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Language plurality as power struggle, or: Translating politics in Canada
Abstract
For this paper, heterolingualism or language plurality will be considered as the presence in a single text or in a social environment of both French and English, Canada's official languages. Language plurality will here be studied from an institutional viewpoint: the influence of the Canadian government on the translation of political speeches. The first part of this article will establish that political speeches are written in a bilingual environment where the two official languages are often in contact. This bilingualism, however, is often homogenised when it comes to speech delivery and publication. Therefore, the second part focuses on the speeches' paratextual features and the third looks at the speeches' textual features.
... The translation of the French source text into English in this case did not simply mean rendering the source text in the target language but also entailed editing, proofing and finalising the target text for publication. In this respect, the target text was eventually produced by political assistants (Gagnon 2006) and not by a single translator. However, since it is unnecessary in this study to identify the different participants involved in the production of the text, I shall refer to the producer of the target text simply as 'translator'. ...
... The French version of the Speech, naturally enough, primarily targets French Canadians, among whom "French Quebecers are often the first targeted addressees when Canadian prime ministers speak to a pan-Canadian audience during national crisis situations" (Gagnon 2006). This fact is important, since the Speech was broadcast at a time when over 50% of those intending to vote in the Referendum were in favour of the sovereignty of Québec, and the overwhelming majority of the French Canadian community (primarily French Quebecers) were strong supporters of Québec's independence (Sondage 38-9 and The Quebec Referendum 1995). ...
By a possible integration of text linguistics (proposition analysis),
sociocognitive theory and Critical Discourse Analysis, the present study intends to
reveal instances of ideologically charged translation by means of comparing and
contrasting certain textual features of an instance of French language Canadian political
discourse and its English translation. The aim of the analysis is twofold: to investigate
some fundamental differences between source language and target language text
production in terms of political power play and persuasion as well as to demonstrate, by
analysing a specific political text, a possible application of the above-mentioned
integrative approach within the field of discourse analysis. The paper will also offer
numerous possible perspectives on further research with a view to the Canadian
political discourse in question.
... L'un de ses chantiers de recherche porte plus exactement sur la construction sociale et la traduction des savoirs dans les manuels universitaires américains publiés après la Seconde Guerre mondiale à destination de l'étranger. Ainsi, les rapports entre traduction, pouvoir ou idéologie restent au coeur de nombreux travaux d'orientation sociologique ou sociocritique non seulement dans l'éducation, on vient de le voir, mais aussi dans les sciences (Brisset 2006) et bien sûr en politique (Gagnon 2006(Gagnon , 2014. ...
History and politics account for the development of Translation Studies in Canada. In 1969 when the Official Languages Act compels the Canadian government to communicate both in French and English to restore the rights of the francophone minority, translators are in short supply. Translation thus becomes an academic discipline. An inventory of Canadian books on translation published during the ensuing fifty years (1970–2020) brings to light two main stages in the evolution of translation research. During the first two decades (1970s–1980s), didactics and terminology development figure prominently. At the crossroads of European and American poststructuralist works, Canadian translation criticism emerged at the turn of the1990s. By setting itself in the descriptive, target-oriented paradigm (Tel Aviv-Louvain school of thought), it broke away from the hermeneutic-poetic paradigm epitomized by Meschonnic. Feeding upon French Theory (Bourdieu, Derrida, Foucault) and Cultural Studies (Bhabha, Spivak), the main underpinnings of American postcolonialist scholarship, it aggregated around cross-cultural objects of study, with the concept of translation now extending to the interaction of cultures. Sociological approaches to translation represent the second most important research area. Today, these approaches are superseded by new complex, interdisciplinary models. Attention is shifting towards espistemology while digital supports and new practices bring about new theoretical queries, new technological tools, and didactic models. Finally, with facts and figures in hand, we question the status of Translation Studies in French in a globalized editorial environment, where English reigns supreme.
... In relation to our hypotheses, Gagnon (2006) studied the sociolinguistic situation in the Parliament of Canada with a similar approach. ...
We present the initial results of our quantitative study on emotions (Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happiness, Sadness and Surprise) in Turkish parliament (2011–2021). We use machine learning models to assign emotion scores to all speeches delivered in the parliament during this period, and observe any changes to them in relation to major political and social events in Turkey. We highlight a number of interesting observations, such as anger being the dominant emotion in parliamentary speeches, and the ruling party showing more stable emotions compared to the political opposition, despite its depiction as a populist party in the literature.
... In relation to our hypotheses, Gagnon (2006) studied the sociolinguistic situation in the Parliament of Canada with a similar approach. ...
... The second trend examines multilingual systems, which are environments fully marked by lingual interdependency, as they entail the necessary coordination of a political message in several languages by the same actor. 1 For instance, Gagnon (2006) analyses how the political speeches of the Canadian government are produced in French and English. The research carried out in this paper relates to this second type. ...
This article provides a short yet detailed overview of the history of adaptations1 of
Don Quijote in Brazil (1886-2013), focusing on the ten most published adaptations
and covering historiographical issues and their agents, including the biographies of
adapters. The aim is to initiate an examination of the controversial relationship between re-adaptations, republications and the literary fame of a work, and test the “Retranslation Hypothesis”
... Ces discours ont ceci de particulier qu'ils ont été prononcés peu après ou peu avant des crises nationales touchant à l'identité canadienne. Les crises elles-mêmes ont nécessité des discours des dirigeants, et ces discours ont été analysés dans nos travaux antérieurs (Gagnon, 2006a(Gagnon, , 2006b(Gagnon, , 2012. Dans la présente étude, nous allons comparer ces discours portant sur la crise et ceux consacrés au budget, en analysant, dans les deux cas, la traduction de l'entité « Canada » et son co-voisinage. ...
Koskinen soutient que la fonction centrale d’une institution, c’est la gouvernance (2014: 481), et que les institutions multilingues ont recours à la traduction pour gouverner. Ce besoin de gouverner par la traduction crée une pratique de traduction particulière. C’est à partir de ce point de vue que nous analyserons les discours sur le budget du gouvernement fédéral de 1970 à 1995. Pour étudier les textes politico-budgétaires de notre corpus, nous adopterons l’approche de l’analyse critique du discours, qui a pour ambition d’informer le grand public à propos des relations de pouvoir, souvent dissimulées dans les situations communicationnelles (Fairclough, 2015 [1989]). Nous nous interrogerons notamment sur les éventuelles divergences entre les allocutions françaises et anglaises du corpus. Ces divergences évoquent-elles une lutte de pouvoir entre les deux communautés linguistiques? Pour repérer les marqueurs idéologiques du corpus, nous relèverons, à l’aide d’une analyse semi-automatisée, les occurrences des lemmes Canada dans les textes originaux anglais et leur traduction française. Pour effectuer ce forage textuel, nous utiliserons des concordanciers bilingue et unilingue. Dans nos travaux précédents, notamment effectués sur la traduction de messages télévisés, la traduction des lemmes Canada laissait entrevoir une lutte de pouvoir entre le discours nationaliste québécois et le discours nationaliste pan-canadien. La présente étude montrera que ce type de lutte de pouvoir est encore présent dans les discours sur le budget, avec certaines différences.
... Kang, 2008;Koskinen, 2008;Mossop, 1988) that institutional translation is still rather unexplored and that empirical studies are missing. Studies undertaken so far (e.g. of the Canadian Government's translation service by Mossop, 1988 andGagnon, 2006, and of the translation process in the European Commission by Koskinen, 2008) have shown that institutional translation is a complex process regulated by rules and that multiple agents are involved and cooperate (translators, revisers, editors, experts). Institutional translation is typically collective, anonymous and standardised. ...
This article explores the settings and practices of translation at three types of political institutions, i.e. national, supranational, and non-governmental organisations. The three institutions are the translation service of the German Foreign Office, the translation department of the European Central Bank, and translation provision by the non-governmental organisation Amnesty International. The three case studies describe the specific translation practices in place at these institutions and illustrate some characteristic translation strategies. In this way, we reflect on how different translation practices can impact on translation agency and how these practices in turn are influenced by the type of institution and its organisational structure. The article also aims to explore to which extent the characteristics of collectivity, anonymity and standardisation, and of institutional translation as self-translation are applicable to the institutions under discussion.
... Voilà une question qui, à notre connaissance, n'a jamais été abordée. Nos recherches précédentes (Gagnon : 2006a ;2006b ; ont démontré qu'au gouvernement fédéral, la traduction des discours politiques varie entre autres en fonction de l'époque et du premier ministre au pouvoir. Nous posons l'hypothèse qu'étant donné la longue tradition de traduction institutionnelle de certains partis politiques, les stratégies de traduction adoptées par ces partis seront plus efficaces que celles adoptées par les partis peu habitués à faire traduire leurs discours. ...
Le Canada est un pays officiellement bilingue, en ce sens que la communication qui émane de son gouvernement central se fait dans les deux langues officielles, l’anglais et le français. Cependant, les gouvernements des provinces canadiennes sont unilingues, à une exception près (la province du Nouveau-Brunswick est officiellement bilingue). Le contexte québécois est particulier puisque cette province est la seule dont la majorité s’exprime en français, d’où son statut de province unilingue française. Cependant, tant d’un point de vue politique que démographique, la population anglophone a toujours joué un rôle clé dans la société québécoise. La présente étude a pour objectif d’observer les différentes pratiques de traduction officielle du gouvernement du Canada et du gouvernement du Québec. Plus précisément, nous analyserons la traduction des discours de différents chefs politiques au provincial et au fédéral. Afin d’obtenir des résultats comparables, nous étudierons tout particulièrement les discours entourant un seul événement, soit le référendum québécois de 1995. Nos recherches précédentes ont démontré qu’au gouvernement fédéral, la traduction des discours politiques varie entre autres en fonction de l’époque et du premier ministre au pouvoir. Nous posons l’hypothèse qu’étant donné la longue tradition de traduction institutionnelle de certains partis politiques, les stratégies de traduction adoptées par ces partis seront plus efficaces que celles adoptées par les partis peu habitués à faire traduire leurs discours.
... El fenómeno del multilingüismo ha sido abordado desde la perspectiva de la traducción y se han escrito algunos trabajos acerca de cómo los traductores se enfrentan a textos originales donde hay una alternancia de idiomas. Sin embargo, los estudios realizados sobre traducción y multilingüismo se han llevado a cabo mayormente en el área de la literatura (Bandia 1996, Cincotta 1996, Coates 2000, García Vizcaíno 2005, 2008, Grutman 2006, Mezei 1998, St. André 2006, algo en el campo de la política (Gagnon 2006) y alguna aportación en el cine y las series de televisión (Valdeón 2005). Así pues, hasta hoy no existen trabajos que hayan investigado el fenómeno del multilingüismo en publicidad y sus implicaciones para la traducción. ...
... Voilà une question qui, à notre connaissance, n'a jamais été abordée. Nos recherches précédentes (Gagnon : 2006a ;2006b ; ont démontré qu'au gouvernement fédéral, la traduction des discours politiques varie entre autres en fonction de l'époque et du premier ministre au pouvoir. Nous posons l'hypothèse qu'étant donné la longue tradition de traduction institutionnelle de certains partis politiques, les stratégies de traduction adoptées par ces partis seront plus efficaces que celles adoptées par les partis peu habitués à faire traduire leurs discours. ...
Le Canada est un pays officiellement bilingue, en ce sens que la communication qui émane de son gouvernement central se fait dans les deux langues officielles, l’anglais et le français. Cependant, les gouvernements des provinces canadiennes sont unilingues, à une exception près (la province du Nouveau-Brunswick est officiellement bilingue). Le contexte québécois est particulier puisque cette province est la seule dont la majorité s’exprime en français, d’où son statut de province unilingue française. Cependant, tant d’un point de vue politique que démographique, la population anglophone a toujours joué un rôle clé dans la société québécoise. La présente étude a pour objectif d’observer les différentes pratiques de traduction officielle du gouvernement du Canada et du gouvernement du Québec. Plus précisément, nous analyserons la traduction des discours de différents chefs politiques au provincial et au fédéral. Afin d’obtenir des résultats comparables, nous étudierons tout particulièrement les discours entourant un seul événement, soit le référendum québécois de 1995. Nos recherches précédentes ont démontré qu’au gouvernement fédéral, la traduction des discours politiques varie entre autres en fonction de l’époque et du premier ministre au pouvoir. Nous posons l’hypothèse qu’étant donné la longue tradition de traduction institutionnelle de certains partis politiques, les stratégies de traduction adoptées par ces partis seront plus efficaces que celles adoptées par les partis peu habitués à faire traduire leurs discours.
... Nos recherches précédentes ont établi qu'au Canada, on retrouve à l'occasion des écarts de traduction entre les allocutions française et anglaise des dirigeants du pays (Gagnon 2006a ;2006b). Grâce à ces écarts, un gouvernement a la possibilité de modifier légèrement son message en fonction de la communauté linguistique à laquelle il s'adresse. ...
La presente etude tente de jeter un eclairage nouveau sur l’apport des journalistes a la question du bilinguisme. Plus precisement, l’article porte sur la traduction politique dans les medias ecrits canadiens. A certains egards, les journalistes restructurent la relation entre le public et le gouvernement en mettant au jour certains des mecanismes qui regissent les processus gouvernementaux de communication. Cet etat de fait montre notamment que les phenomenes du bilinguisme officiel et de la traduction institutionnelle ne sont pas necessairement dissimules a la collectivite, puisque les grands quotidiens y pretent attention en situation de crise. Le corpus de travail rassemble des articles rediges entre 1942 et 1995, a propos de discours politiques traduits. La traduction de ces discours a ete commentee d’une facon ou d’une autre dans les medias ecrits au Quebec et au Canada. Les quotidiens suivants ont ete consultes : La Presse, Le Devoir, The Gazette et The Globe and Mail. L’etude montre que les journalistes canadiens et quebecois sont conscients des ecarts entre les versions linguistiques des discours de leurs dirigeants. Trois roles sont identifies chez le journaliste : le journaliste-temoin du phenomene de la traduction, le journaliste-commentateur de la traduction et le journaliste-traducteur de discours politique.
... Nos recherches antérieures montrent qu'au Canada, on observe parfois des écarts de traduction entre les versions française et anglaise d'un discours de premier ministre (Gagnon 2006a(Gagnon et 2006b. Ces écarts donnent la possibilité au gouvernement d'adapter son message à la communauté linguistique à laquelle il s'adresse. ...
Abondamment traite en traductologie litteraire, le theme de la visibilite l’est de plus en plus dans le cadre des etudes qui portent sur la traduction journalistique. Le present article pose la question suivante : en contexte canadien, lorsqu’il est question de politique locale, les journalistes exposent-ils le statut des textes qu’ils commentent ? En d’autres termes, lorsque les Canadiens lisent leurs quotidiens, sont-ils explicitement exposes au phenomene de la traduction ? Le corpus qui alimente l’analyse est constitue d’articles de journaux rediges lors de crises nationales, au lendemain d’allocutions importantes prononcees par des dirigeants politiques canadiens, entre 1942 et 1995. Les resultats de l’etude montrent que la visibilite de la traduction n’est pas completement effacee des textes journalistiques canadiens, contrairement a ce que l’on observe dans les textes journalistiques issus des agences de presse a l’echelle mondiale.
... El fenómeno del multilingüismo ha sido abordado desde la perspectiva de la traducción y se han escrito algunos trabajos acerca de cómo los traductores se enfrentan a textos originales donde hay una alternancia de idiomas. Sin embargo, los estudios realizados sobre traducción y multilingüismo se han llevado a cabo mayormente en el área de la literatura (Bandia 1996, Cincotta 1996, Coates 2000, García Vizcaíno 2005, 2008, Grutman 2006, Mezei 1998, St. André 2006, algo en el campo de la política (Gagnon 2006) y alguna aportación en el cine y las series de televisión (Valdeón 2005). Así pues, hasta hoy no existen trabajos que hayan investigado el fenómeno del multilingüismo en publicidad y sus implicaciones para la traducción. ...
This article aims to present multilingual advertising from the point of view of translation. In particular, I will focus on the case of the Spanish airline Vueling whose signature feature is the mixture of languages in its advertising campaigns.
The method of analysis used in this study will be the pragmalinguistic model used by Hickey (1999) in the translation of humorous texts since humor is the main function of Vueling advertisements. This model is based upon the individual analysis of each one of the three elements in the speech act (locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary) of the source text in order to render a translation triggering the same effects on the target reader as the ones provoked on the source reader.
This method of analysis will be applied to several examples of ads as well as their translations into English. The main conclusions of this study show the importance of stylistic equivalence in this type of translations—sometimes over semantic and pragmatic equivalences—since it is precisely the code-switching feature and the formal contrast that produces on the reader what creates the comical effect so characteristic of these campaigns.
After decades of political, economic, and scientific efforts, humanity has not gotten any closer to global sustainability. With less than a decade to reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) deadline of the 2030 Agenda, we show that global development agendas may be getting lost in translation, from their initial formulation to their final implementation. Sustainability science does not “speak” most of the 2000 languages from Africa, where the lack of indigenous terminology hinders global efforts such as the COVID-19 pandemic fight. Sociolinguistics, social psychology, cognitive ergonomics, geography, environmental sciences, and artificial intelligence (AI) are all relevant disciplinary fields to uncover the “foreign language effect” that hinders the implementation of the SDGs in Africa. We make the case for detecting and addressing language barriers towards multilingual sustainability in Africa by (1) exploring the ”foreign language effect” among African decision-makers and recognising their alternative social representations about sustainability; and (2) detecting Western language stereotypes about sustainability. We propose rethinking SDG-related scientific notions through participatory natural language processing (NLP) and the study of African social representations of sustainability, thus enabling a more inclusive and efficient approach to “sustainability(ies)”.
This paper aims to examine the constraints in the institutional field within the framework of the sociology of translation. In the paper, the term “constraint” refers to the problems that cannot be solved due to many factors and negatively affect the translation process, translators, and therefore translation product. The paper will reveal all the constraints with an analysis of the position of the field within the field of power, the structure of the field, and the habitus of agents (here exclusively referring to translators), based on Pierre Bourdieu’s model of field analysis. The study draws on the case studies of four institutions to analyze all the dynamics of the institutional field and their impact on the translation process and translation product. The institutions are the European Union Translation Coordination Presidency (EUTCP) and the Prime Ministry Directorate General of Press and Information (PDGPI) as a national institution, the United Nations World Food Program (WFP) as an international institution, and the Association of Solidarity with Asylum Seekers and Immigrants (ASAM) as a non-governmental organization. Face-to-face interviews with these four institutions, which carry out different translation activities for different purposes, will reveal the big picture of the field. However, more empirical work is needed to generalize about the constraints of this field.
Governments not only develop translation policies in the ‘strict domain of public and political affairs’, but also ‘implement legal rules for the importation and export of all sorts of cultural products’. This study, which looks at the book translation of the China Foreign Languages Bureau, is an exploration of the latter kind. FLB is China’s state agency of international communication established in 1949. In over seventy years, it has published translations in book form in different languages for export, with topics ranging from politics to economics, from literature to art and even natural sciences. This article makes use of González Núñez’s model of translation policy in tracing the diachronic transformation of FLB’s book translation policy as found in its translation management and translation beliefs in its first 50 years. Then, a bibliometric analysis of the actual translation practice is conducted, with a view to explicating the distribution of text types and topics over the years and its relatedness to the management and beliefs. As a study in institutional translation, this article also aims to shed light on the institutional forces that shape the production of translation.
A critical and systematic review of existing research located at the crossroads of sociology, social psychology and applied linguistics, Languages and Social Cohesion offers valuable insights for social contexts in which decision makers and researchers grapple with questions of social cohesion in the presence of linguistic diversity.
This book is relevant for diverse and intersecting spheres of influence, such as groups, communities, institutions and authorities at local, regional, national and international
levels.
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Translation can serve the purposes of gaining, maintaining and even abusing political power in the interests of certain political groups. In order to identify political manipulation in translated texts, a text linguistics based tool called Political Bias Screener has been developed, which includes superstructure and macrostructure analysis, critical discourse analysis and political mass communication related theories. This article describes the most relevant theoretical foundations and the component models of the Screener, investigates its validity and reliability and introduces the most important research findings obtained with its help. The findings show possible tendencies of translator behaviour and are transferable to other research fields in Translation Studies.
This article investigates how differentiated (e.g. private publishers) and undifferentiated patrons (e.g. the government) exercise ideological control over the selection and the translation of Taoist poetic divination lots and Buddhist books in Taiwan. The article discusses a close correlation among patrons, poetics, ideology and translation within the framework of Lefeveré’s theory of patronage and poetics. Synchronic and diachronic analyses were carried out and the findings showed that undifferentiated patrons often treated religious translation as the source of epistemological input, disciplinary studies and culture education, but differentiated patrons used it as a tool of spiritual healing. Furthermore, a time-based probe found that pre-2000 patrons tended to publish and commission the religious translations that have disciplinary and theoretical values, and post-2000 patrons, those that carried out the practical and utilitarian functions for the public’s use. Despite its small sample size, this study suggests that Taoist and Buddhist religious translations are inevitably the ideological products that are created within a complex sociocultural network that is made up of the patron’s top-down control and the target audience’s bottom-up engagements.
This chapter delves into the Canadian context by providing a historical overview of language in Canada and tracing Canadian media from its more traditional forms (e.g. newspapers, public broadcaster) to new and social media (e.g. Facebook, Twitter). It then turns to previous research that has been undertaken on Canadian media, which has demonstrated the extent to which English and French Canadian media diverge and their contribution towards the construction of the “two solitudes” (MacLennan, Two solitudes. Kingston/Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1945). The chapter also discusses the lack of research on language ideologies in Canada and the lack of comparative English-French media research, which are both the central focus of the later chapters of this book.
Translated by Trish Van Bolderen
The study explores political communication to uncover how the media, and within it the press, tries to manipulate its audience also using translation as a tool to this end. The paper discusses crucial aspects of mediatised communication including reality, the presentation of reality as well as political and party bias. It will be argued that these factors can be incorporated in a theoretical model to assess bias and reality-related aspects of mediatised texts and their translations. The study will conclude by introducing a purely theoretical model, the Translation-centred Political Mass Communication Analytical Model, which facilitates the analysis of source and target texts used in the context of political mass communication.
To explore how oral history methodologies could be incorporated into translation studies research, this paper begins by reviewing oral history’s approach to conducting, preserving and analyzing oral, retrospective interviews. It then examines how oral history methods could help enhance existing methodological and documentation standards in translation studies, expand the range of sources available for current and future historical studies of translators and interpreters, and enhance existing theoretical frameworks in translation studies. Particular emphasis is placed on memory and performance in oral narratives, two aspects of interviews that seem underrepresented in existing translation studies literature, and some attention is paid to how existing translation studies research could benefit oral history.
The paper describes the text linguistic research of political texts in the field of Translation Studies and presents an overview of critical discourse analysis-based studies. First, the relationship between text, power and ideology and its implications on the role of translation are explored. This is followed by a review of a number of studies on the translation of political texts and on the power relations involved. The paper classifies such studies into the following six categories representing distinct research fields: translators' professional roles and politics; translators acting as mediators in situations of political conflict; translators' professional responsibilities and the strategies they apply; the inference of translators' own historical, social and cultural backgrounds; manipulation in the translation of literary texts and other text types; and critical discourse awareness in Translation Studies. The most recent studies in the above research fields and their results are also presented. It is concluded that these approaches exhibit quite varied research methods and their results are almost impossible to compare. With a view to the future development of this research field, it seems expedient to introduce a unified research theory, method and tool.
This study explores ‘mock language’ by examining borrowed words in Canadian newspaper data. Mock language refers to the (usually negative) connotations that emerge as a result of the dual indexicality of borrowed words. Dual indexicality functions by allowing speakers to draw on stereotypes about other languages and speakers, thus reinforcing the role of languages as boundary marking devices. Using the methodological approach ‘cross-linguistic corpus-assisted discourse studies’, this paper draws on English and French examples from a corpus of Canadian newspapers. In Canada, languages serve not only as boundary markers, but also as icons of national groups; thus, borrowed words have implications for understandings of belonging in Canada and other multilingual and multicultural nations.Cette étude traite le concept du ‘langage moqueur’(‘mock language’) en examinant des emprunts dans un corpus de journaux canadiens. Le langage moqueur se rapporte aux connotations (normalement négatives) qui résultent de la double indexicalité des mots empruntés. La double indexicalité agit quand des locuteurs emploient des emprunts se servant en même temps de stéréotypes sur d'autres langues et leurs émetteurs. Elle renforce ainsi le rôle démarcatif des langues. Dans le cadre de l’étude, des exemples anglophones et francophones extraits de journaux canadiens sont analysés adoptant une approche méthodologique qui comprend l'analyse du discours multilingue en s'appuyant du corpus en linguistique (‘cross-linguistic corpus-assisted discourse studies’ [CADS]). Cette approche est particulièrement utile pour une étude sur le Canada, où les langues n'ont pas seulement un rôle démarcatif, mais sont aussi emblématiques des groupes nationaux. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que les emprunts ont des conséquences sur l'entendement de l'identité nationale dans les États multilingues et multiculturels tel que le Canada.
In Canada and in Quebec, studying the translations of political speeches raises a number of problems, particularly the linguistic, political, and social questions that have long been associated with Quebecois society's, and to a lesser degree Canadian society's, search for identity. This thesis illustrates these issues through the examination of the translations of two important speeches, one delivered by René Lévesque and the other by Pierre Elliott Trudeau. More specifically, the thesis analyzes the sociopolitical issues involved in these speeches using a table developed by Christina Schäffner and Teun A. van Dijk. At first, both speeches appear to represent the nation. In other words, it seems that each prime minister was naturally speaking for the entire population they represent. However, further research proves that once translated, the texts reveal that the two prime ministers were not necessarily speaking for all citizens: they were addressing only those who had voted for them. Furthermore, the research shows that in Quebec and Canada, the translation of political speeches is an effective tool used for the dissemination of ideologies.
Taking skopos as a starting point, this article1 seeks to refine the notion in the light of several insights afforded by interactional sociolinguistics, principally audience design (Bell 1984), the variables of power and distance, and aspects of linguistic politeness (Brown and Levinson 1987). By applying these notions to the analysis of various instances of translating, it is suggested that significant translational shifts may be traceable to systematic differences between the audience design and text design of producers of source texts and target texts. This exercise leads to a reflection on appropriate methods for researching audience design in translation and the status of textual evidence.
This article argues that Canadian literary translation is enlarging its cultural and esthetic mandates. When Philip Stratford in the 1970s called translations of Quebec literature'news from the front,' he was referring to the journalistic role played by translators in transmitting Quebec literary news. Rather than acting exclusively as mediators, writer/ translators are now increasingly involved in creating hybrid literary texts informed by a double culture. The novels of Gail Scott, the 'renga' of Jacques Brault and E.D. Blodgett are examples of such texts. They use languages to cross traditions, making their texts a crossroads of sensibilities.
Résumé
Il arrive que des théoriciens associent à une forme de censure les interventions des relecteurs ou des réviseurs. C'est peut-être oublier qu'en matière de démarches évaluatives, les recherches sont guidées par le souci de l'objectivité. Le domaine des divers agents d'évaluation, c'est le respect d'une norme professionnelle connue, en même temps qu'évolutive, et garante de l'efficacité de la communication. Cette série de règles intériorisées par la profession garantit aussi la cohésion de cette dernière, et c'est là sa fonction sociale. La relecture et la révision ne sont pas la police de la traduction, mais ses gardiens.
This paper argues that the hybrid text is a product of a voluntarily incomplete translation process. Hybrid texts are produced by writers who want to highlight their position between cultures, creating a new site of individual and collective expression. Hybrid texts are defined as those texts which use „translation effects” to question the borders of identity. These works, which arise out of hybrid sites of belonging, involve acts of interlingual creation. Three kinds of textual hybridisation which arise out of a number of contexts of cultural and linguistic contact are investigated on the basis of literary texts.
On the basis of recent literature on EU language work and of direct observation, this discussion note draws attention to the conflicting translational norms, and ultimately the contradictory discourses on translatorial ethics that inform EU language work. As a paradoxical case in point, a passage of authoritative discourse on the values presiding over EU language services is contrasted with anecdotal evidence of the language use prevaling in the institutions. Possible directions in the search for a less contradictory ethical discourse and translation practice in EU language work are mentioned.
Political discourse very often relies on translation. Political Discourse Analysis (PDA), however, has not yet taken full account of the phenomenon of translation. This paper argues that the disciplines of Translation Studies (TS) and PDA can benefit from closer cooperation. It starts by presenting examples of authentic translations of political texts, commenting on them from the point of view of TS. These examples concern political effects caused by specific translation solutions; the processes by which information is transferred via translation to another culture; and the structure and function of equally valid texts in their respective cultures. After a brief survey of the discipline of Translation Studies, the paper concludes with outlining scope for interdisciplinary cooperation between PDA and TS. This is illustrated with reference to an awareness of product features, multilingual texts, process analysis, and the politics of translation.
Translation is a means to an end: it helps organisations to function. It is sometimes necessary for new, supranational text types and genres to be created for the purpose of international cooperation. This is the case with EU legislation, for example. Translation Studies scholars should not stick traditional labels (derived from literary and Bible translation) on something new that defies traditional preconceptions. Instead, they should make an effort to understand what the EU institutions are trying to do and how they produce legislation, and the varied part(s) played by translation in EU activities. Some areas of constructive interaction are identified.
The style dimension of language variation has not been adequately explained in sociolinguistic theory. Stylistic or intraspeaker variation derives from and mirrors interspeaker variation. Style is essentially speakers' response to their audience. In audience design, speakers accommodate primarily to their addressee. Third persons – auditors and overhearers – affect style to a lesser but regular degree. Audience design also accounts for bilingual or bidialectal code choices. Nonaudience factors like topic and setting derive their effect by association with addressee types. These style shifts are mainly responsive – caused by a situational change. Speakers can also use style as initiative, to redefine the existing situation. Initiative style is primarily referee design: divergence from the addressee and towards an absent reference group. Referee design is especially prevalent in mass communication. (Sociolinguistic variation, code-switching. bilingualism, accommodation theory, ethnography of communication, mass communication)
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