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Love Types and Subjective Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Study
Abstract
This cross-cultural research explored the relationship between Hatfield & Rapson's (1993) love types and subjective well-being. College students from an individualistic culture (USA) and a collectivist culture (Korea) completed the Passionate Love Scale (PLS; Hatfield & Rapson), the Companionate Love Scale (CLS; Sternberg, 1986), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Pivot & Diener, 1993), and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS; Watson, Clarke, & Tellegen, 1988). It was found that two love types are related to subjective well-being in a different way: life satisfaction was more strongly predicted by companionate love than by passionate love, whereas positive and negative emotions were more accounted for by passionate love than by companionate love. No culture and gender difference was found in this overall relationship, but gender difference was found in the extent of the association between companionate love and satisfaction with life, and between passionate love and emotional experiences, respectively.
... It is typically more reciprocal, liking and respect. Therefore, it is assumed that in companionate love, people feel more satisfaction than in passionate love when other variables are equal (Kim & Hatfield, 2004). ...
... Love is considered critical to subjective well-being. In many studies it has been revealed that love is an important predictor of happiness, life satisfaction and positive emotions (freeman, 1978;Myers, 1992;Kim & Hatfield, 2004;Simpson et al., 2007;Tamini et al., 2011). Love is a feeling that is especially expressed by the people involved in romantic relationships and is considered along with a number of other factors such as intimacy, commitment and affection, one of the most significant components for a satisfying relationship. ...
... It is believed that various acts such as kissing, sex,emotional contacts andcompanionships contribute to subjective well-being (Ross, Mirowsky & Goldsteen, 1990;Kim & Hatfield, 2004;Tamini et al., 2011). Moreso, Cruces, Hawrylak and Delegido (2015) found that love influence subjective well-being and increased the level of our self-confidence, self-concept and self-esteem. ...
... At best, it will pave the way for a deeper kind of love, the love that lasts: companionate love. Companionate love is characterized by a much calmer emotional state, an acquired intimacy, understanding, and trust between the lovers (Wang and Nguyen 1995;Hatfield and Rapson 1996;Kim and Hatfield 2004). Though less intense, companionate love "is a warm feeling of affection and tenderness that people feel for those with whom their lives are deeply connected" (Kim and Hatfield 2004, 175). ...
... It is closely associated with friendship and involves shared values, strong and deep attachment, feelings of comfort, and a long-term commitment. It develops over a long period of time and can last for years, even a lifetime (Contreras, Hendrick, and Hendrick 1986;Hendrick, Hendrick, and Adler 1988;Hatfield and Rapson 1996;Kim and Hatfield 2004). ...
... For example, social norms elaborate on what sort of beloved is appropriate (not a child, a nonhuman animal, and, in not so distant past, not someone of the same sex), how love feelings should be experienced (deeply, intensely), expressed (romantic words and gestures, intimacy), and acted upon (attending to the beloved's needs, self-sacrifice). The social narratives of romantic love have changed over time and differ across societies (Mesquita and Frijda 1992;Kim and Hatfield 2004;Singer 2009a). To the extent that they determine reasons of love, they are not exclusively moral reasons even though they might have the appearance of being moral because of their rigidity. ...
It has been argued that romantic love is an intrinsically moral phenomenon-a phenomenon that is directly connected to morality. The connection is elucidated in terms of reasons for love, and reasons of love. It is said that romantic love is a response to moral reasons-the moral qualities of the beloved. Additionally, the reasons that love produces are also moral in nature. Since romantic love is a response to moral qualities and a source of moral motivation, it is itself moral. This chapter aims to cast doubt on both these claims. By employing the model of emotional rationality it shows that a moralistic fallacy is committed when reasons for love are construed as moral. Reasons of love are also not essentially moral but rather of both moral and nonmoral kinds. Reasons of love are in part determined by cultural narratives and norms pertaining to love. Romantic love is not moral in nature. Morality is extrinsic to love.
... H2. Od Aristotela do danas održava se snažan stereotip da je ljubav važnija ženama nego muškarcima i da je one češće i intenzivnije doživljavaju nego muškarci (Pher, 2013). No o tom su pitanju istraživački rezultati nejasni: prema nekima češće se i intenzivnije zaljubljuju žene (Grote i Frieze, 1994), prema drugima muškarci (Kim i Hatfield, 2004). Tu vjerojatno valja uzeti u obzir niz posredničkih varijabli, od kojih je najvažnija kultura. ...
... Zbog specifičnosti našega sociokulturnog okruženja, višestrukosti ženske uloge i veće opterećenosti žene u braku, postavili smo hipotezu 2: U braku žene doživljavaju manje strasti, manje intimnosti i manje privrženosti partneru od svojih muževa. Mnoga su istraživanja općenito uočila razlike između žena i muškaraca u ljubavi i načinu voljenja: muškarci se češće zaljubljuju (Hendrick i Hendrick, 1995), i to osobito na strastven način (Dion i Dion, 1993;Kim i Hatfield, 2004); ljubav je važnija ženama nego muškarcima (Hendrick i Hendrick, 1995); žene se čvršće vežu za partnera i sklonije su idealiziranju partnera (Aron i sur., 2008). Tipičan način voljenja za muškarce jest ludus ili igra, dok je kod žena češći eros (Sprecher i Toro-Morn, 2002), storge i pragma (Hendrick i Hendrick, 1995). ...
This study was conducted to determine the predictors of marital love. Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love (1986) is used as a starting point. Accordingly, a theoretical model that consists of four groups of level 1 predictor variables and a group of level 2 variables is used. The dependent variables in the model include the three dimensions of love: Passion, Intimacy, and Commitment. The research was conducted among 884 married couples from different parts of Croatia. The results show that married women are less passionate and that marriage partners' passion in marriage is greater at the beginning of the marriage without children and when there is a mutual physical attraction between partners. Married women report less intimacy while greater marital intimacy was present in marriages where there is greater partner support. Unlike passion, the experience of intimacy does not vary at different marital stages. Women show less commitment and partners' commitment to marriage is greater when there is greater emotional stability of both partners, greater mutual physical attraction, and partner support. At the end of the paper, limitations on making firmer conclusions based only on the present study are emphasized.
... De igual forma, se ha encontrado que las expresiones de amor pueden variar de una sociedad a otra, ya que, por ejemplo, el amor de compañía -que enfatiza el compromiso-, es típico en las sociedades colectivistas, mientras que el amor apasionado es más apreciado en las sociedades individualistas (Kim & Hatfield, 2004). También, algunos autores sostienen que existe un impacto transcultural en la conceptualización del amor debido a la influencia de la globalización cultural y los medios internacionales como la televisión, las películas y la Internet (Vera, 2017). ...
... Ahora bien, la relevancia de este estudio se basa en el hecho de que, dentro del marco peruano, solo es posible encontrar la ETAS de 45 ítems validada (Ventura-León & Caycho-Rodríguez, 2016), además de que el estudio que hace la validación no considera el enfoque de ecuaciones estructurales. Incluso, teniendo en cuenta que la validación de la ETAS en parejas peruanas jóvenes y adultas ciertamente brinda información relevante sobre el fenómeno del amor y su interrelación con otras variables -como la satisfacción (Lemieux & Hale, 2000), la conducta sexual (Martínez & Rodas, 2008) o las emociones positivas y negativas (Kim & Hatfield, 2004)-, evaluar la IF de la ETAS-R tendría implicaciones importantes para comprender las diferencias de amor entre hombres y mujeres; sin embargo, solo unos pocos estudios han abordado, por separado, las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres que usan la ETAS (Collins et al., 1999;Ha et al., 2010;Lemieux & Hale, 2000;Seiffge-Krenke, 2003), en los cuales se afirma que los hombres demuestran niveles más altos de pasión, niveles más bajos de intimidad y niveles similares de compromiso con respecto a las mujeres, aunque estas diferencias podrían no ser significativas (Gao, 2001;Ha et al., 2010) debido a la ausencia de evidencia de IF -lo que puede conducir a una interpretación errónea de los resultados asociados con las diferencias entre los subgrupos- (Cheung & Rensvold, 2002). ...
This study aims to adapt, provide evidence of validity, analyze the invariance across gender, and estimate the reliability of the reduced version of the Sternberg's Triangular Love Scale (STLS-R). The sample size comprises 988 Peruvians (748 females and 240 males), who had been in a relationship for at least one month, and whose ages ranged from16 to 54 years old (M=21.29; SD=3.91). Before the statistical analysis, the semantic equivalence was tested through the translation-back translation method. The results indicate that the three-dimensional STLS-R model present satisfactory goodness-of-fit in the data (χ2 (87) = 177.14; χ2/df =2.04; CFI =.99; RMSEA=.03 [.02, .04]; SRMR = .03) which is invariant with respect to gender, and show acceptable reliability regarding intimacy (ω = .91), commitment (ω = .93) and passion (ω = .86). The overall results offer sufficient valid evidence and suggest that the scale can be used in further studies. However, its effectiveness should still be tested in different regions of Peru.
... In addition, expressions of love can vary from one society to another. For instance, companionate love, which stressed commitment, is typical in collectivist societies while passionate love is highly regarded in individualistic societies (Kim & Hatfield, 2004). On the other hand, some authors argue that there is a transcultural impact in the conceptualization of love due to the influence of cultural globalization and international media such as television, films, and Internet (Vera, 2017). ...
... The relevance of this study relies on the fact that within the Peruvian framework, only a 45-item STLS (Ventura-León & Caycho-Rodríguez, 2016) has been validated and it did not consider the structural equation approach. In addition, the validation of a reduced love scale in young and adult Peruvian couples certainly shed some light on the love phenomenon and its interrelation with other variables such as satisfaction (Lemieux & Hale, 2000), sexual conduct (Martínez & Rodas, 2008) or positive and negative emotions (Kim & Hatfield, 2004). Furthermore, evaluating the FI of STLS-R has important implications for understanding love differences between men and women. ...
This study aims to adapt, provide evidence of validity, analyze the invariance across gender, and estimate the reliability of the reduced version of the Sternberg's Triangular Love Scale (STLS-R). The sample size comprises 988 Peruvians (748 females and 240 males), who had been in a relationship for at least one month, and whose ages ranged from16 to 54 years old (M=21.29; SD=3.91). Before the statistical analysis, the semantic equivalence was tested through the translation-back translation method. The results indicate that the three-dimensional STLS-R model present satisfactory goodness-of-fit in the data (χ2 (87) = 177.14; χ2/df =2.04; CFI =.99; RMSEA=.03 [.02, .04]; SRMR = .03) which is invariant with respect to gender, and show acceptable reliability regarding intimacy (ω = .91), commitment (ω = .93) and passion (ω = .86). The overall results offer sufficient valid evidence and suggest that the scale can be used in further studies. However, its effectiveness should still be tested in different regions of Peru.
... Theoretical and empirical advancements have engendered the move from a unidimensional (Hatfield & Rapson, 1990;Sternberg, 1986), to a dualistic (Philippe et al., 2017;Vallerand et al., 2003), and finally to a Triadic Model of Sexual Passion (Busby et al., 2019a, b). In a well-researched field, Sternberg (1986Sternberg ( , 1988 and Hatfield (e.g., Hatfield & Rapson, 1990Kim & Hatfield, 2004) have conceptualized passion as an obsessive, emotionally driven, longing for a partner. This ongoing line of work conceptualizing passion in this manner has value. ...
... It may lead to acting on the intense urge to engage in sexual activity, not worrying about whether the passion is in harmony with other aspects of life. Philippe et al. (2017Philippe et al. ( , 2019 critiqued the focus on a unidimensional (e.g., Hatfield & Rapson, 1990Kim & Hatfield, 2004;Sternberg, 1986Sternberg, , 1988, manic, obsessive passion. They criticized the focus on passion primarily controlling the individual and suggested the value of research on how to control the sexual passion. ...
Harmonious, obsessive, and inhibited sexual passion comprise the Triadic Model of Sexual Passion. Research has shown that together they play an important role in sexual and relationship satisfaction. Little is known, however, about the factors that predict the likelihood of having these types of passion expression. Using a Mechanical Turk sample of 1414 individuals, we estimated structural equation models to evaluate how relationship factors (i.e., relationship length, sexual desire, sexual drive) and individual factors (i.e., attachment style, childhood abuse, personality) predict the three constructs from the Triadic Model of Sexual Passion. In general, those with higher sexual desire, secure attachment, no childhood abuse, and low impulsivity and shyness were most likely to report optimal sexual passion (higher harmonious, lower inhibited, and lower obsessive sexual passion). By better understanding how these factors predict sexual passion expression, couples may have an increased likelihood of experiencing harmonious sexual passion in their sexual relationships.
... Despite its importance, Psychology did not pay attention until the 70s, when the first theories about love were developed (Cassepp-Borges & Martins, 2009). Since then, the study of love in a relationship has been a widely discussed topic in Psychology, possibly because of the influence this variable has on other fundamental aspects of a person, such as: Satisfaction with life, selfesteem, psychological and physical health, satisfaction with the relationship (Acevedo & Aron, 2009;Dietch, 1978;Kim & Hatfield, 2004;Lemieux & Hale, 2000). Obviously, interest in this subject of study has encouraged researchers to develop valid and reliable instruments to measure it. ...
... These results coincide with those of other authors who already found a relationship between love, satisfaction with life, psychological health and satisfaction with the relationship (Acevedo & Aron, 2009;Dietch, 1978;Kim & Hatfield, 2004;Lemieux & Hale, 2000). Previously, a relationship has also been found between the measure of love of TLS and Eros and Agape of LAS (Hendrick & Hendrick, 1986), which would justify the relationship between our scale (QPRS) and these measures. ...
One of the most widely used measures for evaluating love is the Triangular Love Scale (TLS) by Sternberg (1986) based on his Triarchic theory according to which, love is comprised of three reasonably independent components (intimacy, passion and commitment). However, different investigations contradict this idea. The purpose of the present investigation is to verify whether the structure of love is triarchic, with three independent factors, or monarchical-hierarchical, with a first level where the three components of love would be located, and a second higher level where they would be grouped together in a general factor of love. In order to do this, in addition to the use of the TLS scale, another equivalent called Quality Partner Relationship Scale (QPRS) was developed to test the stability of the results found, and to propose a measure of love based on the Sternberg components, but simpler and without problems of overlap between items. To test this question, we used a sample of 610 people matched by sex, age and social class, all of whom were partnered at the time of the evaluation. Confirmatory Factor Analyses were used to test the research objective, something that had not been done so far, and it was found that the structure that best fitted the data was monarchical-hierarchical in the case of the TLS as well as in the one of the QPRS. We can then state that love is structured around a general factor in which the three components are grouped: Intimacy, passion and commitment.
... He suggests that correctly understanding both partners' stories helps a couple to decide what needs and expectations cause the difficulties (25). Some gender differences are also reported in relation to the types of love; therefore, Dion and Dion believed that love in males is more passionate than females and females are comradelier than males (32). According to the approach of the Sternberg love story, people begin to make love stories since their birth, which forms their expectations of romance in adulthood. ...
... In all questions, except question six, the higher the score of the individual, the higher is his/her marital satisfaction. This measure has convergent and divergent validities (15,32). Funk and Rogge (39) reported Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.98 for the form with 32 questions; in another study, to examine internal consistency, the data of 16 couples were studied and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.96 was obtained. ...
... Indicators of life satisfaction and happiness as a proxy of subjective well-being are frequently used interchangeably, since both measures seem to be highly correlated and influenced by similar factors (Clark & Senik, 2011). Nevertheless, the evidence also exists that they present distinct concepts (Diener & Lucas, 2000;Kim & Hatfield, 2004;Peiró, 2006) and should be measured separately as two dimensions of subjective well-being. ...
... According to some authors (Clark & Senik, 2011), happiness and life satisfaction are strongly correlated. Others argue that while the first is based on individual emotions, the second refers to the cognitive, i.e. rational, evaluation of life (Diener & Lucas, 2000;Hamplová, 2006;Kim & Hatfield, 2004). In this article we will therefore deal with the two aforementioned phenomena and their relationship with crime related factors such as victimization and fear of crime. ...
Subjective well-being is usually studied with respect to marital and occupational status, income or subjective health. Conversely, research examining the relationship between this phenomenon and crime related factors is still relatively limited. This study therefore aims to extent the current knowledge in this area. Using data from the fifth wave of the European Social Survey for the Czech Republic, in which 2386 respondents participated, we conduct a hierarchical regression analysis to find out to what extent victimization experience and fear of crime influence life satisfaction and happiness of Czechs. The results of the analysis reveal a direct relationship between fear of crime and subjective well-being. On the contrary, victimization affects life satisfaction and happiness indirectly via the fear of crime. Surprisingly, a decrease in life satisfaction is greater for fearful men than fearful women, whereas there are no gender differences regarding the fear of crime – happiness link.
... Thus, it is interesting to explore how love can be experienced at older stages in our lives, what meanings and actions are associated with it, what are the factors that play a role for satisfactory romantic relations, how do such relationships shape our development and what can we do to foster fulfilling romantic relations? Love is relevant for enduring romantic relationships and was also associated with mental and physical health (Fehr, 2001;Kim & Hatfield, 2004). Thus, giving and receiving love and having fulfilled romantic relationships can represent sources of development in midlife and older age. ...
Our love relationships define us as individuals and shape our personal growth across the lifespan in all developmental domains (i.e. cognitive, emotional, physical, social, personality). Love relations evolve across the later stages of life as the individuals within a couple change. In this chapter, I will focus on romantic relationships and their impact on individual development in midlife and older age. First, I will discuss definitions of love and marital satisfaction, theories that explain love and what instruments were developed to measure love and fulfilled romantic relations. Second, I will examine what middle-aged and older people think about love and relationships and what are the positive and negative characteristics of romantic relationships in midlife and older age. In this context, I will discuss the potentials and pitfalls of the empty nest syndrome, grey divorces and bereavement. Third, I will analyse the relation between romantic relationships and personal development in all life domains. Finally, I will reflect on how positive psychology principles and developmental resources can be applied to help middle-aged and older individuals to achieve their desired relationships as well as foster their developmental potential.
... While it is argued that monogamy has no monopoly on health, happiness, sexual or marital satisfaction (Cox et al., 2021), choosing a long-term romantic partner is a major decision because it affects a person's life in many ways (Atari et al., 2020). Proper mate choices are found to be associated with mental health (Waynforth, 2007), social attitude (Alford et al., 2011), and subjective well-being (Kim and Hatfield, 2004). Studying mate selection has become not only an intrinsically fascinating topic but also an important theme to address the dramatic cultural evolution of human mating strategy (Buss and Schmitt, 2019). ...
There are universal sex differences in mate preferences. Mostly, women will prioritize greater financial prospects, but men will emphasize physical attractiveness. However, we know little about whether these preferences remain stable in adolescence and early adulthood. The study examines whether these universal differences between men and women in mate preferences can be found in Bangladesh and whether these differences are constant among adolescents and early adults. An online survey was conducted by using a structured close-ended questionnaire to collect data from males and females who were aged no more than 30, yet to be married, had at least a secondary education, and belonged to any religious faith. A total of 2017 people, 1059 males and 958 females, participated in the survey. Independent Samples t-tests were estimated to compare the mean scores of the traits of interest, while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions to outline the possible factors that affect mate preferences. The results show that women of Bangladesh prioritize greater financial prospects, whereas men emphasize traits related to fertility and reproduction. However, unlike the universal trend, having a similar religious background is among the top-two priorities of both males and females. Factor-wise differentiation indicates that, compared with males, females emphasize attachment and sociability. In addition, adolescent females put greater emphasis on refinement and neatness, mutual attraction-love, and desire for home and children than early adult females. Compared with adolescent males, early adult males were found emphasizing more on having kind and understanding mates. Therefore, results support universal sex differences, but religion, culturally-defined gender roles, and social environment also affect mate preferences; sometimes people require making some trade-offs between preferences depending on the sociocultural context.
... It reflected that romantic love has different interpretations with diverse definitions. Therefore, social scientists (Kim & Hatfield, 2004;Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 2015) are still struggling with the definition of romantic love. For example, according to Horney (1967) it is disillusionment. ...
The current research was carried out to explore the perception, experience, and assessment of romantic love in relation to temperament and attachment styles among adults in Lahore, Pakistan. Results indicated that the media portray the spirit of romantic love in a classic way while its contemporary perception and experience have changed with the passage of time. There exist multiple similarities and differences in the portrayal of romantic love in fiction (idealistic/fantasy), empirical evidence (realistic/facts), and from classic to contemporary (time & place). Attachment styles and patterns of temperament have a significant positive relationship with the perception of romantic love. Implications of the study were discussed in light of Pakistan’s cultural context.
Keywords: Romantic love, passionate love, temperament, loneliness, attachment, Romeo & Juliet, Waris Shah.
... For instance, love is a positive emotion that makes people want to draw close to, care for, and connect romantically with beloved others (Shaver et al., 1996). Moreover, love is generally seen as good for well-being (Kim & Hatfield, 2004;Oravecz et al., 2020). However, when love's action tendency is blocked (e.g., after an unexpected breakup), greater love should actually be associated with diminished well-being. ...
Uncertainty about the future often leads to worries about what the future will bring, which can have negative consequences for health and well-being. However, if worry can act as a motivator to promote efforts to prevent undesirable future outcomes, those negative consequences of worry may be mitigated. In this article, we apply a novel model of uncertainty, worry, and perceived control to predict psychological and physical well-being among four samples collected in China (Study 1; during the early COVID-19 outbreak in China) and the United States (Studies 2-4, during 4 weeks in May 2020, 4 weeks in November 2020, and cross-sectionally between April and November 2020). Grounded in the feeling-is-for-doing approach to emotions, we hypothesized (and found) that uncertainty about one's COVID-19 risk would predict greater worry about the virus and one's risk of contracting it, and that greater worry would in turn predict poorer well-being. We also hypothesized, and found somewhat mixed evidence, that perceptions of control over 1's COVID-19 risk moderated the relationship between worry and well-being such that worry was related to diminished well-being when people felt they lacked control over their risk for contracting the virus. This study is one of the first to demonstrate an indirect path from uncertainty to well-being via worry and to demonstrate the role of control in moderating whether uncertainty and worry manifest in poor well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
... The love and jealousy involved in affective relationships could also influence perceptions of infidelity. For example, Kim and Hatfield (2004) highlighted that, in individualistic cultures, it is common for people to consider love as the most important factor in marriage. However, in collectivist cultures, it is common for people to marry considering other factors, such as family, social, and financial interests. ...
The Perceptions of Dating Infidelity Scale (PDIS) assesses how people perceive infidelity through specific behaviors. Originally developed by Wilson et al. (2011), it contains 12 items distributed into three factors: (1) ambiguous, (2) deceptive, and (3) explicit behaviors. In the present research, translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the PDIS in Brazilian Portuguese were performed. First, qualitative analyses took place: translation, translation synthesis, content validation, pre-test, and reverse translation. Then, quantitative analyses were conducted: psychometric parameter tests with confirmatory factor analysis and reliability. A total of 252 participants were recruited, 160 of whom were female (63.5%). The results indicated consistent PDIS adequacy (conceptual and idiomatic equivalences); satisfactory content validity coefficients regarding language clarity, practical pertinence, and theoretical relevance; and an almost perfect level of consensus regarding the theoretical dimension. The application of the pre-test was proven to be a good parameter for estimating the comprehension of the instrument in the culture for which it was intended. Confirmatory factor analysis showed good indices of adjustment quality of the tested trifactorial model (three factors being identified with ambiguous, deceptive, and explicit behaviors). Therefore, the structure indicated in the original version was corroborated and the instrument's reliability confirmed. The Brazilian Portuguese PDIS is a useful tool for evaluating infidelity perceptions in the Brazilian culture.
... Each type of love has an important role in a successful marriage and may account for different relationship and well-being qualities. For example, passionate love more strongly predicts positive and negative affect, while companionate love more strongly predicts life satisfaction (Kim & Hatfield, 2004). Hendrick, Dicke, and Hendrick (1988) found that passionate and companionate love are both positively related to relationship satisfaction. ...
Social relationships are one of the most important facets of well-being and one of the strongest links with both physical and psychological health. Romantic relationships specifically may have a particularly intense impact on well-being due to heightened emotions and cognitions within these close relationships. Prior research has identified the importance of romantic relationships and relationship status for well-being and psychological adjustment, yet less has considered the specific qualities that play a role in this link. I will consider the specific relationship qualities that may particularly benefit or damage well-being. Intimate relationships become increasingly important as individuals transition from dating in adolescence, cohabitating in emerging adulthood, and ultimately marriage in adulthood. I review the extensive literature on the benefits of healthy romantic relationships on well-being, highlighting how each influences the other during different developmental stages of relationships from initiation to dissolution adjustment. I also point to the increasing diversity of understudied romantic experiences (i.e., online, casual, polyamory, arranged versus self-selecting marriages, sexual minority) and highlight important unanswered questions this proliferation leaves open. Future directions for further understanding the unique role of romantic experiences in its association with well-being will be discussed.
... Just as some sociocultural differences have been identified in couple relationships, the degree of happiness associated with these relationships also varies (Kim & Hatfield, 2004). The enormous changes in affective-emotional relationships in Europe and the United States have been accompanied by decreased marital happiness and satisfaction within the couple (Fincham & Beach, 2010), particularly among groups with low socio-educational levels and minority ethnic groups, as reflected by findings that these groups have the lowest satisfaction scores (Glenn, 2005). ...
Love and relationships are sociocultural constructions that, in recent times, have experienced great changes in terms of type of relationship, type of love and happiness of the couple. Few studies have analysed the love relationships immigrant population in Europe. This study aims to explore the differences and similarities in love styles between Spaniards and Moroccan immigrants, the country’s largest foreign population, and analyse the relationship between these styles and level of couple happiness. This cross-sectional study disseminated a survey to young adults between the ages of 18 and 40 in southern Spain. Of those who received the survey, 574 young adults responded, of which 182 were of Moroccan origin and 392 were Spanish. The results indicated that there are sociocultural and gender differences in the types of relationships young adults maintain and in the agents that facilitate romantic socialisation. The Spaniards describe less stable relationships, more influenced by several agents, while the Moroccans demonstrated more stability in relationships, more influenced by family and religion. In accordance with Sternberg love components, different types of love were recognised. Spanish women are the group most value love in their lives, rated higher in couple happiness, and gave special importance to intimacy (but not to commitment and passion). Moroccan women followed models of love closer to Sternberg's romantic love, giving importance to commitment, intimacy and passion. Spanish men were similar to Moroccan men regarding their type of love, although they were the only ones that included commitment as a predictor of happiness. This study reveals that the importance of an intersectional approach to analyse love and couples.
... Romantic or passionate love is an intense emotional state typical of the beginning of romantic relationships, marked by profound feelings of attraction and commitment, as well as by obsessive characteristics, such as a jealous dependence and intrusive thoughts about the partner (48,61). Some researches point to an association between romantic love, mental health and overall well-being and quality of life (48,62), as well as with both marital and life satisfaction (63,64). Moreover, if we exclude the obsessional aspects of early-stage love, it seems to be correlated with relationship satisfaction even in long-term relationships, suggesting that passionate love might be important not only in the formation but also in the maintenance phases of a relationship (48). ...
Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) figures among the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite having opposite stereotypes, both ADHD and ASD compromise, though in different ways, skills such as social interactions, communication skills, and social thinking, which may underlie difficulties in romantic relationships.
Methods: We evaluated 306 adults about their romantic relationships and the intensity of their love. Participants were from one of four groups:, individuals with ASD-only traits, a group with symptoms of ADHD-only, participants with neither ADHD nor ASD symptoms (control) or from a fourth group of individuals with both ADHD and ASD traits.
Results: The ASD traits group had fewer married people and more people who have never been married, while the rate of divorce was higher in the ADHD traits group. Regarding the intensity of love, the mean scores of the ADHD and the ADHD+ASD traits groups were higher in the Passionate Love Scale than the mean score of the control group. Passionate love in the ASD group was no different from the other groups. Small positive correlations were found between passionate love and ADHD and ASD behavioral problems.
Conclusion: Marital status was distinct depending on symptoms of a neurodevelopmental disorder in adulthood. Also, ADHD and ASD symptoms were associated with greater passionate love. Therefore, ADHD and ASD behavioral dimensions may impact long-term and short-term experiences of a person's relationship with a significant other in distinct ways. Understanding how people with neurodevelopmental disorders experience love might help us to better clarify the mechanisms associated with their relationship patterns.
... Romantic passion is also associated with greater relationship satisfaction, commitment, and reduced rates of infidelity Tsapelas et al., 2009). Similarly, satisfaction with life, positive emotions, and health outcomes tend to be higher among those passionately in love (Kim & Hatfield, 2004;Traupmann & Hatfield, 1981). Unfortunately, despite the myriad of benefits associated with romantic passion and cultural importance placed on it, romantic passion is especially fragile and difficult to maintain compared with other elements of relationship quality (e.g., commitment, intimacy), with a normative tendency to rapidly and continuously decline after the first few years of a relationship (Acker & Davis, 1992;Carswell et al., 2019;Traupmann & Hatfield, 1981;Tucker & Aron, 1993). ...
Romantic passion represents one of the most fragile and elusive elements of relationship quality but one that is increasingly valued and tied to relationship and individual well-being. We provide the first examination of whether experiencing personal self-expansion-positive self-change and personal growth without a romantic partner-is a critical predictor of passion. Previous research has almost exclusively examined the consequences of couples' sharing novel experiences (i.e., relational self-expansion) on romantic relationships. Instead, the consequences of personal self-expansion for romantic relationships remain largely unexamined even though most positive self-growth may occur without a romantic partner (e.g., at work). We investigated the consequences of personal self-expansion for passion in three studies including two 21-day experience sampling studies of community couples and a study in a context likely to elicit heightened personal self-expansion: during job relocation. Within-person increases in daily personal self-expansion were associated with greater passion through greater positive emotions (Studies 1 and 2). In contrast, high between-person levels of personal self-expansion were associated with lower passion through lower levels of intimacy, suggesting that individuals may drift apart from their partners with more chronic personal self-expansion (Studies 1, 2, and 3). That is, consistently growing outside of the relationship in ways that are not shared with a romantic partner may reduce feelings of closeness and connection, and ultimately passion. Results also suggest that chronic personal self-expansion may be a double-edged sword for individual well-being, simultaneously associated with lower passion, but greater fulfillment of competence needs. Results controlled for relational self-expansion and time together. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
... for PA and NA, respectively. As suggested by Kim and Hatfield (2004), the negative emotion scores of the PANAS score for each participant are reversed and then positive emotions are added to these scores. Thus, positive and negative emotion scores were combined into one dimension to reflect the overall emotional impact of the experience. ...
Due to varying tourist motivations and needs, involvement in new experiences has different individual consequences. This paper examines the predictive relationship between memorable tourism experience (MTE), meaning in life (MIL) and subjective well-being (SWB). It further investigates whether meaning in life mediates memorable tourism experience’s influence on subjective well-being. The study design was cross-sectional, with data collected from 283 tourists visiting Cappadocia, Turkey. Although all variables were positively correlated, SEM analyses revealed that meaning in life mediated the association of memorable tourism experience with life satisfaction but not positive affect. These findings are discussed considering the role of meaning in life in the link between dimensions of MTE and SWB.
... (a) Nationality; Firstly, the self-love notion was found to be universal across different cultures, in line with previous research on romantic love (Jankowiak & Fischer, 1992). However, other academics (e.g., Stone, 1988) found differences in how different cultural groups view love (Kim & Hatfield, 2004) and subjective well-being (Diener & Lucas, 2000). (b) Gender; Even though a gender difference was found in the first study, no gender discrepancies were found in the second study. ...
Tourists nowadays do not travel only to experience a destination or visit attractions at different destinations, but also to find, explore, change and/or create their ‘self’ or fill their higher self needs. The present research constitutes a first attempt to explore the novel concept of self-love in tourism and examine which types of tourists develop this type of love. Two separate qualitative efforts were undertaken to gather primary data from tourists. The findings reveal that self-love is a higher self-need and a multi-item construct. Furthermore, results show that individuals from different cultures who are generally older, highly educated, of high monthly income, and mainly singles tend to develop self-love emotions at destinations and are repeat visitors to them. Hence, the present research opens up a new research area in affective attunements and certainly adds up to the discourse of an emotional birth of constructive values that is apparently rather absent in tourism literature. The proposed self-love framework could be useful for tourism providers in order to develop more meaningful, transformational or/and emotional experiences that better fulfil the self needs of tourists. Managerial targeted strategies are suggested for tourism experts in order to satisfy the self-lovers inner needs, as well as strengthen their loyalty programs, which could focus on intrinsic motives and sophisticated rewards that require ongoing (intellectual) interaction. Finally, new directions for further research have emerged.
... And the commitment scores increased from casually dating couples to married couples. A cross cultural research by Kim, J., & Hatfield, E. (2004) studied the relationship between love types (Hatfield and Rapson's ) and subjective well-being. It was conducted on college students from an individualistic culture (USA) and a collectivist culture (korea). ...
Love is a universal phenomenon defined by multiple scholars and psychologists in multiple ways. Sternberg (1998) has intellectualized love in terms of three basic components namely intimacy, passion and commitment. The intimacy component is mostly emotional or sentimental in nature and involves feelings of warmth, closeness, and connection in the love relationship. The passion component comprises of the motivations that are intertwined in physical attraction and sexual consummation. The commitment component is largely rational and denotes both the short-term decision that one individual loves another and the longer term commitment to sustain that love. This paper aims to compare the components of love among males and females. For comparing the dimensions love among males and females Sternberg's Triangular Love Scale (STLS) was used. The study was conducted on a sample of 60 students with an age range of 16-25 out of which 30 are males and 30 are females. The interpretation was discussed with reference to available literature and research. Index Terms-Three components of love ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
... Companionate love is defined as sympathy and tenderness towards people with whom our lives are related. This kind of love is characterized by a very close friendship, sympathy, respect, mutual concern, and attraction (Fehr 2006;Rapson 1987, 1996;Kim and Hatfield 2004). Another conception of love formulated by Lee Hendrick 1986, 2006) distinguishes six types of love, by reference to the Hellenic ideals of Eros, Storge, Ludus, Pragma, Mania, and Agape. ...
Love has been thoroughly studied and a variety of definitions as well as types of love have been described in the literature. Given the data presenting natural language of love concept, the aim of the two present studies is to demonstrate a new technique which enables description of the structure of emotion concepts within love spectrum. This technique is based on emotional verbal fluency tasks. The procedure and the coding system used are reported in the article along with the data on reliability and standardization of the emotional verbal fluency technique. Construct validity is demonstrated by correlations of the emotional verbal fluency tasks with semantic and letter verbal fluency tasks, while discriminant validity is shown by correlations with other measures, such as the Triangular Love Scale, the Love Attitudes Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The article also presents how the emotional verbal fluency technique can be used in exploring the structure of emotion concepts within love spectrum. This is based on a hierarchical cluster analysis. An examination of connections between semantic clusters identified in the emotional verbal fluency tasks allows describing a structure of the concepts within love spectrum, such as liking, infatuation, love, and show of its differentiation. The presented technique taking into account natural language is of value in assessments of the structure of emotion concepts.
... More specifically, research suggests that passionate love, romantic attraction, and sexual desire serve to assist in the initiation of relationships and face a time course constraint, such that decreases in these constructs occur over time as the relationship becomes more committed and established (see Gonzaga et al., 2006). Compared to passionate love, romantic attraction, and sexual desire, companionate love is much more stable, develops over time, and typically persists over time (Hatfield, 1985;Hatfield & Sprecher, 1986;Kim & Hatfield, 2004). Companionate love is characterized by intimacy and commitment and is correlated with relationship satisfaction in the long term (Acevedo, & Aron, 2009). ...
Polyamory is the practice of having multiple emotionally close relationships that may or may not be sexual. Research concerning polyamory has just begun to determine how relationships among partners in polyamorous arrangements may vary. Most of the research assessing perceptions of polyamorous partners has focused on primary–secondary configurations; however, non-hierarchical configurations exist and can involve having multiple primary partners or having only non-primary partners. The current research is the first to examine perceptions of partners and relationship quality in various polyamorous configurations and compares results for each configuration to monogamous partners. Results from online convenience samples suggest that co-primary and non-primary configurations are common among polyamorous participants, with approximately 38% identifying with one of these configurations in 2013 and 55% in 2017. Furthermore, our results suggest that while relationships with partners in co-primary and non-primary structures still differ in some ways (e.g., investment, acceptance, secrecy, time spent having sex), they are closer to their ideals on several psychologically meaningful indicators of relationship quality (e.g., commitment and satisfaction). In other words, despite rejecting hierarchical primary–secondary labels, many of the same relationship qualities differ systematically among partners in non-hierarchical relationships. Furthermore, pseudo-primary partners and primary partners in these relationships are more comparable to monogamous partners than they are to secondary partners. We discuss how these results inform our understanding of polyamorous and monogamous relationships and suggest future directions based on these findings.
... Životná spokojnosť predstavuje subjektívny proces, v ktorom jednotlivci hodnotia svoj život na základe vlastných subjektívnych kritérií (Pavot, Diener, 1993). Kim, Hatfield (2004) poukazujú na rozdiel medzi životnou spokojnosťou, ktorú vzťahujú ku kognitívnemu hodnoteniu vlastného života a šťastím, ktoré vyplýva z prítomnosti pozitívnych emócii a neprítomnosti emócii negatívnych. Podľa Georgeovej (1981) je životná spokojnosť výsledkom zhody medzi plánovanými životnými cieľmi a skutočnými životnými výsledkami. ...
The ability to adapt is one of the key competences in today´s rapidly changing world. The article deals with the relationship between career adaptability and satisfaction with life in employed adults. The research sample consisted of 187 participants (Mage = 42), ranged from 20 to 60 years. Two measurement tools were administered: Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (Fahrenberg, Myrtek, Schumacher, Brãhler, 2001), and Career Adapt-Abilities Scale, CAAS-International Version 2.0 (Savickas, Porfeli, 2012). Results indicate that career adaptability significantly correlates with life satisfaction in employed adults. Employed people in early adulthood scored higher in career adaptability than people in later stages of adulthood. On contrary, employed people in late adulthood are more satisfied with their lives.
... In contrast to the number of cross-cultural findings on selfcompassion, little has been revealed about cross-cultural variations in compassion for others. One study has reported that compassionate love for one's partner was related to subjective well-being and positive affect in both the USA and South Korea-in other words, across two societies with differing dominant cultural self-construals (Kim and Hatfield 2004). Furthermore, it is possible that people in an interdependent culture tend to feel happier caring about other members in the culture than those in an independent one. ...
Research has shown that self-compassion can improve individual well-being in many cultures; however, little research has examined cultural differences regarding compassion for others and individual well-being. Cross-cultural research has indicated that interdependent happiness and taijin kyofusho (TKS) (other-focused social anxiety) are aspects of well-being and psychopathology, respectively, related to interdependent (i.e., collectivistic) cultures such as Japan. First, we hypothesized that self-compassion would foster greater positive affect and satisfaction with life and less negative affect and social anxiety in the USA than in Japan. Our second hypothesis was that compassion for others would be associated with greater interdependent happiness, and with less TKS symptoms, in Japan compared with the USA. Through a web-based survey of Japanese and American adults, we found that self-compassion was related to positive and negative affect, social anxiety disorder and TKS symptoms, and well-being in both countries. Compassion for others was found to be associated with increased positive affect and decreased TKS symptoms across both cultures. Simple slope tests revealed that self-compassion had a stronger relation with positive affect among US adults than their Japanese counterparts, whereas compassion for others was related to interdependent happiness only in Japan. These findings suggest that the link between compassion, well-being, and psychopathology might be universal, although the effects of the two types of compassion have different patterns between the two cultures.
... More specifically, research suggests that passionate love, romantic attraction, and sexual desire serve to assist in the initiation of relationships, and face a time course constraint, such that decreases in these constructs occur over time as the relationship becomes more committed and established (see Gonzaga et al., 2006). Compared to passionate love, romantic attraction, and sexual desire, companionate love is much more stable, develops over time, and typically persists over time (Hatfield, 1985;Hatfield & Sprecher, 1986;Kim & Hatfield, 2004). Companionate love is characterized by intimacy and commitment and is correlated with relationship satisfaction in the long term (Acevedo, & Aron, 2009). ...
Polyamory is the practice of having multiple emotionally-close relationships that may or may not be sexual. Research concerning polyamory has just begun to determine how relationships among partners in polyamorous arrangements may vary. Most of the research assessing perceptions of polyamorous partners has focused on primary-secondary configurations; however, non-hierarchical configurations exist, and can involve having multiple primary partners or having only non-primary partners. The current research is the first to examine perceptions of partners and relationship quality in various polyamorous configurations and compares results for each configuration to monogamous partners. Results from online convenience samples suggest that co-primary and non-primary configurations are common among polyamorous participants, with approximately 38% identifying with one of these configurations in 2013, and 55% in 2017. Furthermore, our results suggest that while relationships with partners in co-primary and non-primary structures still differ in some ways (e.g., investment, acceptance, secrecy, time spent having sex), they are closer to their ideals on several psychologically meaningful indicators of relationship quality (e.g., commitment and satisfaction). In other words, despite rejecting hierarchical primary-secondary labels, many of the same relationship qualities differ systematically among partners in non-hierarchical relationships. Furthermore, pseudo-primary partners and primary partners in these relationships are more comparable to monogamous partners than they are to secondary partners. We discuss how these results inform our understanding of polyamorous and monogamous relationships and suggest future directions based on these findings.
Keywords: polyamory; consensual non-monogamy; monogamy; primary status; relationship quality
... y of companionate love (they used Sternberg's intimacy and commitment / decision subscales). Regardless how long students had been in America, these various ethnic groups seemed to love with equal passion. No gender differences were secured in this sample. Men and women of all these ethnic groups scored alike on the companionate love scale as well.Kim and Hatfield (2004) found similar results when they compared the effect of passionate and companionate love on subjective well-being in Korean and American subjects. These societies were chosen for study becauseAmerica represents an individualistic culture and Korea is typical of a collectivist culture. Multiple regression analyses indicated that in both c ...
The main goal of this thesis is to explore the romantic feelings of passionate love widely defined as a state of longing with another. This construct is generally considered to be a universal experience strongly associated with sexual arousal and capable of having a strong effect in emotional, cognitive and behavioral dimensions. The main goal of this project is to provide further evidence about the contention that although subjective experiences of passionate love are culturally and contextually determinate, people all over the world present the same symptoms of passionate love with the same intensity when they consider being in love. Plus, the influences of passionate love on cognitive processes were tested in other studies. A total of 1000 college students participated in 4 different studies. The Passionate Love Scale (PLS) was administrated on Brazilian and French subjects in order to explore their evaluation of passionate love through cognitive, emotional and behavioral components. The social representations of these same groups about passionate love were explored with a structural analysis of word associations. Cognitive processes were tested through one study about the relationship between passionate love and sensory experience and another one about the effect of passionate love in creative productions. The results found with the PLS indicated the same psychometric properties in France and in Brazil. In both cases, the factorial analysis indicated one stronger dimension with high internal consistencies. Subjects in love seemed to love with equal passion in both cultures but gender differences were found in Brazil. The analysis of the word association revealed contextual, cultural and gender differences. Passionate love had a positive effect in low cognitive processes (physical attraction and sensory experience) but no effect in high cognitive tasks (divergent and convergent thinking). The results of these different studies are presented and discussed in the light of cross-cultural, neuropsychological and evolutionary perspectives on romantic love. Passionate love might be experienced in a number of ways but its manifestation is universally the same. It is concluded that passionate love might be mainly a biological phenomenon with minor cultural variations directed to insure reproductive success in our species.
... If the successful management of disorienting dilemmas and conflicting meaning schemes is achieved, Wade (1998, 717) posits that the ultimate result of this dynamic process is "absolute love"-in this collection's Preface, Hanne Viken describes the true experience of heroism and wellbeing at the edge of fear and love in her personal account as a refugee-crisis volunteer. The experience of love (for another, one's work, oneself), as discussed, has been positively associated with feelings of happiness and the height of wellbeing (Al-Janabi, Flynn, and Coast 2012; Rath and Harter 2010; Kim and Hatfield 2004;Rose 2014), with happiness considered by some to be a more accurate measure of societal wellbeing than the current GDP (Easterlin 2016). ...
In this concluding chapter to the edited collection, Heroism and Wellbeing in the 21st Century: Applied and Emerging Perspectives, we attempt to map the key findings from our book onto the established global wellbeing indicators. We will do this by (a) applying the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) domains and indicators for wellbeing to these key learnings, including the World Health Organization’s (WHO) (Five) Wellbeing Index (1998 version); (b) outlining core properties that make heroism distinct in contributing to the development of more integrated measures of wellbeing; and (c) developing a preliminary definition of “heroic wellbeing,” its domains and indicators based on the previous two sections, and discussing how these findings can contribute to the measurement of wellbeing.
... If the successful management of disorienting dilemmas and conflicting meaning schemes is achieved, Wade (1998, 717) posits that the ultimate result of this dynamic process is "absolute love"-in this collection's Preface, Hanne Viken describes the true experience of heroism and wellbeing at the edge of fear and love in her personal account as a refugee-crisis volunteer. The experience of love (for another, one's work, oneself), as discussed, has been positively associated with feelings of happiness and the height of wellbeing (Al-Janabi, Flynn, and Coast 2012; Rath and Harter 2010; Kim and Hatfield 2004;Rose 2014), with happiness considered by some to be a more accurate measure of societal wellbeing than the current GDP (Easterlin 2016). ...
In this concluding chapter to the edited collection, Heroism and Wellbeing in the 21st Century: Applied and Emerging Perspectives, we attempt to map the key findings from our book onto the established global wellbeing indicators. We will do this by (a) applying the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) domains and indicators for wellbeing to these key learnings, including the World Health Organization’s (WHO) (Five) Wellbeing Index (1998 version); (b) outlining core properties that make heroism distinct in contributing to the development of more integrated measures of wellbeing; and (c) developing a preliminary definition of “heroic wellbeing,” its domains and indicators based on the previous two sections, and discussing how these findings can contribute to the measurement of wellbeing.
Marital quality typologies have been the subject of many studies in Western psychology, and dimensions of marital quality have been associated with various positive life outcomes. However, marital quality in the context of a collectivist culture, where marriage could have a different quality, has not been explored extensively. This study aimed to classify marital quality among Javanese people, one of the largest groups representing collectivist culture in Indonesia. Using data collected online from participants in five regions in Java ( N = 889), we conducted a cluster analysis based on a two-dimensional marital quality scale (relationship and well-being). Three types of marital quality emerged from the analysis, namely, flourishing, functional, and surviving marriages. The flourishing type was the most positive marital quality indicator. Participants belonging to this type reported better relationship quality and well-being compared to the other two types.
Family and community risk and protective factors associated with alcohol abuse are examined within two tribes through mixed-methods research. Qualitative findings revealed love as an important component of family resilience, expressed through verbal affection, physical affection, and frequent rituals of love and affection within families. Participants also noted generational changes in expressions of love, with younger generations being more expressive, which was confirmed in quantitative findings showing family resilience in one’s upbringing was lower than in one’s current family. Quantitative findings also show family resilience protects against the risk factor of alcohol abuse, with higher family resilience in both family of upbringing and current family associated with decreased alcohol abuse symptoms, and indications that family resilience in current family mediates the impact of family resilience during upbringing on alcohol abuse (Portions of this chapter published in McKinley, C. E., & Miller Scarnato, J. (2020). What’s love got to do with it? “Love,” family resilience, and alcohol use among U.S. Indigenous peoples: Aligning research with real-world experiences. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 30(1/2). (Advance online publication). Copyright © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.).
The balanced life is a state of equally moderate-to-high levels of satisfaction in important and multiple life domains that contribute to overall life satisfaction. This book strives to improve the reader's understanding of what the balanced life is, and how it can be both achieved and maintained. Its primary goal is therefore to identify the major principles of life balance, and to introduce a comprehensive construct of the balanced life reflective of these principles. It discusses how life balance substantially contributes to subjective well-being – defined as life satisfaction, a preponderance of positive over negative feelings, and absence of ill-being – and explores strategies to attain life balance. It argues that achieving life balance, through manipulating one's thoughts and taking concrete action, will lead to increased personal happiness. Aimed at professional, academic, and lay audiences, this book is grounded in scientific studies related to work-life balance and the balanced life.
This chapter “Models of passionate and affectionate love” describes these two models comprehensively, in a consolidated way. Basic components of passionate model are considered in cross-cultural perspective, demonstrating its ubiquitous nature and cultural variety. The chapter also highlights affectionate and muted models of love, which are less visible in modern scholarship, yet widely present in the older centuries and in many modern societies.KeywordsConcept of passionPassion of loveFunctions of passionConcept of affectionAffection of loveUbiquitous passion of love across culturesPassionate love as a cultural ideaAffectionate love as a cultural ideaPassion as a cultural ideaPassion as an experienceExpression of passionExpressive passionMuted passion
In the article a problem of modelling of standards of living is presented. The standards of living problem is described for real data set about 17 member states of European Monetary Union. It focuses on the quality of life and economic prosperity of the country. Models of Quality of life index, Prosperity index and Complete Standard of Living were proposed and analysed on the basis of cluster analysis algorithm TwoStep. Models were realised in SPSS Clementine.
Recently, there has been growing interest in crime-related determinants of subjective well-being (SWB). The existing findings are, however, rather contradictory. The relationship between the aforementioned phenomena is most often examined using cross-sectional data, although it seems their development over time might be interlinked. Moreover, only limited attempts have been made to address the multidimensionality of SWB. Using a pseudo-panel analysis of eight bi-annual waves of the European Social Survey (ESS) consisting of 24 European countries, we examined the relationship between changes in two SWB dimensions–life satisfaction and happiness–and crime-related factors, i.e. victimization experience and feeling of safety, over time. The data showed that both victimization and feeling of safety are important determinants of SWB, although different patterns in the relationship between SWB dimensions and the crime-related factors were revealed.
The author wrote this book in an attempt to address a wide audience, ranging from experts in the area of tourism, to students and tourism/hospitality practitioners. The author merges findings from empirical studies with instances from the tourism/hospitality sector, covering different types of hotels, restaurants, airlines, museums, national parks and theme parks. The author uses contemporary cases drawn from the international scene.
A more philosophical approach to tourism can help all of us understand that there is more to life than taking advantage of the natural environment, customers, employees, or hosts, for the sake of profiteering or self-indulgence. Therefore, the acquisition and channelling of certain rudiments and notions such as philanthropy are deemed crucial at a personal, organisational and societal level. The cultivation and circulation of virtues such as love, kindness, patience and charity in tourism are of the utmost importance if organisations are to be associated by their guests with terms such as 'anthropocentric', 'extraordinary', 'unexpected', 'quality' and 'satisfaction'.
The author hopes to cast light on the rather perplexing and multifaceted nature of tourism in order to help practitioners, students of tourism/hospitality, and general tourism bibliophiles truly to become 'friends of (tourism) wisdom' ('philosophy' literally meaning love of wisdom).
The education of children and young people is at the core of teachers' work. Student success, enthusiasm, and commitment of teachers. It is well known that teachers are the most important in contributing to student success, satisfaction and achievement. Employee wellbeing is an important factor in quality, performance and productivity. In the current educational environment, where schools are trying to increase student ability with a diminishing budget, teacher wellbeing may be overlooked as a 'nice to have' rather than as essential. Secondary and Higher Secondary school teachers are builder of the nation like a farmer cultivating crops from seeds. Wellbeing refers to the subjective feeling of happiness in respect to ones physical, psychological, social and cultural experiences. Wellbeing is the essential condition that helps Secondary and Higher Secondary school teachers to direct their effect towards fulfilment of national goal. There is a reason to believe that all teachers do not have adequate feeling of wellbeing. There for this study surveyed the level of subjective wellbeing of 121 Secondary and Higher Secondary school teachers (both male and female) employed in govt aided schools in Kolkata using GWBS.
Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengeksplorasi makna cinta, bentuk ekspresi cinta dan kata yang paling mewakili ketika mendengar kata cinta diucapkan pada remaja di Sulawesi Selatan. Pertanyaan terbuka yang diberikan kepada remaja dikodekan ke dalam beberapa tema dengan melakukan analisis isi pada data yang terkumpul dari 312 remaja. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan program Nvivo. Deskripsi makna cinta menurut remaja meliputi: gairah, keintiman (kasih sayang, perhatian, percaya, melindungi), komitmen (pengorbanan, ketulusan), hubungan resiprokal (saling suka, menghargai, memiliki, bekerja sama), konsekuensi positif (bahagia, nyaman, harapan, motivasi hidup, menjadi lebih baik), anugerah dari Tuhan (bukan hubungan romantis), kenangan, sesuatu yang abstrak, serta menimbulkan perasaan skeptis dan negatif. Bentuk ekspresi cinta meliputi: memberi perhatian, mengingatkan, menghargai, menjaga, mendoakan, menjalankan perintah Tuhan dan orang tua. Lima kata yang paling mewakili kata cinta adalah: sayang, bahagia, kasih, setia dan tulus. Pemahaman terhadap makna cinta dan ekspresinya dapat menjadi program prevensi untuk menurunkan risiko timbulnya masalah psikologis, sosial dan kesehatan fisik akibat hubungan romantis remaja.
We used two experience sampling studies to examine whether close romantic partners’ feelings of love and perceived partner responsiveness are better predicted by their actual emotional similarity or by their perceived emotional similarity. Study 1 revealed that the more partners were emotionally similar, the more they perceived their partner as responsive. This effect was mediated by perceived similarity, indicating that emotional similarity had to be detected in order to exert an effect. Further, when people overperceived their emotional similarities, they also reported more perceived partner responsiveness. Study 2 replicated these findings, by revealing similar effects for actual and perceived similarity on the love people reported to feel toward their partner. Implications for understanding the factors that predict feelings of love and responsiveness in close relationships are discussed.
This chapter represents the common assumption that love should be a joyful and powerful experience, inspiring pursuit for happiness. This is why love is a so desirable dream for many men and women. Yet, specific cultural beliefs reflect on this experience. The chapter also presents cross-cultural research of happiness and well-being, the experience of empowerments and emotional fulfilment in love. The concept of fun and playful love from interdisciplinary perspective is discussed, and the empirical studies of ludus construct across countries are reviewed. The chapter reviews the variety of experience and expression of joy, well-being, happiness, and emotional fulfilment in love, the methods and measures, which researchers employed to study those, and the results that they obtained in their studies. The chapter describes in detail (1) the research designs, (2) methods, (3) instruments and measures, (4) samples (including their location, sample size, and other details), and (5) the data and results of studies (including descriptive statistics, such as means and size of correlations). The details of descriptive statistics help readers understand what the differences in the means for cultural samples are, what is the size of correlations, and other statistics. These details allow readers to make independent judgments about reliability and validity of results.
The phenomenon of globalization which transformed many situations in our daily lives with the
development of new media technologies since 1970’s up to this day, has also provided the globalization
of culture because it made the consumption of media contents possible by the people of different
countries. The Korean Wave (Hallyu) which started spreading around the world with its television
dramas in the 2000s was thought to be a means to make a local culture popular at first, however it was
made of some media content that reproduced the Western values. Although it was thought that the reason
why Turkish youth mostly loved these Korean dramas is the shared historical memories of the two
countries, but actually the hidden reason that made these dramas attractive for the Turkish audience is
the embracement of the Western values that are imbued in almost the whole people in the world. In this
context, this article will discuss the relationship of these dramas with the Turkish audience in light of
the concepts of culture industry and cultural globalization, through mentioning the different perspectives
expressed throughout the literature about the Korean Wave dramas.
Cambridge Core - Social Psychology - The New Psychology of Love - edited by Robert J. Sternberg
The purpose of the study was to examine the the predictive power of authenticity on emotional well-being (positive-negative affect) among Turkish and English university students. The study consisted of two groups of student participants. The first group involved 108 (56 males and 52 females) Turkish university students from Gazi University. Foreign students were not included in this group. The second group comprised 90 (39 males and 51 females) English university students from Middlesex University. Positive- Negative Affect Scale, Authenticity Inventory, and Personal Information Form were used as data collection tools. Results showed that both Turkish and English university students’ positive and negative affect were significantly and independently predicted by authenticity. English university students’ authenticity and negative affect scores were found to be higher than Turkish students’ scores. The result showed that there was no difference in terms of authenticity and positive-negative affect among females and males. However, a comparison between the females and males of Turkish and English university students indicated that both Turkish females and males had lower authenticity and negative affect scores compared to their English counterparts. For positive affect, no such difference was observed. These findings were discussed in relation to the study’s limitations, previous studies and culture dimension. It is considered that the results will contribute to the psychological counselors who want to prepare a counseling program on affective well-being and to the researchers who want to examine other possible dynamics of cultural difference (education system, national politics, economic development, urbanization, migration, intercultural interaction, beliefs, parental attitudes, etc.)
Understanding emotion has for a very long time been central to the ongoing attempt to understand human nature. And this understanding has also been central in the debate about the proper political regime that human nature can sustain..Indeed some have argued that it was concern about the noxious impact of emotion that gave rise to philosophy in ancient Greece (Nuss- baum, 1994). Most share with many ancient Greek philosophers the pre- sumption that emotions are a problem, indeed the problem that hinders our ability to sustain individual and collective just rule. Consider the fol- lowing quote from John Locke's Second Treatise (1993): "The freedom then of man and liberty of acting according to his own will, is grounded on his having reason, which is able to instruct him in that law he is to govern himself by, and make him to know how far he is left to the freedom of his own will" (p. 45). That view is representative of dominant tradition: -ra- tionality is the mental faculty that makes us free and that gives us the capacity to establish political regimes that are democratic and just. With this claim comes the companion view that emotion, a powerful enigmatic force, too often intrudes and undermines our capacity to reason. The tra- dition has it that if reason cannot be autonomous we must abandon not only this ennobling ideal but also the political programs of democracy and justice that rest on reason's foundation.
But perhaps there are other possibilities; perhaps emotion is not as we have long imagined it, mysterious and detrimenta
The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) was developed to assess satisfaction with the respondent’s life as a whole. The scale does not assess satisfaction with life domains such as health or finances but allows subjects to integrate and weight these domains in whatever way they choose. Normative data are presented for the scale, which shows good convergent validity with other scales and with other types of assessments of subjective well-being. Life satisfaction as assessed by the SWLS shows a degree of temporal stability (e.g., 54 for 4 years), yet the SWLS has shown sufficient sensitivity to be potentially valuable to detect change in life satisfaction during the course of clinical intervention. Further, the scale shows discriminant validity from emotional well-being measures. The SWLS is recommended as a complement to scales that focus on psychopathology or emotional well-being because it assesses an individuals’ conscious evaluative judgment of his or her life by using the person’s own criteria.
College students from secondary population centers in India, Pakistan, Thailand, Mexico, Brazil, Japan, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Australia, England, and the United States were asked to rate the importance of love for both the establishment and the maintenance of a marriage. Love tended to receive greatest importance in the Western and Westernized nations and least importance in the underdeveloped Eastern nations. These differences were stronger and clearer for decisions regarding the establishment of a marriage than for the maintenance and dissolution of a marriage. There were few significant sex differences, either across or within countries. Individualistic cultures, as opposed to collective cultures, assigned much greater importance to love in marriage decisions. Respondents assigning greater importance to love also tended to come from nations with higher economic standards of living, higher marriage rates and divorce rates, and lower fertility rates.
Using meta-analytic techniques, results were synthesized from 58 empirical sources on the association between being married and subjective well-being (SWB). A mean correlation of .14 was found across all studies, which indicated that being married was positively and significantly associated with SWB. However, the magnitude of this association was weaker than expected. The marital-status/SWB relation was correlated with age (r = -.54) and year of study (r = -.28); the relation was stronger in younger samples as compared with older ones and in earlier studies as compared with more recent ones. The introduction of single covariates had little impact on the association between marital status and SWB.
Examined the consequences of mate preferences for the processes of assortative mating and sexual selection. In Study 1, 92 married couples (aged 18–40 yrs) completed measures such as the California Psychological Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and Personal Attributes Questionnaire. Data were used to identify (a) the mate characteristics that were consensually more and less desired, (b) the mate characteristics that showed strong sex differences in their preferred value, (c) the degree to which married couples were correlated in selection preferences, and (d) the relations between expressed preferences and the personality and background characteristics of obtained spouses. Marital preference factors included Religious, Kind/Considerate, Artistic/Intelligent, and Easygoing/Adaptable. Study 2, with 100 unmarried undergraduates, replicated the sex differences and consensual ordering of mate preferences found in Study 1, using a different methodology. Alternative hypotheses are presented to account for the replicated sex differences in preferences for attractiveness and earning potential. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This study was designed to assess whether the experience of passionate love would change as a consequence of development throughout adulthood and whether highly anxious people would be especially motivated to seek passionate love relationships. The Passionate Love Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered to a cross-generational sample (total N = 255) of adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults, and elderly in the United States. Status of past and present relationships was also determined. Contrary to expectations, no age-related differences were found for overall PLS scores. Moreover, the anticipated correlation between anxiety and passionate love was found only in the adolescent sample. A regression analysis revealed that for all age groups, whether or not a person was currently experiencing a passionate love relationship was the best predictor of scores on the PLS. These findings suggest a reconceptualization of passionate love as a life-span construct, rather than as a phenomenon largely confined to the period of adolescence.
The International Society for Quality of Life Studies held its first conference in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1997. Participants at the conference were allowed to submit their papers for the present volume. The submitted manuscripts went through a review and revision process, and the papers in this book represent the best articles from that process. Because the society sponsoring this volume is international in character, it is not sur prising that the 11 contributions are from 4 different countries: Canada (3), India (1), Netherlands (3), and the United States (4). Thus, the volume is cross-national in authorship, although we hope that future works can include more papers from additional nations. Ten of the eleven papers consider quality of life in terms of some aspect of subjective well-being. The book is broken into three sections: the first section presenting material on broad theories of subjective well being, the second section covering how work and income are related to subjective well-being, and the third section containing one chapter on health and one on political representation. I am proud to present these broad-ranging chapters on quality of life.
Multiple regression analysis with data from each of three recent U.S. national surveys is used to estimate the direct effects of each of 10 independent variables on the reported marital happiness of white males and females ages 18 through 59. Contrary to predictions based on theory and previous evidence, all of the estimated direct effects are weak or nil. For instance, no aspect of socioeconomic status seems to bear a strong net relationship to marital happiness, and the indicated net relationship of age at marriage to marital happiness is virtually nil. The strongest estimated effects in which we can have much confidence are from presence of very young children and being middle-aged for females (negative). We speculate that propensity to enter into an unsatisfactory marriage is correlated with propensity to terminate an unsatisfactory marriage and that the latter has increased substantially in recent years. If so, it is not surprising that some strong predictors of the success of marriages appear no longer to bear any important relationship to the happiness of persons in intact marriages.
Love is analyzed as an element of social action and therefore of social structure. Although the romantic complex is rare, a "love pattern" is found in a wide range of societies. Since love is potentially disruptive of lineages and class strata, it must be controlled. Since its meaning is different within different social structures, it is controlled by various measures. The five principal types of "love control" are described. Disruptions are more important to the upper social strata who possess the means for control. Therefore these strata achieve a higher degree of control over both the occurrence of love relationships and the influence of love upon action.
The present study examined how length of time in love influences idealistic and pragmatic views of romantic love as defined in Dion and Dion ( 1973). Subjects were 249 unmarried women attending a public address on marriage and love at the Seoul Young Men's Christian Association in Korea. Ages ranged from 20 to 30 yr., with a mean age of 24.8 yr. Attitudes toward romantic love were measured on nine question-items using a 5-point scale, which was a slightly modified version of Dion and Dion's (1973) Romantic Love Questionnaire. Subjects were divided into the four groups depending on the length of time in love; less than six months (Group 1, n = 70), between six months and one year (Group 2, 72 = 48), between one and two years (Group 3, lz = 54), and more than two years (Group 4, n = 77). An analysis of variance of mean ratings of summed responses to the 9 questions showed that the four groups were equally pragmatic in their attitudes towards romantic love (MI = 1.75, SD1 = .39; Mz = 1.70, SDz = .34; M3 = 1.76, SDs = .29; M4 = 1.74, SDs = 32; F = .30). However, the longer the women were in love, the less idealistic their view (MI = 1.67, SD1 = .38; M2 = 1.53; SD2 = .34; M3 = 1.50, SD:: = .37; M4 = 1.47, SD4 = 35; F = 4.16, + < .01). A subsequent Scheff6 test showed a significant difference only between groups in love for less than six months and over two years. The present results suggested that length of time in love affects only the idealistic view of romantic love. The findings were in line with those of Rubin who reported duration of love had slight effects on women, and also previous research by Hong and Bartley (1986) in their Australian survey.
How does the family affect the health of its adult members? It is in the family that the macro-level social and economic order affects individual physical and emotional well-being. This review presents a general model of understanding family and health that describes patterns of well-being, and then asks, "what explains these patterns?" Explanations are found in causal chains, conditional effects, and "structural amplification." The review summarizes and synthesizes ideas and findings about four factors: marriage and parenthood (which define the family), and the wife's or mother's employment and the family's social status (which connect it to the larger social order). Overall, the married are in better health than the nonmarried, but parents are not better off than nonparents. Women's employment and high family socioeconomic status tend to be associated with good physical and psychological health. Under what circumstances are these basic patterns found, and what explains these patterns—what links structure to individual health? Economic well-being and social support are considered as the basic explanations. Concluding comments point to the need for more studies of the impact of family on the sense of control, which could be an important link to health.
In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
Contents: Historical Setting; Physical Environment and Population; the Social System; Education and Culture; Economic Context; Agriculture; Industry; Trade and Transportation; Science and Technology; Party and Government; The Political Process; Foreign Relations; Criminal Justice and Public Security; National Defense; The People's Liberation Army at a Glance.
This . . . book is the first to present a unified theory of human mating behavior. [It] is based on the most massive study of human mating ever undertaken, encompassing more than 10,000 people of all ages from thirty-seven cultures worldwide.
If we all want love, why is there so much conflict in our most cherished relationships? To answer this question, we must look into our evolutionary past, according to David M. Buss.
The book discusses casual sex and long-term relationships, sexual conflict, the elusive quest for harmony between the sexes, and much more.
Buss's research leads to a radical shift from the standard view of men's and women's sexual psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This volume [focuses] on the passionate beginnings of relationships,: how people meet, mate, fall in love, make love, and fall out of love, usually only to risk it all over again. We plan to compare the way cultures try to set rules for these incendiary matters. We ask: What seems to be biological and universal? What seems to be socially constructed and transient? And, in taking a historical perspective, we ask: Where are the different societies (and the world itself) headed?
In writing this book [the authors] hope to increase the reader's knowledge of and interest in the different ways cultures love and make love—the ways they think about sex and love, the ways they allow themselves to feel about sex and love, and the ways they behave. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
research on laypersons' knowledge of love and related concepts, conducted from a prototype perspective, are presented / key questions to be addressed include: what does the everyday person have in mind when asked about love / how do people differentiate love from related concepts such as liking, being in love, and commitment / do conceptions of love differ from one person to the next / are people's categorizations purely personal, cultural, or some combination of both / how do cognitive representations of love influence people's behavior in relationships (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Aspects of intimacy and satisfaction were explored for a volunteer sample of 54 Mexican American (classified as either Hispanic-oriented or bicultural) and 30 Anglo-American married couples. Data were collected by questionnaire through network sampling. Measures included the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans, a background inventory, the Love Attitudes Scale, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Ethnic differences occurred for 3 love attitudes and 2 sex attitudes (e.g., Hispanic-oriented respondents were more pragmatic about love and less idealistic about sex). Passionate love was correlated with marital satisfaction for Anglo-Americans and both groups of Mexican Americans. Partner similarity was evident in all 3 groups, and marital satisfaction was best predicted for all groups by passionate love scores. Implications for counseling are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Fifty-seven dating couples were studied on a variety of relationship measures. The interrelations among love attitudes and relationship satisfaction were of primary interest. However, for one subsample of couples, sexual attitudes, self-esteem, self-disclosure, commitment, investment, and relationship continuation/termination were also studied. Partners displayed similarity on a variety of measures, including several love attitudes, disclosure, investment, commitment, and relationship satisfaction. Some of the love attitudes were related to satisfaction, but several other measures (e.g., commitment, investment, self-esteem, and self-disclosure) were also important correlates of satisfaction. A follow up of 30 couples at 2 months after initial data collection assessed the variables that differentiated continuing and terminating couples. Implications of this set of results for other theories and for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
explore the issue of cross-cultural universality of emotions and emotion knowledge / summarize preliminary attempts to extend prototype theory and methodology into the realm of cross-cultural comparisons / begin with the problem of definition / survey the evidence concerning cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotions themselves, which provides a foundation for considering similarities and differences among emotion representations in different cultures / explain the prototype approach to emotion knowledge and summarize recent studies using that approach to compare emotion representations in Italy, China, and the United States / compare our results with those of other cross-cultural psychologists / address a preliminary claim made by Lakoff and Kovecses (1983) that emotion metaphors, such as "exploding with anger," are likely to be culture specific / conclude with a brief consideration of the ethical stances implicit in various forms of cross-cultural universalism (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This . . . book is suitable for courses in social psychology, marriage and the family, human sexuality, intimacy, and interpersonal relationships. It is comprehensive, research-based, and incorporates clinical case studies, historical scholarship, cross-cultural comparisons, cultural analyses, and personal commentary in its exploration of the powerful subject of love and intimacy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Individualism and collectivism help explain culture-related differences in romantic love and in the importance of emotional intimacy in marriage. Three propositions are suggested: (a) Romantic love is more likely to be an important basis for marriage in individualistic than in collectivistic societies; (b) psychological intimacy in marriage is more important for marital satisfaction and personal well-being in individualistic than in collectivistic societies; and (c) although individualism fosters the valuing of romantic love, certain aspects of individualism at the psychological level make developing intimacy problematic. Evidence pertaining to these propositions is considered based on conceptual and empirical accounts of romantic love and psychological intimacy in marriage in two individualistic societies (Canada and the United States) and three collectivistic societies (China, India, and Japan). In addition, we suggest that consideration of individualism and collectivism as these constructs pertain to gender provides a framework for interpreting gender differences in the reported experience of love and intimacy in North American society.
Two studies tested the hypothesis that young adolescents who experience a great deal of anxiety will be more likely to experience passionate love as well. In the first study, 24 boys and 17 girls, ranging in age from 12 to 14, were given the Child Anxiety Scale (which measures trait anxiety) and the Juvenile Love Scale (JLS). In the second study, 32 adolescent girls and 32 adolescent boys, ranging in age from 13 to 16, were given the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (which measures both trait and state anxiety) and the JLS. The studies found significant correlations between anxiety (both state and trait) and JLS scores in these young adolescents.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Counseling, Personal Services and Educational Psychology, College of Education, 1977. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-208).
Research on emotions and several happiness scales suggest that positive and negative affect are strongly inversely correlated. However, work on subjective well-being indicates that over time, positive and negative affect are independent across persons. In order to reconcile this inconsistency, two dimensions are proposed for personal affective structure: the frequency of positive versus negative affect and the intensity of affect. Subjects in three studies completed daily and momentary reports on their moods. In support of the intensity dimension, the correlations between positive and negative intensity were strong and positive in all three studies. The intensities of specific emotions across persons were also highly correlated. Across the three studies the frequency and intensity of affect varied independently. Although average levels of positive and negative affect showed low correlations, this relation became strongly inverse when intensity was partialed out. Thus the intensity dimension helps explain the relative independence of positive and negative affect. In addition, emotional intensity is offered as a new personality dimension that manifests interesting characteristics.
The perspectives of the world
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Love, sexuality, and satisfaction: Interrelations of women and men
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Happy people: What happiness is, who has it, and why
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Love and its effect on mental and physical health
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The chemistry of love
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Psychology of emotion
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Married status and subjective well-being: A research synthesis
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The colours of love. Don Mills
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India: A country study
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