Branding matters more on the Internet

Abstract

The bubble appears to have burst in high-tech stocks — or at the very least has deflated. Investors seem to be returning to the safe long-term bets of the old-economy companies. This correction in the market is an ideal opportunity to review what has been happening to those companies that have been establishing themselves on the Net.
This paper takes a look at what lessons the new economy can learn from the old, and also how the Internet is fundamentally changing how companies manage their brands. The basic premise is that on the Internet the brand itself must be at the heart of the business strategy. The emphasis shifts from brand to ‘branded experience’, and becomes an issue for the whole company. The key principles of how to develop your brand remain the same, but the need for speed means that how you manage it will change forever.
This paper draws on the authors' extensive experience of building brands online and offline, and of aligning/integrating internal values and behaviours with external manifestation of the brand.

Full text

many attributes in common. One of
the chief contributions to their staying
power is that they have developed and
sustained strong brands.
For many years, branding has been
recognised as one of the fundamental
tenets of a successful business be-
cause good branding confers many
advantages on a company. This sounds
like the sort of textbook reading from
‘There’ll be two types of business in the year
2000: those online . . . and those out of
business’.
Bill Gates
SETTING THE SCENE: WHY BRANDING
MATTERS TO BUSINESSES
Those companies that have dominated
the FTSE or the Fortune 500 have
394 䉷HENRY STEWART PUBLICATIONS 1350-231X BRAND MANAGEMENT VOL. 8, NO. 6, 394–404 JULY 2001
Helena Rubinstein
Managing Director, The Lab,
Waterside House, 47 Kentish
To w n R o a d , L o n d o n N W 1 8 N X
E-mail:
helena_rubinstein@thelabuk.com
Branding matters more
on the Internet
Received (in revised form): 17th January, 2001
HELENA RUBINSTEIN
co-founded the lab after almost 20 years of experience of working on strategic, planning and marketing issues.
She has worked as an inner city business adviser, a health facilities management consultant, and a strategic
planning director in a communications agency prior to specialising in brand strategy, organisation and
communications. In recent months she has researched the developing e-commerce marketplace and has been
focusing on bringing commercial and marketing disciplines to bear on the new online world.
CAROL GRIFFITHS
has 18 years of client-side experience in developing and implementing service brand strategies with blue-chip
companies. As head of brand strategy at NatWest she led the brand work stream within a complete overhaul of
the group’s direction, developing the new brand strategy, internal staff mobilisation and advertising and
promotional programmes.
In 1999 she moved to management consulting, initially within NatWest, where she developed the customer
proposition and media launch programme for NatWest’s Internet bank. She now specialises in bringing the
disciplines of conventional marketing to bear on dot.com developments — identifying and delivering cohesive
external and internal strategies, activities and staff behaviours to achieve consistent, branded customer service.
She regularly lectures on brands and organisational development across Europe.
Abstract
The bubble appears to have burst in high-tech stocks — or at the very least has deflated. Investors
seem to be returning to the safe long-term bets of the old-economy companies. This correction in
the market is an ideal opportunity to review what has been happening to those companies that
have been establishing themselves on the Net.
This paper takes a look at what lessons the new economy can learn from the old, and also how
the Internet is fundamentally changing how companies manage their brands. The basic premise is
that on the Internet the brand itself must be at the heart of the business strategy. The emphasis
shifts from brand to ‘branded experience’, and becomes an issue for the whole company. The key
principles of how to develop your brand remain the same, but the need for speed means that how
you manage it will change forever.
This paper draws on the authors’ extensive experience of building brands online and offline, and
of aligning/integrating internal values and behaviours with external manifestation of the brand.

able to command a higher price and
hence ensure future sales and profits.
In the end, strong brands trans-
late directly into superior shareholder
returns.
This can be clearly demonstrated
by Figure 1, which shows the value
attributed to a brand as a propor-
tion of the market capitalisation. Com-
panies such as Coke and Ford, which
are among the most highly valued in
the world, have more than half of
their value accounted for by the brand.
Some companies, such as Hertz and
Adidas, have a greater proportion of
their value attributable to the brand
than to their tangible assets.
But brands also confer other ad-
vantages. They can be an inspiration
for employees and act as a rallying
point; they provide a focus for consis-
tency of communications and action;
they help to differentiate from com-
petitors; they can act as a touchstone
for the development of new products
the marketing section of any MBA
course, but time and time again strong
brands translate into real equity and
sustained profitability. How do they do
this?
Benefits of branding
Any even half-savvy consumer will
tell you that brands have meanings for
them over and above the basic
characteristics of the product or
service being offered. Coke is not just
a brown fizzy liquid but ‘the most
friendly and ubiquitous drink in the
world’; Fedex is not just a parcel
delivery service but ‘an utterly reli-
able business partner’. These complex
promises are developed over time and
often after considerable effort and
expense have been spent on ensuring
that the brand promise can be
delivered and then communicated.
The ultimate aim for companies is to
create something distinctive that is
䉷HENRY STEWART PUBLICATIONS 1350-231X BRAND MANAGEMENT VOL. 8, NO. 6, 394–404 JULY 2001 395
Figure 1 Brand value as a percentage of total market capitalisation
51%
51% 75%
75%
63%
63% 64%
64% 64%
64% 76%
76% 70%
70% 66%
66% 71%
71%
61%
61% 59%
59% 110%
110% 151%
151%
50
100
150
US$,000M
Source: InterBrand
BRAND VALUE AS A
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL
MARKET CAPITALISATION
(US$Million)
BRANDING MATTERS MORE ONTHE INTERNET

There are two critical reasons why
this is true:
—brands help people to make choices
—branding is transparent on the In-
ternet.
Brands help people to make choices
As well as performing several impor-
tant roles for businesses, brands are
also important for customers. One of
their fundamental roles is in simplifying
choice. People are faced with ever-
increasing choices about what to buy
in virtually all areas of their lives (there
are few real monopolies left). How,
then, can they make a decision about
what is right for them? One obvious
aspect of the decision making is to go
for a name they trust; to select a
company of which they have heard;
one which has a reputation for quality,
service and reliability. In the end, to be
on the shopping list the buyer has to
have heard of you and believe in
you.
The Internet magnifies this problem
and services; and they enable com-
panies to appeal appropriately to mul-
tiple target audiences.
BRANDING MATTERS MORE ON THE
INTERNET
—There are 7,598,697 websites on
the Internet. A new dot.com is
launched every half hour.
—The number of Internet connec-
tions is expected to increase by a
factor of four over the next five
years.
—81% of people will not buy online
because fly-by-night retailers worry
them.
If the discussion above demonstrates
what brands can do for business in
general, then they become even more
critical in the virtual world. If strong
brands are important to companies
operating in a world of bricks and
mortar, they are even more impor-
tant in the open market of the
Internet.
396 䉷HENRY STEWART PUBLICATIONS 1350-231X BRAND MANAGEMENT VOL. 8, NO. 6, 394–404 JULY 2001
Figure 2 Quarterly advertising expenditure by UK dot.coms, January–March 2000
Trainline.com
Le tsbuyit.com
Firedup.com
FT.com
QXL
01,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000
£ spend first quarter of 2000
RUBINSTEIN AND GRIFFITHS

fulfilment and delivery is visible to the
consumer (Figure 3), and says some-
thing about the way you deliver on
your (even implicit) brand promise.
This begins with the way you
market to and target potential cus-
tomers (what you communicate). Once
people have accessed your site they
need to be able to navigate their way
around it easily and quickly and be able
to register without it taking up too
much time or asking for unnecessary
information. Once they have registered
and decided to buy, consumers must
feel that any financial transaction is safe
andprivateandtheywillexpectthe
goods to be delivered on time, at a
time and place which is convenient
and with the right items. Should there
be a problem, after sales service needs
to be exemplary. All these activities are
representative of your brand’spromise.
It was not that these activities did not
occur offline but that online they
tenfold. There are literally thousands of
vendors selling their wares. What are
buyers going to do? They are going to
tap in the name they have heard of and
believe in. This obviously gives the
established players (often high-street
names) an advantage. It explains why
so much effort and money goes into
securing memorable domain names and
why the new breed of dot.com com-
panies is spending so much on conven-
tional advertising (Figure 2). But most
have not yet gone beyond awareness to
thinking about what they have to do to
build the trust and promise required to
be a true brand.
Branding is transparent on the
Internet
This brings us to the second reason
why branding matters more. The
whole process from downloading and
navigating the site through to all the
䉷HENRY STEWART PUBLICATIONS 1350-231X BRAND MANAGEMENT VOL. 8, NO. 6, 394–404 JULY 2001 397
Figure 3 Online experiences: A radical shift in consumer interaction dynamics
E-mail management
ᎏerror resolution
ᎏclaim management
ᎏcall centre integration
Collateral delivery
ᎏdocument processing
ᎏpick/pack/ship
Financial data
ᎏsecurity
ᎏprivacy
ᎏintegration
ᎏbill presentation
Registration
ᎏproduct info
ᎏcommunity
ᎏpersonalisation
ᎏguided selling
Marketing
ᎏtargeting
ᎏposition
ᎏpartnerships
Site
interaction
Transaction
platforms
Order
fulfilment
Customer
service/support
Customer recruitment
and retention
BRANDING MATTERS MORE ONTHE INTERNET

the authors, you have been disap-
pointed when buying from some of the
well-known brands now trading on the
Internet, you will know that the basic
rules warrant reiteration.
A sound economic base for the
proposition
Sound economic basis
The demise of Boo.com, e-Toys
and letsbuyit.com has proved to
be a wake-up call to many
investors in the sector. In the case
of Boo.com a good idea on paper
was undermined by unrealistic
roll-out plans (eight languages in
18 countries), an overly com-
plex ordering process and poor
delivery. As with the off-line
world, it pays to test the concept
out in one area, and iron out the
service wrinkles before trying to
expand. There is a similar les-
son for letsbuyit.com, where the
fundamental lessons of a scale
threshold seem to have been
ignored.
This is the most basic rule of all. The
big question is can I provide something
better, cheaper or different online than
I could anywhere else? Even then,
being cheaper may give you a short-
term advantage but is not usually a
sustainable way to get growth and
profits.
Understanding how the Internet
will help you to deliver sustained
shareholder value (low-cost supply,
sophisticated customer management,
faster fulfilment, disintermediation,
are more transparent and very much
faster.
ARE THERE NEW RULES?
A growing realisation of the vital role
of brands on the Internet is leading
people to re-examine the approaches
they take to branding on the Internet.
Do we need completely new ways of
doing things, or are we in danger of
throwing the baby out with the bath
water? The answer to both questions is
‘yes’.
THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES STAY
THE SAME
Experience tells us that it is unwise to
pretend that you are starting with a
blank sheet of paper. While the In-
ternet is encouraging people to ‘break
the rules’,‘think out of the box’and
seek to make a ‘step change’,there
seems no valid reason why the logic of
commerce should disappear altogether.
Yet recent newspaper headlines would
suggest otherwise. Wiser voices have
recommended caution, but the new
gold rush fever has proved too great.
The recent correction in the market
suggests that the sceptics may have
been right.
In the authors’view,thisisbecause
the following rules of thumb must still
apply:
—have a sound economic base (and
a clear customer promise) for
developing an Internet proposition
—understand and have knowledge of
your consumers and customers
—decide what role the Internet is
going to play.
This is not rocket science. But if, like
398 䉷HENRY STEWART PUBLICATIONS 1350-231X BRAND MANAGEMENT VOL. 8, NO. 6, 394–404 JULY 2001
RUBINSTEIN AND GRIFFITHS

obvious, but we are dealing with a
technical world, where too often the
fascination is with a technological
capability rather than with meeting real
needs.
Many of the companies the authors
have worked with have organised
themselves around the technology
rather than around customer needs. For
example, a new start-up based on WAP
technology grouped its divisions
around the different types of technol-
ogy delivery rather than around
customers who would be signing up
for sports services or financial services.
Furthermore, once you have under-
stood the needs and dreams of your
customers, can you meet those needs
profitably? Understanding the correla-
tion between profitability and the
relationship value in your business will
help you to decide how far you can
realistically go. What are the key
indicators of lifetime value —length of
relationship/breadth of product take-
up/share of customer wallet? Are there
clear segments? Is the relationship
determined by speed or information or
geography? It is important to look at
the underlying causal relationship not
just the short-term effects, because
brand loyalty (unless you have first-
mover advantage coupled with first-
class customer service and fulfilment) is
pretty non-existent on the Internet.
Information provided by your users
will help you to identify and cherish
your best customers, enable you to
protect them from competitors and
encourage their loyalty.
Decide what role the Internet is going
to play in your company
The Internet is providing many com-
panies with a unique opportunity to
unique niche offering, for example) is
critical to this debate but so too is
understanding the ‘consumer promise’.
At base, great brands satisfy a human
need. If the service or product cannot
fulfil this basic promise then it will not
survive. In other words, the acid test is
still can I deliver something genuinely
different, more efficiently and effec-
tively than anyone else?
Understand and know your
consumers and customers
Know your customers
Another example of understand-
ing the customer base concerns
global brands. If you are global
then consumers will have global
expectations of you. The Gap is
one such brand. It has an excel-
lent website where you can or-
der from a good range of basic
clothes . . . if you live in the USA.
Yet customers in Europe are also
loyal to the brand. Compare this
with River Island, which stocks a
different range in the USA but
will happily mail these clothes to
people in the UK.
Again, this sounds like a truism, but it
is critical to the success of any
enterprise. Maintaining a profound and
intuitive insight into human nature and
values that goes beyond that of your
competitors will help to confer a
genuine sustainable advantage. You
need to research into emotional as well
as rational drivers. This means being
tuned in to the needs, wants and
dreams of your consumers. It sounds
䉷HENRY STEWART PUBLICATIONS 1350-231X BRAND MANAGEMENT VOL. 8, NO. 6, 394–404 JULY 2001 399
BRANDING MATTERS MORE ONTHE INTERNET

Delivering a consistent brand
experience
Branding the experience
It may be a mistake to view the
Web as just another distribution
channel. The Nike swoosh can be
seen everywhere, but when For-
rester Research surveyed their
website they found that it was
anything but a hot destination.
Why? The site was complex and
hard to navigate; the pictures
of sports stars took ages to
download. The content was not
offering a solution, but more
importantly it was not offering an
experience.
The prevailing wisdom used to be that
the consumer relationship was based on
the product alone, and we focused
on finding its USP and point of dif-
ference and ramming this home at
every opportunity. The product brand
was underpinned by the ability to get
distribution. A company that defines
itself around a product provided to an
ever-changing marketplace is generally
reactive and must redefine its business
every time a product changes or be-
comes obsolete (or it goes out of
business). Later we came to realise that
most brands had a service component
as well, and we had to ensure that the
level of customer service was commen-
surate with the brand promise. This
evolution was underpinned by the ad-
vent of call centres enabling contact to
be made on a mass scale.
Now the presence of brands on the
Webhasmeantthatwehavetobrand
the experience. Brands have to be
useful. They have to offer a solution
rethink their future. For some, the
Internet may be working merely as an
additional channel through which to
sell products or services, for others it
may represent a way of simplifying or
consolidating the supply chain. But
some companies are using it to move
them from what they are today to
where they want to be. It is enabling
them to refresh and reinvent the com-
pany and its image.
An excellent example of this is
Iceland, which saw the opportunities
opened up by the Internet to reposi-
tion the brand altogether. Iceland had
a reputation for being focused solely on
frozen foods and related products, and
hadanimagewhichwasdownmarket
and narrow. They have used the
Internet not merely as a new channel
through which to distribute their wares
but as an opportunity to revisit the
customer value proposition, alter their
consumer profile and revamp the
company’s image. Today, many more
people see Iceland as a pioneer in this
field and the new customer base is
more upmarket and will spend more
with them.
ONLINE BRAND SUCCESS FACTORS
This paper has discussed some of the
basic rules of branding which still seem
to apply online. But where are we
beginning to see some new ap-
proaches? There seem to be several
issues to reconsider:
—delivering a consistent brand ex-
perience
—integrating all the expressions of the
brand
—establishing brand awareness
—measuring every new initiative
against the brand.
400 䉷HENRY STEWART PUBLICATIONS 1350-231X BRAND MANAGEMENT VOL. 8, NO. 6, 394–404 JULY 2001
RUBINSTEIN AND GRIFFITHS

apparent queuing time. These tech-
niques reinforce the positive brand
values and contrast favourably with the
many other service companies which
have yet to understand this. There may
be no substitute for old-fashioned
human intervention when the cus-
tomer is stuck in a service loop, but the
‘call me’button provided by many
companies is a step in the right
direction.
Reinforcing brand values
Disney are adept at letting their
‘guests’know how long they will
be in a queue and delight them
with entertainment; Ticket master
have learned that they can exceed
customer expectations by telling
customers that they are 19th in
the queue and it will take ten
minutes, but in reality the cus-
tomer is answered within five
minutes. Is it possible for the
online experience to be similar?
Integrating the online and offline
experience through all expressions of
the brand
The Boden experience
When Boden first went on-
line orders increased massively.
Lead times became longer as
they struggled to keep up
with demand. The problem, it
transpired, was that they were
used to holding minimal stocks
and sizes. The managing director
wrote personally to every cus-
tomer to explain what had
to a problem, an experience and an
opportunity to interact. There is no
way you can provide a rewarding ex-
perience without regularly asking for
feedback.
The experience is the product. The
Internet enables you to dimensionalise
your brand by forcing you to create
interactive, immersive and dynamic ex-
periences for your customers. This im-
pacts on everything you offer, from the
navigational flow to the speed of your
site and the speed of fulfilment. This
evolution is underpinned by technol-
ogy.
Delivering a consistent brand ex-
perience is one of the cardinal rules of
branding, which is as true online as
offline.Butitismadeevenmore
important because of the transparent
nature of the e-value chain described
earlier.
As the lines between shopping and
relaxing at home between advertising
and entertainment begin to blur and
consumers become involved at every
stage, so brands become more about
the experience not the product. It is no
longer enough to communicate and
promote awareness of your name, as do
Ford, no longer enough to create an
image like Tango, nor is it enough to
differentiate by product capability and
specification, like Direct Line. On the
Net you have to orchestrate everything
you do to deliver a highly differen-
tiated and consistent positive ex-
perience. At the same time, the
Internet encourages customers to ex-
pect instant gratification without com-
promising quality, reliability and trust.
Companies in the leisure industry
with long experience of handling high
customer volumes have evolved simple
ways of always seeming to deliver on
their promise, such as minimising
䉷HENRY STEWART PUBLICATIONS 1350-231X BRAND MANAGEMENT VOL. 8, NO. 6, 394–404 JULY 2001 401
BRANDING MATTERS MORE ONTHE INTERNET

employees need to use with customers
have to be honed to give a good
account of the brand. Ensuring that the
brand promise and its implications are
widely understood and acted out
in every customer interaction is
paramount. The foundation for provid-
ing a positive brand experience is
getting the basics right: accessibility —
ease of contact, responsiveness, user
friendliness —and reliability —
delivering on the promise rationally
and emotionally.
Go beyond establishing brand
awareness (and accessibility)
In the latest round of dot.com start-ups
the emphasis seems to have been on
hyping the name to build awareness
ahead of a rush to the market. But a
well-recognised name is not the same
as a strong brand, and it is not a
guarantee of business success.
The example of lastminute.com
demonstrates this point clearly. A good
idea on paper, hyped to an extraordi-
nary degree through paid-for media
and collateral press comment, it was
undermined by a failure to understand
the economics of its proposition and
genuinely deliver the promise made.
happened and how they were
going to deal with it.
This rapid crisis management
appears to have retained the
loyal customer base, but also
demonstrates how selling on the
Net forced Boden to rethink their
operational strategy to reduce lead
times by moving to a bigger
warehouse and changing their
stock policy.
Physical, promotional and behavioural
manifestations of the brand need to be
coherent (Figure 4). While it may not
be possible to update all products,
processes and outlets to keep pace with
developments on the Internet, there is
a need to deliver the brand promise
clearly and consistently across all touch
points.
Service brand managers are well
acquainted with the difficulty of coor-
dinating multiple products across mul-
tiple touch points, but it is a new
challenge for FMCG brands beginning
to trade on the Net.
The skills and behaviours that
402 䉷HENRY STEWART PUBLICATIONS 1350-231X BRAND MANAGEMENT VOL. 8, NO. 6, 394–404 JULY 2001
Figure 4 Expressions of the brand
T he look of t he sit e The way the
cu s t omer ser vi ce
people answ er t he
phone
The speed at which
ar e del i ver
e
The ease of returns
T h e l ack of t echn i cal gl i t ch es
value-added ser vi ces
The use friendliness
The ease of returns
The look of the site
The way the
customer service
people answer
the telephone
The speed at which
packages
are delivered
Your company ᎏ
dot.com or otherwise
The navigability of the site
The user
friendliness
The value-added
services
The lack of
technical glitches
RUBINSTEIN AND GRIFFITHS

difficulty for start-ups is to return
to functional brand naming —choose a
name that is readily triggered (does
what it says on the can . ..). In addition,
make good use of third parties —
alliances, shared developments, e-
promotions —to add visibility and
salience to your offer, provided that
they fit with your brand.
Measuring every new initiative
against the brand
Online marketing really does give
marketing the opportunity to be ac-
countable. Any company should be
going online not just for presence but
for results, so it is critical that the
measures of success are agreed early
and up front. There are tools available,
so use them.
Like every other new
product/channel development, In-
ternet development requires careful
evaluation and planning, the setting of
robust targets and establishing
performance measures in sufficient
detail to be actionable.
e-CRM will enable you to find out
which of your customers are really
valuable to you. Eighty-four per cent
of online businesses do not follow up
their online customers and 75 per cent
do not recognise repeat customers. Yet
it is possible to know who goes to your
site, how often and what they do when
they get there. Making use of fast,
continuous customer feedback is a way
of increasing involvement and building
loyalty.
Measures of brand fit — The acid
test
One of the opportunities offered by the
Netistobeabletodevelopnew
A number of high-tech companies
have eschewed traditional advertising
in favour of slower-burn options —
influencing the influencers, ingredient
branding and word-of-mouth cam-
paigns through communities of inter-
est.
Slow-burn marketing
Nextweekend.com has had a
website registering consumer in-
terest since last autumn. They
have opted to go for a slow build,
generating curiosity, delivering
solutions and seeking customer
feedback to inform an ongoing
programme of product and
communication enhancement.
Companies are also beginning to
experiment with the way in which the
Internet allows them to develop a
dialogue with a segment of customers.
In particular, developments in the
software for electronic customer
relationship management (CRM) are
enabling companies to not only
understand but also influence customer
behaviour through relevant com-
munication at the right time with the
right offer. These companies are
learning that successful customer
communication is customer initiated
rather than company initiated. Once
again, we see the customer seizing
control.
It is therefore critical that you make
it very easy for customers to find you.
People generally know how to find
even relatively obscure items on the
high street or from Yellow Pages. On
the Web consumers tend to head for
brands they know and trust.
One way of side-stepping this
䉷HENRY STEWART PUBLICATIONS 1350-231X BRAND MANAGEMENT VOL. 8, NO. 6, 394–404 JULY 2001 403
BRANDING MATTERS MORE ONTHE INTERNET

It used to be thought that cor-
porate strategy was entirely separate
from the strategy developed for the
brand, but in fact they are entirely
interconnected. Because brands have
both meaning and real monetary value,
they impact on every aspect of the
business and its operations, and this
becomes even truer on the Web. The
whole experience for the consumer,
from navigating the site through all the
fulfilment and delivery, is visible and
says something about the trustworthi-
ness of your brand. In the past this
chain of activities occurred but was
largely hidden from the end user and
tended to occur relatively slowly. The
Internet is a radical shift, as not only is
the consumer actively involved in all
stages of the transaction, but also the
stages are transparent and happen fast.
Established companies with their big
advantages in visibility, recognition and
real estate can be huge beneficiaries of
the Internet and so can innovative
start-ups. The success factor is not
where you start from but how you
build and maintain your brand.
Despite all the myths, one reality
remains —the customer is still
at the heart of the business. In
the end, brands are for people.
Forget this fundamental truth at
your peril. Branding is also at the
heart of business strategy on the
Net. It is probably driving it. A
powerful brand promise ⫹consistent
delivery ⫽profitable business.
services and products at break-neck
speed. The new idea looks as if it will
deliver against financial performance
criteria, but is it right for the brand?
Be absolutely ruthless about not
doing things that do not add to the
brand, and stop things that detract
or distract from positive, managed
development.
There is real time and there is
Internet time
Big global strategic consultancies are
finding that their customers no longer
have time to develop a detailed
strategy for Internet activity. It has
become much more ‘seat of the pants
stuff’. Yes, you have to move quickly
to build a brand on the Net, but you
also have to live with the conse-
quences of the brand you build. As
this paper has demonstrated, customers
take the brand you create and develop
their own meanings —so you need
to be very sure that the basic brand
foundations you build are the right
ones.
BRANDING IS AT THE
HEART OF BUSINESS STRATEGY ON
THE NET
Branding is more than just a label. It is
an organising principle that can bring
cohesion to the diversity of a com-
pany’s activities and is central to the
ability to compete and survive.
404 䉷HENRY STEWART PUBLICATIONS 1350-231X BRAND MANAGEMENT VOL. 8, NO. 6, 394–404 JULY 2001
RUBINSTEIN AND GRIFFITHS

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