyanisole was the most potent antioxidant. The canola oil matrix found no difference in antioxidant treatment under descriptive analysis by a trained panel.
Practical Applications
Antioxidant food additives are of great importance to the food industry, with many consumers showing a preference for “natural” food additives in the ingredient line. Phenolic compounds, such as those found in pomegranates and grapes, may be particularly useful in the food industry through retarding lipid oxidation. The use of ground beef, lard and oil model systems to study lipid oxidation (or antioxidant capacity by retarding lipid oxidation) is common, but time consuming. Direct analysis and chemical assays that measure oxidative end products can be fast, reliable and less costly that descriptive analysis panels. However, Qualitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) is commonly used to denote the complete experience that consumer may undergo. Furthermore, evaluating antioxidant efficacy on sight and smell is integral when dealing with products that contain a large amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, as consumers interact with both aspects during point of purchase.
... Wahab et al. [38] reported only a moderate antioxidant activity for the hexane extract obtained from P. bleo leaves. A study conducted by Hassanbaglou et al. [39] showed higher antioxidant activity for ethyl acetate extract when compared to hexane and methanol extracts by DPPH, reducing power and β-carotene assays. In contrast, although Sim et al. [40] reported strong antioxidant effects for the ethyl acetate extract using the β-carotene assay, the hexane extract showed the highest activity in the DPPH and reducing power assays. ...
The exploration of nature as a source of sustainable, novel bioactive substances continues to grow as natural products play a significant role in the search for new therapeutic and agricultural agents. In this context, plants of the genus Pereskia (Cactaceae) have been studied for their biological activities, and are evolving as an interesting subject in the search for new, bioactive compounds. These species are commonly used as human foodstuffs and in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases. This review focuses on the bioactivity and chemical composition of the genus Pereskia, and aims to stimulate further studies on the chemistry and biological potential of the genus.
Antioxidant agents are essential for the body due to its ability to scavenge free radicals. Medicinal plants contain phytochemicals that act as antioxidants. The current research aimed to determine the total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of Pereskia bleo leaves extracts from various solvents with different polarities. The nonpolar solvent (n-hexane) was used as the first step of extraction and its residues were then macerated using semi-polar (ethyl acetate) and polar (ethanol 96%) solvents consecutively. The TFC was determined using the colorimetric method while antioxidant activity was examined through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Antioxidant activity was presented as Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) and Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI). It is noticeable that among analyzed extracts, the ethyl acetate extract of P. bleo leaves contained the highest flavonoid content (15.052 ± 0.172 g quercetin equivalent/100 g extract). Furthermore, the greatest antioxidant activity was obtained from n-hexane extract with the value of IC50 and AAI being 217.307 ppm and 0.230, respectively. Pearson coefficient correlation (r) between TFC and AAI was -0.106. The current study concluded that P. bleo leaves extracts using solvents with different polarities showed variation in TFC values and antioxidant activity. Moreover, TFC was not the main contributor to the antioxidant activity of P. bleo leaves extracts.
El presente trabajo describe un estudio experimental in vitro de corte transversal, realizado para determinar la actividad antiproliferativa en fracciones orgánicas de las especies endémicas dominicanas Leuenbergeria quisqueyana (L. quisqueyana) y Leuenbergeria marcanoi (L. marcanoi), sobre líneas celulares humanas de leucemia linfoblástica aguda (CEM). Se prepararon extractos de cada planta utilizando solventes de polaridad creciente en sistema Soxhlet, para ser sometidos a experimentos fitoquímicos en cromatografía de capa fina TLC, cuantificación de fenoles por Folin- Ciocalteu y ensayos antioxidantes por DPPH y FRAP; así como a pruebas biológicas de potencial citotóxico en Artemia salina (A. salina) y actividad antiproliferativa en CEM. La valoración colorimétrica en TLC sugiere que los extractos metanólicos y de acetato de etilo de ambas plantas contienen antraquinonas y flavonoides. La fracción hexánica de L. marcanoi obtuvo datos sugestivos de la presencia de compuestos fenólicos (GAE =7.3±87μg/ml). El extracto en acetato de etilo de L. marcanoi fue el que mostró mejor actividad en los ensayos antioxidantes (IC50 DPPH= 97.2±8 μg/ml, FRAP= 17.2±2.26 ug FeSO/g extracto), seguido en ambos casos de la fracción metanólica de L. marcanoi (194.1±21 ug/ml, 11.3±0.1 mg FeSO4/g), y la hexánica de L. quisqueyana (337.1±33 ug/ml, 10.4±2 mg FeSO4/g). Los estudios en A. salina destacaron el potencial del citotóxico del extracto hexánico de L. quisqueyana y de los extractos de acetato de etilo y hexano de L.marcanoi (CL50= 31.75, 49.52 y 54.8 μg/mL, respectivamente). Los resultados preliminares en líneas celulares mostraron que todas las fracciones de estudio tienen efectos antiproliferativo sobre las CEM. Sin embargo, los extractos de L. quisqueyana en hexano y en acetato de etilo fueron los que presentaron mayor potencia de inhibición (IC50=5.25±4.48, y 9.79±19.57μg/ml). Los datos presentados posicionan a estas plantas como especies de interés para profundizar en la bioprospección de moléculas útiles contra la leucemia linfoblástica.
Most plants are considered to prevent free radicals associated damages by numerous ways including direct scavenging of free radicals and inhibition of enzymes involved in free radical production. The aim of the present study was to examine the antioxidant activities of the hexane from polyherbal plants of Carica papaya, Punica granatum, Catharanthus roseus and Cympbopogan citratus which is long been known to be a very important source of pharmaceutical. Different concentrations of polyherbal extract was tested for anti-oxidant properties using hydrogen peroxide assay. Similarly, the free radical scavenging activity was determined by DPPH assay. The results showed that the polyherbal extract showed a strong inhibition value at IC50 of concentration of 170.7 μg/ml, 229.57 μg/ml. This study provides evidence that the polyherbal formulation possesses a strong antioxidant activity. Therefore, it might be beneficial as medicinal plant as an antioxidant and anticancer nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sources. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, DPPH assay, Hexane, Hydrogen peroxide assay
Ora-pro-nobis is an ornamental plant, often used as food in some regions of Brazil, and Pereskia grandifolia is one of the less explored specie of this nutritional plant. To understand the antioxidant potential and phenolic profile of ora-pro-nobis leaves, the micro-wave assisted extraction (MAE) was held using the green solvents ethanol and water. An optimization was made using Box-Behnken experimental design (3²), with process time, temperature and solvent (% of water/ethanol) as variables. The evaluated responses were the process yield, combined with antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods) and total phenolic content (TPC) of the recovered extracts. Soxhlet method with ethanol was performed for comparison purpose. The phenolic profile of extract samples was assessed by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. High yield values were provided by 50% ethanol as solvent at 150 °C. Best antioxidant potential from DPPH and FRAP methods were provided by ethanolic extracts at 110 °C, while water extracts at 150 °C provided best ABTS results. High TPC recovery was found in 50% ethanol samples at 70 °C. Overall, 24 phenolic compounds were identified, within caffeic acid, ellagic acid, p-anisic acid, p-coumaric acid kaempferol and quercetin as the main components. Ellagic acid and p-anisic acid were firstly reported associated to ora-pro-nobis leaves. The optimization of the results indicates that 150 °C, 12.5 min of MAE and ethanol as solvent provided the best combined responses. The use of MAE for ora-pro-nobis leaves is a novelty that must be followed to explore green methods to value natural products.
The present work describes the neuroprotective efficacy of DHAc under escalated oxidative stress condition in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice. During the toxicity test of DHAc in mice, the acute dose (LD50) is found to be 3.468 mg/kg bw and the sub-acute dose is 0.68 mg/kg bw. Improved cognitive and learning abilities are observed in Morris water maze and Y-maze test in 10 days DHAc (0.68 mg/kg bw) treated scopolamine-induced male Swiss albino mice. In the molecular level these changes are monitored as reduced oxidative load followed by significantly lower lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, acetylcholinesterase, caspase-3 activity and glutathione content followed by higher expression of anti apoptotic protein bcl-2 in mice brain as compared to scopolamine (1 mg/kg bw) treated mice. Meanwhile real time PCR shows higher expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptophysin in DHAc pretreated scopolamine treated mice brain. HPLC analysis suggested its possible blood brain barrier crossing ability. Overall DHAc reversed behavioral anomalies in the scopolamine treated mice via oxidative stress quenching, enhancing antioxidative enzyme activity, enhancing BDNF and synaptophysin mRNA levels and reducing expression of apoptotic protein Bax.
Introduction: Kirinyuh leaf is a widely grown plant in Indonesia, containing alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. Flavonoids are compounds that can capture free radicals or act as natural antioxidants. Effervescent granules can mask the bitter taste and simplify the dissolving process without involving manual stirring. Objective: The purpose of this study was to make and evaluate a formulation of effervescent granules of Kirinyuh leaf extract. Methods: The granule method was carried out by the wet granulation method. Granule evaluation included organoleptic test, water content test, dissolve time test, flow time test, pH test, and hedonic test. Results: Organoleptic test results showed similar granule size, slightly brownish colour, and characteristics of Kirinyuh leaf odour. When examining their quality, the granules produced met the requirements, with moisture content between 0.4% and 0.7%, dissolving time of 30-35 seconds, flow time test of 8-8.5 g/second, and pH of 5.6-5.8; the results of the hedonic test showed that the effervescent granule preparation was much preferred.
Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC, a leafy cactus, is a therapeutic plant indigenous in subtropical along with tropical regions. It is traditionally used as concoction from brewed leaves or eaten raw 'ulam'. It is alleged to have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiulcer and antirheumatic properties and it is treated as alleviation for gastrointestinal pain, ulcers, headache, atopic dermatitis, haemorrhoids, and diabetes by locals. Numerous scientific studies have been done on characterizing the phytoconstituents and biological properties from plants belonging to the Cactaceae family, particularly Pereskia bleo. In this review the antimicrobial, antioxidant and antidiabetic findings and in vitro as well as in vivo pharmacological importance and traditional use of P. bleo has been covered that could be used in novel drug discovery.
The Averrhoa Blimbi L. is spread all over in Indonesia as home garden plant. It has not been yet cultivated and developed its utilization. The utilization of this Averrhoa Blimbi L. that can be attempted is that as an instant powder. This fruit contains of chemical elements functioning as natural antioxidant. This study attempts to investigate the variation concentration of Averrhoa Blimbi L. extract on antioxidant activity by using DPPH (1, 1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil) method and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Based on the result of the antioxidant activity test, it is found that different treatment shows different antioxidant activity. At concentration of Averrhoa Blimbi L.: sugar, Y1 (1:1) is -7.8%, Y2 (2:1) is -3.4%, and Y3 (4:1) is 48.4%. This indicates that the more the extract of Averrhoa Blimbi L. is added, the higher antioxidant activity is. The organoleptic test in this study includes colour, aroma, texture, and taste. The most preferred treatment is Y3 (Averrhoa Blimbi L.: sugar: = 4:1). The level of panelist acceptance score on the test parameter is shown as follows: the colour is 2.34 (bright yellow), the aroma is 2.45 (a little bit of sour aroma), the texture is 2.21 (smooth), and the taste is 2.15 (sweet and a bit of sour).
Measurement of antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Marunggai leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam) was conducted. The aim research to obtain antioxidant activity using FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power). Marunggai leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam.) ware extracted using maceration method by ethanol 96 %. Free radical activity absorbance was measured with a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 720 nm and the total value of antioxidant activity was calculated based on the data absorbance. The calculations showed that Marunggai leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam.) have the antioxidant activity with the value 7,923 mg AAE/g extract.
Cacao has proven to be source of antioxidants. One of cacao utilization-products is chocolate beverages. Various preparation methods has been used in the process of making chocolate beverages. Experimental research towards effect of various preparation methods on chocolate beverages antioxidant potential has been done. This research aimed to determine antioxidant potential that could be preserved after the making of chocolate beverages from cocoa powder by different preparation methods, and also choose which preparation method could preserve the most antioxidant activity.
This research used a Randomized Block Design with Various Preparation Method as factor (P), which consisted of four treatments and was repeated two times. Research parameter was chocolate beverages scavenging activity with supportive data, which are cocoa powder fat content, and also total phenol and flavonoid content of cocoa powder and chocolate beverages. The factor’s effects were analyzed with ANOVA on α= 5%, then followed with DMRT on α= 5% to determine which treatment shows significant effect.
All preparation methods affected total phenol content, but they did not affect total flavonoid of chocolate beverages. Chocolate beverage made by dissolving cocoa powder in water (P1) has the lowest total phenol content (16 ± 2 mg GAE/g), while on the other hand, beverage made by dissolving cocoa powder in a boiled water has the highest total phenol content (29 ± 1 mg GAE/g). Beverages made by heated until boiled (P3) and heated in microwave (P4) have common total phenol content, but higher than P1, which are 24 ± 3 mg GAE/g and 21 ± 1 mg GAE/g.
Research result showed that scavenging activity of chocolate beverages did not affected significantly by various preparation methods. Chocolate beverages scavenging activity did not differ significantly towards vitamin E (control). Total phenol and flavanoid content did not correlate significantly on chocolate beverages scavenging activity.
Chemical investigation of blackcurrant seed residue from oil extraction revealed the presence of an array of polyphenols which were dominated by four anthocyanins consisting of the rutinosides and glucosides of delphinidin and cyanidin. Also isolated were the glucosides and rutinosides of myricetin and quercetin, kaempferol-3-glucoside, dihydroquercetin and aureusidin, as well as the phenolic acids 1-cinnamoyl- and 1-p-coumaroyl-β-d-glucosides. This is the first report of aureusidin and 1-cinnamoyl-β-d-glucoside as blackcurrant constituents.
Pereskia bleo (Cactaceae) was investigated for its cytotoxic effect against selected human cell lines, namely the Human Nasopharyngeal Fpidermoid Carcinoma Cell Line (KB), Human Cervical Carcinoma Cell Line (CasKi), Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Line (HCT 116), Hormone-Dependent Breast Carcinoma Cell Line (MCF7) and non-cancer Human Fibroblast Cell Line (MRC-5) by using an in vitro neutral red cytotoxicity assay. All the crude methanolic and its fractionated extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate and water) exert no damage to the MRC-5 normal cells. The crude methanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction of Pereskia bleo possessed notably high cytotoxic effect against KB cells with IC50 values of 6.5 and 4.5 μg mL-1, respectively. Four compounds isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of Pereskia bleo were identified as phytol, β-sitosterol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and vitamin E. All four compounds have not been reported for this plant.
Dihydroactinidiolide (1) and a mixture of sterols [campesterol (2), stigmasterol (3) and beta-sitosterol (4)], together with the previously isolated individual compounds beta-sitosterol (4), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (5), alpha-tocopherol (6), phytol (7) were isolated from the active ethyl acetate fraction of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC. (Cactaceae) leaves. Cytotoxic activities of the above mentioned compounds against five human carcinoma cell lines, namely the human nasopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma cell line (KB), human cervical carcinoma cell line (CasKi), human colon carcinoma cell line (HCT 116), human hormone-dependent breast carcinoma cell line (MCF7) and human lung carcinoma cell line (A549); and non-cancer human fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) were investigated. Compound 5 possessed very remarkable cytotoxic activity against KB cells, with an IC(50 )value of 0.81microg/mL. This is the first report on the cytotoxic activities of the compounds isolated from Pereskia bleo.
The effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of extracts from Citrus unshiu peels was evaluated. Citrus peels (CP) (5 g) were placed in Pyrex Petri dishes (8.0 cm diameter) and heat-treated at 50, 100, or 150 degrees C for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min in an electric muffle furnace. After heat treatment, 70% ethanol extract (EE) and water extract (WE) (0.1 g/10 mL) of CP were prepared, and total phenol contents (TPC), radical scavenging activity (RSA), and reducing power of the extracts were determined. The antioxidant activities of CP extracts increased as heating temperature increased. For example, heat treatment of CP at 150 degrees C for 60 min increased the TPC, RSA, and reducing power of EE from 71.8 to 171.0 microM, from 29.64 to 64.25%, and from 0.45 to 0.82, respectively, compared to non-heat-treated control. In the case of WE from CP heat-treated at the same conditions (150 degrees C for 60 min), the TPC, RSA, and reducing power also increased from 84.4 to 204.9 microM, from 15.81 to 58.26%, and from 0.27 to 0.96, respectively. Several low molecular weight phenolic compounds such as 2,3-diacetyl-1-phenylnaphthalene, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldoxime, 5-hydroxyvaleric acid, 2,3-diacetyl-1-phenylnaphthalene, and vanillic acid were newly formed in the CP heated at 150 degrees C for 30 min. These results indicated that the antioxidant activity of CP extracts was significantly affected by heating temperature and duration of treatment on CP and that the heating process can be used as a tool for increasing the antioxidant activity of CP.
Four new iridoid glucosides 1–4, named blumeosides A–D, were isolated from the methanolic stem-bark extract of Fagraea blumei G. DON. (Loganiaceae). They were accompanied by the benzyl-alcohol derivative di-O-methylcrenatin (5) and the flavone C-glucoside swertisin (6). The structures of 1–4 were established by spectroscopic methods, including FAB-MS, and 1H- and 13C-NMR, and by alkaline hydrolysis. Blumeosides A (1) and C (3) are 10-O-(2,5-dihydroxytercphthalo) adoxosidic acid and 10-O-(2-hydroxyterephthalo)adoxosidic acid, respectively. In blumeosides B (4) and D (2), both carboxylic groups of the terephthalic-acid moiety are esterified by adoxosidic-acid units, Blumeosides A–D (1–4) inhibited bleaching of crocin induced by alkoxyl radicals. Blumeosides A (1) and D (2) also demonstrated scavenging properties towards the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hvdrazvl (CDPPH) radical in TLC autographic and spectrophotometric assays.
A procedure is described for rapid evaluation of antioxidants. Dilute aqueous emulsions of an antioxidant, carotene and lipid
were prepared in spectrometer tubes. The oxidative destruction of carotene in the emulsion was observed directly with a colorimeter.
The antioxidants were then evaluated according to their effect on the rate of carotene decolorization.
The antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of 30 Chinese medicinal plants were evaluated using the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and the Folin–Ciocalteu method, respectively. The Chinese medicinal plants were extracted by the traditional method, boiling in water and also in 80% methanol. A significant and linear correlation coefficient between the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content was found in both aqueous (R2 = 0.7917) and methanol (R2 = 0.7584) extracts. Phenolic compounds are thus a major contributor of antioxidant activity. Comparing the extraction efficiency of the two methods, the boiling water method extracted phenolic compounds more efficiently, and antioxidant activity of the extract was higher. It was found that the Chinese medicinal plants Rhodiola sacra Fu, the stem of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and the root of P. multiflorum Thunb. possessed the highest antioxidant activities and thus could be potential rich sources of natural antioxidants.
In order to find out new sources of safe and inexpensive antioxidants, the antioxidant capacities of 45 selected medicinal plants were evaluated using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays, respectively, and the total phenolic contents of these plants were measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Most of these plants were analyzed for the first time for their antioxidant activities. It was found that the plants Sargentodoxa cuneata Rehd. Et Wils, Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance, Paeonia lactiflora Pall, Paeonia suffruticosa Andr and Scutellaria baicalensis Ceorgi possessed the highest antioxidant capacities and thus could be potential rich sources of natural antioxidants. A strong correlation between TEAC values and those obtained from FRAP assay implied that antioxidants in these plants were capable of scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidants. A high correlation between antioxidant capacities and their total phenolic contents indicated that phenolic compounds were a major contributor of antioxidant activity of these plants.
Antioxidant-rich fractions were extracted from grape seeds (Vitis vinifera) using various solvents, such as acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol and mixtures of different solvents, such as ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and water in 9:1, 17:3 and 4:1 ratios. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using a β-carotene-linoleate model system and linoleic acid peroxidation method. At 100 ppm concentration, various extracts showed 65–90% antioxidant activity. Mixtures of EtOAc and water at different concentrations exhibited more antioxidant activity than other extracts. These extracts also showed good reducing power, at 500 μg/ml concentration, by the potassium ferricyanide reduction method. Grape seed extracts may be exploitable for the preservation of food products as well as for health supplements and nutraceuticals.
The reaction mechanisms of three antioxidants are proposed in order to explain experimental results obtained from a kinetic study using the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) method, previously adapted in our laboratory. In its radical form, DPPH.shows an absorbance maximum at 515 nm which disappears upon reduction by an antiradical compound. BHT, a synthetic antioxidant, slowly reacts with DPPH.reaching a steady state within 5 h. This 2.8-stoichiometric complete reaction follows a 1.5-order with respect to DPPH.and 0.5 to BHT. The kinetic rate constant, k, is estimated to be 5.0 L/(mol·s) at 20 °C and the energy of activation,Ea, is equal to 35 kJ/mol in methanol. Eugenol reacts with DPPH.reaching a steady state within 2 h. This 1.9-stoichiometric reaction follows a 2-order with respect to both DPPH.and eugenol, k andEaare estimated to be 5.4 × 1010L3/(mol3·s) at 20 °C and 30 kJ/mol, respectively. The eugenol mechanism may involve a dimerization between two phenoxyl radicals. The reaction with isoeugenol is rapid and reversible, with a stoichiometry of 1.1. It is first order with respect to isoeugenol with k (direct reaction) equal to 8.9 × 10−2s−1at 10 °C. This reaction is consistent with a pseudo-monomolecular mechanism.
The antioxidative activities of four natural antioxidants: rosemary extract (ROS.CON), α-tocopherol (TOC), ascorbyl palmitate (AP) and citric acid (CA) were studied in sunflower oil stored at 60° C. Among them, rosemary extract (ROS.CON) exhibited the best antioxidative activity, as determined by peroxide and anisidine value measurements. α-Tocopherol showed a prooxidative effect on stability of sunflower oil at tested conditions. The synergistic effects of α-tocopherol (TOC), ascorbyl palmitate (AP) and citric acid (CA) on rosemary extract (ROS.CON) were investigated. When combined with citric acid and especially ascorbyl palmitate, the rosemary extract showed an additive antioxidative effect, while by mixture with α-tocopherol a negative synergism was observed.
The essential oil of black cumin seeds, Nigella sativa L., was tested for a possible antioxidant activity. A rapid evaluation for antioxidants, using two TLC screening methods, showed that thymoquinone and the components carvacrol, t-anethole and 4-terpineol demonstrated respectable radical scavenging property. These four constituents and the essential oil possessed variable antioxidant activity when tested in the diphenylpicrylhydracyl assay for non-specific hydrogen atom or electron donating activity. They were also effective.OH radical scavenging agents in the assay for non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation in liposomes and the deoxyribose degradation assay. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil obtained from six different samples of Nigella sativa seeds and from a commercial fixed oil showed that the qualitative composition of the volatile compounds was almost identical. Differences were mainly restricted to the quantitative composition.
An aqueous solution of green tea polyphenols (GTP) was found to inhibit lipid peroxidation (LP), scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in vitro. Concentration needed for 50% inhibition of superoxide, hydroxyl and LP radicals were 10, 52.5 and 136 micro g/ml, respectively. Administration of GTP (500 mg/kg b.wt.) to normal rats increased glucose tolerance significantly (P<0.005) at 60 min. GTP was also found to reduce serum glucose level in alloxan diabetic rats significantly at a dose level of 100 mg/kg b.wt. Continued daily administration (15 days) of the extract 50, 100 mg/kg b.wt. produced 29 and 44% reduction in the elevated serum glucose level produced by alloxan administration. Elevated hepatic and renal enzymes produced by alloxan were found to be reduced (P<0.001) by GTP. The serum LP levels which was increased by alloxan and was reduced by significantly (P<0.001) by the administration of 100 mg/kg b.wt. of GTP. Decreased liver glycogen, after alloxan administration showed a significant (P<0.001) increase after GTP treatment. GTP treated group showed increased antioxidant potential as seen from improvements in superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels. However catalase, LP and glutathione peroxidase levels were unchanged. These results indicate that alterations in the glucose utilizing system and oxidation status in rats increased by alloxan were partially reversed by the administration of the glutamate pyruvate transaminase.
Water, aqueous methanol, and aqueous ethanol extracts of freeze-dried leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. from different agroclimatic regions were examined for radical scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities. All leaf extracts were capable of scavenging peroxyl and superoxyl radicals. Similar scavenging activities for different solvent extracts of each collection were found for the stable 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(*)) radical. Among the three different moringa samples, both methanol and ethanol extracts of Indian origins showed the highest antioxidant activities, 65.1 and 66.8%, respectively, in the beta-carotene-linoleic acid system. Nonetheless, increasing concentration of all the extracts had significantly (P < 0.05) increased reducing power, which may in part be responsible for their antioxidant activity. The major bioactive compounds of phenolics were found to be flavonoid groups such as quercetin and kaempferol. On the basis of the results obtained, moringa leaves are found to be a potential source of natural antioxidants due to their marked antioxidant activity. This is the first report on the antioxidant properties of the extracts from freeze-dried moringa leaves. Overall, both methanol (80%) and ethanol (70%) were found to be the best solvents for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from moringa leaves.
Sardinian wild Euphorbia pithyusa, E. semiperfoliata, E. dendroides and E. characias seed oils were analyzed for their fatty acids, unsaponifiable and tocopherol content. Total tocopherol content showed a wide variability, ranging from 939 mg/kg in E. semiperfoliata seeds to its absence in E. characias. The results on tocopherol content were statistically correlated with both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging test and the beta-carotene bleaching antioxidant test. All seeds were rich in linolenic acid, while no uncommon fatty acids were detected.