No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Region and language variation
Abstract
Traditional dialectology took region as its primary and often its only independent variable. Because of numerous social changes, region is no longer the primary determinant of language variation, and contemporary (sociolinguistic) dialectology has expanded the number of independent variables. In Dialect Topography, we survey a representative population, and that population inevitably includes some subjects born outside the survey region. We want to know how these non-natives affect language use in the community. Admitting them thus requires us to implement some mechanism for identifying them in order to compare their language use to the natives. The mechanism is called the Regionality Index (RI). Subjects are ranked on a scale from 1 to 7, with the best representatives of the region (indigenes) receiving a score of 1, the poorest (interlopers) a score of 7, and subjects of intermediate degrees of representativeness in between. I look at three case studies in which RI is significant:
bureau
in Quebec City,
running shoes
in the Golden Horseshoe, and
soft drink
in Quebec City. These results introduce a new dimension to the study of language variation as a regional phenomenon and provide a framework for the integration of regionality as one independent variable among many in dialect studies. The RI provides, perhaps for the first time, an empirical basis for inferring the sociolinguistic effects of mobility.
... In this paper, we argue that quantifying exposure to dialectal or linguistic variation at speaker level may provide researchers with a new approach for investigating language variation and change. Increased mobility jeopardises the validity of region as the primary determinant of linguistic variation [1], due to mobility-induced dialect change. Mobility leads to a potential increase in contact, exposing individuals to linguistic variation, and the intensity of this exposure plays a key role in language change [2]. ...
... Previous dialectological and sociolinguistic studies have researched mobility and exposure to contact in relation to different linguistic aspects (e.g. [1][2][3][5][6][7][8][9]). David Britain's extensive research on the topic underscores the crucial influence of mobility on dialectal variation. ...
... [15]). Of the available studies on geographical mobility of individuals, Chambers [1] devised the Regionality Index (RI) as a function of the participant's birthplace, their residence from 8 to 18, the current residence and their parents' birthplace. The result is also weighted by proximity to the home region. ...
Increased geographical mobility prompts dialectologists to factor in survey participants’ exposure to linguistic variation in their research. Changing mobility patterns (e.g. longer-distance commuting; easier relocation to distant places for work, study or marriage) have caused linguistic connections to become much more diverse, potentially contributing to the acceleration of dialect change. In this methodological work we propose the Linguistic Mobility Index (LMI) to estimate long-term exposure to dialectal variation and thereby to provide a reference of “localness” about survey participants. Based on data about a survey participant’s linguistic biography, an LMI may comprise combinations of influential agents and environments, such as the dialects of parents and long-term partners, the places where participants have lived and worked, and the participants’ level of education. We encapsulate the linguistic effects of these agents based on linguistic differences, the intensity and importance of the relationship. We quantify the linguistic effects in three steps. 1) The linguistic effect of an agent is represented by a linguistic distance, 2) This linguistic distance is weighted based on the intensity of the participant’s exposure to the agent, and 3) Further weighted according to the relationship embodied by the agent. LMI is conceptualised and evaluated based on 500 speakers from 125 localities in the Swiss German Dialects Across Time and Space (SDATS) corpus, and guidance is provided for establishing LMI in other linguistic studies. For the assessment of LMI’s applicability to other studies, four LMI prototypes are constructed based on the SDATS corpus, employing different theoretical considerations and combinations of influential agents and environments to simulate the availability of biographical data in other studies. Using mixed-effects modelling, we evaluate the utility of the LMI prototypes as predictors of dialect change between historic and contemporary linguistic data of Swiss German. The LMI prototypes successfully show that higher exposure to dialectal variation contributes to more dialect change and that its effect is stronger than some sociodemographic variables that are often tested for affecting dialect change (e.g. sex and educational background).
... These studies yielded methodological innovations and broadened our core understanding of the role of weak ties in speech diffusion. Other thorough, well conceived discussions of socially mobile categories are documented, quite comprehensively, in Labov (1980) and Chambers (2000Chambers ( , 2013. ...
... First, we are at pain to stress that, in order to understand the mechanisms of diffusion, one must account for several ideological and sociocultural forces (Britain, 2013) Chahinaz, the core member in the females' network, gains a strong foothold as a central actor who bridges and brokers distinct ethnic cliques. Presumably, she is an early adopter of (Chambers, 2000). Due to its vitality and dynamism, lexicon tends to be the most amenable linguistic aspect to change and propagation (Chambers, 2000;Tagliamonte, 2016;Von Schneidemesser, 2000). ...
... Presumably, she is an early adopter of (Chambers, 2000). Due to its vitality and dynamism, lexicon tends to be the most amenable linguistic aspect to change and propagation (Chambers, 2000;Tagliamonte, 2016;Von Schneidemesser, 2000). Thus, in keeping with the same line of reasoning, it is asserted, extensive interethnic contact made it possible for Chaoui female youngsters to adopt new Arabic words from their Arab peers. ...
The extensive Arabic-Berber contact gave rise to new social aggregations and ethnic networks of different types across various social hierarchies in Batna community, Algeria. Using a modified version of Milroy’s Social Network Model, called ‘the Syncretic Social Network Model’ (SSNM), this study set the task to examine the association between interethnic contact, ethnic network strength and patterns of dialect change among Chaoui speakers in Batna community. In essence, it seeks to: a) investigate the extent to which lexical change in Chaouia correlates, systematically, with speakers’ ethnic network density, b) examine how Arabic lexical borrowing in Chaouia operates, its mechanisms and sociocultural and ideological motives, and c) explore the embodiment of ethnic identity formation in the linguistic habits of friendship networks. Framed within sociolinguistics, and informed by social constructivist views, this ethnic network study integrates methods and concepts from variationist sociolinguistics, sociology and anthropology. It incorporated a variety of research tools, including social network questionnaires, participant-observations, note taking and ethnographic interviews. Thus, ethnic network questionnaires of 1003 Chaoui informants were examined in relation with their lexical choices. In addition, intensive ethnographic observations were conducted to explore two ethnically based friendship networks, which vary on several sociocultural grounds. A set of Network-based analyses and field-observations were carried out to gauge both networks’ ethnic cohesiveness, dynamics of lexical change and linguistic practices. The main result indicates that ethnic strength and cohesiveness co-vary, significantly, with dynamics of lexical change in Chaouia dialect. Respondents who contract strong Chaoui ties are more likely to adopt Chaoui words, whilst respondents who contract weak ties are less immune to Arabic influence and, hence, are more prone to use Arabic loanwords. The ethnographic study of Chaoui youngsters in Batna ville elucidated that ethnically dense friendship networks support dialect stability and maintenance, whereas weak and multiethnic friendship networks promote lexical change. In urban interethnic settings, migrant Chaoui youngsters use various Chaouia linguistic practices, stylistically, as a socioindexical function of membership, Ethnic loyalty, bi-ethnic identity, and urbanity. Sedentary, urban youngsters, in contrast, cross into salient Chaouia dialect norms to mark distance from their Chaoui counterparts. The results, also, demonstrated the major role of weak ethnic ties, Brokers and geographically mobile speakers in the dissemination of Arabic loanwords into different social groups and rural landscapes. The extended Syncretic Social Network Model was discussed at the end of the thesis, along with its practical considerations and guidelines.
Keywords: Arabic, Chaouia, Ethnic network, Ethnic ties, Lexical borrowing, lexical change, Identity construction, Milroy’s Social Network Model
... it has also been useful in measuring correspondences between and among languages (e.g., Sankoff 1973). lexical variation is also the cornerstone of dialectology where shifts from one lexical item to another in the same semantic field are notoriously social, both regionally and ethnically delimited (e.g., von Schneidemesser 2000; Chambers 2001). People tend to be highly conscious of lexical variants, especially when a common word differs dramatically from one place to another, as with british english WC and loo, American english restroom and toilet, and Canadian english washroom. ...
... moreover, the cycle is sufficiently telescoped to expose the ongoing progression of change enabling the analyst to tap the mechanisms of development. indeed, the rise and fall of current intensifiers was visible in the teA through the construct of apparent time, that is, where variation in a linguistic form is examined by the age of the individuals in the community as a proxy for the progress of a change in real time (e.g., bailey et al. 1991;Chambers 2001). For example, if a form steadily increases from oldest to youngest individuals, this would be taken as evidence that the form is incoming. ...
... instead, the change necessarily involves the lexicon and meaning. most studies of semantic change involve the transformations of a single form as it undergoes categorical and meaning shifts (breban 2008), and most studies of lexical change involve nouns (e.g., sneakers, pop, and chesterfield ) (Chambers 2001). in this case, the object of investigation is an open class in the grammar, namely adjectives, but there is a qualitative difference (we think) in the level of conscious awareness of adjectival use over other open class items such as nouns (although this is an empirical question). ...
This article presents a synchronic quantitative study of adjectives in the semantic field of STRANGENESS in a large North American city, toronto, the largest urban center in Canada. the analysis is based on nearly 2,000 adjectives, representing 11 different types, as in She's really weird and She's odd. the distribution of these adjectives in apparent time provides startling evidence of change. the adjective strange is quickly moving out of favor, and weird has expanded dramatically, usurping all other forms. Neither linguistic nor social factors are implicated in this change, suggesting that lexical replacement is the prevailing mechanism driving the development. Consideration of the broader context reveals that renewal and recycling of these adjectives is rooted in the history of english and is progressing in parallel at least across british and North American english. the actuation of the shift toward weird may be rooted in developments in literature and mass media, revealing that adjectives are a vibrant area of the grammar that may be used to track cultural influ-ences on linguistic change.
... This is an extraordinary rate of change. Crucially, whereas grammaticalization may progress at variable rates (Hopper and Traugott 2003, 49), lexical change is characterized by its rapidity (Chambers 2000, 193). During the short period of roughly 65 years that separates the youngest and oldest speakers in the sample, the use of adverbial approximators has declined precipitously in the spoken vernacular, ...
... This suggests that in the spoken language, like is not replacing all approximative adverbs; it seems that only about is being ousted, while around is maintaining a foothold within the youngest generation. As Chambers (2000, 194) points out, " the replacement of one word by another requires as a precursor the availability in the community of a variant that can replace it. " The distributional evidence from Toronto is revealing in this regard. ...
... When a word declines in frequency , it almost invariably goes through a period when its use becomes increasingly restricted to older people. [Chambers 2000, 193–94] In the case of signaling approximation, the results in figure 1 suggest that once like attained a critical mass in the speech of the 30–59-year-olds, it increased rapidly among younger speakers. 5 In fact, a separate configuration of the data (not shown here) reveals that among speakers in their thirties, like and about are used in relatively equal proportions (12.2% vs. 13.8% ...
This article investigates the function of like when it occurs in numerically quantified contexts. The pragmatic literature espouses two distinct positions on this topic, though neither has yet been tested empirically. On the one hand, like is argued to be a genuine pragmatic particle, indistinguishable from other discourse uses of this lexeme. Alternatively, others argue that in numerical contexts like carries propositional content and in this respect, it functions adverbially. Quantitative analysis from a large corpus of contemporary English suggests the latter: like is an approximative adverb, alternating with the more traditional form about in the spoken vernacular. However, the perspective afforded by apparent time reveals rapid, ongoing change whereby the traditional adverb is in the process of being ousted. The pattern of change therefore suggests lexical replacement. Among older speakers the preferred form for approximation is about , while among younger speakers the form of choice is like . These results thus indicate that what has previously been treated as a single entity, discourse like , is in fact two distinct forms: like the adverb and like the particle.
... Questo è nato nel contesto canadese con lo scopo di poter distinguere tra diversi profili ipotetici di parlanti nativi, per cui il senso di regionalità deve essere inteso come un indice di maggiore mobilità tra regioni. L'indice viene dunque considerato un valido modo per quantificare la mobilità dei parlanti (Chambers 2000) e per superare il problema del monolinguismo intrinseco dei questionari di dialettologia sociale, tarati solitamente sul profilo del monolingue nativo ideale (cf. Dollinger 2015, 136). ...
... Esso è composto da quattro domande dedicate a sondare il luogo di nascita dei soggetti e dei loro genitori, il loro luogo di residenza ed eventuali trasferimenti avvenuti durante l'infanzia. Nella teorizzazione di Chambers (2000) un IR compreso tra 1 e 3 si applica a parlanti che sono nati, cresciuti e vivono nella stessa regione; un valore di 4-5 indica parlanti nati altrove ma che sono cresciuti nella stessa regione in cui vivono; infine, un indice compreso tra 6 e 7 si applica a quei parlanti che vivono nella regione, ma sono nati e cresciuti fuori. Nella sua concettualizzazione originaria l'indice è particolarmente efficace per rendere conto della mobilità di una popolazione adulta. ...
The paper aims to explore the linguistic aspects of the superdiversity that characterises Italian schools. Data were collected through a questionnaire submitted to 316 middle and high school students from Arezzo and Florence, in Tuscany. Both qualitative and quantitative results are presented, showing the role of languages and dialects in the lives of the students, as well as the impact of several factors in shaping their attitudes towards accented speech. Overall, this paper promotes the adoption of a granular conceptualisation of mobility (the regionality index) as a variable representing migratory backgrounds.
... In the past, linguists have been singularly focused on finding 'authentic speakers', the prototypical NORM (non-mobile, older, rural, male) informants, those born and raised exclusively in the region under study (Chambers and Trudgill 1998). In fact, speakers who have moved extensively in and out of the region, or even within the region under study, have been treated with suspicion (Chambers 2000). Britain (2002: 603) remarks that "given the historical origins of variationism in traditional dialectology, […] it is paradoxical that one of the social categories that has received least attention of all is space". ...
... In order to assess the impact of mobility on Swabian usage, a Swabian Mobility Index (SMI) was developed to measure speakers' degree of "sedentarism" or "nomadism" (Britain 2016) and their extent of regional or local "belonging" (Chambers 2000) and how it may have changed across their lifetimes. The SMI comprises two subscales: residential dispersion (represented by the Greek letter lambda λ) computes the number of moves a speaker has made over their lifetime, weighted by the number of years spent in each location; residential distance (represented by the Greek letter delta δ) calculates the geographic distance (in kilometers) from the speaker's birthplace to each city lived in, weighted by the number of years in each location and converted to logarithms to reduce skewness for those who have moved long distances. ...
... 27). On the other hand, in section (2.3.2.4) it was shown that Chambers (2000Chambers ( , 1994 explicitly includes immigrants in his dialect topography studies, and approaches their language behaviours with the help of a regionality index (RI). While the latter approach is desirable, the extralinguistic situation of the data does not yet allow the calculation of an RI for the informants in CanE at this point. ...
... In this scenario, regionality in the sense of a dichotomy between urban and rural settings becomes an independent variable that would need to be considered in the new-dialect formation process. While ideally one would include this information in some sort of regionality index (Chambers 2000), the present study will have to work with the generalizations arrived at in chapter (3): post-1815 British immigrants tended to live in rural communities, while earlier immigrants, mainly from the USA, tended to live in the cities. ...
This book details the development of eleven modal auxiliaries in late 18th- and 19th-century Canadian English in a framework of new-dialect formation. The study assesses features of the modal auxiliaries, tracing influences to British and American input varieties, parallel developments, or Canadian innovations. The findings are based on the Corpus of Early Ontario English, pre-Confederation Section, the first electronic corpus of early Canadian English. The data, which are drawn from newspapers, diaries and letters, include original transcriptions from manuscript sources and texts from semi-literate writers. While the overall results are generally coherent with new-dialect formation theory, the Ontarian context suggests a number of adaptations to the current model. In addition to its general Late Modern English focus, New-Dialect Formation in Canada traces changes in epistemic modal functions up to the present day, offering answers to the loss of root uses in the central modals. By comparing Canadian with British and American data, important theoretical insights on the origins of the variety are gained. The study offers a sociohistorical perspective on a still understudied variety of North American English by combining language-internal features with settlement history in this first monograph-length, diachronic treatment of Canadian English in real time.
... Salah satu jenis yang umum adalah variasi regional. Variasi regional berkaitan dengan dialek atau aksen yang berbeda, lalu berkembang berdasarkan lokasi geografis penuturnya (Chambers, 2000). Misalnya, dalam bahasa Inggris, ada dialek yang berbeda seperti Inggris-Inggris, Inggris-Amerika, dan Inggris-Australia, masing-masing dengan pengucapan dan kosakata yang unik. ...
Bahasa Lampung tidak hanya memiliki penutur di Provinsi Lampung, tetapi juga di Provinsi Banten, Kabupaten Serang, Desa Cikoneng. Penutur bahasa Lampung di Desa Cikoneng sering disebut sebagai orang Lampung Cikoneng. Bahasa Lampung yang ada di Provinsi Lampung terdiri dari dua dialek, yaitu dialek A (Api) dan dialek O (Nyow). Bahasa Lampung dialek A berbeda dengan bahasa Lampung dialek O karena adanya perbedaan kecenderungan penggunaan bunyi /a/ pada dialek A dan bunyi /o/ pada dialek O di bagian akhir kata, misalnya, [aga] dan [ago] ‘akan’; [akka] dan [akko] ‘angka’; [xuwa] dan [xuwo] ‘dua’. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui kajian dialektologi untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk variasi fonologis bahasa Lampung Cikoneng. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan teknik wawancara dan observasi langsung ke lapangan di setiap titik pengamatan. Berdasarkan analisis data dari 200 kosakata swadesh dapat diketahui bentuk variasi dan korespondensi bunyi, serta jenis-jenis perubahan bunyi pada bahasa Lampung Cikoneng sudah mengalami perbedaan dengan bahasa Lampung dialek A dan O. Selain itu. hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan adanya korespondensi bunyi vokal dan konsonan pada bahasa Lampung Cikoneng, serta perubahan bunyi yang terjadi pada bahasa Lampung Cikoneng. Bahasa Lampung yang ada di Cikoneng menjadi bentuk variasi bahasa yang memperkaya bahasa Lampung.
... Calaza D� ıaz et al. (2015) have offered a method for comparing the positions of shapes drawn. Jones (2021: 39) tested the correspondence between the Regionality Index (Chambers 2000), which measures the extent to which an individual has been exposed to the reference locality where they live, and the number and types of shapes drawn but did not find a significant effect. Beyond their number and relative position, the geometrical parameters of these shapes, such as size, complexity, and their coverage of the area of interest, have not been quantitatively analysed, despite the observed variation. ...
In perceptual dialectology, mental mapping is a popular tool used for eliciting attitudes and the spatial imprint of linguistic cognition from non-linguists, through tasking them with drawing about linguistic variations on maps. Despite the popularity of this method, research on the geometrical parameters of the shapes drawn on these maps has been limited. In our study, we utilized 500 mental maps, both digital and hand-drawn, introducing a new digital implementation for mental mapping (source code available). Our contribution presents the first perceptual dialectological outcomes of the ‘Swiss German Dialects in Time and Space’ project, which recorded a socio-demographically balanced corpus containing a large amount of quantitative personal data about participants that represent the entire Swiss German dialect continuum. Our first research question explores how various sociolinguistic variables and other variables related to personal background influence the geometrical parameters of shapes drawn, such as the number of shapes, their coverage of the language area, and their compactness. Statistical modelling reveals that dialect identity plays the most important role, while educational background, urbanity, and regional differences also affect more parameters. The second research question investigates the comparability between hand-drawn and digital mental maps, showing that they are generally comparable in terms of geometrical aspects, with minor limitations due to specific technical considerations in our digital method.
... Most sociolinguistic studies that do consider lexis do so from the perspective of onomasiology, that is, variation in the word form (e.g. Meyerhoff 1993;Chambers 2000;Beeching 2011;Tagliamonte & Brooke 2014;Braber 2018;Sandow & Robinson 2018;Sandow 2020;Lafond & Moffett 2020;Tagliamonte & Pabst 2020), rather than semasiology, 2 that is, variation in word meaning. Despite this, the fact that semantic change follows a socially mediated trajectory has been repeatedly attested in recent years (e.g. ...
As a result of an ameliorative shift-to-opposite, the polysemous adjective wicked is an auto-antonym, having two senses opposite in meaning, that is, ‘evil’ and ‘good’. We discuss two studies which explore the social life of this word, with the first focusing on its production and the second on its perception. In the first study, conducted in Cornwall, United Kingdom, we find that young men are most advanced in the use of wicked ‘good’ while young women appear not to contribute to the incrementation, that is, the advancement, of this change. In the second study, conducted online across England, we find wicked ‘good’, relative to its synonym good , to be perceived as less young and to be evaluated positively across disparate characteristics relating to status and solidarity, particularly by older men. We find wicked ‘evil’, in contrast to its synonym evil , to be evaluated higher in status-type characteristics. This newly uncovered indexical field of wicked presents a possible explanation for the observed changes in production, contributing to ongoing questions about the role of social meaning in driving the incrementation of change. More generally, this article adds to the growing yet limited literature which explores semantic variation through the lens of variationist sociolinguistics.
... dialects do exist). The field of dialect geography has yielded much rich descriptive work, but a common feature of studies from this era is that geography (in a pre-theoretical sense) is typically the only predictor of language variation (Chambers 2000;Britain 2010). Perhaps as a counterreaction, early variationist sociolinguistics (e.g. ...
This dissertation investigates the phonetic and phonological characteristics of Danish stop consonants, with particular focus on their diachronic origin and synchronic variation. Using data-oriented and statistical methods, it fills empirical gaps in phonetic research on Danish stops and in doing so contributes to our understanding of the overall sound system of the language.
The dissertation reports the results of a number of studies which combine spontaneous speech corpora with state-of-the-art techniques in statistical modeling. Topics considered include intervocalic voicing, which is shown to be rare in all stops and in almost all phonetic contexts, and affrication of aspirated stop releases, which is shown to be strongly dependent on place of articulation. The dissertation also investigates a range of phonetic parameters in a legacy corpus of traditional varieties of Jutland Danish, with the results showing systematic regional variation even in minute acoustic details.
... It is true that we should not assume the same coverage to be reliably applied on different texts just because they belong to the same text genre, especially for newspapers. Researches have shown that the use of grammar and vocabulary could greatly vary among regions and generations (Chambers, 2000;Davies and Fuchs, 2015;Davies, 2021;Wan and Cowie, 2021). Therefore, it would be reasonable to hypothesize that the lexical demands of newspaper and magazine articles from different countries and periods of time bear certain degrees of distinction. ...
The present study analyzed the vocabulary profile of the News on the Web (NOW) corpus, which contained 12 billion words from online newspapers and magazines in 20 countries to determine the vocabulary knowledge needed to reasonably understand online newspaper and magazine articles. The results showed that, in general, knowledge of the most frequent 4,000 word families in the British National Corpus/Corpus of Contemporary American English (BNC/COCA) wordlist plus proper nouns, marginal words, transparent compounds and acronyms was necessary to gain 95% coverage for the NOW corpus. However, when it came to the 98% coverage, online newspaper and magazine articles from different countries had relatively distinct lexical demands. In-depth analyses were carried out and the findings offered comprehensive insights into the issue. Implications for teaching and learning were also provided.
... In this case, as the hypothesis was that contact between the incoming rural dialect and the local urban one would be a catalyst of language change, Alghamdi tried to establish a metric by which to evaluate the effect of contact on these speakers' linguistic behaviour. Borrowing from the work of Chambers (2000), Alghamdi developed a scale of 'regionality', by which a score of 1 to 6 (in fact, no speaker scored a '1') reflected their degree of attachment and geographical proximity to the main mosque of Mecca. The categories she devised are on a continuum between 'indigene' to 'interloper', again using Chamber's terminology. ...
Uri Horesh discusses how sociolinguistic theory and research are expressed and investigated in Arabic. They focus on variation, stating that ‘Arabic as a natural language… exhibits and has always exhibited, a vast degree of variation’. They explore gender, class, and age as variable factors in language change, and the effects of urban/rural differences. Horesh aims to specify how research in Arabic linguistics can enrich concepts in sociolinguistics, especially as pertains to phonological processes. They examine Labov’s concept of chain shift for both vowels and consonants in Arabic dialects, and suggests how both quantitative and qualitative research findings in Arabic can contribute to sociolinguistic theory.
... The conclusion seems to be that although the geographical distribution of features can be chaotic, there are adjacent bundles of important isoglosses, and there are areas not crossed by significant isoglosses. The field of dialect geography has yielded much rich descriptive work, but a commonality of studies of this era is that geography -in a pre-theoretical, Euclidian sense -is typically the only predictor of language variation (Chambers 2000;Britain 2010). Perhaps as a counterreaction, early variationist sociolinguistics (following Labov 1963) was relatively uninterested in geography, with the work of Trudgill (e.g. ...
It is a well-known overt feature of the Northern Jutlandic variety of Danish that /t/ is pronounced with short voice onset time and no affrication. This is not lim-ited to Northern Jutland, but shows up across the peninsula. This paper expands on this research, using a large corpus to show that complex geographical pat-terns of variation in voice onset time is found in all fortis stops, but not in lenis stops. Modeling the data using generalized additive mixed modeling both allows us to explore these geographical patterns in detail, as well as test a number of hypotheses about how a number of environmental and social factors affect voice onset time.
... The conclusion seems to be that although the geographical distribution of features can be chaotic, there are adjacent bundles of important isoglosses, and there are areas not crossed by significant isoglosses. The field of dialect geography has yielded much rich descriptive work, but a commonality of studies of this era is that geography -in a pre-theoretical, Euclidian sense -is typically the only predictor of language variation (Chambers 2000;). Perhaps as a counterreaction, early variationist sociolinguistics (following Labov 1963) was relatively uninterested in geography, with the work of Trudgill (e.g. ...
Full text: https://www.jbe-platform.com/docserver/fulltext/9789027259820.pdf?expires=1656063207&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=B448E68A7C8EE7951C4851EB32E38F4A
... In addition to language internal factors, speech is influenced by factors that are external to language, such as the speaker's regional background (Chambers, 2000), sex and gender (Cheshire, 2004), ethnicity (Fought, 2006), socioeconomic status (Ash, 2004), and social network structure (Milroy, 1987), as well as factors pertaining to the context of speech, such as the degree of formality of the interaction (Coupland, 2007). For example, in a hospital clinic a doctor might inform a patient: "You have a mild case of gastroenteritis, sir." ...
Sociolinguists study the interaction between language and society. Variationist sociolinguistics — the subfield of sociolinguistics which is the focus of this issue — uses empirical and quantitative methods to study the production and perception of linguistic variation. Linguistic variation refers to how speakers choose between linguistic forms that say the same thing in different ways, with the variants differing in their social meaning. For example, how frequently someone says fishin’ or fishing depends on a number of factors, such as the speaker's regional and social background and the formality of the speech event. Likewise, if listeners are asked to use a rating scale make judgements about speakers who say fishin’ or fishing, their ratings depend on what other social characteristics are attributed to the speaker. This issue aims to reflect the growing number of interactions that bring variationist sociolinguistics into contact of different branches of cognitive science. After presenting current trends in sociolinguistics, we identify five areas of contact between the two fields: cognitive sociolinguistics, sociolinguistic cognition, acquisition of variation, computational modeling, and a comparative approach of variation in animal communication. We then explain the benefits of interdisciplinary work: fostering the study of variability and cultural diversity in cognition; bringing together data and modeling; understanding the cognitive mechanisms through which sociolinguistic variation is processed; examining indexical meaning; exploring links between different levels of grammar; and improving methods of data collection and analysis. Finally we explain how the articles in this issue contribute to each of these benefits. We conclude by suggesting that sociolinguistics holds a strategic position for facing the challenge of building theories of language through integrating its linguistic, cognitive, and social aspects at the collective and individual levels.
... Based on the limited research available, some evidence (Dargie et al., 2015;Kuper et al., 2012;Scheim and Bauer, 2015) suggests that vocabulary for self-identifying gender and sexual orientation varies by community. There is clear evidence of lexical variation associated with geography in linguistics studies (Carver, 1987;Chambers, 2001;Nerbonne, 2013). Also, through discussions with members of the trans* community and health care providers at LGBT clinics across the country, we have learned that new words are frequently coined to describe gender identity and that the connotations of existing words may vary across communities. ...
While gender identities in the Western world are typically regarded as binary, our previous work (Hicks et al., 2015) shows that there is more lexical variety of gender identity and the way people identify their gender. There is also a growing need to lexically represent this variety of gender identities. In our previous work, we developed a set of tools and approaches for analyzing Twitter data as a basis for generating hypotheses on language used to identify gender and discuss gender-related issues across geographic regions and population groups in the U.S.A. In this paper we analyze the coverage and relative frequency of the word forms in our Twitter analysis with respect to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey data set, one of the most comprehensive data sets on transgender, gender non-conforming, and gender variant people in the U.S.A. We then analyze the coverage of WordNet, a widely used lexical database, with respect to these identities and discuss some key considerations and next steps for adding gender identity words and their meanings to WordNet.
... There is clear evidence of lexical variation associated with geography in linguistics studies. [6][7][8] Also, through discussions with members of the trans* community and health care providers at LGBT clinics across the country, we have learned that new terms are frequently being coined to describe gender identity and that the connotations of existing terms may vary by community. ...
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends that health care providers collect data on gender identity. If these data are to be useful, they should utilize terms that characterize gender identity in a manner that is 1) sensitive to transgender and gender non-binary individuals (trans* people) and 2) semantically structured to render associated data meaningful to the health care professionals. We developed a set of tools and approaches for analyzing Twitter data as a basis for generating hypotheses on language used to identify gender and discuss gender-related issues across regions and population groups. We offer sample hypotheses regarding regional variations in the usage of certain terms such as 'genderqueer', 'genderfluid', and 'neutrois' and their usefulness as terms on intake forms. While these hypotheses cannot be directly validated with Twitter data alone, our data and tools help to formulate testable hypotheses and design future studies regarding the adequacy of gender identification terms on intake forms.
... In actuality, research on 'spatial language itself' from a sociolinguistic perspective is extremely scarce essentially because spatial factors (e.g. linguistic areas, survey regions, speakers' birthplace/residence, domains of use, etc.) were regarded as independent, not dependent, variables for linguistic variation (Chambers and Trudgill 1998;Chambers 2000). Given recent refinements of spatial language and the findings in worldwide FOR variation (Pederson et al. 1998;, the time is ripe for variationist investigations of the spatial language from a novel perspective. ...
By focusing on everyday use of spatial ‘frames of reference’ (FOR) in route
instruction, we propose some possible explanations for the seemingly
contradictory trends observed in FOR-based and deixis-based spatial
expressions in Japanese. We examined the data obtained in a series of
longitudinal surveys conducted in Japan over 50 years (1953, 1972 and
2008). Our GoldVarb analysis confirmed what is called a ‘retrograde’
lifespan change. This indicates that, first, synchronically, the preference for
External FOR (that is, based on North-South-East-West) increases as
community members grow older. This means they shift toward the local
norm through ‘age-grading’. Secondly, diachronically, the preference for
Internal FOR (based on Right-Left-Front-Back) has gradually increased over
the past century. There is, therefore, a ‘generational change’ motivated by
the linguistic marketplace. In contrast, as a community-wide preference for
Internal FOR expressions prevails, there is an accompanying gradual
decrease in the use of deictic expressions such as ‘here/there/over there’.
This indicates a partially complementary relationship between deixis and
Internal FOR.
... Research on regional variation and change in British English has tended to focus on phonology, reflecting the fact that sociolinguists commonly argue that lexical variation cannot tell us anything about language change (Bayard, 1989; Nagy, 2011; Tagliamonte & D'Arcy, 2007). Despite this, many researchers stress that lexical variation is an important point of sociolinguistic investigation (Armstrong, 2001; Chambers, 1999 Chambers, , 2000 Chambers, , 2004 Lodge, 2004; Sankoff, 1988) and some have applied the apparent time construct 1 to lexical data (e.g., Boberg, 2010). Similar to phonetic and syntactic variation, lexical variation has been found to correlate with a number of different social factors such as a speaker's regional background or their age (Johnson, 1993; Trudgill, 2006). ...
This article presents findings from the first major study to investigate lexical variation and change in British Sign Language (BSL) number signs. As part of the BSL Corpus Project, number sign variants were elicited from 249 deaf signers from eight sites throughout the UK. Age, school location, and language background were found to be significant predictors for the use of regional number sign variants. The results suggest that leveling may be taking place in BSL number signs inasmuch as younger signers are using a decreasing variety of regionally distinct number sign variants. These results need to be understood in light of the sociolinguistic characteristics of the British deaf community, which differ from those of spoken language communities, with which linguists are more familiar.
... This kind is present in the sociolinguistic tradition because it is compatible with variationist methodology, where variants have to be 'identical in reference or truth value' (Labov, 1972), with no conceptual differences, in order to be comparable. (It is usually studied as a marker of dialectal preferences, in cases such as trainers/running shoes (Chambers, 2000)). ...
In this paper, we defend the study of semantic variation from a cognitive sociolinguistics perspective. Through a case study on the semantic variation of ‘abortion’ in Spanish newspapers' comments, we investigate quantitatively the influence of the independent factors (‘source’, ‘date’, ‘ideology’, ‘gender’, ‘quote’) on conceptual onomasiological variation. The chi-square tests show that ‘ideology’ and ‘quote’ affect significantly the preference for direct (to abort) or indirect expressions (to murder) and for particular conceptual bases (e.g. death/to kill, not have a baby, trip to london …), pointing to two different conceptualizations of ‘abortion’ for defenders and detractors. By demonstrating the entrenchment of particular construals in their established discourses, we exemplify the indexical power of semantic variation.
... • Integrate Region in our survey as "Dialect topography questionnaire"; "Region as an independent variable" and the Regionality Index (RI) (Chambers, 2000) CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE WORK ...
... We calculated a locality index for all speakers (cf. Chambers 2000), where 1 was assigned to being born and raised in the area, plus 1 if they did not live in the immediate area, and plus 1 again if both parents and all grandparents were not born, raised, and still resident in the area. The mean value of the index for the sample is 1.19, indicating that our sample is strongly local to the immediate area (only five informants had one parent or grandparent who was not local, and of these only one was not Scottish). ...
This paper considers two instances of rapidly accelerating linguistic change in
Glaswegian vernacular, TH-FRONTING and L-VOCALISATION, both typically associated with
the Cockney dialect of London. Both changes have been underway for some time, but
took off during the 1990s. In this paper we consider a range of factors which are
contributing to the rapid proliferation of these forms in the speech of inner-city
Glaswegian adolescents. Our multivariate analysis shows very strong effects for
linguistic factors, as well as strong positive correlations with social practices relating to
local Glaswegian street style, some links with dialect contact with friends and family
living in England, and – perhaps surprisingly – also positive correlations with strong
psychological engagement with the London-based TV soap drama, EastEnders. Our
results suggest that the changes are being propelled by several processes: ongoing
transmission and at the same time continuing diffusion through dialect contact; the local
social meanings carried by these variants for these speakers; and strong engagement with
a favorite TV drama. For this community at least, engaging with a favorite TV drama
is an additional accelerating factor in rapid linguistic diffusion.
... For example, an earlier sign meaning 'telephone' represented how a person would hold a candlestick phone whilst a newer variant resembles how a person holds a mobile phone. Although sociolinguistic investigations have tended to concentrate on variation and change in the phonology and grammar, lexical variables are also an important point of sociolinguistic investigation [45][46][47][48][49][50]. Nevertheless, it has been argued that the lexicon cannot tell us anything about language change, since speakers continually adopt new concepts into their vocabularies [51][52][53]. ...
This paper presents results from a corpus-based study investigating lexical variation in BSL. An earlier study investigating variation in BSL numeral signs found that younger signers were using a decreasing variety of regionally distinct variants, suggesting that levelling may be taking place. Here, we report findings from a larger investigation looking at regional lexical variants for colours, countries, numbers and UK placenames elicited as part of the BSL Corpus Project. Age, school location and language background were significant predictors of lexical variation, with younger signers using a more levelled variety. This change appears to be happening faster in particular sub-groups of the deaf community (e.g., signers from hearing families). Also, we find that for the names of some UK cities, signers from outside the region use a different sign than those who live in the region.
... This reflects in part the fact that some sociolinguists have expressed reservations about extending the concept of the sociolinguistic variable beyond phonology (e.g., Lavandera, 1978). However, other sociolinguists have argued that non phonological variables, notably lexical ones, can be the object of sociolinguistic investigation with due consideration given to the methodological principle of the semantic equivalence of variants, see Armstrong, (2001); Lodge (2004); Sankoff (1988) and especially Chambers (1999 Chambers ( , 2000 Chambers ( , 2002 Chambers ( , 2004). Chambers has notably examined lexical variation in Canadian English from the dual perspective of sociolinguistics and geolinguistics. ...
Our paper examines lexical variation in the spoken French of second language learners and focuses on words referring to the notion of ‘automobile’ (i.e., automobile, auto, voiture, char and machine). Results reveal that while students do follow the native speaker pattern of using the neutral variant auto in most instances, they diverge from native speakers by making no use of the vernacular form char and relatively high use of the prestige variant voiture. The principal external factors that influence variant choice are students' home language and the representation of variants in the input to which students are exposed.
Increased geographical mobility motivates dialectologists to consider the exposure of survey participants to linguistic variation. Changing mobility patterns (e.g. longer-distance commuting; easier relocation to distant places for work, study or marriage) have caused linguistic connections to become much more diverse, contributing to an acceleration of dialect change. To assess the impact of individual mobility on this change, we propose the Linguistic Mobility Index (LMI) framework, which estimates long-term exposure to dialectal variation based on episodes of linguistic biography. An LMI of a survey participant comprises combinations of influencing factors, such as dialects of parents, long-term partners, places lived, place of work and education. The linguistic effects of these factors are represented by linguistic distances to the survey participant in question, and the effects are cumulated into an LMI in a weighted manner, according to the relationship the factor embodies and the intensity of the participant’s exposure to the factor. LMI is conceptualised and evaluated based on 500 speakers from 125 localities in the Swiss German Dialects Across Time and Space (SDATS) corpus. Four LMI prototypes are constructed, employing different theoretical considerations and combinations of influencing factors to simulate the availability of metadata in other studies, thereby assessing the generalisability of the framework. Using mixed-effects modelling, we evaluate the utility of the LMI prototypes as predictors of dialect change between historic and contemporary linguistic data of Swiss German. The LMI prototypes successfully show that higher exposure to dialectal variation contributes to more dialect change and that its effect is stronger than some of those sociodemographic variables often tested for similar effects (e.g. sex and educational background). The success of the four prototypes justifies the potential implementation of the LMI framework in other studies, including those with a limited amount of metadata, for which we also provide further guidance in the contribution.
The research entitled (social factors and variation in Language). The research includes two chapters. The first chapter deals with some theoretical bases and the limits of research. The second chapter deals with variation and the reasons for variation. This research used a descriptive statistics approach. The aim of research is describing important factor of linguistics variation in the Kurdish language, in addition to the presentation of examples varied in multiple social and field events.
The article discusses the question of Vilnius variant exclusivity and covers one fragment of Vilnius as a complex microcosm: exclusivity of Vilnius variant is examined by analysing spontaneous speech among Vilnians aged 25–35. Empirical research units are variants of phonological variables /i·/ and /u·/ in unstressed positions. Applying two different research methods – one based on hearing (auditory) and an instrumental one – the parameter of duration of these long vowels was evaluated in the spontaneous speech of the interviewed Vilnians aged 25-35. The results of the auditory research and instrumental examination (instrumental checks of almost 800 variants of phonological variables /i·/ and /u·/ in unstressed positions and 384 variants in stressed positions have been carried out) demonstrate that shortened variants of variables /i·/ and /u·/ in unstressed positions are characteristic of the language of the research group. Unstressed variants of the variables under investigation cover the duration continuum range between 60 and 80 milliseconds. Duration range of the variants of variables /i·/ and /u·/ in stressed positions starts at approx. 90 ms. Duration data of variants /i·/ and /u·/ in stressed and unstressed positions was correlated and this correlation reveals that duration areas of these variants almost overlap. Transitional zone is between ~80 and 90 ms. Quantitative reduction is very apparent so it is possible to make an assumption that this tendency reflects this particular peculiarity of the language specific to Vilnians. However, it is essential to state that even after shortened variants of variables /i·/ and /u·/ in unstressed positions are present in the speech of people belonging to different generations or having different sociolinguistic portraits, this characteristic cannot be considered as a distinctive characterization of Vilnius language (Vilnius variant). Distinguishing features in variability analysis cannot be at the same time primary, i. e. distinctive, as well as tertiary, i. e. denoting, characteristic. In this research this would be the case. The value of tertiary features is characteristic of quantitative (shortened) variants of variables /i·/ and /u·/ in some dialects. Therefore, methodologically it is not accurate to evaluate vowel shortening tendency of Vilnians as distinctive characteristics specific to the people of Vilnius. These features are characteristic, but they do not have a clear single-plan dividing power.
This article presents the results of a quantitative analysis of language variation and place attachment in two different places in Denmark—a rural, mono-ethnic village where traditional dialect is still used in everyday practices, and a multiethnic suburban social housing district where speakers use features associated with regional dialect and multiethnic youth styles. It is argued that variationist sociolinguistics, dialect research, as well as sociolinguistics that foregrounds situated interaction analysis need to develop methodologies that include and combine information about speakers’ individual mobility histories, local practices, and future orientations in relation to language use and place. For this purpose, this study employs a quantified measure, an index of local attachment , of speakers’ attachment to their local area. The index is calculated on the basis of insights from ethnographic fieldwork and interviews, and is compared to the variation of three linguistic variables in each location. Results show differences between the two places, the rural and the urban communities, as well as between individuals that can be explained by differences in place affordances, life histories, and future orientation. (Place, local attachment, mobility, dialect, multiethnic speech style, quantitative analysis)*
Pluricentric approaches to international varieties have been a mainstay in English dialectology since the 1980s, often implied rather than expressed. What is standard lore in many philologies is today questioned in one philology, however. This paper assesses the pros and cons of the so-called “pluri-areal” perspective, which has in the past few years become prominent in German dialectology. Intended to replace the pluricentric model, “pluri-arealist” perspectives affect the modelling of German standard varieties in Austria and Switzerland, among others. Attempting to falsify claims on both sides, this paper argues from an English-German comparative perspective that the idiosyncratic treatment of national varieties in one context is a problem that threatens the unity of the field regarding how the standard is seen in relation to other varieties. It is shown that the base of the “pluri-areal” paradigm is an a-theoretical perspective of geographical variation that adheres implicitly to a ONE STANDARD GERMAN AXIOM. This meta-theoretical paper suggests three principles to prevent such terminologically-fuelled confusion henceforth
Özet
Türk Halk Müziği Fonetik Notasyon Sistemi/THMFNS ulusal/uluslararası platformlardaki dilbilimsel/müzikbilimsel uygulamalara paralel bir uygulama başlatabilmek amacıyla İTÜ SBE TMP yüksek lisans tezi kapsamında ilk temelleri atılan, İTÜ SBE MJT doktora tezi kapsamında geliştirilecek olan, ses bilgisi/şekil bilgisi/söz varlığı ölçütleri ekseninde yerel/evrensel ilintilerle birlikte Standart Türkiye Türkçesi/STT-Türk Dil Kurumu Çeviriyazı İşaretleri/TDKÇYİ-Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabe/IPA sesleri üzerinde yapılanan notasyon sistemi örneğidir.
Jeolektolojide dilbilimsel yaklaşımlar ekseninde yerel varyasyon yöntemi ile yapılanan araştırmalar sonucu jeo (yerbilimsel eksende her türlü yersel terim/kavram/öğe)-lekt (yerdilbilimsel eksende her türlü yerdilsel varyant/değişke/çeşitlenme) terimine dikkat çeken jeolektologlarca jeodilbilimsel yasalara bağlı olarak varlığını sürdüren jeolinguistik özelliklerin, müzikolektolojide dilbilimsel yaklaşımlar ekseninde yerel varyasyon yöntemi ile yapılanan araştırmalar sonucu müziko (müzikobilimsel eksende her türlü müzikal terim/kavram/öğe)-lekt (müzikodilbilimsel eksende her türlü müzikodilsel varyant/değişke/çeşitlenme) terimine dikkat çeken müzikolektologlarca müzikodilbilimsel yasalara bağlı olarak varlığını sürdüren müzikolinguistik özelliklerin halkbilim analiz modellerinden biri olan performans teori (halkbilimsel eksende her türlü folklorik terim/kavram/öğe-halkdilsel varyant/değişke/çeşitlenme) ve etnomüzikolojide dilbilimsel yaklaşımlar (etnomüzikbilimsel eksende her türlü etnomüzikolojik terim/kavram/öğe-etnomüzikodilsel varyant/değişke/çeşitlenme) ekseninde sözel/sanatsal bir performans türü olarak tanımlanan Türk halk müziği edebi/müzikal metinlerinin kuramsal/icrasal altyapısında yerel/evrensel ilintilerle birlikte sesbilgisi/şekilbilgisi/sözvarlığı ölçütleri düzeyinde varlığını sürdürdüğü vurgulanmıştır.
SDIG’15 kapsamında sunulacak olan bildiri aracılığıyla; jeodilbilimsel/müzikodilbilimsel yasalar ekseninde yapılanan jeolekt/müzikolekt özelliklerinin Türk Halk Müziği Fonetik Notasyon Sistemi Veritabanı/THMFNS V’na aktarım/adaptasyon süreçleri Urfa yöresi örneklemi üzerinden gerçekleştirilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Jeo/Lekt/Varyant/Jeolojik Değişke/Değişke Dilbilimsel Performans, Müziko/Lekt/Varyant/Müzikolojik Değişke/Değişke Dilbilimsel Performans, Jeolektoloji/Jeolinguistik/Jeolekt/Jeodilbilimsel Performans, Müzikolektoloji/Müzikolinguistik/Müzikolekt/Müzikodilbilimsel Pefromans, Türk Halk Müziği Fonetik Notasyon Sistemi Veritabanı/THMFNS V.
Abstract
Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System/TFMPNS is a notation system example which aims to initiate a parallel application to the international linguistic/musicological application foundations of which were laid under the scope of ITU ISS TMP post graduation thesis, which will be developed under the scope of ITU ISS MMT doctorate thesis, which is configured in phonetics/morphology/lexicon axis of together with traditional/international attachments based on Standard Turkey Turkish/STT-Turkish Linguistic Institution Transcription Signs/TLITS-International Phonetic Alphabet/IPA sounds.
In geolectology as a result of researches carried out with local variation method in the axis of linguistic approaches it was emphasized by geolectologists who draw attention to the term geo (every kind of geologic term/concept/element in the axis of geological)-lect (every kind of geolinguistic variant/alternate/range in the axis of geolinguistical) that geolinguistic properties which sustain according to geolinguistics laws, in musicolectology as a result of researches carried out with local variation method in the axis of linguistic approaches it was emphasized by musicolectologists who draw attention to the term musico (every musicologic term/concept/element in the axis of musicological)-lect (every kind of musicolinguistic variant/alternate/range in the axis of musicolinguistical) that musicolinguistic properties which sustain according to musicolinguistics laws are sustained in the the existence of phonetics/morphology/vocabulary criteria together with local/universal correlations on theorical/executive infrastructure of Turkish folk music literary/musical texts in the axis of performance theory (every kind of folkloric term/concept/element-folklinguistical variant/alternate/range in the axis of ethnological) which is one of the foklore analysis models and linguistical approaches in ethnomusicology (every kind of ethnomusicologic term/concept/element-ethnomusicolinguistical variant/alternate/range in the axis of ethnomusicological).
Through this announcement which is to be presented within the scope of SIDG’15; transmission/adaptation process of geolect/musicolect features structured in geolinguistic/musicolinguistic axis to Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System Database/TFMPNS D will be carried out through case of Urfa region.
Key Words: Geo/Lect/Variant/Geological Variant/Dialinguistic Performance, Musico/Lect/Variant/Musicological Variant/Dialinguistic Performance, Geolectology/Geolinguistics/Geolect/Geolinguistic Performance, Musicolectology/Musicolinguistics/Musicolect/Musicolinguistic Performance, Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System Database/TFMPNS D.
Özet
Urbanolektolojide dilbilimsel yaklaşımlar ekseninde sosyal varyasyon yöntemi ile yapılanan araştırmalar sonucu urbano (kentbilimsel eksende her türlü kentsel terim/kavram/öğe)-lekt (kentdilbilimsel eksende her türlü kentdilsel varyant/değişke/çeşitlenme) terimine dikkat çeken urbanolektologlarca urbanodilbilimsel yasalara bağlı olarak varlığını sürdüren urbanolinguistik özelliklerin, rurallektolojide dilbilimsel yaklaşımlar ekseninde yerel varyasyon yöntemi ile yapılanan araştırmalar sonucu rural (yerelbilimsel eksende her türlü yerel terim/kavram/öğe)-lekt (yereldilbilimsel eksende her türlü yereldilsel varyant/değişke/çeşitlenme) terimine dikkat çeken rurallektologlarca ruraldilbilimsel yasalara bağlı olarak varlığını sürdüren rurallinguistik özelliklerin, müzikolektolojide dilbilimsel yaklaşımlar ekseninde yerel varyasyon yöntemi ile yapılanan araştırmalar sonucu müziko (müzikbilimsel eksende her türlü müzikal terim/kavram/öğe)-lekt (müzikodilbilimsel eksende her türlü müzikodilsel varyant/değişke/çeşitlenme) terimine dikkat çeken müzikolektologlarca müzikodilbilimsel yasalara bağlı olarak varlığını sürdüren müzikolinguistik özelliklerin halkbilim analiz modellerinden performans/icra gösterim teori (halkbilimsel eksende her türlü folklorik terim/kavram/öğe-halkdilsel varyant/değişke/çeşitlenme) ve etnomüzikolojide dilbilimsel yaklaşımlar (etnomüzikbilimsel eksende her türlü etnomüzikolojik terim/kavram/öğe-etnomüzikodilsel varyant/değişke/çeşitlenme) ekseninde sözel/sanatsal bir performans türü olarak tanımlanan Türk halk müziği edebi/müzikal metinlerinin kuramsal/icrasal altyapısında yerel/evrensel ilintilerle birlikte sesbilgisi/şekilbilgisi/sözvarlığı ölçütleri düzeyinde varlığını sürdürdüğü vurgulanmıştır.
Uluslararası Dil ve Edebiyat Konferansı (UDEK 2015) kapsamında sunulacak olan bildiri aracılığıyla; urbanodilbilimsel/ruraldilbilimsel/müzikodilbilimsel yasalar ekseninde yapılanan urbanolekt/rurallekt/müzikolekt özelliklerinin Türk Halk Müziği Fonetik Notasyon Sistemi Veritabanı/THMFNS V’nına aktarım/adaptasyon süreçleri Urfa yöresi örneklemi üzerinden gerçekleştirilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Urbano/Lekt/Varyant/Urbanolojik Değişke/Değişkedilbilimsel Performans, Rural/Lekt/Varyant/Ruralolojik Değişke/Değişkedilbilimsel Performans, Müziko/Lekt/Varyant/Müzikolojik Değişke/Değişkedilbilimsel Performans, Urbanolektoloji/Urbanolinguistik/Urbanolekt/Urbanodilbilimsel Performans, Rurallektoloji/Rurallinguistik/Rurallekt/Ruraldilbilimsel Performans, Müzikolektoloji/Müzikolinguistik/Müzikolekt/Müzikodilbilimsel Performans, Türk Halk Müziği Fonetik Notasyon Sistemi Veritabanı/THMFNS V.
Abstract
In urbanolectology as a result of researches carried out with social variation method in the axis of linguistic approaches it was emphasized by urbanolectologists who draw attention to the term urbano (every kind of urbanologic term/concept/element in the axis of urbanological)-lect (every kind of urbanolinguistic variant/alternate/range in the axis of urbanolinguistical) that urbanolinguistic properties which sustain according to urbanolinguistic laws, in rurallectology as a result of researches carried out with local variation method in the axis of linguistic approaches it was emphasized by rurallectologists who draw attention to the term rural (every kind of ruralologic term/concept/element in the axis of ruralological)-lect (every kind of rurallinguistic variant/alternate/range in the axis of rurallinguistical) that rurallinguistic properties which sustain according to rurallinguistic laws, in musicolectology as a result of researches carried out with local variation method in the axis of linguistic approaches it was emphasized by musicolectologists who draw attention to the term musico (every musicologic term/concept/element in the axis of musicological)-lect (every kind of musicolinguistic variant/alternate/range in the axis of musicolinguistical) that musicolinguistic properties which sustain according to musicolinguistic laws are sustained in the the existence of phonetics/morphology/vocabulary criteria together with local/universal correlations on theorical/executive infrastructure of Turkish folk music literary/musical texts in the axis of performance/execution display theory (every kind of folkloric term/concept/element-folklinguistical variant/alternate/range in the axis of ethnological) which is one of the foklore analysis models and linguistical approaches in ethnomusicology (every kind of ethnomusicologic term/concept/element-ethnomusicolinguistical variant/alternate/range in the axis of ethnomusicological).
With the announcement to be presented within the scope of International Conference on Language and Literature (UDEK 2015); trasnferral/adaptation process of urbanolect/rurallect/musicolect properties on Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System Database/TFMPNS D will be carried out in the axis of urbanolinguistic/rurallinguistic/musicolinguistic laws through Urfa region sample.
Key Words: Urbano/Lect/Variant/Urbanological Variant/Dialinguistic Performance, Rural/Lect/Variant/Ruralological Variant/Dialinguistic Performance, Musico/Lect/Variant/Musicological Variant/Dialinguistic Performance, Urbanolectology/Urbanolinguistics/Urbanolect/Urbanolinguistic Performance, Rurallectology/Rurallinguistics/Rurallect/Rurallinguistic Performance, Musicolectology/Musicolinguistics/Musicolect/Musicolinguistic Performance, Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System Database/TFMPNS D.
Özet
Türk Halk Müziği Fonetik Notasyon Sistemi/THMFNS ulusal/uluslararası platformlardaki dilbilimsel/müzikbilimsel uygulamalara paralel bir uygulama başlatabilmek amacıyla İTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Türk Müziği Programı yüksek lisans tezi kapsamında ilk temelleri atılan, İTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müzikoloji ve Müzik Teorisi Programı doktora tezi kapsamında geliştirilecek olan, ses bilgisi/şekil bilgisi/söz varlığı ölçütleri ekseninde yerel/evrensel ilintilerle birlikte Standart Türkiye Türkçesi/STT-Türk Dil Kurumu Çeviriyazı İşaretleri/TDKÇYİ-Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabe/IPA sesleri üzerinde yapılanan notasyon sistemi örneğidir.
Regiolektolojide dilbilimsel yaklaşımlar ekseninde yerel varyasyon yöntemi ile yapılanan araştırmalar sonucu regio (bölgebilimsel eksende her türlü bölgesel terim/kavram/öğe)-lekt (bölgedilbilimsel eksende her türlü bölgedilsel varyant/değişke/çeşitlenme) terimine dikkat çeken regiolektologlarca regiodilbilimsel yasalara bağlı olarak varlığını sürdüren regiolinguistik özelliklerin, müzikolektolojide dilbilimsel yaklaşımlar ekseninde yerel varyasyon yöntemi ile yapılanan araştırmalar sonucu müziko (müzikobilimsel eksende her türlü müzikal terim/kavram/öğe)-lekt (müzikodilbilimsel eksende her türlü müzikodilsel varyant/değişke/çeşitlenme) terimine dikkat çeken müzikolektologlarca müzikodilbilimsel yasalara bağlı olarak varlığını sürdüren müzikolinguistik özelliklerin halkbilim analiz modellerinden biri olan performans teori (halkbilimsel eksende her türlü folklorik terim/kavram/öğe-halkdilsel varyant/değişke/çeşitlenme) ve etnomüzikolojide dilbilimsel yaklaşımlar (etnomüzikbilimsel eksende her türlü etnomüzikolojik terim/kavram/öğe-etnomüzikodilsel varyant/değişke/çeşitlenme) ekseninde sözel/sanatsal bir performans türü olarak tanımlanan Türk halk müziği edebi/müzikal metinlerinin kuramsal/icrasal altyapısında yerel/evrensel ilintilerle birlikte sesbilgisi/şekilbilgisi/sözvarlığı ölçütleri düzeyinde varlığını sürdürdüğü vurgulanmıştır.
X. Uluslararası Büyük Türk Dili Kurultayı/UBTDK 2015 kapsamında sunulacak olan bildiri aracılığıyla; bölgedilbilimsel/müzikodilbilimsel yasalar ekseninde yapılanan regiolekt/müzikolekt özelliklerinin Türk Halk Müziği Fonetik Notasyon Sistemi Veritabanı/THMFNS V’nına aktarım/adaptasyon süreçleri Urfa yöresi örneklemi üzerinden gerçekleştirilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Regio/Lekt/Varyant/Regiolojik Değişke/Değişkedilbilimsel Performans, Müziko/Lekt/Varyant/Müzikolojik Değişke/Değişkedilbilimsel Performans, Regiolektoloji/Regiolinguistik/Regiolekt/Regiodilbilimsel Performans, Müzikolektoloji/Müzikolinguistik/Müzikolekt/Müzikodilbilimsel Performans, Türk Halk Müziği Fonetik Notasyon Sistemi Veritabanı/THMFNS V.
Abstract
Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System/TFMPNS is a notation system example which aims to initiate a parallel application to the international linguistic/musicological application foundations of which were laid under the scope of ITU Institute of Social Sciences Turkish Music Program post graduation thesis, which will be developed under the scope of ITU Institute of Social Sciences Musicology and Music Theory Program doctorate thesis, which is configured in phonetics/morphology/lexicon axis of together with traditional/international attachments based on Standard Turkey Turkish/STT-Turkish Linguistic Institution Transcription Signs/TLITS-International Phonetic Alphabet/IPA sounds.
In regiolectology as a result of researches carried out with local variation method in the axis of linguistic approaches it was emphasized by regiolectologists who draw attention to the term regio (every kind of regiologic term/concept/element in the axis of regiological)-lect (every kind of regiolinguistic variant/alternate/range in the axis of regiolinguistical) that regiolinguistic properties which sustain according to regiolinguistics laws, in musicolectology as a result of researches carried out with local variation method in the axis of linguistic approaches it was emphasized by musicolectologists who draw attention to the term musico (every musicologic term/concept/element in the axis of musicological)-lect (every kind of musicolinguistic variant/alternate/range in the axis of musicolinguistical) that musicolinguistic properties which sustain according to musicolinguistics laws are sustained in the the existence of phonetics/morphology/vocabulary criteria together with local/universal correlations on theorical/executive infrastructure of Turkish folk music literary/musical texts in the axis of performance theory (every kind of folkloric term/concept/element-folklinguistical variant/alternate/range in the axis of ethnological) which is one of the foklore analysis models and linguistical approaches in ethnomusicology (every kind of ethnomusicologic term/concept/element-ethnomusicolinguistical variant/alternate/range in the axis of ethnomusicological).
Through this announcement which is to be presented within the scope of The 10th International Grand Turkish Language Assembly/IGTLA 2015 transmission/adaptation process of regiolect/musicolect features structured in regiolinguistic/musicolinguistic axis to Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System Database/TFMPNS D will be carried out through case of Urfa region.
Key Words: Regio/Lect/Variant/Regiological Variant/Dialinguistic Performance, Musico/Lect/Variant/Musicological Variant/Dialinguistic Performance, Regiolectology/Regiolinguistics/Regiolect/Regiolinguistic Performance, Musicolectology/Musicolinguistics/Musicolect/Musicolinguistic Performance, Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System Database/TFMPNS D.
Abstract
Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System/TFMPNS is a notation system example which aims to initiate a parallel application to the national/international linguistic/musicological application foundations of which were laid under the scope of Istanbul Technical University Institute of Social Science Turkish Music Program post graduation thesis, which will be developed under the scope of Istanbul Technical University Institute of Social Science Musicology and Music Theory Program doctorate thesis, which is configured in phonetics/morphology/vocabulary axis of together with traditional/international attachments based on Standard Turkey Turkish/STT (the standard language/standard variant which is recognized and adopted in a community as a means of agreements among the regions, gains dominant position by becoming widespread spoken dialects and has a large function among language types and usage areas is in a position of means of communication among speakers of different dialects)-Turkish Linguistic Institution Transcription Signs/TLITS (transcription marks used to transcribe local oral features existing on the axis of phonetics/morphology/lexicon criteria and theoretical/performance infrastructure of local oral texts, which is collected through the comprehensive compilation work on Anatolian dialectology)-International Phonetic Alphabet/IPA (standard alphabet type consisting of signs and symbols which is developed with the aim of redacting sound values in international standards, encoding speech sounds of all languages in an exemplary manner, preventing confusion engendered with numerous transcription system by providing correct pronunciation of languages and developing a separate symbol for each sound) sounds.
In functiolectology as a result of researches carried out with social variation method in the axis of linguistic approaches it was emphasized by functiolectologists who draw attention to the term functio (every kind of functiologic term/concept/element in the axis of functiological)-lect (every kind of functiolinguistic variant/alternate/range in the axis of functiolinguistical) that functiolinguistic properties which sustain according to functiolinguistic laws, in musicolectology as a result of researches carried out with local variation method in the axis of linguistic approaches it was emphasized by musicolectologists who draw attention to the term musico (every musicologic term/concept/element in the axis of musicological)-lect (every kind of musicolinguistic variant/alternate/range in the axis of musicolinguistical) that musicolinguistic properties which sustain according to musicolinguistic laws are sustained in the the existence of phonetics/morphology/vocabulary criteria together with local/universal correlations on theorical/executive infrastructure of Turkish folk music literary/musical texts in the axis of performance/execution display (every kind of folkloric term/concept/element-folklinguistical variant/alternate/range in the axis of ethnological) which is one of the foklore analysis models and linguistical approaches in ethnomusicology (every kind of ethnomusicologic term/concept/element-ethnomusicolinguistical variant/alternate/range in the axis of ethnomusicological).
Through this announcement which is to be presented within the scope of LIT CRI ’15/IV. Literary Criticism Conference; transmission/adaptation process of functiolect/musicolect features structured in functiolinguistic/musicolinguistic axis to Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System Database/TFMPNS D will be carried out through case of Urfa region.
Key Words: Functio/Lect/Variant/Functiological Variant/Dialinguistic Performance, Musico/Lect/Variant/Musicological Variant/Dialinguistic Performance,Functiolectology/Functiolinguistics/Functiolect/FunctiolinguisticPerformance,Musicolectology/Musicolinguistics/Musicolect/Musicolinguistic Performance, Turkish Folk Music Phonetic Notation System Database/TFMPNS D.
Intensification is prone to invention and renewal, rendering it ideal for delving into mechanisms of variation and change. Recycling (via lexical replacement) is a putative longitudinal constant, yet grammatical change (via grammaticalization) is regularly invoked in the literature. It is not clear how these complement each other. To probe this issue, this paper operationalizes variationist methods to examine intensification in the Origins of New Zealand English Corpus (ONZE; Gordon et al. 2007). The analysis draws on nearly 13,000 tokens across the longue durée (Braudel 1958, 1980), tracing intensification over 130 years of vernacular speech. The picture that emerges extends beyond the distributional waxing and waning of forms. There is evidence for lexical change, but the longitudinal trajectory is not always continuous. Replacement entails reorganization followed by leveling, and grammatical correlates shift across time. Nonetheless, the inherent form/function asymmetry that characterizes the sector also supports periods of ‘fevered’ change.
The English Language in Canada examines the current status, history and principal features of Canadian English, focusing on the ‘standard' variety heard across the country today. The discussion of the status of Canadian English considers the number and distribution of its speakers, its relation to French and other Canadian languages and to American English, its status as the expressive medium of English Canadian culture and its treatment in previous research. The review of its history concentrates on the historical roots and patterns of English-speaking settlement that established Canadian English and influenced its character in each region of Canada. The analysis of its principal features compares the vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar of Canadian English to standard British and American English. Subsequent chapters examine variation and change in the vocabulary and pronunciation of Canadian English, while a final chapter briefly considers the future of Canadian English.
This paper reports on the first-ever linguistic study of the variety of English spoken in the Gaspé region of eastern Quebec, which is 86 percent French-speaking. An on-line survey was used to gather data from 200 participants on 58 phonological, grammatical and lexical variables, drawn mostly, for comparative purposes, from earlier research on Canadian and Quebec English. The analysis, focusing on data from the 124 participants who still live in the Gaspé region, produces a complex linguistic portrait of the community. It displays a unique mixture of Canadian, Quebec, Maritime and rural features, reflecting its location near the boundary between Quebec and New Brunswick, with evidence of both convergence with and divergence from Quebec English as spoken in Montreal. It also shows more frequent use of several Gallicisms, or borrowings from French, suggesting that this effect of language contact is encouraged by its minority status.
This study provides an analysis of data from Portuguese Varieties (Insular Variety of European Portuguese /Spoken Portuguese in Madeira Island and Spoken Portuguese of Brazilian Varieties) as a continuum of syntactic variation.
Denne ph.d.-afhandling rummer resultaterne af et panel-studie i virkelig tid af sprogforandringen hos 23 informanter fra tre velkendte steder i den danske dialektologi og sociolingvistik: Odder i Østjylland, Vinderup i Vestjylland og Tinglev i Sønderjylland. Informanterne blev interviewet første gang som unge i perioden 1978-1989 og indgår i tidligere dialektundersøgelser. I 2005-2010 blev de geninterviewet af medarbejdere fra Danmarks Grundforskningsfonds Center for Sociolingvistiske Sprogforandringsstudier og Institut for Grænseregionsforskning ved Syddansk Universitet. Ved hjælp af kvantitative analyser af udvalgte morfologiske og fonologiske træk har jeg undersøgt sprogforandringen i virkelig tid hos én kvinde og én mand fra hvert sted, der har været geografisk og socialt mobil mellem de to optagelser. Disse informanters sprogforandring sammenlignes med sprogforandringen hos 17 bofaste informanter. Analyserne viser, at de mobile informanter allerede som børn markerede sig sprogligt anderledes og benyttede markant færre lokale varianter af de undersøgte variable, end de bofaste informanter. Endvidere viser analyserne, at der er store forskelle mellem sprogforandringen hos de bofaste informanter i de tre kommuner: i Odder forandres sprogbrugen en smule i retning af standarddansk, i Vinderup sker der (især blandt kvinderne) en forholdsvis drastisk dialektnivellering, og i Tinglev er sprogbrugen stabil hos de undersøgte informanter. For at forklare de forskellige sprogforandringsmønstre har jeg foretaget en række kvalitative analyser - dels på individniveau og dels af de tre sprogsamfund. Det viser sig, at der er sammenhænge mellem informanternes sprogforandring og en række sprogeksterne forhold (fx deres mentale orientering i barndommen) samt deres fremstilling af hjembyen/hjemegnen som 'place' i humangeografisk betydning. Desuden er der klare sammenhænge mellem graden af dialektnivellering de tre steder og en række historiske, demografiske og socio-økonomiske faktorer knyttet til det enkelte sted.
From a Labovian quantitative perspective of language variation, social dimensions of speakers may correlate with their linguistic uses, revealing whether a variant is a stereotype, or a marker, and showing systematic social stratification (Labov, 1994). The social meaning of variation is an emergent phenomenon and the evaluation of linguistic forms take place through interaction in different ways depending on who is using them and who is doing the interpretation. In addition to the systematic recording of spontaneous speech, other elicitation techniques such as written questionnaires and oral tasks are needed, in order to achieve a greater observational and explanatory force of linguistic variation. It is generally accepted that the acceptability of linguistic variables occurs on a continuum of grammatical judgment degrees made by the speakers, presented by the preference for prescriptive and/or a prestige variant on one side, and a stigmatized variant in the opposite scenario (Cornips, 2014)
This talk deals with syntactic or morphosyntactic variation in Portuguese, exploring their spatial and social dimensions (Johnstone, 2010; Brit Mæhlum, 2010), as part of an ongoing research project on the Sociolinguistic of Spoken European Portuguese in Madeira Island. This project intends to describe the social representations of a select group of syntactic variants of Spoken European Portuguese (SEP) in use in this insular region of Portugal. The presentation will provide evidence to support the hypothesis referred above, that, patterns of linguistic variation exist along a continuum which involves not only the social value of linguistic variants but the level at which they occur. According to previous data concerning SEP syntactic variation (Carrilho & Pereira, 2011; Bazenga, 2011, 2012), this work follows a survey applied, between April and December 2013, to 126 respondents, living in seven locations points on the island of Madeira (Andrade, 2014). For this presentation, three selected variable phenomena in European Portuguese (EP) are analyzed, taken from the questionnaire (section 4):
(a) the existential construction: by haver ‘there is’ - há várias calças no armário. (‘there is many pants in-the closet ’) vs. ter ‘to have’ - tem várias calças no armário. (‘has many pants in-the closet’);
(b) the aspectual construction: progressive periphrasis with estar ‘to be’+ a + V[Infinitive] – Maria está a cantar (‘Maria is.SL to sing’) vs. estar ‘to be’+ V[Gerund] – Maria está cantando (‘Maria is.SL singing’);
(c) the realization of the anaphoric direct object: by an accusative clitic - eu vi-o ontem (‘I saw him-CL yesterday’), vs. a nominative pronoun - eu vi ele ontem (‘I saw he-NOM yesterday’) vs. a dative pronoun - eu vi lhe ontem (‘I saw he-DAT yesterday’) vs. an empty category eu vi ∅ ontem (‘I saw ∅ yesterday’).
The analysis, following a variationist approach, by taking into account social variables, such as sex, age, school attendance, and using Likert scale for mesuring the acceptability jugdgement, allows the identification of different patterns of social stratification on the perception of community speech. Regarding social evaluation, the (a) and (b) phenomenon are located at the prestigious and dominant extreme of the linguistic variation continuum, in insular varieties. The phenomenon considered in (c) is typical of popular and non-dominant varieties and subject to very strong social stigma. This talk can provide new insights regarding possible directions of linguistic change in this insular Portuguese community, namely, in levelling of prestige variety’s (Kerswill, 2003), or, on the contrary, by strengthening its regional specificity, as an act of identity (Johnstone, 2010).
Keywords: Sociolinguistic Evaluation; Syntactic variation; Spoken European Portuguese Variety of Funchal (Madeira Island).
Empirical and theoretical research on gender and language has demonstrated how issues of power and identity are communicated by the way in which women and men are referred to in language. To broaden and update past work on sex bias in language, the present study investigated references to men and women in prompted but impromptu discussions of a popular television program. The content of the descriptions was examined for evidence of sex bias. There was some indication that the form and content of descriptions varied depending on the sex of the referent. However, the language used was not as overtly or pervasively sexist as had been expected. It is suggested that an important task is to document how linguistic bias is routinized or legitimated in different conversational contexts. In that way, language use can lead to a better understanding of the creation and maintenance of power hierarchies in social groups.
American Speech 77.3 (2002) 227-241
SAN FRANCISCO, 5 JANUARY 2002. In his autobiography, the nineteenth-century English art critic John Ruskin remarks "though I have had kind invitations enough to visit America, I could not, even for a couple of months, live in a country so miserable as to possess no castles." When I came to the United States in 1965, I must admit that I wondered how I would survive in a country so miserable as to have no dialects. You may understand this if you look at what I found to be one of the most frequently cited examples of a dialect difference in the United States, Kurath's (1949, fig. 66) map showing the distribution of the words bucket and pail. On this map Kurath shows a general pattern of responses giving pail in the more northern parts and bucket in the more southern parts, though there are frequent exceptions. I invite you to compare Kurath's map with the corresponding map for pail from The Linguistic Atlas of Scotland (Mather and Speitel 1975, 51). Instead of the meager distinction between pail and bucket, which Mather and Speitel do not deign to map, there is the rich array of hannie, stoup, flaggon, scuttle, pitcher, cog or coggie, daffick, can, and luggie. Even more names are given in the atlas list (Mather and Speitel 1975, 184-86), though they are not deemed to merit mapping: fiddick, roosher, cuman, dirler, leglen, bowie, bakie, bine, and keggie. Eighteen names in addition to the two mapped by Kurath. How could Kurath dare talk about DIALECT boundaries? Clearly what he had got were two standard terms for which the respondents stated a preference. I felt that if this is what dialect means in America, then it did not excite me. Another Scottish example can be seen in Mather and Speitel's two maps for the different terms for playing truant (1975, 67-68). On these two maps no fewer than 26 items are displayed. Compare this with Kurath's maps (1949, figs. 157 and 158) showing just eight terms. Other examples in the first volume of The Linguistic Atlas of Scotland include over 40 different names given for 'broken pieces of china' (item 31), over 60 for 'earwig' (item 82), and 120 for 'sheep's dung' (item 63). At this point it may be relevant to remind you that the total population of Scotland is about five million, less than 2% of that of the United States, so diversity is not necessarily linked to size. My insular view of the limited nature of variety in the United States is not new. In 1781, John Witherspoon remarked that "There is a greater difference in dialect between one county and another in Britain, than there is between one state and another in America" (cited by Bailey 1991, 130).
In any social science the use of terminology is critical, so it is important to get our terms right. STANDARD LANGUAGE and VERNACULAR are such loaded terms that it is important that we should agree on their definitions both for our own work and also for communication with the world outside of linguistics. The furor over the Ebonics controversy is a cautionary tale of the difficulties that linguists can run into in trying to make clear their distinctions to a lay public that is confused to begin with. I believe that one of the sources for confusion in the debate, even to the extent that it was conducted on rational grounds, lay in the uncertainty that some linguists displayed in connection with the notion of DIALECT. It is the definition of dialect that I would like to examine now.
There are so many definitions of the term dialect that it would be easy to take extreme examples and show how problematic they are, but I will take a respectable example. In his introduction to American Regional Dialects, Carver (1987, 1) says:
Quebec City has had an anglophone community for 250 years. A representative sample of this community was surveyed using the methods known as Dialect Topography. The analysis establishes the distinctiveness of Quebec City English but at the same time shows that it is firmly planted in the Canadian English speech community. It is shown that there are significant correlations with three social factors: (1) Language Use Index, which allows a calculation of the extent of each respondent's use of English in the francophone setting; (2) age, the principal correlate of changes in progress; and (3) Regionality Index, which separates indigenes, the natives of the region, from interlopers, recent arrivals. Although the results show that the distinctiveness may be threatened by the persistence of interloper variants, in most respects Quebec City English favours the same variants as the rest of Canada, albeit with different frequencies and often with a unique historical development.
L'A. propose une synthese des questions concernant la disparition des dialectes des langues du monde dans les recherches actuelles, en particulier la disparition des differentes varietes d'anglais et des dialectes non-anglais aux Etats Unis
Dans le but de degager les processus generaux qui conduisent a la disparition d'un dialecte, l'A. analyse deux situations sociolinguistiques particulieres : celles de deux communautes insulaires du sud-est des Etats-Unis. Elle compare les traits morphosyntaxiques et phonologiques des deux dialectes en question (Ile Smith et Ocracoke), ainsi que des traits synchroniques et diachroniques qui permettent d'expliquer le declin de ces langues
L'A. decrit la situation critique dans laquelle se trouve le francais en Louisiane du sud : il represente un dialecte enclave coupe de sa langue source et assailli par une langue dominante completement differente. Apres avoir presente le contexte historique et demographique de la Louisiane du Sud, il aborde la question de la maitrise de la langue dans la communaute linguistique en declin, puis examine la vitalite de la langue et du dialecte dans le cadre de la dynamique du registre. Il ne se concentre ici que sur le profil externe, sociohistorique de la variete en declin, en ne faisant que de breves references aux changements linguistiques internes qui accompagnent le declin
L'A. presente une description de la variete espagnole parlee par les colons du 12 e siecle, qui a aujourd'hui disparu partout sauf au nord du Nouveau-Mexique et au sud su Colorado. D'une part, il explore les processus macro-sociolinguistiques du changement de langue affectant l'espagnol du sud-ouest en general. Ensuite, il propose une vaste documentation linguistique concernant les variations linguistiques observees dans le dialecte du nord du Nouveau-Mexique au sud du Colorado. Il termine par un examen des attitudes linguistiques et des mythes qui contribuent a la mort de cette variete espagnole menacee
Sele, a village in the Slovene‐speaking minority area of Austria, exemplifies the effects of twentieth‐century mobility on village life and on (socio‐)linguistic structures. In the 1920s it was extremely isolated; in the 1990s it is included in the normal life of central Europe. This paper examines the life styles of the inhabitants of Sele in these two decades, with statistics to demonstrate the enormous changes in work and in marriage patterns, which, with educational changes, reflect the surge in mobility and communication of our century. Also examined are four aspects of the linguistic behaviour of the inhabitants of Sele: their linguistic networks, the relative amounts of use of the four language varieties available to them, the kinds of variation within their dialect and the factors therein involved, and the linguistic vitality of their dialect. Sele represents an excellent example not only of a challenge to the analyst who wishes to analyse all the factors involved in variation and relate them to sociolinguistic parameters, but also of the results of changes in social and educational mobility, which make continued language maintenance a difficult challenge for the inhabitants of Sele.
This book discusses words used in the Southeast and how they have changed during the 20th century. It also describes how the lexicon varies according to the speaker's age, race, education, sex, and place of residence (urban versus rural; coastal versus piedmont versus mountain). Data collected in the 1930s as part of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States project were compared with data collected in 1990 from similar speakers in the same communities. The results show that region was the most important factor in differentiating dialects in the 1930s but that it is the least important element in the 1990s, with age, education, race, and age all showing about the same influence on the use of vocabulary. An appendix contains a tally of the responses given by 78 speakers to 150 questions about vocabulary items, along with speakers' commentary. Results from the 1930s may be compared to those from 1990, making this a treasure trove for anyone interested in regional terms or in how our speech is changing as the South moves from an agricultural economy through industrialization and into the information age. "In her new book, Ellen Johnson has successfully conducted the long-awaited marriage ceremony of modern sociolinguistics and regional dialectology. The romance has been rocky, but Dr. Johnson makes of the pair a handsome couple. Both families will be pleased." ââ¬âDennis R. Preston Michigan State University "The research design is innovative and quite ingenious, permitting answers to diachronic questions unavailable until now." ââ¬âMichael I. Miller Chicago State University Ellen Johnson teaches English at Piedmont College and Applied Linguistics at Georgia State University. She serves as an editor of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States.
Who uses "skeeter hawk," "snake doctor," and "dragonfly" to refer to the same insect? Who says "gum band" instead of "rubber band"? The answers can be found in the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States (LAMSAS), the largest single survey of regional and social differences in spoken American English. It covers the region from New York state to northern Florida and from the coastline to the borders of Ohio and Kentucky. Through interviews with nearly twelve hundred people conducted during the 1930s and 1940s, the LAMSAS mapped regional variations in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation at a time when population movements were more limited than they are today, thus providing a unique look at the correspondence of language and settlement patterns. This handbook is an essential guide to the LAMSAS project, laying out its history and describing its scope and methodology. In addition, the handbook reveals biographical information about the informants and social histories of the communities in which they lived, including primary settlement areas of the original colonies. Dialectologists will rely on it for understanding the LAMSAS, and historians will find it valuable for its original historical research. Since much of the LAMSAS questionnaire concerns rural terms, the data collected from the interviews can pinpoint such language differences as those between areas of plantation and small-farm agriculture. For example, LAMSAS reveals that two waves of settlement through the Appalachians created two distinct speech types. Settlers coming into Georgia and other parts of the Upper South through the Shenandoah Valley and on to the western side of the mountain range had a Pennsylvania-influenced dialect, and were typically small farmers. Those who settled the Deep South in the rich lowlands and plateaus tended to be plantation farmers from Virginia and the Carolinas who retained the vocabulary and speech patterns of coastal areas. With these revealing findings, the LAMSAS represents a benchmark study of the English language, and this handbook is an indispensable guide to its riches.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois. Includes bibliography. Microfilm.
Sounds of the Golden Horseshoe: Canadian-American differences at the Niagara border
- Gordon J Easson
Easson, Gordon J. 1998. "Sounds of the Golden Horseshoe: Canadian-American differences at the Niagara
border." Paper presented at Crossing Borders conference, Niagara University.
Dialect Variants from Toronto to Milwaukee. M.A. Forum Research Paper
- Christine Zeller
Zeller, Christine. 1990. Dialect Variants from Toronto to Milwaukee. M.A. Forum Research Paper.
Department of Linguistics, University of Toronto.
Soda or pop? A Study of Lexical Stability and Change in the Urban Spoken Language of Giessen, Germany, as Influenced by Age and Geographical Background
- Luanne Von Schneidemesser
von Schneidemesser, Luanne. 1996. " Soda or pop? " Journal of English Linguistics 24: 270-87.
von Schneidemesser, Luanne. 1979. A Study of Lexical Stability and Change in the Urban Spoken
Language of Giessen, Germany, as Influenced by Age and Geographical Background. Ph.D.
dissertation. University of Wisconsin -Madison.
GoldVarb Version 2: A Variable Rule Application for Macintosh
- David Rand
- David Sankoff
Rand, David, and David Sankoff. 1990. GoldVarb Version 2: A Variable Rule Application for Macintosh.
Montréal: Centre de recherches mathématiques: Université de Montréal.
- Martti Rapola
Rapola, Martti. 1969. Johdatus Suomen Murteisiin. Suomalaisuuden Kirjallisuuden Seura.
On obtaining spontaneous responses
- Raven I Mcdavid
McDavid, Raven I, Jr. 1981. "On obtaining spontaneous responses." Papers from the Fourth International
Conference on Methods in Dialectology, ed. H.J. Warkentyne. Victoria, British Columbia: Department
of Linguistics, University of Victoria. 66-84.