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Seasonal Abundance of Insect Pests of Soybeans
Abstract
Ground cloth samples of insect pests were taken weekly from 3 soybean fields during 1972 and 1973. Population levels of green cloverworm, Plathypena scabra (F.), were highest during late August in 1972 and early August in 1973. In 1972, larvae numbers of Heliothis larvae were present in late August but were not present in any of the fields in 1973. Populations of soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), peaked during early September and also were present in low numbers during October. In 1973, velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, occurred later than any other Lepidoptera (mid to late September). In 1972, they were virtually absent from all fields. Larvae of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, were abundant in mid-September and numbers of adults were increasing when sampling was terminated in mid-October.
Populations of green cloverworms, soybean and cabbage loopers, Heliothis spp., and Mexican bean beetle larvae were present during the pod-set stage of the soybean plant and therefore should receive the most emphasis in developing insect management strategies.
... C. includens damages various crops, particularly soybean and cotton, and reduces their yields (Herzog, 1980;Musser et al., 2022). It overwinters and reproduces primarily in the regions of Central and South Americas, the Caribbean, and annually migrates northward, reaching peak populations in August to September in the southern United States (Carner et al., 1974;Fleming et al., 2021;Mitchell et al., 1975;Shaw et al., 2021). Soybean looper resistance has been reported for various classes of synthetic insecticides, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and chitin synthesis inhibitors (Felland et al., 1990;Mascarenhas & Boethel, 1997;Mink et al., 1993;Perini et al., 2021;Stacke et al., 2019Stacke et al., , 2020. ...
Diamide insecticides, such as chlorantraniliprole, have been widely used to control insect pests by targeting the insect ryanodine receptor (RyR). Due to the efficacious insecticidal activity of diamides, as well as an increasing number of resistance cases, the molecular structure of RyR has been studied in many economically important insects. However, no research has been conducted on diamide resistance and RyR in the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens, a significant crop pest. In this study, we found moderate resistance to chlorantraniliprole in a field population from Puerto Rico and sequenced the full-length cDNA of the C. includens RyR gene, which encodes a 5124 amino acid-long protein. Genomic analysis revealed that the CincRyR gene consists of 113 exons, one of the largest exon numbers reported for RyR. Alternative splicing sites were detected in the cytosolic region. The protein sequence showed high similarity to other noctuid RyRs. Conserved structural features included the selectivity filter motif critical for ryanodine binding and ion conduction, as well as various domains involved in ion transport. Two mutation sites associated with diamide resistance in other insects were screened but not found in the Puerto Rico field populations or in the susceptible lab strain. Gene expression analysis indicated high expression of RyR in the third instar larval stage, particularly in muscle-containing tissues. Furthermore, exposure to a sublethal dose of chlorantraniliprole reduced RyR expression levels after 96 h. This study provides a molecular basis for understanding RyR structure and sheds light on potential mechanisms of diamide resistance in C. includens.
... Papers by Dumas et al. (1964) , Howell &Pienkowski (1971), andShepard et al. (1974) give data on the limitations and timing of various sampling methods. ...
... Understanding when pest and predator populations are present during a growing season is important to optimally apply IPM tactics. Results from this study agree with prior reports, which indicate larger abundances of lepidopteran and stink bug groups later in the soybean reproductive period [20,54]. Defoliating species reduced once soybean maturity (R7/R8) was reached, while piercing-sucking species populations sustained (Figure 2). ...
Simple Summary
Soybean agroecosystems in the Midsouth support an assorted insect community. Louisiana soybean is heavily managed by growers, and the subsequent effect on residing arthropod populations is not well understood. For sustainable management of soybean, evaluations need not only focus on problematic pests, but also the resident natural enemies. This study addresses the compositional and temporal abundance of prominent insects in Louisiana soybean, both pest and beneficial. Pest and natural enemy populations were monitored to delineate potential associations. We found that the pest community was dominated by those that fed on soybean through piercing-sucking mouthparts. Predator populations were comprised mainly of spiders and big-eyed bugs. Pest and predator populations were similarly more abundant later in the soybean reproductive period. A moderate positive linear relationship was observed between pest and predator communities indicating a temporal correlation. Here we present essential information about the pest and natural enemy communities residing in Louisiana.
Abstract
Over the past two decades, management practices within Louisiana soybean production have shifted. Successful application of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy requires an understanding of how these changes have affected predator-pest dynamics. Surveys monitoring foliage-foraging arthropod populations in soybean took place across six locations within Louisiana over six years (2012–2014 and 2015–2018). Temporal associations of pest groups, defoliating and piercing-sucking, and predator groups relating to soybean phenology were observed. Additionally, soybean maturity groups (III, IV, and V) were also evaluated to delineate potential differences. Results indicated higher abundances of piercing-sucking pests compared to defoliating pests across both datasets (2012–2014 and 2015–2018). Pest groups were more abundant in later soybean reproductive periods, mainly attributed to Chrysodeixis includens and Piezodorus guildinii. Predator populations were mainly comprised of Araneae and Geocoridae throughout the survey periods. From 2015 to 2018, soybean growth had a significant effect on total predator abundance with more predators present at the pod-fill and soybean maturity stage. Correlations between total pest abundance and total predators exhibited a moderate positive linear relationship. Soybean maturity groups only influenced piercing-sucking pest abundance, with later maturing groups (IV and V) having higher numbers. Thus, control tools and tactics aimed at controlling late season pests should be modified to avoid reducing predator populations.
... Surveys were conducted during the flowering stage of the crop. Previous studies on insect diversity and arthropod succession on soybean during this period have shown it to be an ideal period to sample a comprehensive arthropod community (Carner et al. 1974;Shelton and Edwards 1983). This also ensured that all the soybean plants across locations were at a similar growth stage during the survey. ...
Janse van Rensburg PD, Siebert SJ, Masehela T, Ellis S, Van den Berg J. 2020. Diversity patterns of plants and arthropods in soybean agroecosystems in the grassland biome of South Africa. Biodiversitas 21: 5559-5570. Soybean is widely cultivated in the grassland biome of South Africa (ca. 800 000 ha per annum). Yet the possible effects that large-scale cultivation of soybean has on biodiversity in adjacent habitat are not fully understood. This study aimed to describe the plant and arthropod species assemblages and diversity patterns within these soybean agroecosystems. Surveys were conducted inside soybean fields, field boundaries (transition zones between soybean fields and adjacent habitat), and adjacent pasture. An adapted D-vac was used to sample arthropods in the different zones, while plant surveys were conducted by means of fixed width (2 m) line transect. A total of 320 plant species (4910 specimens) and 373 arthropod morpho-species (9216 specimens) were recorded. Soybean fields had significantly lower plant and arthropod diversity than the adjacent habitats. Plant species diversity was similar in the field boundary and adjacent pasture. Significantly higher species richness and abundance of arthropods were found in the boundary than the pasture. These results show that the cultivation of soybean and the associated agricultural practices had no adverse effects on biodiversity patterns in the adjacent habitats. However, the boundary dominated by alien plant species did contain a significantly different plant species composition from the pasture. This difference was also mirrored by unique assemblages of arthropods. This suggests that disturbance resulting from soybean cultivation contributed to species losses and gains that maintained diversity in the field boundary but changed its plant and arthropod species composition. No effect was found in the pasture beyond the boundary (> 50 m). High diversity, but unique species assemblages of plants and arthropods in the boundary and pasture suggest that these habitats may have important conservation value in soybean agroecosystems by supporting ecosystem functions and services.
... Ranging from Maine to Texas, it is most heavily distributed along the southern and eastern United States, although it is found as far west as California (Herzog 1980). It overwinters only in south Florida and south Texas in the United States, but populations may migrate from Central and South America and the Caribbean Islands (Smith et al.1994;Carner et al. 1974). In the southern United States, populations are most prevalent from August to September (Burleigh 1972;Canerday and Arant 1966). ...
The soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), is a light to dark green caterpillar which derives its name from its preferred host plant (soybean, Glycine max) and the looping movement it makes while in motion. Includes: Introduction - Distribution - Description and Life Cycle - Hosts - Damage and Economic Importance - Management - Selected References Also published on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/field/soybean_looper.htm
... In 2003, 36% of the soybean crop across the mid-southern states of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi was planted before 1 May, 28% between 1 May to 1 June, and 36% after 31 May [3]. Not only does the ESPS provide for greater yield potential, but it can also aid in weed control and insect pest management [5,6]. ...
As fluctuating commodity prices change the agriculture landscape on a yearly basis, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) has become the predominant crop in the southern USA, accounting for 65 percent of the total row crop production in the state. To accommodate increased soybean production, planting dates have expanded, spanning from late March through July. To determine the impact of this expanded planting window on soybean development and yield, field experiments were conducted at Starkville and Stoneville, MS, in 2013 and 2014. Treatments included seven planting dates ranging from 25 March to 15 July and two soybean cultivars (one Maturity Group IV and one Maturity Group V cultivar). These studies were conducted in irrigated high––yielding environments. Experimental units were sampled weekly for insect pests and insecticides were applied when populations exceeded the levels at which applications were recommended. Planting date had a significant impact on crop development, plant height, canopy closure, and yield. As planting date was delayed, the time required for crop development decreased from 122 total days for plantings on 25 March to 83 days for plantings on 15 July. For plantings after 2 June, plant height decreased by 1.1 cm per day. Canopy closure decreased by 1.01% per day after 27 May. Soybean yield decreased 26.7 kg/ha per day when soybean was planted after 20 April. This research demonstrates the importance of early planting dates for soybean producers in the southern US to ensure profitability by maximizing yield potential.
... The most common species in the stink bug complex for soybean in the United States typically have been the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula; green stink bug, Chinavia hilaris (Say) [previously reported as Acrosternum hilare (Say)]; and brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say) (Miner 1966;Turnipseed 1972Turnipseed , 1973Carner et al. 1974;Jones and Sullivan 1983;McPherson et al. 1993McPherson et al. , 1994Funderburk et al. 1999;Baur et al. 2000;Gore et al. 2006). Other minor species of phytophagous stink bugs often mentioned in soybean include other Euschistus spp. ...
... Our study indicates that the annual occurrence of loopers in cotton and soybean agroecosystems in Mississippi appears to be similar to patterns of activity that were recorded for loopers on these crops 20 to 40 ys ago in other states in the southeastern United States (Mitchell et al. 1975), Louisiana (Burleigh 1972), Alabama (Harper and Carner 1973), and South Carolina (Carner et al. 1974), and for cabbage looper in South Carolina (Reid and Bare 1952). The activity of moths during May and early June prior to larval infestations on cotton and soybean suggests that these insects are on other host plants. ...
Colonization and abundance of soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), adults and larvae were monitored in cotton and soybean cropping systems in the Delta region of Mississippi for three growing seasons (1994-1996). Soybean looper and cabbage looper adults were initially observed in pheromone traps during the last week of May or first week of June, although adults may have been present in the collection area prior to trap establishment. Adult populations of both species remained low until early August, after which moth density increased coincident with the bloom stages of cotton and soybean. Larvae were first collected from the crops when plants were in bloom, with the greatest increase in population density occurring in early to mid-August. Although samples were not taken after mid-August, looper populations generally decline to low levels during September in Mississippi. More soybean looper larvae usually were collected from soybean than in cotton, whereas fewer cabbage looper larvae were collected from soybean than cotton. Cabbage looper larvae were collected in soybean on the same sample date in 1995, but approximately 5 wk after soybean looper larvae in 1996. The occurrence of soybean and cabbage loopers in cotton and soybean agroecosystems in Mississippi appears to be similar to patterns of activity recorded for these insects 20 to 40 years ago in other areas of the southeastern United States.
... No passado, Corrêa et al. (1977) verificaram que o pico populacional de lagartas de A. gemmatalis ocorreu no início de janeiro em Santa Helena-GO, em meados de janeiro em Londrina, Ponta Grossa e Palotina (PR), no início de fevereiro em Chapecó-SC e em meados de fevereiro em Cruz Alta-RS. Em lavouras onde o uso de fungicidas não é abusivo e as condições de temperatura e umidade são favoráveis ao desenvolvimento do fungo Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson, um rápido declínio na população dessas lagartas é geralmente observado após o pico populacional, devido à alta mortalidade causada por este importante agente de controle biológico natural (Capítulo 8 -Inimigos naturais das pragas da soja) (ALLEN et al., 1971;CARNER et al., 1974;SMITH, 1975;HINDS;OSTERBERGER, 1931;MOSCARDI, 1984;SOSA-GÓMEZ et al., 2003). ...
Várias espécies de insetos e ácaros se alimentam de folhas de soja. Entre os artrópodes que causam desfolha direta, as lagartas (principalmente os noctuídeos) e os coleópteros (principalmente os crisomelídeos) são os mais importantes. Entre eles, destaca-se a lagarta-da-soja, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), por sua abundância e ocorrência frequente em todas as regiões do país onde a soja é cultivada. Alguns outros noctuídeos, como a lagarta-falsa-medideira, Chrysodeixis (= Pseudoplusia) includens (Walker, [1858]), e algumas espécies de Spodoptera têm também se destacado como desfolhadores importantes da cultura desde 2003, devido a alterações no manejo das lavouras. Entre elas, podemos destacar o uso crescente de agrotóxicos, que vem causando desequilíbrio de todo o agroecossistema.
... These data were consistent with previous reports of defoliation during R6 having a reduced effect on yield when compared with defoliation at R3 and R5 growth stages (Kalton et al., 1945;Begum and Eden, 1965;Turnipseed, 1972). This is an important result of this research because one of the most important insect pests in the defoliator complex, the soybean looper, frequently migrates into soybean fields during the R5 and R6 stages (Carner et al., 1974). By using a higher threshold for insecticide applications during R6, fewer insecticide applications will be needed to maintain optimal yields. ...
... Previous researchers in Louisiana have reported velvetbean caterpillars were most destructive from early August to mid-September (Hinds and Osterberger 1931, Ellison 1942, Dugas and Gray 1944, Boethel 1984. In South Carolina, Carner et al. (1974) found later planted soybean had higher velvetbean caterpillar infestations than early planted soybean. Data gathered during this study would indicate maturity Group V soybean may be more susceptible to late-season velvetbean caterpillar infestations than Group IV soybean due this insects temporal migration patterns . ...
... The current study was undertaken as a first step toward understanding the frequency and nature of flight in the Mexican bean beetle (MBB), Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, with the ultimate goal of incorporating movement processes into a mode] of the regional dynamics of this species. In many portions of the eastern United States, the MBB is a predictable spring colonizer of garden beans, Phaseolus spp., and occasionally develops large populations on soybeans, Glycine max (Thomas), later in the season (Carner et al. 1974). Adults overwinter in ground litter, and the survivors locate and breed in garden beans the following spring (Bernhardt and Shepard 1978). ...
The flights of adult Mexican bean beetles from experimental plots of lima beans and soybeans were monitored to determine the proximate cues to which beetles respond when initiating flight. Most beetles, including newly eclosed individuals, flew out of the plots within 1 week of their release. Two indices of activity relating to flight frequency and flight intensity varied similarly in response to weather conditions, and indicated that flight was related most strongly to temperature and wind speed. Flight intensity was then modeled as a nonlinear function of these two interacting weather variables. The model accounts for the observed bimodal pattern of daily flight activity.
... Papers by Dumas et al. (1964) , Howell & Pienkowski (1971), and Shepard et al. (1974) give data on the limitations and timing of various sampling methods. ...
Cover title. Bibliography: p. 14.
The soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), is the most abundant of the plusiine caterpillars attacking soybean over much of North and South America and all of Central America. It is limited in its distribution to the western hemisphere. While it ranges throughout much of the United States from New York to California (Fig. 7-1), economic infestations of this pest on soybean seldom occur north of Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina.
The Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae), is among the best known of the insect pests in the United States. It, like the cotton boll weevil, is considered to be a native of Mexico, having invaded the United States in the mid-to-late 1800s.
Field populations of soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Noctuidae), were collected from soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., fields in Mississippi and Louisiana during 2010 and 2011 to determine their susceptibility to novel insecticides. Flubendiamide and chloran-traniliprole are diamide insecticides that have recently been registered for use in field crops. Baseline data were collected for each of these insecticides as well as for methoxyfenozide, which has been the recommended insecticide for soybean looper in Mississippi soybeans prior to the introduction of these new novel insecticides. Mean LC50 values for flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole were similar among the populations tested, and susceptibility was higher for methoxyfenozide compared to flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole. Diet incorporated assays determined a 9.4-fold variation in susceptibility to flubendiamide among the 7 soybean looper populations tested. Variation to chlorantraniliprole was 6.25-fold and variation for methoxyfenozide was 5.37-fold. Variation in the diamide insecticides was higher than methoxyfenozide with less exposure to soybean looper populations. Documenting variability along with baseline data will be useful in the future for resistance monitoring of soybean loopers to diamide insecticides.
A survey and several field trials in the Auckland and Waikato areas from 1980 to 1982 found that the green looper caterpillar Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday) was the most common insect pest of soybeans. Insecticide trials showed that although C. eriosoma produced up to 15% defoliation this did not significantly reduce seed yields. Mechanical defoliation and cage experiments confirmed the ability of soybeans to fully compensate for up to 17% defoliation and identified the seed enlargement stage as the most susceptible for yield reduction. Estimates of economic injury levels from mechanical and natural defoliation indicated that C. eriosoma populations reached approximately half the density required to cause damage. Heliothis armigera conferta (Walker) occurred at low densities and damaged 5% of the pods but did not affect seed yield. The green vegetable bug Nezara viridula (L.) was not an important pest.
Arthropods in 3 plantings of soybeans in central Missouri were sampled weekly in 1972 and 1974 to identify species and determine their seasonal cycles and abundance. Effects of interplanted alfalfa, biweekly applications of chemical insecticides (malathion plus carbaryl) or biological insecticides (Baculovirus heliothis plus Bacillus thuringiensis) on population structure and development were evaluated in 1972 and effects of planting date were evaluated during 1974.
Maximum population of lepidopteran larvae, mostly green cloverworms, was well below the economic injury level during both seasons. Other numerous potential pests were thrips, leafhoppers, plant bugs, and flea beetles. Predatory arthropods were abundant throughout both seasons, reaching peaks at the beginning of podfill. Orius insidiosus (Say) was most abundant.
Number of 6th instars of the green cloverworm was greatly reduced by both the B. heliothis-B. thuringiensis and the malathion-carbaryl treatments. The insecticide also reduced late-season populations of grasshoppers, plant bugs, leafhoppers, and whiteflies, as well as predators. The interplanted alfalfa increased populations of thrips early in the season and spiders and late-instar green cloverworms late in the season.
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