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'Baking Gives You Confidence': Users' Views of Engaging in the Occupation of Baking
Abstract
The quality of care in acute inpatient areas has been identified as unacceptable and, in some areas, as counter-therapeutic (Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health 1998). Occupational therapy continues to make a significant contribution within this practice area. However, specific research that has addressed the acute service user's perspective of engagement in occupation is limited.
This qualitative study explored 12 mental health service users' perspectives of engagement in the occupation of baking through a semi-structured interview. The findings identified that the opportunity to acquire new skills and, importantly, confidence while producing an end product stimulated the participants to attend the treatment session. The engagement in baking was also influenced by the participants' desire to add structure to their daily routine.
The study concludes that the physical and social environment in which the therapy takes place is a powerful motivating factor in facilitating individuals to participate in an occupation. The findings emphasise the importance of engagement in occupations, in conducive settings that meet the individual's needs. The study highlights that baking has many recognisable benefits for service users, offering a flexible and valued occupation.
... The value and meaning (n = 8) attached to cooking were described as motivators for participation and outcomes of OT interventions. The value and importance of cooking [39,47,48,59], the meaning of accessibility and choice in the kitchen [52,57], and a sense of purpose [40,49] were associated with cooking participation. Cooking was also emphasized as an occupation connected to general self-maintenance (n = 2) [25,41] and community living (n = 3) [60][61][62] as well as health management (n = 1) [50]. ...
... The second major theme was the implementation of technology to support cooking performance (n = 5). Wider contextual factors also played a role in cooking interventions and participation, such as institutional/programmatic factors (n = 2) [22,49], policy standards (n = 1) [74], and socioeconomic situations (n = 1) [28]. ...
... In three studies (n = 3), participants elaborated on the value of cooking as a group and its contribution to mental health recovery [37,39,42]. Similarly, improved self-efficacy and empowerment were noted as a result of cooking through skill development [49], experiences facilitated by the occupational therapist during cooking [40], and maintenance of cooking participation while ageing [73]. ...
Background
Occupational therapy (OT) has historically used cooking as an intervention and assessment approach across settings. Current practices in OT and the emergence of the multidisciplinary field of culinary medicine highlight the relationship between cooking and health.
Aims/Objectives
To map the current literature on OT and cooking and to identify key factors that may facilitate collaboration within culinary medicine.
Materials and Methods
We conducted a scoping review using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology to identify primary contexts and clinical settings. Publications were analysed using framework thematic analysis to identify OT themes and roles.
Results
A total of 56 studies met the criteria for inclusion. The majority of studies (n = 29, 53%) represented home/community settings and brain injury was the largest clinical group (n = 15, 27%). Primary themes related to person (n = 47, 43%), occupation (n = 30 (28%), environment (n = 19, 17%), and psychosocial wellbeing (n = 13, 12%). The primary OT role identified was that of interventionist (n = 48, 86%).
Conclusions/Significance
OT’s holistic practice places cooking within a larger context that can help identify and overcome the barriers to participation. Findings support multiple pathways in which OT can contribute to cooking initiatives for health promotion and potentially expand OT practice in population health.
... Involving individuals in co-design empowers them to tailor solutions to their specific needs, empowering individuals to take control of their environment, fostering feelings of competence, autonomy, and purpose [8,15,16]. Participation in making activities can thus have therapeutic benefits similar to traditional therapeutic activities, fostering a sense of community, accomplishment, and intrinsic worth, all of which contribute to overall wellbeing [17,18]. ...
... All the design work and appointments for this study were conducted by a single individual, JH, a male Clinical Scientist working with the Rehabilitation Engineering Unit and PhD 14 (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) research student (referred to as clinician in the below text). JH had 5 years clinical experience working in the rehabilitation engineering unit, prescribing bespoke wheelchair components, custom contoured seating and functional electrical stimulation. ...
Assistive technology has great potential to help individuals living with chronic health conditions, however devices often fail to align with the unique requirements of users. These results in device abandonment and missed opportunities to benefit people. This exploratory study aims to evaluate the short and longer-term satisfaction, psychological benefit, use and resources involved in co-designed customised assistive devices within a current healthcare service. Individuals with chronic health conditions identified daily living challenges. Eleven individuals completed the trial and were involved throughout the design process. Outcome measures evaluated the impact of the devices provided, healthcare utilisation, help required, and resources used. Nineteen custom assistive devices were produced for twenty-four challenges in daily living identified. At 3-months, eighteen devices were still being used. Daily challenges had become easier for individuals to complete and required less help from informal carers. Individuals were satisfied with the devices and service provided. Improvements in competence, adaptability and self-esteem were sustained long-term. The average clinician's time required to produce a device was 5 h 55 min, with an average cost of £203.79. People with chronic conditions were able to benefit from the co-design process resulting in satisfaction and long-term utilisation of the device, and positive psycho-social benefits. The costs associated with embedding this approach in a healthcare service were calculated. Scaling up the co-design process reduced the associated costs per device compared to previous work. Further work is required to evaluate co-designing across larger samples and explore opportunities to further improve the cost-efficiency.
... The increase in interest in nutrition observed, as the culinary workshops were conducted, is similar to that observed in other studies where they found that the cooking courses also effectively improved the dietary selection of participants as well as the culinary skills and health status [8,28]. In patients with MD, cooking courses can also improve their self-esteem since witnessing the result of what they cook increases their empowerment, ability, and confidence to do things on their own [29]. Furthermore, a pilot study conducted in Australia found that nutrition culinary workshops are effective in improving nutrition knowledge and reducing poor nutrition habits of individuals with severe mental disease, especially causing a decrease in the consumption of soft drinks, energy drinks, and takeaway meals [8]. ...
Background
Promoting healthy eating habits through nutrition education programs is crucial to improving the overall health of people with mental disorders. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of culinary nutrition workshops on the mood and nutritional interest of hospitalized adults with mental disorders (MD) from the acute psychiatric unit of two general hospitals in Catalonia, Spain.
Methods
A pilot randomized control trial (RCT) was conducted with MD inpatient. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the intervention group received weekly culinary nutrition workshops with flexible participation and the control group continued routinary care. The interest in nutrition was analysed with an ad hoc item pre and post-intervention period. Mood changes were studied with a visual analog scale and analysed pre- and post-intervention periods as well as before and after every session. An ad hoc questionnaire was also used to assess the satisfaction of participants with the intervention. The obtained data were analysed at both descriptive and inferential levels.
Results
We included 81 participants, with a mean age of 45.3 (SD: 17.0); 66.7% were women, with 41 assigned to the intervention group and 40 to the control group. At the end of every culinary nutrition workshop, a statistically significant improvement in mood was observed in the intervention group (5.9 vs. 7.4 points, p<0.001). However, there were no significant differences in mood changes between the control and intervention groups after the intervention period (control group: 1.0 vs. intervention group: 1.5, p=0.473), while the nutritional interest was significantly improved after the intervention period intergroups (control group: 4.1 vs. intervention group: 37.2, p<0.001). The intervention was excellently valued by the participants regarding content, space, and health professionals, and generated interest and motivation, with scores above 9 on all these items.
Conclusion
The improvement of interest in nutrition and the satisfaction of hospitalised people with MD with the nutrition culinary workshops emphasize the need to design more comprehensive RCTs in hospitals and rehabilitation centers.
... People should overvalue and become attached to items they helped decorate (compared to the one someone else decorated). Moreover, many similar looking snack items would be visually similar but people would still value them even in larger quantities (Haley and McKay, 2004). Thus, before scanning, participants Frontiers in Psychology 04 frontiersin.org ...
Introduction
People exhibit a strong attachment to possessions, observed in behavioral economics through loss aversion using new items in the Endowment or IKEA effects and in clinical psychology through pathological trouble discarding domestic items in Hoarding Disorder. These fields rarely intersect, but both document a reticence to relinquish a possessed item, even at a cost, which is associated with feelings of loss but can include enhanced positive states as well.
Methods
To demonstrate the shared properties of these loss-related ownership effects, we developed the Pretzel Decorating Task (PDT), which concurrently measures overvaluation of one’s own over others’ items and feelings of loss associated with losing a possession, alongside enhanced positive appraisals of one’s items and an effort to save them. The PDT was piloted with 31 participants who decorated pretzels and responded to their own or others’ items during functional neuroimaging (fMRI). Participants observed one item per trial (self or other) and could work to save it (high or low probability loss) before learning the fate of the item (trashed or saved). Finally, participants rated items and completed hoarding tendency scales.
Results
The hypotheses were supported, as even non-clinical participants overvalued, viewed as nicer, feared losing, and worked harder to save their items over others’—a response that correlated with hoarding tendencies and motor-motivational brain activation. Our region of interest in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) was engaged when viewing one’s own items to the extent that people worked harder to save them and was more active when their items were saved when they felt emotionally attached to possessions in real life. When their items were trashed, NAcc activity negatively correlated with trouble discarding and emotional attachments to possessions. Right anterior insula was more active when working to save one’s own over others’ items. Extensive motor-motivational areas were engaged when working to save one’s own over others’ items, including cerebellum, primary motor and somatosensory regions, and retrosplenial/parahippocampal regions—even after controlling for tapping.
Discussion
Our attachments to items are emotional, continuous across typical and pathological populations, and drive us to save possessions that we value.
... A youth physical activity compendium has recently been developed by the National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research, but cooking is not an activity included in this document [59]. Since cooking has been shown to be enjoyable and sustainable [60], while expending low amounts of energy, it may be a possible pragmatic activity for youth with developmental disabilities. Thus, while cooking involves continuous fine motor hand-gestures, yet requires relatively low activity intensity, this may explain why the participants were able to maintain a relatively consistent VM throughout the duration of the activity. ...
Youth with developmental disabilities (DD) face challenges that may impact their participation in physical activity. One of the biggest challenges is the availability of opportunities to engage in activities that are adapted for youth with DD. In addition, due to challenges with current physical activity assessment methods for youth with DD, the activity levels during modified activities remain unclear. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the activity levels of youth with DD during structured and unstructured activities offered during a therapeutic camp. This camp was a five-day, overnight experience in an outdoor camp center in the southeastern region of the U.S. Youth (n = 29; 14.6 ± 3.9 years) with more than one DD and with varying abilities wore accelerometers while they engaged in 13 activities of varying categories (functional/gross motor, game, sociodramatic, fine motor, free play) and contexts (ropes, horses, outdoor adventure, music and movement, yoga, come on down, sports and games, theatre, cabin challenge, arts, cooking, mad science, free play). Activity level varied by activity category and context and the intensity level of the majority of the camp activities was classified as either sedentary or light. There was a time course effect on activity; most activities resulted in a gradual decline over the session, except for cooking, sports and games, and free play. This therapeutic camp provided an opportunity for youth to engage in physical activity that would be classified as light intensity. The activities available at this camp were designed to address specific goals and objectives and provided enrichment opportunities (e.g., life skills, social skills) for youth to obtain multiple skills while using movement as a framework to deliver the content.
... Cooking is a familiar activity in daily life and can be used to maintain and rejuvenate the body, while it may also positively affect psychosocial behaviors such as increasing motivation, learning to succeed, adding positive emotions, and building self-esteem (Farmer, Touchton-Leonard, & Ross, 2018). Haley and McKay (2004) stated that cooking is suitable for everyone because the complexity of the activity can be adjusted and everyone is involved. Moreover, the cooking group can be used to develop independent living skills as well as improve cognitive, emotional, psychomotor, and interpersonal performance. ...
Occupational therapists utilize cooking groups to optimize intrinsic capacity and functional ability, but there is a lack of scientific evaluation. This quasi-experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of a cooking group on cognitive, emotional, psychomotor, and interpersonal performance in older adults. Nineteen participants with chronic conditions were recruited to attend ten consecutive cooking sessions. Large Allen Cognitive Level Screen-5 (LACLS-5), Thai Geriatric Depression Scale (TGDS-15), psychomotor speed test and interpersonal communication observation were used. The results showed significant improvement in the study outcomes. Therefore, the cooking groups have improved cooperative capacity through engaging the older adults’ functional abilities.
This study aimed to understand the influence of a baking program on the self-confidence levels of adolescents with disabilities. There is limited research that highlights baking as an effective intervention to target self-confidence within this population. Baking can be a beneficial intervention due to its resulting improvements in interpersonal skills, relationship building, confidence, and quality of life. Improving confidence levels in adolescents with disabilities can be beneficial to improve performance in and outside of the classroom and increase quality of life. The study utilized a quantitative quasi-experimental single group pretest/posttest design. The General Self-Efficacy Scale was administered to participants before and after the 5-week baking program. The scale was completed in person and adapted as necessary depending on participants’ needs prior to the start of the baking program. Results indicate that the baking program was successful in improving self-efficacy, with participant scores by improving nearly three standard deviations. While no one specific question accounted for these significant changes, there was a positive association between how participants responded to “manage difficult problems” and “handling them” before and after the intervention. As a result, the findings from this study suggest that baking programs have the potential to improve self-efficacy in adolescents with disabilities and contribute to developing the confidence needed to attain future goals and independence.
Memasak merupakan alternatif rekreasi yang masih jarang diteliti. Telah ada beberapa penelitian intervensi klinis mengenai memasak, namun penelitian yang menggali manfaat psikologis dari kegiatan memasak sehari-hari masih sulit ditemukan. Sample dalam penelitian ini adalah tiga orang yang dipilih melalui purposive sampling. Ketiga subjek memiliki latar belakang dan profesi yang berbeda-beda namun memiliki satu kesamaan yaitu hobi memasak. Wawancara dilakukan secara online melalui Zoom. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis tematik. Hasil dan pembahasan dibagi ke dalam dua bagian, yaitu intrakasus subjek dan interkasus subjek. Tema umum yang didapatkan dari hasil wawancara adalah bahwa memasak memiliki manfaat psikologis yang banyak dan beragam, di antaranya: melatih mindfulness, mengurangi tingkat stress dan emosi negatif, melatih kontrol diri, meningkatkan self-worth, serta dapat menjadi wadah untuk mengenali diri sendiri dan bersosialisasi dengan orang lain.
Purpose:
To critically review the evidence for occupation-based interventions in improving occupational performance and participation outcomes in the hospital setting.
Methods:
Five databases were searched from 2000-2022. Peer-reviewed studies of any design investigating the impact of occupation-based interventions in the hospital setting were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the appropriate tool for each study design. Following data extraction, a narrative synthesis was conducted.
Results:
Thirty-three studies comprising of 26 experimental, five non-experimental, and two mixed methods studies were included (n = 1646 participants). Results indicate good evidence to support occupation-based interventions to improve occupational performance and participation outcomes in inpatient rehabilitation; it is unclear whether they are more effective than any control/alternative intervention. Research in the acute and mental health hospital settings were scarcer. Understanding the benefits of occupation-based interventions was enhanced through qualitative results including improving independence and confidence to discharge home, increasing motivation for therapy, connecting with others, and peer-based learning.
Conclusions:
Heterogeneity and methodological weaknesses across existing studies limits the conclusions that can be drawn on the impact of occupation-based interventions in the hospital setting. More rigorous research should be conducted with better reporting of intervention design and the use of robust measures of occupational performance.Implications For RehabilitationThe use of occupation-based interventions should be considered to improve occupational performance and participation outcomes in the hospital setting.There is good evidence to support the impact of occupation-based interventions on improving occupational performance and participation outcomes in the inpatient rehabilitation setting; evidence in the acute and mental health settings is scarcer.Occupation-based interventions are valued by both patients and clinicians for their impact on patient outcomes and the patient experience.
The author takes the broad view that occupation is the active process of living, not limited to categories of work. Drawing on her two recent ethnographic studies of occupational therapy in mental health day programmes, she poses three questions: 1. What are the key features of the active process of occupation? 2. How does the social organization of occupation confer power on some occupations, but not on others? 3. How might (ought?) occupation be used for personal or social transformation? To support her argument that the potential to transform ourselves and society lies in occupation, four key features of the active process of occupation are highlighted: learning; organizing time and place; discovering meaning; and, exercising choice and control. The conclusion points to the urgency of changing the ways in which education, health, welfare and other institutions are organized to enable us to focus on occupation in our quest for economic security, personal development, and justice.
This book is aimed at beginners. If you are totally confused and dismayed at the prospect of undertaking a research project, read on. If you are an expert in research, this is not the book for you unless you merely wish to revise your existing knowledge. Above all this book is intended as an outline and a guide. It does not provide a definitive recipe on how to conduct a research project. You will learn by your own studies which methods and techniques suit you best and how to modify ideas to meet your own requirements. NB Therapist is referred to as she in the text for simplicity. Acknowledgements lowe particular thanks to Dr Naomi Fraser-Holland for her substantial contributions to the production of this book. My sincere thanks also go to Marion Walker, Dr John Gladman, Dr Nadina Lincoln, Dr Alison Hammond and Julia Nuthall for ideas, information and advice, and to Jane Greaves for her wonderful cartoons. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance of colleagues at the Stroke Research Unit, City Hospital, Nottingham, and at the Derby School of Occupational Therapy. I am grateful to Jo Campling for her support and guidance and to the staff at Chapman & Hall for all their assistance. Finally special thanks to my husband, Dr Tim Daniel, for his encouragement and good humour.
Occupational therapy is a profession which is based upon many beliefs about occupation. One belief is that engagement in occupation can promote physical and mental health. This belief appears to support the profession's jurisdictional claim to the use and application of occupation in psychosocial practice. A review of the psychosocial occupational therapy literature yielded few empirical studies which addressed the use of occupation-as-means to mental health. A discrepancy exists between what the profession theoretically advances about occupation and the research conducted in this area. This discrepancy is highlighted as a possible explanation for the lack of recognition of the value of occupational therapy in mental health and is forwarded as a potential risk to the profession's jurisdictional claim to the use and application of occupation. A call to research is advanced to develop a knowledge base on occupation, to empirically support the use of occupation as therapy, and to secure a unique role for occupational therapy in psychosocial practice.
The model of occupational functioning leads the author to conceptualize occupation both as treatment end goal and as means to remediate impairments. In both dimensions, meaningfulness and purposefulness are key therapeutic qualities. Purposefulness is hypothesized to organize behavior and meaningfulness to motivate performance. These aspects of occupation need explication through research. Some questions that need to be answered include the following: How does purposefulness of occupation-as-end organize a person’s life? Does purposefulness of occupation-as-means organize particular behavioral responses? What effect does meaningfulness of occupation-as-end have on achievement of role performance? Does meaningfulness of occupation-as-means motivate perseverance and effort during therapy?
This research study set out to establish the views of five clients with mild learning disabilities. Qualitative methodology was employed, with particular focus given to occupational therapy and the activity of cooking. Semi-structured interviews were carried out in the clients' own environment. Following analysis, the data revealed that clients have powerful individual views regarding the meaning of cooking. The individual's role and routine in this activity was seen to vary greatly. The occupational therapists were perceived as being sensitive to individual circumstances and assistive in developing clients' skills and confidence in the tasks.
The empowering style used by the occupational therapists was highlighted as an important element in the clients' development of control over the activity. The therapists were perceived as having a number of different roles according to the stage of intervention, including supporter, teacher and facilitator. A respectful attitude towards the client was determined as being a vital element of the therapy.
The study concludes that occupational therapy is valuable for teaching skills to and empowering clients with mild learning disabilities. The recommendations suggest that individualised treatment programmes are required for successful intervention. Furthermore, subsequent research into the meaning of other occupations to clients with learning disabilities would provide greater understanding of the needs of this client group in relation to occupational therapy.
Most occupational therapists, like the founders of the profession, believe that engagement in meaningful occupation is fundamental in helping to overcome the effects of disability. This paper describes the method and one of the resulting themes of a study that investigated the value, related to personal meaning, of occupation from the perspective of people with enduring mental health problems.
Qualitative research methods were used in two mental health day service settings: a workshop, where woodwork was provided as a medium for creative therapy, and a drop-in facility. Clients were asked about their motivation, their occupational experiences and any benefits that engagement in occupation might have had for them. Participant observation was undertaken over 10 sessions and six in-depth interviews were conducted. The findings emerged through content and inductive analysis, as well as analytical triangulation of the data.
Occupation was identified as a means for generating intrinsic motivation. By providing a sense of purpose and a structuring of time, within an empowering environment, engagement in occupation was seen to be of value and had personal meaning for the clients. However, more research needs to be undertaken to augment the findings. Such evidence will support increased provision of occupation for people whose lives have been severely disrupted by mental health problems.
This study quantified the food skills of people with a mental illness living in hospital-based care and the community using the Functional Needs Assessment - Nutritional Management Program (Dombrowski 1990). There were clear and marked food skills deficits among people living in hospital-based care. There were no significant differences between the food skills of male and female participants. The deficits that were identified may place patients at nutritional risk if they are moved into community accommodation without appropriate support mechanisms for the provision of food. Recommendations are made for intervention through the implementation of food skills training and incidental learning.
The needs of people with serious mental health problems are frequently not met by services and service users' difficulties are further compounded by social isolation and exclusion. Clients attending a community mental health team horticultural allotment group described the importance that they attached to social contact in the group. This study aimed to develop an understanding of how this experience came about so that it could be harnessed more effectively.
A qualitative approach was used to explore the subjective experience of meaning that had underpinned regular attendance by nine group members. Qualitative interviews and a focus group generated data, which were examined in the light of concepts drawn from the literature on therapeutic horticulture, social networking and meaning in occupation. The participants described the restorativeness of the allotment setting, a resurgent destigmatised identity and attachment to a highly valued social network. The study concludes that there are particular qualities of the plant-person relationship that promote people's interaction with their environment and hence their health, functional level and subjective wellbeing. The embeddedness of allotments within communities means that they have great potential as media for occupational therapy and as mechanisms for social inclusion.
Foreword - Larry Culpepper Introduction - William L Miller and Benjamin F Crabtree PART ONE: OVERVIEW OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS Primary Care Research - William L Miller and Benjamin F Crabtree A Multimethod Typology and Qualitative Roadmap PART TWO: DISCOVERY: DATA COLLECTION STRATEGIES Sampling in Qualitative Inquiry - Anton J Kuzel Participant Observation - Stephen P Bogdewic Key Informant Interviews - Valerie J Gilchrist PART THREE: INTERPRETATION: STRATEGIES OF ANALYSIS A Template Approach to Text Analysis - Benjamin F Crabtree and William L Miller Developing and Using Codebooks Grounded Hermeneutic Research - Richard B Addison Computer Management Strategies for Text Data - Alfred O Reid Jr PART FOUR: SPECIAL CASES OF ANALYSIS Approaches to Audio and Video Tape Analysis - Moira Stewart Interpreting the Interactions Between Patients and Physicians Historical Method - Miguel Bedolla A Brief Introduction Philosophic Approaches - Howard Brody PART FIVE: PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: COMPLETED STUDIES A Qualitative Study of Family Practice Physician Health Promotion Activities - Dennis G Willms, Nancy A Johnson and Norman A White Doctor-Caregiver Relationships - David Morgan An Exploration Using Focus Groups PART SIX: SUMMARY Qualitative Research - Ian McWhinney et al Perspectives on the Future