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Abstract

Humans are closely coupled with their environments. They rely on being `embedded' to help coordinate the use of their internal cognitive resources with external tools and resources. Consequently, everyday cognition, even cognition in the absence of others, may be viewed as partially distributed. As cognitive scientists our job is to discover and explain the principles governing this distribution: principles of coordination, externalization, and interaction. As designers our job is to use these principles, especially if they can be converted to metrics, in order to invent and evaluate candidate designs. After discussing a few principles of interaction and embedding I discuss the usefulness of a range of metrics derived from economics, computational complexity, and psychology.
is is a contribution from Pragmatics & Cognition 14:2
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
Kirsh, D Distributed cognition: A methodological note In: Harnad, Stevan and Itiel
E. Dror (eds.). Distributed Cognition: Special issue of Pragmatics & Cognition
14:2, pp. 249–262, 2006.
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... Cognitive system is able to integrate certain constancy or regularity present in the environmental structures, and to exploit them across a continued coupling between perception and action in order to perform adapted and appropriated behaviours. Such embodied ability of the cognitive system can be employed in complementarity with technological tools as well as other individuals [84]. Accordingly, the cognitive activity is distributed across a set of available bodily responses, dynamically re-enacted and afforded by complex interactions between technological, social, and physical factors [81]. ...
... If so, the concept of affordances that was discussed in the precedent section may be considered as an illustration of a distributed functioning across the individuals' bodily and cognitive resources, and those provided by the current environment. The key question is to apprehend and anticipate how the different components of such distributed system (i.e., individual mind and body, other individuals, technologies, tools) coordinate between them, and enabling the cognitive system to make the emergence of an adaptive behaviour [84]. In this respect, to consider that the cognition functioning is distributed across the mind-body-environment system also implies investigating the interactive nature of their relationship, rather than the components separately. ...
... Major proponents for the interactivist turn in psychology are David Kirsh (Kirsh, 1995(Kirsh, , 1997(Kirsh, , 2001(Kirsh, , 2006(Kirsh, , 2009(Kirsh, , 2010(Kirsh, , 2014Kirsh & Maglio, 1994) and Frédéric Vallée-Tourangeau (Guthrie, Vallée-Tourangeau, Vallée-Tourangeau, & Howard, 2015;Vallée-Tourangeau, 2012Vallée-Tourangeau, Euden, & Hearn, 2011;Vallée-Tourangeau & Payton, 2008;Vallée-Tourangeau, Steffensen, Vallée-Tourangeau, & Sirota, 2016;Vallée-Tourangeau & Vallée-Tourangeau, 2017). ...
... Much can be accounted for by anticipating what can happen as one engages in another role than the one of the expert, for instance in the role of the user of the application. We thus follow Clark in acknowledging the importance of surrogate situations: not only are they usually cheaper or faster cognitive resources in the cognitive "cost structure" (Kirsh, 2006), but they can at times be essential to the actual performance. ...
... It is increasingly understood that joint actions and joint cognition are not limited to situations of committee/voter decisions, but instead, they pervade everyday life and require the constant coordination and integration of cognitive and physical abilities. This new approach, typically called distributed cognition (Hutchins and Lintern, 1995), or extended cognition within the social domain (Clark, 2006), brings the focus of research to the mechanisms of cognitive and physical coordination (Kirsh, 2006) that affect this integration. It also brings attention to the comparison of the performance of the group to the performance of the individual. ...
Preprint
We study mathematical models of the collaborative solving of a two-choice discrimination task. We estimate the difference between the shared performance for a group of n observers over a single person performance. Our paper is a theoretical extension of the recent work of Bahrami et al. (2010) from a dyad (a pair) to a group of n interacting minds. We analyze several models of communication, decision-making and hierarchical information-aggregation. The maximal slope of psychometric function (closely related to the percentage of right answers vs. easiness of the task) is a convenient parameter characterizing performance. For every model we investigated, the group performance turns out to be a product of two numbers: a scaling factor depending of the group size and an average performance. The scaling factor is a power function of the group size (with the exponent ranging from 0 to 1), whereas the average is arithmetic mean, quadratic mean, or maximum of the individual slopes. Moreover, voting can be almost as efficient as more elaborate communication models, given the participants have similar individual performances.
... Consequently, the absence of a suitable methodology to capture such features continues to pose a significant obstacle to the ecological approach's ability to comprehend language. 3 To address the issue, this paper argues that Cognitive Linguistics holds the potential for undergoing an ecological turn as the field of Cognitive Linguistics aligns with ecological psychology in its examination of language from the viewpoint of cognitive science, which provides a means of addressing the limitations of the ecological approach to language (Kröger et al., 2011; Mittelberg, 2002;Zlatev, 2007;Zlatev and Blomberg, 2016). 2 In the ecological position, cognition is considered in a broader sense, and its broader definition is compatible with situated cognition (Suchman, 1987) and distributed cognition (Hutchins, 1996;Kirsh, 2006). The situated and distributed view considers cognition and representation to be emergent phenomena arising from the interaction between an individual and their environment, not internal or individual. ...
Article
The ecological perspective of language has gained prominence in linguistics over the past two decades. Since its anti-representationalist and anti-cognitivist stance, the ecological approach faces a challenge in reconciling with modern linguistic theories: While the ecological approach focuses on the dynamic aspects of language, it has been criticized for needing help to account for stable linguistic meaning. To address this issue, Cognitive Linguistics is the best candidate for giving an ecological account of static meaning. Also, I introduce the concept of design to establish the ecological model of language and demonstrate how this model can describe linguistic meaning within an ecological framework. Cognitive Linguistics develops into the ecological theory of meaning through these steps, namely ecological semantics.
... At the very least, second-wave EM can thus tap and in turn influence the enormous and diverse scholarship on memory, perception, emotion, and so on in humanities disciplines, to see what might happen if we try to study cognition scientifically and culturally at once. the following labels from the philosophical literature as closely related: active externalism (Clark and Chalmers 1998, reprinted in this volume), vehicle externalism (Hurley 1998;Rowlands 2003), locational externalism (Wilson 2004), environmentalism (Rowlands 1999), systemic anti-individualism (Butler 1998), and transcranialism (Adams and Aizawa 2001). My take on EM, based on the "complementarity" rather than the "parity" of inner and outer resources, brings it closer to the related theory of "distributed cognition" (Hutchins 1995;Kirsh 2006;Rogers 2006), which arose independently in cognitive anthropology. ...
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Leading scholars respond to the famous proposition by Andy Clark and David Chalmers that cognition and mind are not located exclusively in the head. Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin? In their famous 1998 paper "The Extended Mind," philosophers Andy Clark and David J. Chalmers posed this question and answered it provocatively: cognitive processes "ain't all in the head." The environment has an active role in driving cognition; cognition is sometimes made up of neural, bodily, and environmental processes. Their argument excited a vigorous debate among philosophers, both supporters and detractors. This volume brings together for the first time the best responses to Clark and Chalmers's bold proposal. These responses, together with the original paper by Clark and Chalmers, offer a valuable overview of the latest research on the extended mind thesis. The contributors first discuss (and answer) objections raised to Clark and Chalmers's thesis. Clark himself responds to critics in an essay that uses the movie Memento's amnesia-aiding notes and tattoos to illustrate the workings of the extended mind. Contributors then consider the different directions in which the extended mind project might be taken, including the need for an approach that focuses on cognitive activity and practice. Bradford Books imprint
... The main step of the framework is cognitive. Cognition, by which we understand and function in the world, is said to be embodied (Anderson, 2003;Atkinson, 2010;Semin & Smith, 2002), social (Fiske & Haslam, 1996;Frith & Frith, 2008;Gallese, Keysers & Rizzolatti, 2004), cultural (Bender, 2020;D'Andrade, 1981;Tomasello & Rakoczy, 2003), situated (Semin & Smith, 2002;Wilson, 2002), and distributed (Kirsh, 2006;Spurrett & Cowley, 2004). The cognitive step draws on the view that metaphor is an "indispensable structure of human understanding utilizing which we figuratively comprehend our world" (Johnson, 1987, p. xx). ...
... The main step of the framework is cognitive. Cognition, by which we understand and function in the world, is said to be embodied (Anderson, 2003;Atkinson, 2010;Semin & Smith, 2002), social (Fiske & Haslam, 1996;Frith & Frith, 2008;Gallese, Keysers & Rizzolatti, 2004), cultural (Bender, 2020;D'Andrade, 1981;Tomasello & Rakoczy, 2003), situated (Semin & Smith, 2002;Wilson, 2002), and distributed (Kirsh, 2006;Spurrett & Cowley, 2004). The cognitive step draws on the view that metaphor is an "indispensable structure of human understanding utilizing which we figuratively comprehend our world" (Johnson, 1987, p. xx). ...
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The driving force of the current research runs as follows: Since metaphor is a carrier of thought, culture will be argued to act as a filter in metaphor translating, precluding unexpected, unfamiliar, and shocking knowledge both linguistically and conceptually from being smuggled into the target language and culture. The study aims to show that metaphor translating can be best dealt with from a cultural perspective, isolating cultural knowledge as a guide for decision-making in translating. The significance of the study lies in the fact that metaphor translating should not be monitored by ready-made procedures but should be dealt with on a case-by-case basis, with consequences for ready-made procedures and new paths followed in translating. The study will seek to address the following question: How does cultural filtering take affect metaphor translating? The article adopts a three-step framework: (i) measuring cultural knowledge's compatibility, or lack of it, carried by Source Language metaphor and its target language translation, (ii) triggering of cultural filtering in case of incompatibility, and (iii) comparing cultures based on Hiraga's four-scenario scheme to assess the position of the two cultures in presence. Cultural filtering will be illustrated through concrete examples in disciplines such as politics, economics, and advertising across English and Arabic and written and pictorial metaphors.
... The computational challenges in the USS Palau were solved through a cognitive process that was widely distributed across a team of navigators and their cognitive artefacts. The insights from this fieldwork resulted in a theoretical framework that sees all instances of cognition as emerging from distributed processes (Hutchins, 1995(Hutchins, , 2001; see also Rogers, 1997;Kirsh, 2006;Sutton, 2006). ...
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Major proponents of both Distributed Cognition and Predictive Processing have argued that the two theoretical frameworks are strongly compatible. An important conjecture supporting the union of the two frameworks is that cultural practices tend to reduce entropy —that is, to increase predictability— at all scales in a cultural cognitive ecosystem. This conjecture connects Distributed Cognition with Predictive Processing because it shows how cultural practices facilitate prediction. The present contribution introduces the following challenge to the union of Distributed Cognition and Predictive Processing: the problem of entropic cultural practices. The problem lies in the existence of multiple cultural practices that tend to increase entropy instead of reducing it. This paper discusses these entropic cultural practices and the nature of the problem at hand. Finally, the paper advances an expanded conception of cultural practices that could unite the two frameworks and explores the difficulties of committing to such a conception.
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This paper presents a method for enquiring into a distinction between two kinds of purposeful human action in design: pragmatic and epistemic actions. Although frequently mentioned in the literature, this distinction has not been empirically tested in the design context. To test the distinction, we conducted an empirical lab study with designers thinking-aloud during digital design processes. This study allowed us to collect and subsequently transcribe, parse, and code a set of design process protocols. Based on this protocol set, we tested the distinction between pragmatic and epistemic actions using protocol analysis and a linkographic notation that we extended for this purpose. Through this analysis, we found that pragmatic and epistemic actions are neither all-encompassing nor necessarily mutually exclusive. We thereby arrive at a more nuanced categorisation of purposeful human actions in design as well as an extended linkographic notation, with a potential for more general utility in empirical design research.
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