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Dietary Factors Influencing Magnesium Absorption in Humans
Abstract
Decreased Mg intake and low Mg status have been associated with a number ot major health concerns such as diabetes mellitus type II, coronary heart disease, and osteoporosis. While information on Mg-intake is available, relatively little is known on dietary factors influencing Mg bioavailability. While it is established that Mg absorption is based on a combination of a non-saturable and a saturable pathway, the nature of especially the latter mechahism is not well understood. Recently, stable isotopes have improved techniques available for the determination of Mg absorption from single test meals or supplements. Some inorganic Mg forms such as MgO seem of limited solubility in the intestine, suggesting low bioavailability. Recent studies have further added evidence that some commonly consumed dietary compounds, such as phytate and oxalate, can inhibit Mg absorption, presumably via complexation, preventing absorption from the small intestine. Phytate for example has been shown to decrease Mg absorption by up to 60%, in a dose dependent manner. On the other hand, fermentable dietary fibre, such is fructo-oligosaccharides, have been demonstrated to increase Mg absorption in humans by 10-25%, even though the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Future studies to investigate factors impacting Mg absorption are warranted.
... Successful propagation of Mg 2+ between enterocytes is facilitated by tight-junction proteins known as claudins, which are responsible for stripping Mg 2+ of its extensive hydration sphere [1,2]. The TP is responsible for the uptake of smaller magnesium loads (<125-250 mg); this is a result of the saturation of transient receptor potential channel melatstatin (TRPM 6 and TRPM 7), which facilitates removal of the magnesium hydration sphere, much like the claudins of the PPP [1,2,62,63]. At Mg 2+ loads greater than those manageable by the TP, the bulk of uptake is mediated by the PPP [62,63]. ...
... The TP is responsible for the uptake of smaller magnesium loads (<125-250 mg); this is a result of the saturation of transient receptor potential channel melatstatin (TRPM 6 and TRPM 7), which facilitates removal of the magnesium hydration sphere, much like the claudins of the PPP [1,2,62,63]. At Mg 2+ loads greater than those manageable by the TP, the bulk of uptake is mediated by the PPP [62,63]. ...
... The asterisk (*) represents the pKa of the first and second protons to be lost from the diacid sulfuric acid and the subsequent anion bisulfate, and the double asterisk (**) represents the pKa of the proton farthest from the backbone alcohol of the dicarboxylic acid malic acid. Organic magnesium complexes show greater appreciable solubility than the commonly used magnesium oxide supplement, and the amino acids of these ligands occupy active sites on magnesium, reducing complexation with phytates and other inhibitory substances that reduce mineral absorption [1,2,46,62]. Occupation of these sites may reduce hydration of the magnesium, which could reduce the frequently encountered problem of laxation, a common feature with simple magnesium salts [1,2,46,62]. ...
The coordination chemistry of magnesium (Mg2+) was extensively explored. More recently; magnesium; which plays a role in over 80% of metabolic functions and governs over 350 enzymatic processes; is becoming increasingly linked to chronic disease-predominantly due to magnesium deficiency (hypomagnesemia). Supplemental dietary magnesium utilizing biorelevant chelate ligands is a proven method for counteracting hypomagnesemia. However, the coordination chemistry of such bio-relevant magnesium complexes is yet to be extensively explored or elucidated. It is the aim of this review to comprehensively describe what is currently known about common bio-relevant magnesium complexes from the perspective of coordination chemistry.
... 마그네슘은 식물에서 엽록소를 이루는 구성성분 이다 (Willstätter, 1915). 인체로의 마그네슘 섭취량이 줄어들거나, 체내 마그네슘 양이 줄어들게 되면, 당뇨병, 심장 관상동맥질환 및 골다공증과 같은 질병의 발생이 높아진다 (Bohn, 2008). 이는 식물에서도 마찬가지로 마그네슘 흡수 량이 줄어들면 식물에서도 마그네슘 부족으로 인해 생명 활동에 큰 지장을 받게 된다. ...
... The interactions between some drugs and magnesium preparations affect the Mg 2+ homeostasis causing hypo-or hypermagnesaemia ( Condray et al. 2005, Lameris et al. 2012, Morais et al. 2017. Factors that reduce the absorption of Mg 2+ from the digestive tract are phosphates, oxalates, tannins and free fatty acids (Bohn 2008, SChuChardt, hahn 2017) Moreover, antibiotic therapy affects the reduction of Mg in the body (KostKa-trąbKa, Woroń 2011, Donnarumma et al. 2018. ...
... The negative effect of PA on bioavailability of Mg is not in any way exceptional. Inclusion of PA to foods has been shown to decrease Mg absorption in humans [44], and this may affect several of its metabolic functions. Although, the influence of PA on Mg absorption is determined by the quantity of Mg [45]. ...
Background & Aims: Inadequate knowledge and intake of a balance diet is a contributing factor of micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. Phytic acid contributes in inhibiting the bioavailability of some micronutrients. In spite of the anti-nutritional effect of phytic acid, it is known to exhibit some medicinal effects. This study investigated the medicinal significance of phytic acid as an indispensable anti-nutrient in diseases.
Methods: Relevant scientific literatures from the major databases such as Pubmed, Medline and Google Scholar. The keywords searched and reviewed in this study were phytic acid, anti-nutrients, minerals, diseases and plants.
Results: The published peer reviewed literatures searched showed that phytic acid, though an anti-nutrient, plays an indispensable role directly or indirectly in several disease conditions. It exhibits antioxidant function, a property that qualifies it to possess multiple medicinal values like: anti-diabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory properties to mention a few. Its chelating property affects the absorption and toxicities associated with essential and nonessential heavy metals, a scenario that could prevent neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson diseases and other related diseases.
Conclusion: The medicinal values of phytic acid outweighed its negative impact. Hence, there is critical need for developing countries to improve on the dietary pattern of its people in addition to nutrition education.
... Processing techniques, such as grain bleaching and vegetable cooking, can cause a loss of up to 80% of magnesium content [39]. Beverages, such as soft drinks, which contain high phosphoric acid, along with a low protein diet (<30 mg/day), and foods containing phytates, polyphenols and oxalic acid, such as rice and nuts, all contribute to magnesium deficiency due to their ability to bind magnesium to produce insoluble precipitates, thus negatively impacting magnesium availability and absorption [40][41][42][43]. Magnesium in drinking water contributes to about 10% of the ADI [44], however, increased use of softened/purified tap water can contribute to magnesium deficiency due to the filtering or complexation of the metal [45]. ...
Magnesium is a critical mineral in the human body and is involved in ~80% of known metabolic functions. It is currently estimated that 60% of adults do not achieve the average dietary intake (ADI) and 45% of Americans are magnesium deficient, a condition associated with disease states like hypertension, diabetes, and neurological disorders, to name a few. Magnesium deficiency can be attributed to common dietary practices, medications, and farming techniques, along with estimates that the mineral content of vegetables has declined by as much as 80–90% in the last 100 years. However, despite this mineral’s importance, it is poorly understood from several standpoints, not the least of which is its unique mechanism of absorption and sensitive compartmental handling in the body, making the determination of magnesium status difficult. The reliance on several popular sample assays has contributed to a great deal of confusion in the literature. This review will discuss causes of magnesium deficiency, absorption, handling, and compartmentalization in the body, highlighting the challenges this creates in determining magnesium status in both clinical and research settings.
... poor bioaccessibility). 26 In addition, following cellular uptake into the enterocyte, carotenoids may be further metabolized by beta-carotene oxygenases 1/2 (BCo1/2) to produce several apo-carotenoids. [27][28][29] These may then be re-esterified 30,31 prior to their further sequestration by chylomicrons, as is known for retinol, and later experience tissue distribution via low-density lipoproteins/high-density lipoproteins in particular. ...
Carotenoid dietary intake and tissue levels in humans have been correlated with reduced incidence of various chronic diseases. However, there is scant knowledge regarding their metabolic fate and the true bioactive constituents. In addition to host factors, including genetic alterations such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms, the bioavailability of carotenoids depends largely on bioaccessibility (i.e. the solubility in the gut, which can be influenced by food matrix constituents such as lipids and fiber). A large fraction of unabsorbed carotenoids is passed on to the colon and it is unknown whether carotenoids can be further taken up or whether a significant proportion is fermented to unknown metabolites. This is important, as studies indicate that polar metabolites and/or derivatives appear to be bioactive, interacting with transcription factors such as NF-B and Nrf2 and nuclear receptors such as RXR/RAR. While it is known that a fraction of carotenoids taken up by the enterocytes can be cleaved by beta-carotene oxygenases (BCO1/2) into apo-carotenoids, information about their further metabolism, biodistribution and excretion is scarce. In this chapter, a summary of current knowledge on factors influencing the fate of absorbed and non-absorbed carotenoids is attempted and health-relevant gaps in our understanding of their metabolism and degradation are highlighted.
Background: Makhana is generally used as a health promoting diet especially for weight loss and anti-aging effect. Identification and quantification of different biomolecules and their related acrivities in human cells are important. Methods: In this study, two varieties of makhana viz; Superior Selection-1 (SS-1) and Swarna Vaidehi have been selected for proximate compositions and nutrient components especially for anti-obesity bio-molecules by using standard methods. Result: The biochemical constituents of the SS-1 revealed moisture 12.38%, protein 11.02%, carbohydrates 73.50% and fat 0.45%. The minerals content of SS-1 were Ca2+ 149.18±1.68 mg/100 g, Mg2+ 20.0±0.81 mg/100g and S2+ 60.6±1.70 mg/100 g, which were higher than that of Swarna Vaidehi. The Swarna Vaidehi variety contained moisture 14.75%, protein 8.0%, carbohydrates 77.33% and fat 0.35%. The resistant starch, amylose of makhana ranged from 17.0±0.83 (SS-1) to 18.6±0.57% (Swarna Vaidehi). The free amino acids like glutamic acid, tyrosine, alanine, lysine, leucine were commonly found in both the varieties. In addition, the amino acids arginine and histidine content in SS-1 were 12.10±0.24 g/100 g p and 2.70±0.25 g/100 g p, respectively, whereas Swarna Vaidehi possessed 10.70±0.33 g/100 g p and 3.10±0.18 g/100 p, respectively. The amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine of SS-1 were 2.70±0.41 g/100 g p and 5.88±0.49 g/100 g p as compared to Swarna Vaidehi (0.44±0.09 g/100 g p and 80±0.25 g/100 g p).
The consumption of plant foods has been encouraged to cover a high proportion of the diet due to their health benefits. However, the occurrence of anti-nutrients in plant foods, especially soluble oxalate, is often neglected. High intake of soluble oxalate from the diet can increase the risk of kidney stone formation as well as mineral deficiency and restriction of dietary oxalate is the only way to reduce urinary oxalate. This review discussed the existing knowledge on effects of food processing on oxalate contents in plant foods. Leaching, fermentation and cooking with calcium sources could be considered as the most efficient methods to reduce soluble oxalate. Time, temperature and properties of the food (pH, fibre and fat contents, and preparation methods) are the major factors determining the treatment efficiency for oxalate reduction. Pulsed electric field, ultrasonication and enzymatic treatments have been proven as potential methods to diminish oxalates.
Background:
Clinical trials have demonstrated magnesium supplements to be effective for prophylactic treatment of migraine. Dietary magnesium intake of many Americans is known to be below nutritional recommendations, but typical magnesium intake from dietary sources in adults with migraine has not previously been evaluated.
Objective:
This study aimed to quantify dietary and total (diet + supplement) magnesium consumption of adults with migraine or severe headache in the United States, and to investigate the relationship between magnesium consumption levels and prevalence of migraine or severe headache.
Methods:
This analysis included cross-sectional data from 3626 participants, 20- to 50-years old in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2001 and 2004. Presence of migraine or severe headache in the past 3 months was determined by questionnaire. Individuals responding affirmatively were classified as having migraine, and individuals reporting not experiencing migraine or severe headache were classified as controls. Dietary magnesium intake was determined from a 24-hour recall interview, supplemental magnesium intake was determined from the dietary supplements interview, and total magnesium intake was the sum of dietary and supplement intake.
Results:
Mean dietary consumption of magnesium was below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for both migraine (n = 905) and control groups (n = 2721). Attainment of the RDA through a combination of diet and supplements was associated with lower adjusted odds of migraine (odds ratio [OR] = 0.83, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] = 0.70, 0.99, p = 0.035). Magnesium consumption in the highest quartile (Q) was associated with lower odds of migraine than in the lowest Q for both dietary (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.63, 0.92, p = 0.006) and total (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.62, 0.99, p = 0.042) magnesium intake in adjusted models.
Conclusion:
These results suggest inadequate consumption of magnesium intake is associated with migraine in U.S. adults ages 20-50. Further prospective investigations are warranted to evaluate the role of dietary magnesium intake on migraine.
The main dietary sources of polyphenols are reviewed, and the daily intake is calculated for a given diet containing some common fruits, vegetables and beverages. Phenolic acids account for about one third of the total intake and flavonoids account for the remaining two thirds. The most abundant flavonoids in the diet are flavanols (catechins plus proanthocyanidins), anthocyanins and their oxidation products. The main polyphenol dietary sources are fruit and beverages (fruit juice, wine, tea, coffee, chocolate and beer) and, to a lesser extent vegetables, dry legumes and cereals. The total intake is ∼1 g/d. Large uncertainties remain due to the lack of comprehensive data on the content of some of the main polyphenol classes in food. Bioavailability studies in humans are discussed. The maximum concentration in plasma rarely exceeds 1 μM after the consumption of 10–100 mg of a single phenolic compound. However, the total plasma phenol concentration is probably higher due to the presence of metabolites formed in the body's tissues or by the colonic microflora. These metabolites are still largely unknown and not accounted for. Both chemical and biochemical factors that affect the absorption and metabolism of polyphenols are reviewed, with particular emphasis on flavonoid glycosides. A better understanding of these factors is essential to explain the large variations in bioavailability observed among polyphenols and among individuals.
The effect of fermentation on colonic absorption of Ca and Mg was investigated in 8-week-old rats adapted to diets containing either digestible wheat starch (DS diets) or including resistant starch, i.e. 350 g raw potato starch/kg (RS diets). The dietary Ca level of the DS and RS diets was 2·5 or 7·5 g/kg. RS diets resulted in enlargements of the caecum together with hypertrophy of the caecal wall. Acidification of the caecal contents by mictobial fermentation of RS was influenced by the dietary Ca level. Very acidic pH conditions and relatively low concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, in the presence of lactic acid fermentation, were observed with the 2·5 g Ca/kg level. Rats fed on RS diets had a bhigher pencentage of soluble Ca (and inorganic phosphate) in the caecum, particularly of rats adapted to the high Ca level. As a result of the hypertrophy of the caecal wall and of an elevated concentration of soluble Cas, the caecal absorption of Ca was 5-6 fold higher in the RS groups than in the DS groups. The difference between dietary intakle and faecal excretion (DI-FE) of Ca was higher in rats fed on RS diets than in those fed on DS diets, when the dietary Ca level was 2·5 g/kg. With the higher Ca intake the elevated rate of Ca absorption from the caecum in RS-fed rats was not paralleled by an enhanced DI-EE difference: this suggests a shift of the Ca absorption towards the large intestine. Feeding Rs diets also enhanced Mg caecal absorption, resulting in the substatntially higher DI-FE difference for Mg, especially with the 2·5 g Ca/kg diets, because a high Ca intake tends to inhibit Mg absorption. The present findings support the view that the large intestine may represent a major site of Ca (and Mg) absorption when acidic fermentations take place. This process could improve the digestive Ca balance when the dietary Ca supply is low; when the Ca supply is affluent, it rather shits Ca absorption towards a more distal site fo the digestive tract.
The biological mechanisms by which carotenoids could protect the human eye against degenerative conditions of aging such as cataract and macular degene- ration are described in chapter 22 (1). In the present chapter, epidemiologic evidence to evaluate a protective influence on these common eye conditions of aging and on other adult eye diseases is discussed. Epidemiology provides perspective about whether the influence of carotenoids on eye pathology can be generalized from the short term conditions used in experiments in culture dishes and in animals to longer time periods in people under a variety of environ- mental conditions and genetic make-ups. Further, results of epidemiologic studies form the basis to predict how important these influences are likely to be, relative to other general lifestyle or diet factors that influence disease risk. Evidence from both clinical trials and observations in large populations will be discussed.
Background: Naturally occurring plant sterol esters (SEs) favorably affect serum cholesterol concentrations in humans and could aid in the treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).
Objective: We studied the effect of SE-enriched spread on serum lipids, lipoproteins, carotenoids, fat-soluble vitamins, and physiologic variables in children with FH aged 7–12 y.
Design: In a randomized, double-blind crossover study comprising two 8-wk interventions, 38 children with FH consumed 18.2 ± 1.5 g SE spread/d, corresponding to 1.60 ± 0.13 g SEs, or a control spread. Blood samples were analyzed at the start and end of each diet period.
Results: Plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations decreased by 10.2% (P = 0.003) during the SE period compared with the control period. Total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B concentrations were reduced by 7.4% (P = 0.007 and P = 0.020, respectively) during the SE period. No changes were observed in HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, or apolipoprotein A-I. Serum concentration of lipid-adjusted lycopene decreased by 8.1% (P = 0.015) in the SE period, with no changes in the other carotenoids. Lipid-adjusted retinol and α-tocopherol concentrations increased by 15.6% (P < 0.001) and 7.1% (P = 0.027), respectively. There was an increase (16.8%, P = 0.04) in alanine transaminase in the SE period, but this was explained by a significantly lower starting concentration in the SE period than in the control period. The children consumed a recommended American Heart Association Step I diet during both intervention periods.
Conclusion: A daily intake of 1.6 g SEs induces an additional reduction in LDL-cholesterol concentrations in children with FH consuming a recommended diet.
Lutein may be protective against diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). At present, data regarding bioavailability of lutein from various sources are insufficient. Healthy men (n = 10) participated in an intervention study with a crossover design. After a 2-wk washout period during which they consumed a low-carotenoid diet, the men were administered 1 of 4 lutein doses (lutein supplement, lutein ester supplement, spinach, and lutein-enriched egg) for 9 d. All lutein doses provided 6 mg lutein except for the lutein ester dose, which provided 5.5 mg lutein equivalents. Serum samples were collected from fasting subjects on d –14, 1 (baseline), 2, 3, and 10 and analyzed for changes in lutein concentration. Triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRL) were separated from postprandial blood samples (0–24 h) after the first lutein dose and analyzed for lutein concentration. Subjects completed all 4 treatments of the study in random order. Results from repeated-measures 1-way ANOVA showed that the baseline and dose-adjusted lutein response in serum was significantly higher after egg consumption than after lutein, lutein ester, and spinach consumption on d 10. There was no significant difference in TRL response. In conclusion, the lutein bioavailability from egg is higher than that from other sources such as lutein, lutein ester supplements, and spinach. The lutein bioavailability from lutein, lutein ester supplements, and spinach did not differ. This finding may have implications for dietary recommendations that may decrease the risk of certain diseases, e.g., ARMD.
During a 20 day period of high fiber consumption in the form of bread made partly from wheaten wholemeal, two men developed negative balances of calcium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus due to increased fecal excretion of each element. The fecal losses correlated closely with fecal dry matter and phosphorus. Fecal dry matter, in turn, was directly proportional to fecal fiber excretion. Balances of nitrogen remained positive. Mineral elements were well-utilized by the same subjects during a 20 day period of white bread consumption.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of the effects of the nonabsorbable fat analogue sucrose polyester (SPE; 12.4 g/d) on plasma concentrations of five different carotenoids and vitamin E in 21 volunteers, and a double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel comparison study in 53 subjects of the effect of 3 g SPE/d on plasma concentrations of two different carotenoids were undertaken. SPE-containing margarine added to the main meal was used. SPE (12.4 g/d) reduced plasma of beta-carotene concentrations by 0.13 mumol/L (34%, P = 0.0001) and concentrations of lycopene by 0.14 mumol/L (52%, P = 0.0001). Smaller but significant reductions were found for plasma concentrations of beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamin E. SPE (3 g/d) reduced plasma concentrations of beta-carotene by 0.094 mumol/L (20% P = 0.0001) and concentrations of lycopene by 0.12 mumol/L (38%, P = 0.0001). Even at low doses, SPE strongly reduces plasma carotenoid concentrations. This finding merits careful consideration in assessing the long-term health effects of SPE-containing consumer foods.