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Differential Susceptibility of Japanese Beetle, Oriental Beetle, and European Chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Larvae to Five Soil Insecticides
Abstract
Efficacy of bendiocarb, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, ethoprop, and isofenphos was evaluated against last-instar larvae of European chafer, Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky), Japanese beetle,Popillia japonica Newman, and Oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis Waterhouse, by incorporating insecticides into soil at one-half New York State recommended rates in a laboratory bioassay. Mortality was assessed at 1, 2,3, 4, and 5 wk. The experiment was repeated three times with white grubs collected at different times and from different locations in New York. White grub species differed significantly in their response to some of the insecticides; European chafer was generally least susceptible. Diazinon provided high mortality of Oriental beetle and European chafer grubs but very low mortality of Japanese beetles. Isofenphos provided generally low mortality of all three grub species, although the levels of mortality varied among species. Ethoprop provided uniform mortality of all three grub species. Results of these studies indicate the need to develop species-specific insecticide recommendations for the white grub complex.
... So, this management of adult beetles can be considered as prophylactic measure to control grub populations in field. The species specific information's regarding the insecticidal management of these scarab beetles is limited and most of the previous studies carried out by several authors; Villani et al (1988), Koppenhofer and Fuzy (2008), Oliver et al (2008) and Martinez et al (2014), focused on testing different insecticides against larval stages of the white grubs. So, the present study is first of its kind to evaluate the differential susceptibility of ten economically important pleurostrict scarab beetle species native to Uttarakhand Himalayas, India to twenty one commonly used conventional and novel groups of insecticides under laboratory conditions. ...
... In the present study a total of 21 insecticides were tested against ten predominate species (five belonging to the sub-family Rutelinae and five belonging to the sub-family Melolonthinae) of Uttarakhand Himalayas. The susceptibility of the pleurostrict scarabs may vary with exposure to different concentrations of chemical insecticides (Villani et al, 1988;Cowles and Villani, 1996;Gilbert and Gill, 2010). Over all, there is a substantial variation in susceptibility of different species to insecticides with mortality of beetles ranging from 0 to 100 percent. ...
... practice is the most adapted strategy for management of white grubs in the field (Qu et al, 2011;Oliver et al, 2013;Martinez et al, 2014) because of quick action of insecticides and higher per cent pest control over other tactics. Moreover, most of the previous investigations concentrated on testing efficacy of different insecticides against larval stages of scarab beetles and rarely management of adult beetles was given any emphasis (Villani et al, 1988;Hiromori and Nishigaki, 2001;Koppenhofer and Fuzy, 2008;Oliver et al, 2013;Guo et al, 2017). However, foliar spray of insecticides on perennial trees adjacent to agriculture land is recommended for management of adult beetles but, no scientific information is clearly available regarding selection of suitable insecticides for management of specific pest species. ...
ABSTRACT : Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of twenty one commonly used insecticides (both
conventional and novel group of insecticides) against adult beetles of pleurostrict scarab species, Adoretus simplex, Adoretus
versutus, Anomala bengalensis, Anomala dimidiata, Anomala lineatopennis, Holotrichia longipennis, Holotrichia rosettae,
Holotrichia seticollis, Maladera similana and Sophrops sp. All the insecticides were evaluated in two tier methodology viz.,
ingestion toxicity and contact toxicity. Scarab beetle species differed significantly in their response to some of the tested
insecticides. Maladera similana was found to be the most susceptible species to all insecticides tested. Among the twenty one
insecticides, chlorpyriphos 20% EC @ 2 mL/L, dichlorvos 76% EC @ 1 mL/L, lambdacyhalothrin 5% EC @ 1 mL/L and
acephate 75% SP @ 1.6 g/L recorded high mortality, whereas buprofezin 25% SC @ 2 mL/L and neem seed kernel based EC
(azadirachtin 0.15%) @ 6 mL/L recorded low mortality of all ten scarab species in leaf dip bioassay. In contact toxicity assay
chlorpyriphos 20% EC @ 2 mL/L and dicholorvos 76% EC @ 1 mL/L were found to be most efficient over all other insecticides
tested. The study reveals that chlorpyriphos 20% EC @ 2 mL/L and dicholorvos 76% EC @ 1 mL/L can be the best options
available for efficient management of white grub beetle outbreaks under field conditions.
Key words : White grubs, scarab beetles, insecticides, contact toxicity, ingestion toxicity, bioassay
... Inter-speciÞc differences in susceptibilities were also observed to the ecdysone agonist halofenozide, which was highly toxic under Þeld and laboratory conditions to Japanese beetle larvae, less toxic to oriental beetle larvae, and least toxic to the European chafer Villani 1996, Cowles et al. 1999). Villani et al. (1988) also found interspeciÞc differences in susceptibilities among scarab larvae to Þve soil insecticides, with larvae of the European chafer generally being the least susceptible species compared with the Japanese beetle and oriental beetle. ...
... Notably, our current study found third instars of the oriental beetle and Japanese beetle weighed signiÞcantly less than European chafer and northern masked chafer third instars. Differences in activities of detoxiÞcation enzymes among the white grub species may also explain the interspeciÞc variability observed as part of our current study and previous ones (Villani et al. 1988, Cowles and Villani 1996, Cowles et al. 1999. Unlike the oriental beetle and European chafer, third instars of the Japanese beetle and northern masked chafer enter a true diapause Villani 1996, Grewal et al. 2001), which may have also provided a physiological basis for differences in observed susceptibility. ...
Larvae of scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are important contaminant and root-herbivore pests of ornamental crops. To develop alternatives to conventional insecticides, 24 plant-based essential oils were tested for their acute toxicity against third instars of the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman, European chafer Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky), oriental beetle Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse), and northern masked chafer Cyclocephala borealis Arrow. Diluted solutions were topically applied to the thorax, which allowed for calculating LD50 and LD90 values associated with 1 d after treatment. A wide range in acute toxicity was observed across all four scarab species. Of the 24 oils tested, allyl isothiocyanate, cinnamon leaf, clove, garlic, and red thyme oils exhibited toxicity to all four species. Allyl isothiocyanate was the most toxic oil tested against the European chafer, and among the most toxic against the Japanese beetle, oriental beetle, and northern masked chafer. Red thyme was also comparatively toxic to the Japanese beetle, oriental beetle, European chafer, and northern masked chafer. Interspecific variability in susceptibility to the essential oils was documented, with 12, 11, 8, and 6 of the 24 essential oils being toxic to the oriental beetle, Japanese beetle, European chafer, and northern masked chafer, respectively. Analysis of the active oils by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed a diverse array of compounds, mostly consisting of mono- and sesquiterpenes. These results will aid in identifying active oils and their constituents for optimizing the development of plant essential oil mixtures for use against scarab larvae.
... The efficacy of the treatments was assessed after 35 days, on 12 October 2021 in Turbigo and on 26 October 2021 in Robecco sul Naviglio. The 35-day time interval was chosen based on observations reported by Villani et al. (1988), allowing insecticides to exert their maximum toxicity against larvae. ...
The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is a major pest of turfgrasses, pastures and hay meadows in the invaded areas of North America and Europe. This study evaluated the efficacy of two biocontrol agents (the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin and the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar) and the insecticide chlorantraniliprole against P. japonica larvae using a soil seeder modified for soil injection with minimum grass disturbance (“Eco Defender 25”). In 2021, trials were carried out at two hay meadows in the Lombardy region of Italy, using water and undisturbed plots as controls. Both biological agents and the insecticide reduced larval densities at one or the other site, but not at both sites, compared to the control. In the following spring, drone surveys conducted over the hay meadows did not show differences in grass quality between treatments, including the undisturbed plots. Overall, the soil injector demonstrated efficacy under distinct conditions, highlighting the need for further optimization according to soil properties.
... Differential susceptibility among grub species may have also contributed to variation in control observed among the studies (6). In 1998 and 1999 only Japanese beetle grubs were recovered from root balls, while in 1996, a mix of white grub species was recovered with only a small percentage Japanese beetle. ...
Studies conducted in 1996, 1998 and 1999 show that immersion of root balls in Dursban® (chlorpyrifos) significantly reduces the number of white grubs, particularly Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, in B&B (ball and burlap) nursery stock. In 1996, the influence of root ball size, soil type, and dip time on the efficacy of Dursban® 50WP, Dursban® 4E, and Oftanol® 2F (isofenphos) for white grub control in dipped B&B nursery stock was evaluated. The grubs found within the root balls were primarily oriental beetle, Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse), European chafer, Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky), Asiatic garden beetle, Maladera castanea (Arrow), northern masked chafer, Cyclocephala borealis Arrow and Japanese beetle. With one exception, all the insecticide treatments caused similar grub mortality (96–100%) in 61.0 and 81.3 cm (24 and 32 in) root balls, respectively, and in sand or clay soil. There were no significant differences in grub survival due to dip time (1, 2, and 5 min). However, there were consistently fewer live grubs recovered from the root balls dipped 2 or 5 min compared with the number of live grubs recovered from root balls dipped for 1 min. In 1998, trees with 30.5, 45.7 and 61.0 cm (12, 18 and 24 in) root balls were dipped in either 0.453 or 0.906 kg ai/378.5 liter (1 or 2 lbs ai/100 gal) of Dursban® 4E for 2 mins. Both rates of Dursban® provided 100% control of Japanese beetle grubs in all three root ball sizes. Five trees from each treatment were planted one week after dipping and were evaluated for phytotoxicity up to 12 months after dipping. Most of the trees with 30.5 cm (12 in) root balls dipped in Dursban® died. Three of five trees with 45.7 (18 in) root balls dipped in the low rate of Dursban® and all five root balls dipped in the high rate had small leaves. One tree dipped in the low rate and 2 trees dipped in the high rate died 12 months after dipping. All of the trees with 61.0 cm (24 in) root balls dipped in the low rate of Dursban® survived and showed no signs of phytotoxicity. Trees with the same root ball size dipped in the high rate of Dursban® exhibited smaller leaves in 3 of the 5 trees. In 1999, trees with 61.0 cm (24 in) root balls were dipped in either 0.453, 0.226 or 0.113 kg ai/378.5 liter (1, 0.5 or 0.25 lbs ai/100 gal) of Dursban® 4E for 2 mins. All rates of Dursban® provided 100% control of Japanese beetle grubs.
... Being a polyphagous pest, larval stages feed on a wide array of intercrops viz., sugar cane, sweet potato, tapioca, colocasia, elephant foot yam, Diascoria, banana, fodder grass, cocoa, etc. (Abraham 1993;Bellotti and Schoonhoven 1979;Lal and Pillai 1977;Leefman 1915;Nirula 1958;Veeresh and Viswanath 1983). Presently the grubs are managed by applying soil insecticides belonging to organo phosphorus and neonicotinoid groups which give varying results in farmer's field (Villani et al. 1988;Subaharan et al. 2001;Chenchaiah 2006 andChannakeshavamurthy et al. 2010). To develop an effective IPM package by including all appropriate components, a basic knowledge on field biology and behaviour of the pest is essential. ...
Leucopholis coneophora Burmeister is a subterranean pest associated with coconut based cropping systems in south India. Feeding damage causes yellowing of fronds and yield reduction. To develop appropriate IPM strategy a basic knowledge on insect behaviour is essential. Four years studies indicated that, adult emergence of L. coneophora was commenced with summer shower in April in Kerala. Delay in summer shower delayed the emergence. After a pause in May, the emergence resumed with the setting of south west monsoon in June. The beetles did not emerge during dry spells in between the rainy days, when the soil temperature (at 10 cm depth) was ≥34.5 °C. Emergence of the beetles started at an illuminance of 124.37 ± 75.5 l in evening and remained active till 2 ± 0.4 l with a maximum swarming at 32.6 ± 15.1 l. Female emergence and mating occurred at 12.04 ± 8.1 l. Female based sex pheromone mediated communication is evident. Strong competition among the males for mating with emerging female, which was evident by a wider operational sex ratio in the initial period (1:10.11) that narrowed down to 1:4.33 in later days. The beetles neither congregate on any host plant nor exhibit phototaxis. Number of beetles entrapped in light traps varied from 1.5–16.5% and hand picking is highly significant over light trapping. Hence hand picking of beetles daily in the evening for 2 weeks commencing from the onset of south west monsoon in Kerala, in Indian subcontinent is suggested as a tool in IPM.
... Continuous exposure of same insecticide for long period leads to development of resistance in insects. Villani et al. (1988) reported reduced susceptibility of white grubs Popillia japonica against chlorpyriphos and other organophosphorus compounds. Therefore, an attempt was made to identify newer insecticides in management of Leucopholis grubs. ...
White grubs, Leucopholis spp. are subterranean pests of arecanut grown in South India. Grub infestation leads to yellowing, stem tapering, and crown size and yield reduction. Use of chemical insecticide to mage the white grubs gives varying degree of success. Hence an attempt was made to screen newer and safer insecticides. Imidacloprid (LC50 at 120 h = 16.849 ppm on III instar larvae), chlorpyriphos (LC50 = 14.242) and bifenthrin (LC50 = 12.797 ppm) were identified as effective insecticides. Evaluation of these insecticide in the field over two year period indicated the following efficacy in reducing larval population: chlorpyriphos @ 4 kg a.i/ha (83.31%) > bifenthrin @ 4 kg a.i./ha (82.83%) > imidacloprid @ 0.24 kg a.i./ha (75.84%) > bifenthrin @ 2 kg a.i./ ha (74.26%) > chlorpyriphos @ 2 kg a.i./ha (69.15%) > chlorpyriphos @ 1 kg a.i./ha (61.79%) > imidacloprid @ 0.12 kg a.i./ha (56.54%) > bifenthrin @ 1 kg a.i./ha (54.34%) > imidacloprid @ 0.06 kg a.i./ha (41.47%). Bifenthrin in soil persisted for a longer period than chlorpyriphos. On the day of application, 59.46 ppm bifenthrin residue was recovered from soil. On 10th day, it was 7.29 ppm which decreased to 2.59 ppm on 30th day and was beyond detection limit on 65th day. Chlorpyriphos exhibited a rapid degradation in the initial stage; 27.46 ppm residue on the day of application, which further reduced to 0.964 ppm on 10th day, and was below the detection limit on the 30th day. Growth of Trichoderma harzianum was not affected by bifenthrin even up to 40 ppm concentration. However, chlorpyriphos affected the growth of Trichoderma at higher than 5 ppm dose. Similarly, imidacloprid inhibited the colony growth from 2 ppm onwards. Having high lipophylic property and contact toxicity, bifenthrin would be an ideal alternative insecticide to chlorpyriphos for the management of white grubs in palm garden, which is safe and long persisting.
... The best results were obtained with concentrations of 50 and 100 µL mL -1 . The susceptibility of the Scarabaeids may vary with exposure in the different concentrations of insecticides (Villani et al. 1988;Cowles & Villani 1996;Gilbert & Gill 2010). Different studies show that Macrodactylus subspinosus (Fabricius), Oryctes rhinoceros (L.), and Popillia japonica (Newman) were susceptible to the insecticide concentration ranges applied in the food (Isaacs et al. 2004;Baumler & Potter 2007;Sreeletha & Geetha 2012). ...
Strategus aloeus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is a dangerous pest of oil palms in the Americas, because the adults cause several kinds of damage and kill palm trees. Effective methods for pest management are needed urgently. Bioassays were conducted to compare the toxicity to S. aloeus of the insecticides: fipronil, imidacloprid, lamb-da-cyhalothrin, spinosad, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. The toxicity of each insecticide to the adults of S. aloeus was determined as: (1) the LC50 and LC90 under laboratory conditions, after exposure of six concentrations of each insecticide applied in a semi-solid diet and used to feed each insect and (2) the mortality under semi-controlled field conditions after applications of insecticides into the beetle galleries in the oil palm tree. The mortality of S. aloeus was higher with fipronil, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam, while spinosad and thiacloprid were less effective. Higher mortalities were obtained with concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50 μL mL for determining LC50 values and 50, 100 μL mL for determining LC90 values during 72 h. The mortalities of S. aloeus had similar tendencies under laboratory and semi-controlled field conditions. Fipronil, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam caused substantial mortality in S. aloeus and, thus, canbe used rotationally in integrated pest management programs (IPM) against this pest in the oil palm plantations.
Key Words: Fipronil, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, thiamethoxam, insect pest, neurotoxic insecticide, oil palm
... Currently, Japanese and oriental beetle grubs are managed similarly because of the similarity between their life cycles (Alm et al. 1995). However, differential susceptibility of Japanese and oriental beetle grubs to soil insecticides (Villani et al. 1988) and an insect growth regulator (Cowles and Villani 1996) have been documented. This underscores the need for accurate identiÞcation of the pest causing the problem to efÞciently and effectively use insecticides or other control measures for environmental as well as economic reasons. ...
The mating season of the oriental beetle, Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse), in 1994 and 1995 at Bethpage State Park, Farmingdale, NY (40° 45′ N, 73° 28′ W) began in the middle of June, peaked in the 1st wk of July, and ended in the middle of August. There were differences in the emergence schedule among fairways as well as local differences between roughs and fairway. Both sexes were most active around sunset on shorter-cut turf (i.e., fairways, greens, and tees, versus roughs), and the few individuals seen during the daylight hours were mostly males. These males were generally found perched on vegetation at the border of the fairway. Feeding was not observed, except on flowers by females devoid of mature eggs. This study confirms our observations on the pattern of activity in an earlier study conducted with the use of synthetic pheromone traps. It also explains the difficulty encountered by earlier workers in finding adults of this insect in the field. Implications of the above findings on the management of the oriental beetle are discussed.
... 15 -19 More studies to develop species-specific insecticide recommendations for the white grub complex are needed. 14 The objective of this study was to measure variation in the susceptibility of four species to 18 registered and experimental insecticides, including biological, biorational and chemical agents as curative controls. Studies were conducted in soil microcosms under controlled laboratory conditions to reduce the magnitude of interactions that would be present in the field owing to factors such as thatch and other antagonists. ...
White grubs are the most widespread and damaging pests in turfgrass habitats of the northeast USA, and their management is highly dependent on chemical pesticides. Because this complex includes at least eight species, opportunities for pest management would be enhanced by understanding how susceptibility to control products varies across taxa. The objective of this laboratory study was to measure variation in the susceptibility of four species to 18 biological, biorational and chemical insecticides used as curative controls.
Across species, the most efficacious biological and chemical insecticide alternatives were Steinernema scarabaei and chlorpyrifos respectively. For biorational and chemical insecticides, the European chafer [Amphimallon majale (Razoumowsky)] was the least susceptible species. For biologicals, the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) was the least susceptible. Considering all control products, the oriental beetle [Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse)] was the most susceptible.
The magnitude of variation in susceptibility supports the idea that a single product will not reliably suppress populations of all taxa, and highlights the need for pest management practitioners to identify white grub species before intervention. This differential susceptibility could have broader consequences for grub management if a numerically dominant target species is more completely suppressed than a co-occurring species.
... Treatments performed poorly against these scarabs, and white grubs do exhibit differential susceptibility to insecticides. 24,37 Phyllophaga spp. were the most common non-Japanese beetle scarabs and were often found at the maximum sampling depth (35 cm). ...
Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman, are a quarantine challenge for nursery shipments from infested to non-infested states. Marathon (imidacloprid) and Discus (imidacloprid + cyfluthrin) are approved preharvest nursery treatments (US Domestic Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan; DJHP). This study evaluated approved and non-approved (acephate, carbaryl, clothianidin, dinotefuran, halofenozide, thiamethoxam, trichlorfon) preharvest treatments, optimal rates (labeled 1x, 0.3-0.75 x or 2-3 x) and optimal timings (June, July, August and September) to control early-instar (grubs) P. japonica in field nurseries.
Most insecticides effectively reduced grub densities, except for acephate, carbaryl and trichlorfon. Clothianidin, thiamethoxam and halofenozide provided grub control equivalent to DJHP standards during most years. Across all test years and timings, percentage grub reductions were: Marathon (1x: 59.2-100; 3 x: 78.9-100), Discus (1x: 60.7-100), clothianidin (1x: 96.1-100; 3 x: 97.4-100), thiamethoxam (1x: 75.0-100; 3 x: 80.0-100), halofenozide (1x: 70.0-100; 3 x: 90.0-100) and dinotefuran (1x: 13.2-88.2; 3 x: 71.1-93.4).
July application was more consistent and effective than other timings, and higher rates (2x and 3 x) did not generally improve grub control. Overall, clothianidin, thiamethoxam and halofenozide (and dinotefuran applied in August) were equivalent to current DJHP standards. These insecticides may be suitable for DJHP Category 2 states, potentially lowering grower costs.
... Phyllophaga also may be more susceptible to Scimitar than Japanese beetle. Other studies have reported differential susceptibility of white grubs to insecticides (Villani et al. 1988, Cowles and Villani 1996, Cowles et al. 1999. ...
Insecticide drenches were applied to postharvest field-grown nursery plants harvested as 60-cm-diameter balled and burlapped (B&B) root balls for controlling third instars of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, and thiamethoxam were drench-applied in fall and spring tests at volumes of runoff (1X; approximately equal 2.57 liters per drench per root ball) or twice runoff (2X). Tests also examined consecutive drenches (two, four, or six) and B&B rotation between drenches. Fall-applied drenches did not meet the Domestic Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan (DJHP) standards of < or =1 grub and ranged from 0 to 90% control. However, most fall-applied drenches significantly reduced grub numbers relative to the untreated root balls. Spring-applied drenches were more effective than fall drenches: chlorpyrifos treatments gave 94-100% control, whereas other spring-applied treatments were less consistent, including thiamethoxam (83-100% control) and bifenthrin (61-100% control). Lambda-cyhalothrin was not effective. A higher drench volume (2X) did not significantly improve treatment efficacy; however, grub numbers decreased as the number of drenches increased for fall-applied chlorpyrifos and thiamethoxam and spring-applied bifenthrin. Rotation of root balls significantly reduced grub numbers compared with nonrotated treatments for fall-applied chlorpyrifos (six drenches) and bifenthrin (two or six drenches), but these treatments did not meet DJHP standards. The study indicates chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, and thiamethoxam drenches can control Japanese beetle in the spring and may provide a new postharvest option to certify B&B plants for Japanese beetle.
... These products work best when applied soon after egg hatch, but they also control second and third instars after damage appears. Even when properly timed, they are variably effective (e.g., 27,185). Moreover, their use can be detrimental to nontarget organisms, including predators of JB eggs and larvae (118,176,200). ...
The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, an introduced scarab, has become the most widespread and destructive insect pest of turf, landscapes, and nursery crops in the eastern United States. It also damages many fruit, garden, and field crops. This review emphasizes recent research on the beetle's biology and management. Adults feed on leaves, flowers, or fruits of more than 300 plant species. Adaptations mediating their host finding, dietary range, mating, and oviposition are discussed. We also address abiotic and biotic factors affecting population dynamics of the root-feeding larvae. Japanese beetle grubs are widely controlled with preventive soil insecticides, but options for remedial control of adults and larvae presently are limited. Advances in understanding host plant resistance, entomopathogens, and other biorational approaches may provide more options for integrated management. Despite ongoing regulatory efforts, the Japanese beetle remains a threat as an invasive species.
... It is unknown whether a relationship exists between insecticide properties such as K oc and water solubility and the toxicity of the insecticide to T. vernalis. The soil incorporation method was used in this study, because it provided a consistent exposure to both wasps and grubs and is an accepted method for insecticide bioassays against soilfeeding insects such as grubs (Tashiro and Neuhauser 1973, Villani et al. 1988). Soil incorporation also reduces the impact of factors such as insecticide accumulation in thatch. ...
The effect of insecticides on oviposition of Tiphia vernalis Rohwer and subsequent survival of parasitoid progeny to the cocoon stage was determined in the laboratory by using larval Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, as the host. Insecticides tested were imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, halofenozide, chlorpyrifos, and carbaryl at labeled rates. Female T. vernalis were allowed 2 d to parasitize P. japonica larvae after the parasitoids had received a 4-d exposure to insecticide-treated soil. Another group of female T. vernalis were allowed 2 d to parasitize P. japonica larvae that had been exposed to insecticide-treated soil for 3-4 d. Percentage of parasitism of P. japonica larvae in these trials after exposure of adult parasitoids to carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, halofenozide, or imidacloprid-treated soil (23.3-50.0%) or adult parasitoids to chlorpyrifos, halofenozide, or imidacloprid-treated grubs (33.0-56.7%) was not negatively affected relative to the control treatment (21.7-54.2%). A third group of adult T. vernalis and P. japonica larvae were simultaneously exposed to chlorpyrifos or carbaryl treatments. Percentage parasitism in these trials was lower for T. vernalis adults exposed to the chlorpyrifos and carbaryl (15.0-25.0%) relative to the control (57.5-62.5%) with the exception of one trial with carbaryl (40.0%). However, exposure of the parasitoid and P. japonica to chlorpyrifos 0.5X, carbaryl 0.5X, imidacloprid, halofenozide, or thiamethoxam in several trials resulted in parasitism that was equivalent or greater than (45.0-80.0%) the untreated control (57.5-62.5%). Japanese beetle larval mortality in these trials was greater in the insecticide and parasitoid combination (97.5-100.0%) than with insecticides alone (45.0-100.0%). Percentage of survival of T. vernalis progeny to the cocoon stage was not negatively affected by a 4-d adult parasitoid exposure to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos treated soil (11.7-16.7% versus 18.3% control) or a 2-d exposure to P. japonica-treated larvae (16.7-18.3% versus 28.3% control). However, simultaneous exposure of T. vernalis progeny and P. japonica larvae to chlorpyrifos- and carbaryl-treated soil resulted in no parasitoids surviving to the cocoon stage. Between neonicotinoids, thiamethoxam had more adverse impact on percentage parasitism (52.5%) and survival to the cocoon stage (10.0%) than imidacloprid (80.0 and 32.5%, respectively). Results of this study indicate soil incorporation of imidacloprid and halofenozide had minimal effect on the number of P. japonica larvae parasitized by T. vernalis or survival of T. vernalis progeny to the cocoon stage; therefore, they are more suitable for use with T. vernalis. In contrast, chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and thiamethoxam lowered the number of T. vernalis progeny surviving to the cocoon stage, and carbaryl and chlorpyrifos reduced the number of P. japonica larvae parasitized. The soil incorporation of insecticides is discussed as one explanation for the minimal effects of some insecticides on T. vernalis.
This datasheet on Popillia japonica covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
Coleoptera consists of beetles, including leaf beetles, flea beetles, tortoise beetles, click beetles, blister beetles, and scarab beetles. This order is one of the largest taxa of pests.
A critical density of four third-instar larvae per 900 cm2 for European chafer, Rhizotrogus ( Amphimallon ) majalis (Razoumowsky), in winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L . , was derived from small-plot greenhouse and field experiments conducted under favorable crop growing conditions at several Ontario and Michigan locations from 2001–2003. On average, plant weight was decreased by 14% and plant stand by 11% between zero and four larvae per 900 cm2. In a commercial field under moisture stress, a yield loss of 35% occurred at a density of two third-instars per 900 cm2. In short-term greenhouse experiments, density-dependent mortality was evident, whereas low larval recovery in field experiments indicates a high level of overwintering mortality, regardless of larval density. Winter wheat seed treatments of neonicotinoid insecticides, clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam provided protection from damage by larvae, but the level of protection was inconsistent between greenhouse and field small plots, and there was no apparent difference in protection amongst active ingredients or between application rates. There was little evidence of larval mortality owing to seed treatment, which supports the suggestion that neonicotinoid insecticides protect seedlings from loss by a nonlethal mechanism. Overall, we estimate that a low rate of neonicotinoid insecticide used at larval densities just less than the critical density will mitigate winter wheat losses by 85%.
Maladera matrida Argaman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was first reported in the central coastal plain of Israel in the early 1980s and was subsequently
described as a new species. By the late 1980s it had spread southward to the northwestern Negev desert region, where heavy
infestations of this pest caused significant economic losses, especially to growers of peanuts and sweet potatoes. Larvae
(white grubs) ofM. matrida feed on underground parts of plants. We used a laboratory soil-treatment assay for determining the relative toxicity of several
insecticides to 3-week-old grubs. Insecticides, both registered and candidates for registration, were tested at the labeled
rates for field crops. The residual activity of those insecticides that caused ≥60% mortality of grubs after the first week,
was studied for two additional weeks, by replacing the grubs with new ones each week. The granular formulation of the organophosphate
insecticides terbufos, chloropyrifos, ethoprop and isazofos induced a uniform high mortality to grubs throughout the study
period. Chloropyrifos and ethoprop caused >90% mortality also at one tenth of the labeled rate. Also diazinon brought about
>90% mortality after the first week, but subsequently lost its activity. Imidacloprid, bendiocarb, fenitrothion, acephate,
methamidophos and carbaryl provided
Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, European chafer, Rhizotrogus (Amphimallon) majalis (Razoumowsky), and oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis Waterhouse, were exposed to an ecdysone agonist, halofenozide, in the egg, 1st instar, and 3rd instar at 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 ppm, respectively, in soil. Species, stage, and physiological condition of larvae affected the response to halofenozide. Japanese beetle was the most sensitive, with maximal response of 1st instars at 3 ppm. First and 2nd instars were more susceptible than were 3rd instars. Sublethal exposure of 1st-instar European chafer and 3rd-instar oriental beetle resulted in dose-dependent accelerated development and successful molts. Field trials are needed in locations where there are mixed populations of scarabs to determine whether the species differences in susceptibility to halofenozide observed in this work will translate to increased relative importance of European chafer.
Field populations of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman; European chafer, Rhizotrogus (Amphimallon) majalis (Razoumowsky); oriental beetle, Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse); and Asiatic garden beetle, Maladera castanea (Arrow), were exposed to the ecdysone agonist halofenozide in turf plots. In mixed-species larval populations, a higher dosage of halofenozide (1.7-2.2 kg [AI]/ha) was required to give significant suppression of European chafer than was required to control Japanese and oriental beetles (1.1 kg [AI]/ha). In other experiments, halofenozide (1.1-1.7 kg [AI]/ha) reduced Japanese beetle and oriental beetle populations by 75-98%. These data confirm predictions of selectivity based on previous laboratory studies. Asiatic garden beetle survival in the field was 40-50% higher in plots treated with halofenozide than in untreated plots. Dosage effects were compared for European chafer and Asiatic garden beetle 3rd instars in the laboratory; Asiatic garden beetles were insensitive to halofenozide at all tested dosages. Asiatic garden beetle and European chafer may increase in relative importance where halofenozide is used against mixed populations of exotic scarabs.
A new entomopathogenic nematode species, Steinernema scarabaei, was evaluated for efficacy against two white grub species, the European chafer, Rhizotrogus majalis, and the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, in laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials. In laboratory assays, S. scarabaei caused greater mortality than Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. S. scarabaei was highly virulent with an LC50 of 5.5–6.0 and 5.7 infective juveniles (IJs) per third-instar larva in R. majalis and P. japonica, respectively. In a greenhouse trial, S. scarabaei provided greater mortality of R. majalis at all application rates (0.156–1.25 × 109 IJs/ha) than Steinernema glaseri and H. bacteriophora (both at 1.25 × 109 IJs/ha). Combination of imidacloprid and S. scarabaei resulted in an antagonistic interaction. In a fall field trial, S. scarabaei provided 88 and 75% control of R. majalis at 2.5 × 109 and 109 IJs/ha, respectively, and 54% control of P. japonica at 109 IJs/ha; H. bacteriophora had no effect on mortality of either white grub species. In a spring field trial, unusually cool temperatures impeded nematode activity. Against R. majalis, S. scarabaei provided moderate control (56–59%), whereas Heterorhabditis marelatus provided no control. Mortality of P. japonica was moderate (49–66%) in both S. scarabaei and H. marelatus treatments. Overwinter persistence of S. scarabaei activity was demonstrated in a spring assay of soil from fall treated plots in which nematode infection was absent from control plots and present in treated plots.
The grub Tomarus subtropicus Blatchley (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is one of the most destructive pests of turfgrass and sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in southern Florida, but its life cycle has only been described in sugarcane production. Preventive insecticides applied against T. subtropicus in turfgrass when adult activity and oviposition were expected in sugarcane have necessitated subsequent curative treatments. Thus, the seasonal activity of T. subtropicus was monitored using UV blacklight traps and by sampling soil in infested St. Augustinegrass lawns in Cape Coral and Punta Gorda, FL, during 2005-2006. Several preventive and curative insecticides and entomopathogenic nematode species were evaluated in laboratory, greenhouse and field tests. T. subtropicus is univoltine in both sugarcane and St. Augustinegrass, but adult flight peaked approximately 1 mo later in St. Augustinegrass than in sugarcane. Halofenozide, clothianidin, and imidacloprid were effective preventive control products, and carbaryl and trichlorfon were satisfactory curative insecticides. The nematodes Steinernema scarabei (Stock & Koppenhöfer), S. glaseri (Steiner), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) were most effective against T. subtropicus grubs, and second instars were more susceptible compared with third instars. Improved knowledge of the biology and effectiveness of different management options for T. subtropicus will help minimize excessive pesticide use, especially in coastal areas of Florida.
The chloronicotinyl, imidacloprid, and the thianicotinyl, thiamethoxam, are effective insecticides against white grubs when applied as preventative treatments during or immediately after egg laying. Their efficacy sharply declines when the grubs reach late-instar stage. As both imidacloprid and thiamethoxam act on post-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and modify insect behavior, we hypothesized that the two compounds will interfere with overwintering behavior of scarabs, thus reducing their ecological fitness and exposing them to increased winter mortality. We tested this hypothesis by applying the two compounds curatively against late second-instar and early third-instar Popillia japonica and Cyclocephala borealis grubs in turfgrass. Imidacloprid provided control of P japonica equivalent to the most widely used curative organophosphate, trichlorfon, by 14 days after treatment, but thiamethoxam had no affect. In contrast, both imidacloprid and thiamethoxam caused significant reductions in C borealis populations. Both insecticides altered the overwintering behavior of P japonica by significantly reducing the normal downward movement of grubs in October. Halofenozide, an ecdysone agonist, also caused rapid mortality of the late second-instar C borealis equivalent to trichlorfon, but had no affect on P japonica. In another experiment on a site naturally infested with entomopathogenic nematodes, the exclusive treatment of third-instar P japonica with imidacloprid resulted in no significant mortality in the autumn (up to 15 days after treatment), but caused a significant reduction in the survival of overwintered grubs. There was an increase in the numbers of grubs infected with nematodes in the imidacloprid and trichlorfon treatments compared with control, but these differences were significant only for trichlorfon. These results indicate that imidacloprid can effectively control late second-instars of both P japonca and C borealis and can significantly reduce survival of overwintered third-instar P japonica by altering their normal overwintering behavior.
Biopesticides, including botanicals, can offer a safe and effective alternative to conventional insecticides for controlling major insect pests within an integrated pest management program. The current study highlights the practical application of a botanical insecticide for controlling a major insect pest of turfgrass: European chafer, Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky). Greenhouse and field trials were conducted to test the efficacy of a botanical formulation based on black pepper, Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae), seed extracts to R. majalis larvae. The 7-d P. nigrum extract LC50 for R. majalis third instars was 2.5%. Successful treatment in the field was accomplished with the application of a 2% P. nigrum formulation to turfgrass infested with R. majalis second and third instars, whereas 4% extract was required in a second field trial with older third instars. The 2% pepper extract activity was comparable with the conventional insecticide diazinon in the first field trial. However, the 4% pepper extracts significantly affected the earthworm populations in treated plots compared with diazinon in the second field trail. The analysis of soil residues for piperamides in the P. nigrum extract determined a half-life of 1 - 2.6 d in the first and second field trials, respectively. This confirmed the expectation that under field conditions the residual activity would be less than conventional insecticides, thereby reducing the environmental risk associated with pesticide use. We recommend the pepper formulation for spot treatment applications when population densities reveal an epicenter of infestation rather than broadcasting over large areas, thus helping to minimize cost and negative affects on nontarget invertebrates.
Dosage-mortality responses of adult Popillia japonica Newman from Rivervale (northern NJ) indicated dieldrin resistance and greater inherent tolerance to both chlorpyrifos, and bendiocarb (a carbamate insecticide showing potential for turfgrass insect control) when compared to a strain from Adelphia (central NJ). Tests using 3rd-stage grubs indicated that, when compared at the LD50, the Rivervale grubs were ca. 90X as resistant to dieldrin as those from Adelphia.
Diazinon 5G (6.72 kg [AIl/ha), isofenphos 5G and 2F (2.24 kg [AIl/ha), and isazophos IG and IE (2.24 kg [AIl/ha) were applied on 11 dates to golf-course turf in Bolton, Mass., to determine the effect of timing of application on effectiveness against Popillia Japonica Newman grubs. Plots were sampled 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks after application. Level of control generally was isazophos IE > isofenphos 2F = isazophos IG > isofenphos 5G > diazinon 5G. For many sampling dates, treatments did not differ significantly; isazophos IE, however, consistently resulted in the highest level of grub mortality. Weather conditions during the study suggest that a thorough application of water or heavy spring rainfall at the time of chemical application are important factors enhancing insecticidal activity.
Responses of third stage grubs of Popillia japonica Newman and Anomala orientalis Waterhouse to selected topically applied chemicals were studied. At the LD50, Japanese beetle grubs differed very little in susceptibility to the organophosphates isofenphos or chlorpyrifos. Both materials were 3.6-fold more toxic than bendiocarb at both LD50 and LD90. Isofenphos was more toxic than chlorpyrifos to oriental beetle grubs collected from two locations on Long Island, N.Y. Of the three chemicals, bendiocarb was the most toxic to grubs from Fresh Meadows, Long Island. These results indicate that both species are susceptible to the selected materials, although field observations at Fresh Meadows suggest that other factors such as thatch, insecticide binding, or soil microorganisms may influence insecticidal performance in the field.
During 1984, isofenphos 1.5 and 5% granular and 2 flowable (2.24 kg [AI]/ha) applied 11 April to golf course turfgrass in Canal Fulton, Ohio, resulted in 92% average reduction of overwintered Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, larvae 48 dafter application. Of treatments applied April through August, only August applications significantly reduced summer larvae. Analysis by gas/liquid chromatography for isofenphos and oxyisofenphos residues in samples taken 6 August from the April, May, June, and July treatments showed that 79, 92, 94, and 97%isofenphos, respectively, remained in the thatch. Mean oxyisofenphos residues at this time were 54, 45, 54, and 63%, respectively, of total residue. Oxyisofenphos residues 5-6 d after the 11 April and 14 August applications were 7 and 15%,respectively, of the total. Immediate posttreatment irrigation, plus regular subsequent irrigation and rainfall, did not improve isofenphos penetration into the soil or enhance larva control.
Chlorpyrifos- and diazinon-treated soils of 8% moisture were more toxic to 3rd-instar grubs of Amphimallon majalis (Razoumowsky) than were treated soils containing 13 or 18% water. Differences in soil moisture did not affect degradation rates of chlorpyrifos, but formulation did. Halflives of ca. 7, 9, and 16 days were obtained with 22.4 EC, 0.95 G, and 0.88 G formulations, respectively. However, degradation of diazinon (5 G formulation) was more rapid as soil moisture increased, with half-lives of ca. 12 and 6 days for 8 and 13-18% moisture, respectively. Soil moisture did not affect diazinon uptake by grubs, but did affect chlorpyrifos uptake during a 22-h contact with treated soil. Total body residues were 1.0-1.5 ppm for grubs in diazinon-treated soil at all moisture levels, whereas higher chlorpyrifos residues (3.2 ppm) were found in grubs from soil with 8% moisture than from soil with 13-18% moisture (1.8 ppm).
Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the enhanced degradation of isofenphos [1-methylethyl 2-[[ethoxy[(1-methylethyl)amino]phosphinothioyl]oxy]benzoate] in soil and to elucidate the microbiology of this phenomenon. [U-ring-14C]Isofenphos was most rapidly degraded in Iowa cornfield soils that had a history of isofenphos insecticide use. Between 13 and 42% of an applied dose of 5 ppm remained as isofenphos after 4 weeks in soil with isofenphos use history, whereas between 63 and 75% remained in comparable nonhistory soils. Soils with enhanced isofenphos degradation contained an adapted population of soil microorganisms responsible for the degradation observed. Degradation products of isofenphos detected in cultures of adapted soil microorganisms included isopropyl salicylate, 14CO2, and polar products. A bacterial strain (Pseudomonas sp.) isolated from soil with enhanced isofenphos degradation proved capable of utilizing isofenphos as a sole carbon source.
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