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Nest-site fidelity of the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (LINNAEUS, 1758) (Testudines: Emydidae) in western Poland
Abstract
59 nests of the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (L.) were marked in the valley of the Ilanka river (Ziemia Lubuska, western Poland) in the years 1999-2006. 54 nests built by 16 marked females were located in a relatively small area. The remains of 5 other nests, belonging to unknown females and damaged by predators were found in 3 localities in the vicinity of the main study area. 3 out of all marked females laid eggs once, the remaining 13 females 2-7 times. Cases when females laid eggs at least two times were taken into account i.e. 51 nests. Females laid eggs on steep, sunny mid-forest clearings with areas of 375 m2-1170 m2 and situated at a distance of 69-83 m (aver. 77 m) from water bodies. Apart from the nesting grounds studied, 5 disturbed nests mentioned above were located at a distance of 150-270 m from water bodies. The distance between nests was 0.75-53.9 m (aver. 8.8 m). Most females consistently, each year opted for the same nesting sites (nests) as previous years. Successional vegetation growth and overshadowing of the clearings led to the use of locations in nearby areas. Once overshadowing was eliminated, females returned to locations in which they had been observed previously.
... It is also the only reptile classified by the Slovak Red list as "Critically endangered" (Kautman, Bartik and Urban, 2001). However, the published data differ in description of the nest site fidelity of the European pond turtle (Drobenkov, 2000;Meeske, Schneeweiss and Rybczynski, 2002;Mitrus, 2006;Najbar and Szuszkiewicz, 2007). The goal of this study is to describe behaviour of the European pond turtle during the egglaying period from the aspects of both time and location. ...
... In his study, distances between nests in chronological order were taken into consideration. Similarly to Najbar and Szuszkiewicz (2007) and Mitrus (2006), we assumed that changes in the envi-ronment, such as those caused by farming, forest logging, or by natural changes, could cause changes in the behaviour of animals leading to subsequent changes in nest sites. Therefore, mutual distances of all nests were considered in the analysis. ...
... The maximum distance between the nests of one turtle within two consequent years was 394 m (2005-2006, #14) and the minimum was 6.4 m (2005-2006, #8). Najbar and Szuszkiewicz (2007) found the maximum distance between laying sites to be 53.9 m, and the minimum to be 0.75 m, within two consequent years, while the average distance of the nest from the water body was only 77 m. In Tajba, the average distance of the nest from the meander river arm is 348.7 m, which is 4.5 times larger than that in the above study. ...
In many places in Europe, the pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) is an endangered species. Establishing its reproductive pattern is critical for the understanding and protection of this turtle. In this study, which took place from 1998 to 2009 in the Tajba National Nature Reserve, Slovakia (48 • 23 N, 21 • 47 E), are presented the results concerning the spatial and temporal aspects of nesting habits of individual turtles. From the total monitored group of 39 turtles, eight individuals which laid eggs more than four times during the whole study period were selected for statistical evaluation. It was found that five individuals from this group demonstrated a fidelity to the nesting area, and that the egg-laying period starts in mid-May and continues until late June. During the investigation, six turtles nested twice per year with an interval of about 24 days. The average distance between the nests of an individual turtle was close to 138 metres, and the distance of the nests from water was about 349 metres. The data obtained on the space and time requirements of the European pond turtle for successful reproduction are helpful to protect this species more efficiently, not only in the Tajba National Natural Reserve, but also in other similar sites in Europe.
... In our study we found that females nested mostly within 20 and 40 m compared to their first nest site and the inter-nest distances measured in consecutive years. Several studies have shown that there is a tendency among freshwater turtles, including E. orbicularis females to return to the same or nearby nest site over a long period sometimes to several dozen years [5,6,13,28,43,46,47,52,53,55,69,72,80]. ...
... Other researchers state that the increase in the distance between consecutive nestings may indicate that females are actively searching for the most suitable areas for nests, and are able to respond flexibly to changing environmental conditions [5,46,49,51,53]. We did not observed changes of habitat parameter that would have influenced either nesting area or nest site selection during our 4-years survey. ...
Background
The conservation of aquatic and semiaquatic turtles requires knowledge of the area and vegetation structure of habitat used for nesting, and nesting migration route. We aimed to survey the effects of habitat features to the nest site selection, nesting success, and test the possibility of nest site fidelity. Our study was carried out at 10 different nesting areas, with special emphasis on data from returning females in a pond system in Hungary between 2014 and 2017.
Results
Most nesting attempts were found in closed sand steppes, uncharacteristic dry and semi-dry grasslands habitat patches. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that increased sandy soil cover, sunlight and slope were important variables in nest site choice. The increasing PCA first axis score significantly increased the chance of an emergence. The degradation of open steppe vegetation, occurrence of weeds, invasive and disturbance tolerant species have a negative effect on the selection of nest sites. We observed that 96.55% of nests were located within 20 m south of a pine forest at preferred nest site at pond 5, which provided the right incubation temperature through partial shading. The returning females nested significantly closer to the northern pine forest than the single clutch females. Most probably the returning females already has the necessary experience to select the right nesting site. The individually marked females did not choose new nesting areas during the monitored years which suggests nesting area fidelity, but we did not find nest site fidelity.
Conclusion
The maintenance of mosaic habitat structure, slowing down the succession process at the nesting area should be basic priorities in European pond turtle conservation programs. We suggested a spatial and temporal scheduling of land management and agricultural work to the local farmers. If the actual nest site is in an agricultural area, all work should be avoided throughout the year. Agricultural machinery should avoid the migration routes of adult turtles and emerged hatchlings during the concerned period. Under strong predation pressure, predator control should be carried out, and use nest protection.
... Elle est toutefois plus tardive sur les Terres de Renard puisque les étangs ont été créés en 1987, alors que la fermeture était en cours (ibidem). Or, il est connu que les femelles ont une fidélité relative au site de ponte (Thienpont, 2005;Mitrus, 2006;Najbar & Szuszkiewicz, 2007;Bona et al., 2012). En effet, si la majorité est fidèle à son site de ponte à court terme (2-4 ans), à mesure que les années passent (8-12 ans), cette fidélité ne s'observe plus que chez quelques femelles (Mitrus, 2006). ...
... & Szuszkiewicz, 2007;Bona et al., 2012).Thienpont (2005) constate également que les fréquents changements observés dans la structure du paysage incitent les femelles à chercher de nouveaux sites. Ils expliqueraient le faible taux de fidélité observé sur les pourtours fréquemment modelé d'un étang. ...
Présentée par Frédéric BEAU Soutenue le 2 décembre 2019 Ecologie de la Cistude d'Europe Emys orbicularis en Brenne : histoire de vie des nouveau-nés et influence des modes de gestion sur les populations.
... In Poland, small water bodies are not frequent near nesting sites. Thus, the distances between nests and nearest water body are rather long: in western Poland distances of 69-270 m were recorded (Najbar and Szuszkiewicz, 2007), and in central Poland distances from a few meters to about 350 m (Mitrus, 2006a(Mitrus, , 2006b. Thus, at least in central Europe, overland migrations of turtle hatchlings after nest emergence can be long, and thus can have a significant influence on survival during the early life stages. ...
... Our research area was situated in Lubuskie district (western Poland), several kilometres from the mouth of the Ilanka river, a tributary of the Odra river. In this area, the European pond turtle lays eggs on sandy and sunny slopes, overgrown by xerothermic vegetation (for details see: Najbar and Szuszkiewicz, 2007). Nesting sites were marked during oviposition. ...
Distances between nest sites of Emys orbicularis and the nearest water bodies can be long. We studied whether a longer distance could affect the probability of hatchling survival, migration time, and body mass loss. In our research area (Lubuskie district, western Poland), nest sites were situated on a slope; the closest water body was in a distance of 72290 m. Near the water body we constructed a 550 m long drift fence to recapture hatchlings migrating down the slope. We monitored 32 hatchlings from 7 different nests deposited in the years 2008-2010. The hatchlings started to emerge from their nests on 9 and 13 April 2009, 7 and 9 April 2010, 30 March, 7 and 8 April 2011. Then, hatchlings were radiotracked using transmitters glued on their carapaces. Individuals (n = 20) recaptured near the fence travelled the distance between the nest site and the fence within 18-727 hours (0.75-similar to 30 days). Hatchlings from nests situated only a short distance away (72-81 m) were recaptured in higher numbers, compared to those from nests situated further away (227-290 m). During the journey the hatchlings lost on average similar to 3.8% of their initial body mass. The hatchlings which migrated longer lose more of their initial body mass than those which migrated shorter.
... The European pond turtle prefers small water bodies with muddy bottoms, old riverbeds, wetlands, and little waterholes 65,66 . The female European pond turtle has a high degree of habitat and nestsite fidelity over several seasons [79][80][81][82] . Gene flow between populations is driven by dispersal of older males, while juveniles and females show strong philopatry 83 . ...
The European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) is a wide-ranging, long-living freshwater species with low reproductive success, mainly due to high predation pressure. We studied how habitat variables and predator communities in near-natural marshes affect the survival of turtle eggs and hatchlings. We followed the survival of artificial turtle nests placed in marshes along Lake Balaton (Hungary) in May and June as well as hatchlings (dummies) exposed in September. We found that the fewest nests remained intact in the least disturbed, most extensive area with the largest turtle population without predator control. Hatchlings, compared to nests had a significantly higher probability of survival. The density of carnivore dens indicated the negative influence on the number of exposure days, while marsh vegetation coverage was unrelated. The role of carnivores, especially the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the predation of nests was more significant, while predation by corvids (Corvidae) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) increased for the hatchlings. Predation by mammals increased with the limited availability of dry terrestrial surfaces suitable for laying eggs and with distance to water. Our multifactorial analyses highlight the need for targeted conservation efforts to improve the reproductive success of turtles in these ecologically sensitive environments.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-024-82032-3.
... In northern and central Europe in the 17th the species suffered severe habitat loss due to anthropogenic activities [7][8][9][10]. Currently insome European countries like Austria, Spain, Germany, France, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Switzerland, Poland, E. orbicularis is represented with only a few isolated populations, which are objects of intense monitoring and conservation efforts [9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. ...
We report on the impact of vehicle traffic on a local population of European pond turtles ( Emys orbicularis ) inhabiting the city of Burgas (Bulgaria). We performed a six-year monitoring program to collect data on the presence of turtles on road E 87 in the south region of the city. The road section splits a Natura 2000 site and crosses through an artificial water basin with fresh to brackish water. We visited the road section in irregular intervals from 3 to over 20 days in the period March to October from 2016 to 2021. For the period of the monitoring, we were able to detect a total of over 300 specimens from all ontogenetic stages (33 juveniles, 74 subadults and 224 adults). During our field surveys in 2016, we detected a total of 47 live and 23 dead adults. In the next years, we found more dead adult turtles than live ones. Similar results were recorded for subadults. In the juveniles, the dead specimens were almost equal to those which were detected alive. Our results indicate an impact of the traffic on the local population of E. orbicularis . We discuss the design and position of constructions, which can mitigate the conflict and reduce the potential for Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC).
... It is only based on knowledge of egg predators that appropriate loss-reducing measures can be taken for conservation management [49,[71][72][73]. European pond turtles are characterized by habitat fidelity and longevity [74][75][76], which is why females try to lay eggs in the same place for several years, despite high predation pressure [77,78]. Turtle nests can be protected with fixed or electric fences, grid panels, repellents [11,79,80], or by removing potential egg predators [71,72]. ...
Simple Summary
Habitat loss and nest predation significantly threaten European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) populations. To reveal predation pressure in a protected area (Kis-Balaton marshland, Hungary) we conducted an artificial nests experiment. We used real nests which had been predated, and near each of them we created a new artificial nest. In each nest hole we put one quail egg, one plasticine egg and turtle egg shells and then covered them and sprayed the surface with water-diluted turtle urine. The majority of the nests were depredated in the first three nights, mostly by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), confirmed by the bite marks preserved on the plasticine eggs, by footprints and excrements found near the nests and by camera recordings. Daily survival rates of quail eggs in artificial nests established in both real and in new nests were similar, suggesting that estimates obtained with artificial nests reflect the degree of predation pressure on real nests. Scattered nests had a lower survival rate than partly scattered and partly linear or only linearly arranged nests. We proved that spraying the nests with diluted turtle urine and marking them with a flag did not affect their survival. The results support turtle nest protection and selective predator control.
Abstract
Nest predation significantly impacts the population decline of the long-living European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis). Kis-Balaton is one of the most important habitats of this species in Hungary, and in May 2017 more than 400 damaged nests were counted. To reveal predation pressure, we conducted a study with artificial nests on three sites in this area. On each site, we used 11 depredated real nests, and near each of them, we created new artificial nests; then in every nest we put one quail egg, one plasticine egg and several turtle egg shells. After that, we sprayed the smoothed surface of the covered holes with water-diluted turtle urine, imitating the turtle’s behaviour. Already in the first three nights, 94% of all nests were depredated by the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and in one case by the European badger (Meles meles), which was confirmed by the bite marks preserved on the plasticine eggs, by the footprints and excrements found near the nests, as well as by camera recordings. Only 6% of the nests survived during the three weeks of our study. Daily survival rates of quail eggs in artificial nests established in both real (damaged) and in new nests were similar, suggesting that estimates obtained with artificial nests reflect the degree of predation pressure on real nests. On the site where the nests were scattered, their daily survival rate (33%) was significantly lower than on the sites where their arrangement was partly scattered, partly linear (83%), or only linear (76%). On two additional sites, by using simulated turtle nests we showed that spraying the nests with diluted turtle urine and marking them with a flag did not affect their survival, although further methodological testing is needed. The information obtained with artificial nests enables the organization of the protection of the nests of the European pond turtle and selective predator control.
... We located emydid turtle nests surrounding 13 ponds in Lee and Macon counties, Alabama, from May to July 2019 (Table 1). Although our study areas contained nearby forested areas, we focused our surveys in open habitat at each area because numerous studies show that emydid turtles choose open habitat for nesting [29,52,53]. We visited all study areas regularly during the nesting season to maximize discovery of recent nests. ...
Human disturbance impacts the breeding behavior of many species, and it is particularly important to understand how these human-caused changes affect vulnerable taxa, such as turtles. Habitat alteration can change the amount and quality of suitable nesting habitat, while human presence during nesting may influence nesting behavior. Consequently, both habitat alteration and human presence can influence the microhabitat that females choose for nesting. In the summer of 2019, we located emydid turtle nests in east-central Alabama, USA, in areas with varying levels of human disturbance (high, intermediate, low). We aimed to determine whether turtles selected nest sites based on a range of microhabitat variables comparing maternally selected natural nests to randomly chosen artificial nests. We also compared nest site choice across areas with different levels of human disturbance. Natural nests had less variance in canopy openness and average daily mean and minimum temperature than artificial nests, but microhabitat variables were similar across differing levels of disturbance. Additionally, we experimentally quantified nest predation across a natural to human-disturbed gradient. Nest predation rates were higher in areas with low and intermediate levels of disturbance than in areas with high human disturbance. Overall, these results show that turtles are not adjusting their choices of nest microhabitat when faced with anthropogenic change, suggesting that preserving certain natural microhabitat features will be critical for populations in human-disturbed areas.
... Nest area fidelity (Rowe et al., 2005;Micheli-Campbell et al., 2013) implies that a female returns sequentially to the same nesting area, whether within a season or among seasons. Nest area fidelity has been reported to occur in several species of freshwater turtles: Chelydra serpentina (Loncke and Obbard, 1977), Chrysemys picta (Rollinson and Brooks, 2008), Elusor macrurus (Micheli-Campbell et al., 2013), Emys orbicularis (Najbar and Szuszkiewicz, 2007), Emydoidea blandingii (Congdon et al., 1983), Graptemys pseudogeographica (Freedberg et al., 2005), Pseudemys concinna (Jackson and Walker, 1997), Podecnemis expansa (Valenzuela, 2001), and Trachemys scripta (Tucker, 2001). ...
We tested whether individual females of two species of aquatic turtles, Texas cooters (Pseudemys texana) and red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), inhabiting headwaters of the San Marcos River, Hays County, Texas, selectively used the same nesting areas within and among years over a 20-year period. The study area was divided into four quadrants, and chi-square analyses confirmed that for within and among years, females of both species selected quadrants unequally. Our results thus confirm that females of both species at the study site exhibited nest area fidelity within and among years.
... While in 2017, more than 20 females were nesting, in 2020, just five females were found. Most studies on the nesting ecology of the European pond turtle are focused on other aspects of nesting (Meeske 1997;Mitrus 2006;Najbar and Szuszkiewicz 2007). The number of depredated nests is also massive in the area: during the period 1999-2020, more than 520 destroyed nests were found, causing very high rates of hatchling mortality. ...
The European pond turtle ( Emys orbicularis ) is the only native freshwater turtle species in Slovakia. Due to watercourse regulations in the middle of the 20 th century, its range became fragmented and, currently, there are only two isolated populations. From a total of 1,236 historical records in Slovakia, most observations (782 records) came from the area of the Tajba National Nature Reserve (NNR). Three of the population viability analysis models (‘baseline’, ‘catastrophe’, ‘nest protection during a catastrophe’) indicated the extinction of the population in Tajba, with the highest probability of extinction occurring during a catastrophic event (probability of extinction 1.00). We also evaluated information about the activity patterns of seven radio-tracked individuals and about the number of destroyed nests from the area. During the period 2017–2021, we recorded only two turtles leaving the aquatic habitat of Tajba. An alarming fact is the massive number of destroyed nests found in the area during the study period (Tajba 524; Poľany 56). Our results indicate that the population in the Tajba NNR require immediate application of management steps to ensure its long-term survival.
... Internest distances among females within a population can vary according to the amount and accessibility of suitable habitat. Najbar and Szuszkiewicz (2007) observed very small internest distances for Emys orbicularis in western Poland among years (mean = 8.8 m), and attributed the pattern to the presence of only a few very small canopy openings along the river at their study site. In our study, several large, linear areas of nesting habitat along the turtle fence at Mount Union were relatively continuous, although some areas near the center of the fence were shaded by vegetation or inaccessible due to steep river banks and large bridge abutments. ...
Northern map turtles (Graptemys geographica) are a species of conservation concern with a limited distribution in Pennsylvania. We examined nest site fidelity of G. geographica along the Juniata River at Mount Union, the largest reported nesting area in the Commonwealth. Nesting habitat included a mitigation area bordering a highway, partitioned by a turtle exclusion fence, and an adjacent pile of coal tailings. A linear grid along the turtle fence allowed us to determine distances between nests of individual females. Our results indicate that female G. geographica at Mount Union exhibit nest site fidelity, as the frequency distribution of distances between nests of individual females was positively skewed, and distances between nests (both within and among seasons) were smaller than distances between randomly selected pairs of nests from different individuals. Females placed different clutches of eggs as close together as 0.30 m. Within-season (first and second clutch) inter-nest distances were significantly smaller than inter-nest distances among years, which increased over time. We also attached radio-transmitters to a sample of adult females following nesting to determine the extent of riverine migrations, as long-distance nesting migrations are associated with fidelity to particular nesting sites. Following nesting, two females remained in the river near the Mount Union nesting habitat and three females moved downstream 4.3–5.6 km, yet all of the turtles returned to their previous nesting areas the following summer. Nest site fidelity can benefit map turtles if the habitat remains stable, results in high nest survivorship, and produces high quality hatchlings, yet the behavior may be detrimental if it exposes turtles to significant risks such as road mortality or environmental contaminants. Our results indicate that maintaining long-term nesting habitat and ensuring suitable river quality at Mount Union may be essential for the conservation of G. geographica in central Pennsylvania.
... To determine whether female Bog Turtles that reused nest-site patches exhibited nest-site fidelity within their chosen patches (fine-scale nest-site fidelity; e.g., Najbar and Szuszkiewicz, 2007;Walde et al., 2007), we performed a final bootstrap analysis; this time, we repeated the internest distance analysis described above (within a fen), but we only selected random pairs of known nest sites within each female's selected nesting-habitat patch. We computed the P-value for this test as the proportion of bootstrapped estimates that were less than or equal to the observed internest distance. ...
To mitigate habitat loss and increase the reproductive success of threatened Bog Turtles (Glyptemys muhlenbergii), managers often improve or restore open-canopy nesting habitats within or adjacent to occupied habitat. Restoring nesting habitat, however, does not guarantee that Bog Turtles will use these restored habitats; inertial mechanisms such as nest-site fidelity and natal homing may prevent female Bog Turtles from discovering and using restored habitats for many years or even generations. The objective of this study was to improve understanding of the role behavioral inertia may play in female Bog Turtle nest-site selection. From 2008 to 2012, at nine fens in New York and Massachusetts, we compared the average distance between previous and subsequent nests with null distributions assuming no nest-site fidelity. We also assessed whether pairwise genetic relatedness of nesting females was positively associated with geographic distance between nests. We found evidence for strong but incomplete fidelity to nesting-habitat patches within a wetland, likely driven by behavioral inertia. Individuals nesting closer together were not more closely related, and first-degree female relatives did not consistently nest within the same nesting-habitat patch, suggesting that Bog Turtles do not exhibit natal homing. Our results suggest that Bog Turtle populations may be slow to respond to newly restored nesting areas because of behavior inertia. However, testing this hypothesis will require long-term monitoring of habitat-restoration efforts coupled with further investigations of Bog Turtle nest-site selection.
... Nest-site philopatry need not be a return to specific geographic nesting locations, but rather a consistent selection of microenvironmental cues (Janzen & Morjan, 2001;Kamel & Mrosovsky, 2004). Turtles can select new nest locations when environmental changes affect the quality of previously used nesting environments or availability of new areas (Kolbe & Janzen, 2002;Najbar & Szuskiewicz, 2007;Beaudry, deMaynadier & Hunter, 2010). We observed occasional shifts in summer migrations of several hundred meters from formerly open habitats that had become shaded through succession to recent forest openings following forestry practices such as timber harvest and controlled burns. ...
Animal movements and use of space are in part determined by interactions between individual attributes such as sex and body size and extrinsic environmental factors such as the seasonal availability, quality and spatial configuration of resource patches in the landscape. Fire is a common and widespread disturbance process that has the potential to affect animal movements through modifications to the environment. Using radiotelemetry, we examined the contribution of these factors to variation in movements and home range over a 5‐year period in a forest‐dwelling terrestrial turtle, Terrapene carolina, at fire‐maintained and unburned habitats in the southeastern United States. Female turtles had annual home‐range sizes twice as large as males and moved longer distances per day during the nesting season (June and July), but males exhibited greater spatial fidelity from year to year. Turtles at the unburned site had home‐range sizes twice as large as those at the fire‐maintained site, and home‐range size also decreased with increasing frequency and extent of fire, but this latter effect was strongest in females. Home‐range behavior was highly repeatable within individuals of both sexes over time. This is the first evidence that fire influences the spatial ecology and movements of turtles, most likely through fire's impact on the spatial configuration, availability and quality of critical resources. That individuals behaved consistently through time, but differently from one another according to both intrinsic individual attributes and extrinsic environmental factors provides strong evidence of consistent inter‐ and intra‐population variation in space use and movement behaviors in T. carolina. Such intra‐specific behavioral variation suggests applying caution when extrapolating results to other sites across the geographic range of a species for use in conservation and management.
... Germany (Fritz & Günther 1996), Poland (Mitrus & Zemanek 2000) and Ukraine (Kotenko 2000). On the other hand, in some central and northern populations females usually have a second or even third clutch, e.g. in Hungary (Marián & Szabó 1961), Austria (Rössler 2000a(Rössler , 2000b, Slovakia (Novotný et al. 2004), Belarus (Drobenkov 1999), Dagestan (Russian Federation) (Mazanaeva & Orlova 2004) and Poland (Najbar & Szuszkiewicz 2007). We were unable to determine whether females in our study localities lay eggs more than once per year. ...
For two consecutive years (2012 and 2013), studies on reproductive ecology of Emys orbicularis were conducted at seven localities in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Our findings show that individuals usually emerge from hibernation between the end of February and early March. Depending on latitude and elevation, mating occurred between March and May, and egg-laying lasted between May and July. Hatchlings were first observed between June and August. Average fecundity in females was 7 (5–10) eggs, and incubation period was determined to last between 80 and 110 days. Average size of eggs was 33.55 × 20.32 mm, and only a weak correlation between numbers of eggs and female body sizes (straight carapace length, SCL) was found. Average measurements of hatchlings were: SCL was 20.6 mm (18–23 mm), plastron length (PL) was 19.6 (17.6–22.4 mm) and weight was 3.6 g (2.9–4.3 g). These were compared to previously published results obtained for E. orbicularis from other parts of its range. Also, factors that affect reproductive success were discussed.
... The European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) is an endangered species in many parts of its distribution area (FRITZ, 2003). For some populations, accurate data is available on nesting area locations (e.g., MITRUS, 2006;NAJBAR & SZUSZKIEWICZ, 2007;BONA et al., 2012) and habitat use (e.g., MEESKE & MÜHLENBERG, 2004;CADI et al., 2008). However, for the larger part of distribution range including central Europe, the absence of data on overwintering areas hampers the development of an efficient protection strategy; indeed, the non protection of seasonal habitats (e.g., overwintering areas) could lead to extinction of a population (cf. ...
The location of overwintering sites of six male and six female European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) were studied using radiotelemetry in Western Poland, over a period of four consecutive seasons. Most of the studied individuals overwintered in the same area during the research; most distances between two consecutive overwintering sites were 0–25 m. However, changes related to the overwintering area were observed, and in such cases the distance between overwintering sites on two consecutive seasons could exceed 2 km. These results can support an efficient conservation strategy of the turtle population.
... In central Poland, most of the turtle nests were located less than 150 meters from water bodies, with the largest distance being about 350 m (Mitrus, 2006a). In western Poland, the distances were 69-85 m (sporadically 150-270 m; Najbar and Szuszkiewicz, 2007;Najbar, 2008), and in Slovakia typically 200-800 m (Novotny et al., 2004). However, there is problem if we will try to present data on distances of nesting movements. ...
Based on ecological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, it is possible to try to reconstruct the evolution of ecological traits in turtles. However, the European pond turtle is treated by different scientists as aquatic or as semi-aquatic species. The importance of terrestrial behaviour for this species is discussed.
... Part of females of the turtle presents fidelity to the nesting areas (Mitrus 2006;Najbar and Szuszkiewicz 2007). During nesting migrations females use water bodies (Mitrus 2010). ...
Conclusion: The European pond turtle Emys orbicularis is a freshwater animal. It is a threatened species in many areas of its distribution. Preservation of water bodies is considered the most important for the species conservation. Little is known about influence of such flows on the turtle population. However, especially for small population existing in river valleys, problem of extreme flows should be taken into consideration in plan of protection of the turtle. Based on available data, nest flooding probably will have no significant negative impact on population of the turtle, but the danger of transferring of adult individuals by water flows could be crucial.
... E változatosságot szemlélteti, hogy MAZZOTTI (1995) A mocsári teknős leginkább a vízben aktív (élőhelyei: tavak, csatornák, holtágak), szárazföldi jelenléte a nőstények tojásrakására, illetve esetenként a víztestek közötti migrációjára terjed ki. A nőstényeket nagyfokú, több szezonra kiterjedő habitathűség jellemzi (FICE-TOLA & DE BERNARDI 2006, LEBBORONI & CHELAZZI 1991, NAJBAR & SZUSZKIEWICZ 2007. Komplex tájékozódásra képes, eredeti élőhelyére nagyobb távolságról is visszatalál (LEBBORONI & CHELAZZI 2000). ...
... For example, female green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) return to their natal beaches at least 70% of the time (FitzSimmons et al. 1997, Mortimer andPortier 1989). Another example of an aquatic species that also displays nest site fidelity is the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Najbar and Szuszkiewicz 2007). During a three year period, nests of individual females were found within 0.75 -8.5 m of each other. ...
Nest site selection has important consequences for maternal and offspring survival and fitness. Females of some species return to the same nesting areas year after year. We studied nest site characteristics, fidelity, and daily pre-nesting movements in a population of Agassiz's desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) at a wind energy facility in southern California during two field seasons separated by over a decade. No females returned to the same exact nest site within or between years but several nested in the same general area. However, distances between first and second clutches within a year (2000) were not significantly different from distances between nests among years (2000 and 2011) for a small sample of females, suggesting some degree of fidelity within their normal activity areas. Environmental attributes of nest sites did not differ significantly among females but did among years due largely to changes in perennial plant structure as a result of multiple fires. Daily pre-nesting distances moved by females decreased consistently from the time shelled eggs were first visible in X-radiographs until oviposition, again suggesting some degree California Fish and Game 100(3):404-416; 2014
... The Borowiec Nature Reserve is situated in the Zwoleńka River valley (the Radom District; Zemanek, 1992;Mitrus & Zemanek, 2004). In WP, turtles were studied in the Ilanka river valley and the Pliszka river valley (Najbar & Szuszkiewicz, 2007). ...
We have analyzed long-term (1987–2011) data on the reproduction of the turtle Emys orbicularis in western and central Poland. In contrast to earlier evidence, which suggested that E. orbicularis rarely reproduces successfully in the northern part of its distribution area, we document successful reproduction in at least 16 out of the last 20 seasons, including annual reproduction since 1998. Hatchlings emerged either in late summer or autumn, or overwintered in nests and emerged between late February and May of the following year.
... Habitat suitability studies with turtles are of interest because population sizes are declining and turtles are often secretive (Ernst el al., 1994) making it time intensive to locate and collect data on them. Few large scale studies have been conducted with turtle species , as most focus on microhabitat such as nesting locations and land use changes with seasonal movements (Kolbe and Janzen, 2002;Najbar and Szuszkiewicz, 2007;Tuttle and Carroll, 2003;Meshaka and Blind, 2001). Large scale studies found that turtles were sensitive to changes in environmental characteristics associated with disturbances and that land cover and vegetation characteristics at multiple scales most likely affected turtle distributions. ...
We report on the impact of vehicle traffic on a local population of European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) inhabiting the city of Burgas (Bulgaria). We performed a six-year monitoring program to collect data on the presence of turtles on road E 87 in the south region of the city. The road section splits a Natura 2000 site and crosses through an artificial water basin with fresh to brackish water. We visited the road section in irregular intervals from 3 to over 20 days in the period March to October from 2016 to 2021. For the period of the monitoring, we were able to detect a total of over 300 specimens from all ontogenetic stages (33 juveniles, 74 subadults and 224 adults). During our field surveys in 2016, we detected a total of 47 live and 23 dead adults. In the next years, we found more dead adult turtles than live ones. Similar results were recorded for subadults. In the juveniles, the dead specimens were almost equal to those which were detected alive. Our results indicate an impact of the traffic on the local population of E. orbicularis. We discuss the design and position of constructions, which can mitigate the conflict and reduce the potential for WVC.
In 2021 as part of a research on apterygotes in Iran 18 specimens of Protura were collected; 14 of them were identified as Acerella muscorum (Ionesco, 1930), one was an Acerentomon belonging to the affine group, three were female specimens of a new species of Acerentulus described in this paper. Like other species belonging to confinis group, Acerentulus iranicus sp. nov. has a complete row of posterior setae (18) on tergite VII, a long foretarsal sensillum a almost reaching seta γ3, and sensilla b and c almost of the same length, both passing the base of seta γ3. The closest species to A. iranicus sp. nov. is A. setosus Szeptycki, 1993 from Western Caucasus (Russia). This species differs from the new species for its smaller pseudoculi, the ratio between mesothoracic setae P1 and P2, the presence of a doubled pore on tergite XII, and the longer foretarsal sensillum a. The partial description of an undetermined specimen of Acerentomon belonging to the affine group is outlined too. A key to the Protura species known from the Middle East is provided.
http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A0243956-A081-4D5D-8FEA-361CA7123852
More than 1500 proturan specimens from Hainan Island are systematically studied. An annotated list of all species of Protura from Hainan Island is provided and their geographical distribution is discussed. The genus Paracondeellum is reported from Hainan Island for the first time, and Paracondeellum paradisumsp. nov. is described. The type species Paracondeellum dukouense (Tang & Yin, 1988) is redescribed based on syntype, and the lectotype and paralectotype are designated. The characters of the genus Paracondeellum are redefined, and the two known species are compared in detail. The Protura fauna of Hainan Island is mainly composed of species from the Oriental region, with 91% of the species belonging to the families Berberentulidae and Eosentomidae.
Connectivity is currently a central issue in landscape management and planning for the conservation of
wildlife species occupying sparse habitat patches. The European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis L., 1758) is
an endangered species that has important populations in several pond systems in the SW Alentejo region
of Portugal. About 56% of the ponds of this region have been destroyed from 1991 to 2009, primarily as a
consequence of the agricultural intensification. This destruction possibly has severe consequences for the
European pond turtle, namely in the interpond connectivity of the overall pond system. A population of E.
orbicularis living in a pond system in the surroundings of a small locality (Longueira‐Almograve) has been
regularly surveyed since 2003. A total of 595 captures, totalling 205 individuals, were performed during
this period. Data on interpond movements was used to estimate movement probabilities among pairs of
ponds separately for females, males and juveniles. The relationship between these movement
probabilities and three measures of interpond distances – linear, least cost and accumulated cost distance
– were tested through Mantel tests. Movement probabilities tended to be more correlated with
accumulated cost distance estimates, although a significant relationship with linear distances was also
found. Females had a higher proportion of successive movements between different ponds than males.
The variation of the movement between pairs of ponds with distance was modelled by fitting a negative
exponential function. This function was used to predict the interpond movement probabilities among all
the ponds of the system, including non‐sampled or undersampled ponds. Based on these probabilities,
defining several alternative threshold probabilities to settle different degrees of connectivity among
ponds, several graph‐based attributes were then estimated in order to rank the ponds in terms of their
importance to the overall functional connectivity for the European pond turtle in this landscape.
Acerentomon italicum is the most abundant species of Protura in Italy. In this paper, A. italicum is redescribed according to the most recent revision of diagnostic characters (morphometry, porotaxy), examining the type material and 59 specimens from 11 different localities in our collection. For some characters, scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures are presented. An updated detailed catalogue extracted from the authors’ database is provided: A. italicum is reported from 91 Italian localities (mainly from Northern Italian regions) in a total of 520 ♂♂, 669 ♀♀, 28 pre-imagines, 69 maturi junior, 25 larvae II, four larvae I and eight undetermined. Few specimens were collected in Switzerland (two, about 5 km away from the Italian border), Austria (three), Slovenia (one) and Corsica (eight). The entire data set is analysed for information on phenology (juveniles detectable every month in Liguria and Tuscany, but only during spring–summer in the remaining regions of Northern Italy) and sex ratio (M:F = 0.78) of this species. A. italicum was collected in localities from 0 to 2000 m above sea level in the soil and litter of pure and mixed forest. The geological substratum, when recorded, was limestone, quartz/mica schists and conglomerates. The DNA barcode is newly provided for 21 representatives from three Italian populations of A. italicum.
Type material of three North American Verrucoentomon species was studied: V. imadatei from Alaska, V. mixtum from Alaska and V. canadensis from northern Canada. Additional morphological characters for V. imadatei and V. canadensis are provided. Verrucoentomon mixtum is redescribed and transferred to the genus Imadateiella due to the presence of four pairs of A-setae on metanotum rather than three and the absence of teeth on the hind margins of segments IX–XI. Imadateiella mixtum is characterized by the presence of P1a setae on tergites I–VII, 4 A-setae on tergite VIII and only 4 setae on sternite VIII. The species is unique within Nipponentominae in having only one long terminal spine on the labial palp. Imadateiella is redefined and a key to its species is provided.
The Late Pleistocene archaeo-palaeontological sites in the Iberian Peninsula are located mainly on the coasts. Here, we present for the first time a palaeoenvironmental proxy for Upper Pleistocene locality (Marine Isotope Stage 3 MIS3) that is in the interior peninsular, in the Moncayo massif (Zaragoza). This is actually the boundary between Mediterranean and Eurosiberian climatic regions. This study is based in the site ungulates: Capra pyrenaica, which is larger in size than the current and fossil Capra from the Mediterranean area of the Iberian Peninsula. The horses have a small size, which is similar to that of the horses from Fontainhas and Casares. Significantly lesser in the number of specimens are the roe deer, the southern chamois and the auroch. The study and comparison of the faunal assemblage of the locality of Los Rincones with other sites of the Iberian MIS3 show a cluster of sites in the southern Peninsular, though separated, due to the abundance of Capra pyrenaica. The association of Los Rincones is similar to the southern peninsular sites such as Nerja, Gorham Cave, Cova Beneito and Zafarraya. The ungulate assemblage of Los Rincones represents a landscape with temperate climate, presence of steppe and patches of forest, similar to the current landscape surrounding the cavity today.
Protura, an almost neglected taxon in ecological studies of soil microarthropods, were examined at highly vulnerable sites of fluvial forest stands of the Transcarpathian Lowland. To compare the effects of different hydrologic disturbance regimes on Protura assemblages, we examined part of a river floodplain subjected to periodical inundation, and a non-inundated part with limited fluvial activity, behind the river embankment. Ten sites were selected for sampling, with four sites dominated by oak and one dominated by poplar in each part. The type of hydrologic disturbance regime in the river floodplain shaped Protura assemblages and influenced their variability. Highest abundance and species richness were correlated with the non-inundated part of the floodplain under oak stands, although Protura also tolerated soil conditions of exposure to regular inundation. We present and discuss several hypotheses concerning the causes of distribution patterns of Protura in the river floodplain with different hydrologic disturbance regimes, including sensitivity to mycorrhizal associations and the role of Protura assemblages as a potential ecological bioindicator of pedogenic transformations in riverine wetlands.
Acerentulus charrieri n. sp. is described from France. This species belongs to the confinis group, which is characterized by a long foretarsal sensillum a. Acerentulus charrieri n. sp. is characterized by possessing of 8 anterior setae on abdominal tergite VII, presence of seta P1a and absence of seta P3a on abdominal tergite VII, foretarsal sensillum b longer than c, posterior position of seta 54 on foretarsus and absence of pores on sternite IV. The new species is similar to A. gigas, which was also described from France, and A. apuliacus, described from Italy. The mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit I COI sequence (barcode) of the new species is provided.
This study provides data on population and community ecology of Protura in native forests and Pinus radiata plantations in New Zealand. Abundance, age structure, sex ratios, biodiversity, and relationship with soil chemistry are discussed. Protura were significantly more abundant in pine plantations in comparison to native forests. Among native forests, Protura were most abundant under Southern beech (Nothofagus solandri). The abundance patterns may reflect the association between Protura and fungal communities in the soil. No correlation was found between soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, pH, cation exchange capacity, and the density of Protura. Protura assemblage composition was significantly related to forest type. New Zealand endemic species were associated with native forests; species with distribution outside New Zealand dominated in pine plantations. The distribution records within New Zealand were expanded for five species. The Protura fauna of New Zealand was increased to 18 species. Berberentulus capensis, Eosentomon australicum and Australentulus tillyardi are new records for New Zealand fauna.
Nipponentomon pembertonense is described from Pemberton Historical Park, Maryland. This new species differs from other Nipponentomon spp. in the following combination of characters: 9 anterior setae on abdominal sternite VII, 15 posterior setae on abdominal tergite VIII, cover of tergite VIII gland with posterior row of teeth only, female acrostylus entire and narrowly rounded, foretarsal claw flaps rudimentary and in distal half of claw, foretarsal sensillum c′ reaching base of claw. In several specimens, the ducts and tubes connected to pores on the foretarsus were visible and could be traced at least partially. The most basal pore and the pore at the base of the claw were connected to a common tube complex with a terminal sac. Ducts and tubes also were observed connected to pores near sensillum t3 and just posterior to the empodium.
Nesting sites of three species of turtles, Trachemys dorbignyi, Phrynops hilarii, and Hydromedusa tectifera, were analyzed from 1997 to 2002 at the Taim Ecological Station, in the southern Brazil. Our objective was to evaluate the size of the core habitat necessary to protect nesting sites of these species and to relate this information to Brazilian environmental legislation. Trachemys dorbignyi and P. hilarii have similar width of their nesting sites, 49.6 ± 36.3 m and 50.5 ± 30.4 m, respectively. Hydromedusa tectifera lays its eggs closer to the edge of waterbodies, on average at 12.6 ± 10.0 m. Curves were constructed to define the widths of the core habitats needed to protect 90% of the nests of each species. Trachemys dorbignyi requires 94 m of terrestrial habitat from the edge of waterbodies, P. hilarii requires 79 m and H. tectifera 24 m. In the study area, Brazilian legislation establishes a core habitat that is sufficient to protect the nests of these species around large waterbodies. However, because the protection areas are prescribed according to the width of the aquatic environments, this provision is insufficient for the majority of the aquatic environments in the region.
Nest sites of the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis were marked in the Borowiec Nature Reserve (central Poland) from 1987 to 2002. In this area the turtle could lay eggs once a year. For 13 females, four to 12 nest sites per individual are known from the period studied. Spatial distribution of the sites is presented on maps. Only a small proportion of the female turtles displayed fidelity to a particular nesting sites, whilst others changed their nesting area. Even if there are nesting areas near water bodies, some of the females opt to use other sites. The results of the study suggest that, to gather accurate data about nesting areas used by the turtle, long-term studies are needed. Protection of the used as well as potential nesting areas (on which during short term studies laying was not recorded) could be important for conservation of the turtle.
During the 20 th century the occurrence of Emys orbicularis was verified for 74 localities in Lubuskie province. In 21 of these localities, turtles have not been observed since 1980, and therefore it is assumed that the species exists in only 53 of the original localities at present. In 28 localities only single, old individuals have been observed. Five intact nesting sites are known. The local extinction of E. orbicularis in Poland is mainly due to habitat degradation. Many nesting sites were destroyed due to afforestation projects. Predators considerably threaten eggs and young turtles. In West Poland, several conser-vation measures have been implemented since the mid-1990s. They include, besides legal protection, improving of habitats and nesting sites and the pro-tection of clutches against predators. E. orbicularis is considered an umbrella species in Poland, and protected zones are established around localities where European pond turtles still exist. Since 1999 a headstarting programme has been conducted. In 2000–2002, 77 individuals were released into the wild. Ed-ucational activities are also carried out, including training of school children, forest wards and naturalists. A recovery plan has been designed to develop a network of pond turtle sites and potential habitats along the Odra river valley.
Due to the loss of suitable habitats, the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (L.) in Poland is regarded as endangered. Most of its populations are small and reproduction may be successful only in warmer years. In the Radom district (cen-tral Poland), where such small populations live, an active protection program of the species has been initiated in 1989. During the egg-laying period clutches are marked and in September eggs or hatchlings are collected. Neonates are raised in captivity during winter, fed with life food and relea-sed the following spring. Until 1999, 415 turtles have been released to the populati-ons from which hatchlings or eggs had been collected. After artificial raising neo-nates are able to overwinter with high sur-vival rate. An additional active protection program is carried out in eastern and in western Poland, where reintroduction is planned in the future.
In Germany, the European pond turtle is in danger of extinction. Populations collapsed or were wiped out by the end of the 18th century as a result of habitat changes (e.g., effects of succession), over-exploitation for food, and fishing. New serious threats for the surviving relict populations in northeast Germany arise from changes in agricultural and forest utilization in the 20th century. Numerous bodies of water and marshes were drained, and nesting sites were cultivated. Further ongoing causes of decline are fishery with creels, road traffic and a high abundance of potential predators (wild boar, fox, badger, racoon...). Only a few recent populations are confirmed in Brandenburg and South Mecklenburg. Within the scope of a protection project in Brandenburg the last autochthonous populations were investigated and protected with a focused mana-gement by restoring former aquatic habitats and nesting sites.
During a 16-year study (1987-2002) in the Borowiec Nature Reserve (central Poland), 118 nest sites of the turtle Emys orbicularis were marked : 115 nest sites of 23 different known females and 3 nest sites of unknown females. For seven females, 8 to 12 nest sites per individual are known from the studied period. For ten other females, 3 to 6 nest sites per individual are known. Two turtles presented long-term (>10 years) fidelity to the nesting area (defined arbitrary as : distances between nest sites were 20 m or less), and several other individuals did so for shorter periods (2-4 years consecutively). Other females did not display such behaviour. Thus, female turtles differed in their fidelity to the nesting area in the studied population.
Some aspects of the nesting ecology of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) were investigated in the summer of 1997 and for one week in the summer of 1998 in South Lithuania. In the study area 3 nesting areas lie 150–1000 m distant from the main pond where turtles live. All nesting areas are in front of a pinewood and have a southeast or south-west exposition. Nests were known if they were observed directly or from the evidence of digging. Females nested in open areas on sandy ground 1–5 m away from the nearest tree. The mean clutch size averaged 12.5 eggs and the mean depth of the nests averaged 12.3 cm in 1997.
From May 1999 until June 2003, 48 nests of the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis were observed in the valleys of Ilanka and Pliszka rivers (western Poland). 33 nests dug by turtles were found in the vicinity of the Ilanka river, where 15 marked females laid 373 eggs. A further 13 nests were completely damaged by predators. In 2 cases (in the valley of the Pliszka river) ploughed nests were found with 19 undamaged eggs. The earliest date of egg laying was May 24th and the latest was on June 13th. Digging a chamber, egg laying and burying the nest took between 60-145 minutes, 97.7 minutes on the average. Most females started egg laying 19.20-20.30 and finished 20.55-0.55. The number of eggs varied between 5-17 (av. 11.3). The average length of the eggs was 33.8 mm, the width 19.8 mm and weight 7.8 g. 210 turtles hatched from 392 eggs (from 35 clutches) (53.58%). 160 were subsequently reared in artificial conditions. 50 young turtles were left in natural conditions. Lack of snow and low temperatures probably caused their death. 65 eggs (16.58%) were dug up and destroyed by predators, 22 eggs (young individuals during hatching) (5.61%) were damaged underground by ants. Embryos died in 38 eggs (9.69%) at different, mainly final, stages of development, 30 eggs (7.65%) had shells damaged mechanically, the remaining 27 eggs (6.89%) were not fertilized.
Egg-laying in Emys orbicularis (L.), in £êczyñsko-W³odawskie Lake District
JAB£OÑSKI A., JAB£OÑSKA S. 1998. Egg-laying in Emys orbicularis (L.), in £êczyñsko-W³odawskie Lake
District. Mertensiella, 10: 141-146.
Sumpfschildkröten (Emys orbicularis galloitalica) aus Südfrankreich und Latium
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FRITZ U., LENK P., LENK S. 1995. Sumpfschildkröten (Emys orbicularis galloitalica) aus Südfrankreich und
Latium. Herpetofauna, 17(97): 13-20.
Zanikanie stanowisk ¿ó³wia b³otnego w niektórych regionach Polski [Disappearance of locations of European pond turtle in some regions of Poland]
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RYBACKI M., MACIANTOWICZ M., NAJBAR B. 2001. Zanikanie stanowisk ¿ó³wia b³otnego w niektórych regionach Polski [Disappearance of locations of European pond turtle in some regions of Poland]. [In:] B.
NAJBAR (ed.), P. GUZIKOWSKI, M. MACIANTOWICZ, M. MAKOWIECKI, S. MITRUS, A. RÓ¯YCKI, M.
RYBACKI, M. ZEMANEK – ¯ó³w b³otny. [European pond turtle]. Monografie Przyrodnicze. No 7. Lubuski
Klub Przyrodników, OEwiebodzin. Pp: 25-31. (In Polish).
Fang, Handel und Aussetzung -historische und aktuelle Aspekte Rückgangs der Europäischen Sumpfschildkröte (Emys orbicularis LINNAEUS, 1758) in Brandenburg
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SCHNEEWEISS N. 1997. Fang, Handel und Aussetzung -historische und aktuelle Aspekte Rückgangs der Europäischen Sumpfschildkröte (Emys orbicularis LINNAEUS, 1758) in Brandenburg. Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege in Brandenburg, 3: 76-81.
Materialy k poznaniu biologii kawkazkich czerepach. Uczenyje zapiski
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1: 10000. 420.412. OEwiecko. G³ówny Urz¹d Geodezji i Kartografii
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Distribution and biology of Emys orbicularis (L.) in Poland Die Europäische Sumpfschildkröte
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MITRUS S., ZEMANEK M. 2000. Distribution and biology of Emys orbicularis (L.) in Poland. [In:] W. HÖDL,
M. RÖSSLER (eds). Die Europäische Sumpfschildkröte.Stapfia 69, 149. Zugleich Kataloge des OÖ. Landesmuseums, Linz. Pp: 107-118.
Wyniki prac nad aktywn¹ ochron¹ ¿ó³wia b³otnego Emys orbicularis i jego siedlisk nad oerodkowym Bugiem. [The results of work on active protection of the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis and its habitats in the middle Bug river]
JAB£OÑSKI A., JAB£OÑSKA S. 1999. Wyniki prac nad aktywn¹ ochron¹ ¿ó³wia b³otnego Emys orbicularis i
jego siedlisk nad oerodkowym Bugiem. [The results of work on active protection of the European pond turtle
Emys orbicularis and its habitats in the middle Bug river]. [In:] S. KOZ£OWSKI, J. KUOEMIERCZYK, M.
KAMOLA (eds) – Bug, Europejski korytarz ekologiczny. Ekol. Klub UNESCO, Pracownia na rzecz
Bioró¿norodnooeci, Piaski 1999: KUL Lublin 25-26.III.1999. Pp: 91-99. (In Polish).
Habitat use and migrations of remnant population of the European pond turtle, Emys o. orbicularis (LINNAEUS, 1758), depending on landscape structures in Brandenburg, Germany
- Schneeweiss N
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SCHNEEWEISS N., STEINHAUER C. 1998. Habitat use and migrations of remnant population of the European
pond turtle, Emys o. orbicularis (LINNAEUS, 1758), depending on landscape structures in Brandenburg, Germany. Mertensiella, 10: 235-243.
Reproductive ecology of Emys orbicularis in southwestern Spain and comparison with others populations
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KELLER C. 1999. Reproductive ecology of Emys orbicularis in southwestern Spain and comparison with others populations. 2nd Int. Symp. on Emys orbicularis. Le Banc, 16 (abstr.).
Przewodnik do rozpoznawania zbiorowisk rooelinnych Polski. [Guidebook for identifying the groups of plants of Poland] PWN Warszawa. 537 pp
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identifying the groups of plants of Poland] PWN Warszawa. 537 pp. [In Polish].
Die Europäische Sumpfschildkröte.Stapfia 69, 149. Zugleich Kataloge des OÖ. Landesmuseums
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MITRUS S., ZEMANEK M. 2000. Distribution and biology of Emys orbicularis (L.) in Poland. [In:] W. HÖDL,
M. RÖSSLER (eds). Die Europäische Sumpfschildkröte.Stapfia 69, 149. Zugleich Kataloge des OÖ. Landesmuseums, Linz. Pp: 107-118.
Migration and home range of female European pond turtles (Emys o. orbicularis) in Brandenburg (NE Germany), first results
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PAUL R., ANDREAS B. 1998. Migration and home range of female European pond turtles (Emys o. orbicularis)
in Brandenburg (NE Germany), first results. Mertensiella, 10: 193-197.
Nowe stanowisko ¿ó³wia b³otnego (Emys orbicularis L.) na Ziemi Lubuskiej
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RADKIEWICZ J. 1967. Nowe stanowisko ¿ó³wia b³otnego (Emys orbicularis L.) na Ziemi Lubuskiej. [New locality of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis L.) in the Lubuskie province]. Wszechoewiat, 6: 161. (In
Polish).
Lubuski Klub Przyrodników, OEwiebodzin
- Monografie Przyrodnicze
Monografie Przyrodnicze. No 7. Lubuski
Klub Przyrodników, OEwiebodzin. Pp: 25-31. (In Polish).
Reproductive ecology data of the European pond turtle
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SCHNEEWEISS N., ANDREAS B., JENDRETZKE N. 1998. Reproductive ecology data of the European pond turtle
(Emys o. orbicularis) in Brandenburg, Northeast Germany. Mertensiella, 10: 227-234.
Presmykajuszczijesia Stawropolskowo kraja. S. I. (czerepachy, jaszcziericy). Fauna Stawropolja
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TETRYSZNIKOW M. F., GOROWAJA W. I. 1984. Presmykajuszczijesia Stawropolskowo kraja. S. I. (czerepachy, jaszcziericy). Fauna Stawropolja, 3: 48-91. (In Russian).
Sk³adanie jaj przez ¿ó³wie b³otne, Emys orbicularis (L.), w Polsce OErodkowej w warunkach naturalnych
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ZEMANEK M. 1988. Sk³adanie jaj przez ¿ó³wie b³otne, Emys orbicularis (L.), w Polsce OErodkowej w warunkach
naturalnych. [Breeding of the European pond tortoise, Emys orbicularis (L.), in natural conditions in central
Poland]. (In Polish with English summary). Przegl¹d Zoologiczny, 32 (3): 405-417.