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Pilates Exercise A Research-Based Review
Abstract
In the last ten years, the popularity of Pilates as a method of body conditioning has increased enormously. The Pilates method was created by Joseph Hubertus Pilates in the early 1920s. He designed an exercise program with the objective of increasing muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility while maintaining spine stabilization. This article reviews the scientific evidence concerning the use of Pilates in elderly adults, dancers, athletes, and healthy adults. Little research supports the benefits of this mode of exercise. Most of the published peer-reviewed research lacks adequate controls of the training interventions, has low reliability of the instruments used to measure strength and flexibility, uses improper statistical analysis, and lacks statistical power. In summary, there is a clear need for well-controlled Pilates research designs to provide a scientific validation of the claimed benefits of Pilates exercises in different populations.
... Os exercícios na sua maio¬ria são realizados em decúbito dorsal com diminuição do impacto sobre as articulações que sustentam o corpo na posição ortostática, principalmente na coluna vertebral, aliviando sintomas e prevenindo lesões (20) . As resistências aplicadas aos exercícios se dão através do peso do próprio corpo e da força da gravidade, bem como uso de diversos acessórios como bola suíça, elásticos, halteres, anilhas e ainda podem ser realizados exercícios em aparelhos, nos quais as molas são as que oferecem resistência e também podem auxiliar nos movimentos e possibilidades de trabalho (21,22,23,24) . A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo Pilates na qualidade de vida de indivíduos com lombalgia crônica analisar os efeitos do método Pilates na qualidade de vida em pacientes com lombalgia. ...
... Em relação aos tipos de métodos de Pilates utilizados pelos autores, foram: dez estudos que usaram Pilates Solo/Mat Pilates (1,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,19,22) ; doze estudos não especificaram o tipo de Pilates utilizado ( 3,4,5,6,8,15,17,18,20,21,23,24) ; um dos autores utilizou o Water Pilates e Mat Pilates (7) , e uma das pesquisas analisadas usou aparelhos e solo (2) . (1,7,9) , melhora da funcionalidade (8) , 12,5% melhora da incapacidade funcional (3,4,9) , melhora na amplitude de movimento (4,9) e resistência muscular (9) . ...
... (4) . Na presente pesquisa 87,5% dos estudos relataram melhora no quadro álgico dos pacientes estudados (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,18,19,20,21,22,23,24) . Exercícios físicos com foco na estabilização presente pesquisa 20,87% (4,5,13,15,23) , relataram melhora na incapacidade funcional, 20,87% (10,11,13,16,20) aumento da flexibilidade e 29,1% (12,13,14,15,16,19,20) ganho na resistência muscular da população estudada. ...
Introdução: A lombalgia pode ser caracterizada por um distúrbio doloroso na região lombar. Visto o aumento de casos, observa-se a necessidade de promover atividades físicas a fim de reduzir os efeitos causados pela dor lombar. O Pilates pode ser uma opção para a prevenção e tratamento de pessoas com lombalgia, promovendo melhor qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do método Pilates na qualidade de vida em pacientes com lombalgia crônica. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura com buscas nas seguintes bases de dados Scielo, Medline, Lilacs, Google acadêmico e Scientific Reports com restrição de idioma em português/inglês do período compreendido entre 2015 a 2019. Após aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram selecionados 24 artigos que compuseram a revisão. Resultados: O método Pilates pode ser uma estratégia que proporcione melhor qualidade de vida em pacientes portadores de lombalgia crônica. Conclusão: Sugere-se que o método Pilates pode diminuir a dor lombar, melhorar a autonomia funcional, aumentar a força e melhorar a qualidade de vida fatores esses, determinantes na prevenção e tratamento em pacientes com lombalgia crônica.
... In general, the elderly should perform moderate-intensity physical activities for at least 150 minutes/week or 75 minutes/week of vigorous activities and include flexibility, strength, and balance exercises at least two days a week in their routine 7,12 . In this sense, Pilates is an indicated activity for the development of flexibility, strength and balance in the elderly 11,13 . Pilates consists of physical exercises whose main characteristic is resistance work and dynamic stretching, performed in conjunction with breathing and respecting the principles of body control, precision, centralization, fluidity of movement and concentration 14 . ...
... It is known that, in order to reduce the number of falls, the programs must be multifactorial, aiming at not only isolated equilibrium work, but also being associated with other variables such as strength and flexibility 27 . In the article by 13 , the authors conclude that the variables balance, muscle strength and reaction time, together, interfered with a reduction in the number of falls. Corroborating with Irez 13 , studies by Barker 23 and Mokthari 28 concluded that strength improvement, when associated with increased balance, was crucial in reducing the risk of falls in the elderly. ...
... PG and TEG: 12 weeks, 2 sessions/ week, 60 min + 15-20 min home exercise (strength and balance exercises) on non-program days and daily following discharge from the program (the same program for both groups). All patients were asked to work at level 12-14 on the Borg Perceived Exertion Scale (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). PG: Pilates apparatus (Reformer, Chair and Cadillac), 12 weeks, 2 sessions/ week, 60 min. ...
The objective of this review was to analyze the evidence of Pilates in physical fitness related to health in the elderly. The article indexing databases (Pubmed, Medline, Science Direct, Scielo, Lilacs, and Cochrane) were reviewed along with the Pilates, elderly and aging descriptors. A total of 41 studies with a randomized experimental and quasi-experimental design met the inclusion criteria. The selection of the studies was carried out by two researchers and the quality of the articles was assessed using the PEDro scale. Interventions ranged from 4-24 weeks with 1-3 sessions/week, and balance was the most investigated variable. The studies included in this review indicate that Pilates improves health status in the elderly, promoting gains in balance, muscle strength, flexibility, functional autonomy, muscular endurance, body composition and aerobic endurance. Despite these findings, some variables need to be further investigated. Level of Evidence II; Systematic review.
... O surgimento do Pilates, como método de reabilitação, ocorreu durante a 1ª Guerra Mundial, quando Joseph Hubertus Pilates aplicou seu conhecimento para reabilitar os lesionados da guerra, sendo que, somente na década de 80, o método tornou-se popular 1,2 . Mais recentemente, o Pilates tem sido usado por profissionais de saúde, tendo como objetivo integrar a mente e o corpo, trazendo a melhoria do condicionamento físico ( flexibilidade, força e equilíbrio) e a consciência corporal 2 . ...
... Mais recentemente, o Pilates tem sido usado por profissionais de saúde, tendo como objetivo integrar a mente e o corpo, trazendo a melhoria do condicionamento físico ( flexibilidade, força e equilíbrio) e a consciência corporal 2 . Para isso, o método conta com exercícios realizados no solo e em aparelhos criados por Joseph Pilates [1][2][3][4] . Para a prática do Pilates, recomenda-se a utilização de seis princípios chaves, que são: concentração, controle, precisão, fluidez do movimento, respiração e centro de força 1,3,5 . ...
... Para isso, o método conta com exercícios realizados no solo e em aparelhos criados por Joseph Pilates [1][2][3][4] . Para a prática do Pilates, recomenda-se a utilização de seis princípios chaves, que são: concentração, controle, precisão, fluidez do movimento, respiração e centro de força 1,3,5 . ...
Despite of the widepread use of Pilates in Physical Therapy, there are few studies that have assessed the muscle electrical activation during Pilates exercises.
Verify the influence of different spring adjustments and individual positions on the electrical activation of multifidus (MU) and oblique external (OE) muscles during hip flexion-extension (HFE) exercise on the Cadillac.
Eight women practicing Pilates exercises for at least six months performed 10 repetitions of HFE in the following situations: Lower Spring, spring fixed at 30 cm in relation to level which the individuals were positioned. Higher Spring, spring fixed at 90 cm in relation to level which the individuals were positioned. Near Position, distance of 10 cm from the fixed spring. Distant Position, distance of 30 cm from the fixed spring. Kinematic and eletromyographic data (EMG) were collected simultaneously and the MU and OE muscles were monitored. Each movement of HFE was splitted in two phases (extension and flexion). The EMG signal was calculated and normalized using the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The Wilcoxon test was used to investigate differences between the situations (p < 0.05).
MU muscle presented muscle activation values ranging from 10 to 20 % MVC, and the highest muscle activation in the lower spring and in the near position. OE muscles presented muscle activation values ranging from 20 to 45% MVC, and the highest values in the higher spring and in the distant position.
MU and OE muscles presented a distinct electrical activation during different available spring adjustments and individual positions.
... Researchers who studied Pilates as a method of body conditioning found that this method of exercise is becoming increasingly popular, especially among older patients [69]. This method, which uses springs to increase the load of the exercises to reverse muscle atrophy, was founded by Joseph Pilates when he worked with wounded war patients who were on bed rest [70]. ...
... Shedden and Kravitz [69] suggested that the use of springs in Pilates exercises helps to reverse muscle atrophy. Suna and Işildak [42] also studied Pilates exercises in sedentary women and found that the exercises can reduce the risk of hypertension and diabetes, which are common in older people. ...
Stepladders are compact, foldable ladders with flat steps and a platform. Despite all the research and design efforts, there are still limitations in terms of the multifunctionality, usability and simplicity of stepladders and related variants. By combining ideas, features and functions from patent literature, existing products and scientific journals, this study aims to conceptualise a multifunctional stepladder for improved usability. Five concepts are created, which are screened and evaluated against a set of criteria to select the best concept for improved usability, divided into three categories: simplicity, effectiveness and efficiency. The result is a versatile invention that functions as a stepladder, walker, wheelchair and Pilates chair, suitable for older people and caregivers in nursing homes. It allows medical records or supplies to be retrieved from high places without the need for inappropriate aids. The invention can replace wheelchairs and walkers and converts into a Pilates chair to provide a mobile exercise option for older people. The concept offers older people flexibility and independence in terms of mobility and healthcare, while saving space in the nursing home. Further design studies, prototyping and testing are needed before this idea can go into production.
... These techniques are recommended as modern exercise methods, both for general exercises and for volleyball training in particular, to strengthen weak muscles (1) . The increasing popularity of Pilates as an exercise method has caught the attention of researchers who are interested in the potential health benefits (5,12,23,32,33,41,42) . ...
... SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA, 2018) and the data are presented as group mean values and standard deviations. The reliabilities of the sit and reach and vertical jump test measurements were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients; scores from 0.8 to 0.9 were considered as good, while values above > 0.9 were considered as high (42) . Normality of all variables was tested using Shapiro-Wilk test procedure. ...
Introduction: Volleyball is one of the world's most popular sports and because of its enormous popularity many studies have been conducted in an attempt to understand the better method training required to develop fitness performance by a volleyball player. Among which, Pilates exercises have also offered new effective methods for increasing strength and enhancing flexibility. However, many studies have looked at the benefits of Pilates-based exercises only for low back pain and improvement of a person's quality of life. Therefore, the purpose of this preliminary causal-comparative study was to examine the effects of Pilates training on some physical fitness components in young female volleyball players. Materials and methods: 56 female players (13-18 years) were recruited and assigned to two groups: a Pilates group (n = 28) performing a Pilates training program since at least two years by the team physiotherapist in addition to volleyball team training, and a standard volleyball training group (n = 28) that has never practiced Pilates before. All participants were tested on the sit and reach and vertical jump (height and power by squat jump and countermovement jump). Comparison by one-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences between the groups (p > 0.05) both for the sit and reach and vertical jump tests. Results: Pilates training and standard volleyball training groups did not differ significantly at baseline in anthropometric characteristics (p > 0.05). Statistical analysis of the data revealed no significant differences between the groups for the sit and reach test squat jump test and countermovement jump test. Conclusion: our data suggest that Pilates exercises program could be not sufficient to cause significant improvement in hamstring flexibility and lower limb explosive strength. Future research with rigorous experimental design is needed to assess Pilates effectiveness.
... Further, Pilates training goes beyond physical development by using exercise methods or equipment and addresses all aspects of exercise that require mental control based on eight principles: control, breathing, flowing movement, precision, centering, stability, range of motion, and opposition, and improves an individual's health in terms of their mind and body and even their quality of life 16,19,20) . Pilates training also includes various programs that enable the participation of patients who cannot participate in normal exercises due to injury or vulnerable health issues through supportive equipment, such as Reformers, Cadillacs, Wunda Chairs, Magic Rings, Magic Circles, and various types of Foot Correctors, Sandbags, in addition to mat-based exercises 21) . Independent exercises can be created within each exercise process to match each individual's needs 22,23) . ...
... Hence, statistically significant improvement (p<0.05) in the physical, social, and psychological domains of quality of life through participation in Pilates by stroke patients as shown in the results of this study can be used as basic data that can propose Pilates training as an extremely effective exercise method for improving quality of life in addition to restoring functions in stroke patients. Although the discussion has many limitations due to a lack of preceding studies regarding quality of life in stroke patients, the study results are in line with the results of studies that examined quality of life in the elderly or disabled individuals who participated in Pilates training, including some studies reporting that quality of life in the elderly increased as the level of participation in Pilates increased 20,21,42) and another study by Choi 49) reporting that quality of life increased with respect to joy, sense of satisfaction, and sense of happiness in disabled individuals through regular Pilates training. ...
[Purpose] This study was to observe the influence of Pilates training on the quality of life in chronic stoke patients. [Subjects and Methods] Forty chronic stroke patients participated in this study. They were divided into same number of experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). EG participated in a 60-min Pilates training program, twice a week for 12 weeks, while the CG did not participate in any exercise-related activities for the duration and participating in general occupational therapy without any exercise-related activities. Then the MMSE-K was performed before and after Pilates training to observe the influence of Pilates training on the quality of life in chronic stroke patients. [Results] Statistically significant improvement in the physical, social, and psychological domains was found in EG after the training. No statistically significant difference was found in all three quality of life domains for the CG. EG experienced a statistically significant improvement in all quality of life domains compared with that of CG. [Conclusion] Therefore, participation in Pilates training was found to effectively improve the quality of life in stroke patients. Pilates training involves low and intermediate intensity resistance and repetition that match the patient’s physical ability and can be a remedial exercise program that can improve physical ability and influence quality of life.
... In this sense, the foot work exercise stands out, which is characterized as an closed kinetic chain exercise, similar to leg press in relation to the motor gesture ( lexion-extension of hips and knee), but differs in relation to the position of the individual and external load (10,11,12). In Pilates, exercise is performed on the Reformer apparatus, with the individual positioned in supine position with feet supported on a bar; this horizontal position reduces the action of gravity (13), being commonly used when the injured joint is not able to support the entire body weight (14). External overload occurs by the use of springs, through which the change in length (applied force), the type of material (elasticity modulus), and the cross section dictate the strength magnitude and the value of the stored potential energy (15). ...
... Considering that the foot work exercise is commonly used bilaterally in rehabilitation programs and physical training (14,21), an important aspect to be investigated is the unilateral measurement of the force applied by the subject against different elastic loads. Such evaluation will provide basic information to understand the force symmetry between limbs and load progression in Pilates. ...
Introduction:
Pilates is a physical exercise method that uses the resistance of springs to modulate the overload from exercises.
Objective:
To characterize the force versus time curve of the foot work exercise; verify and compare the force applied by the same limb during the foot work exercise against the resistance of two types of springs with different elastic constants, and verify and compare the asymmetry of force applied by right and left lower limbs during the foot work exercise against the resistance of the same type of spring.
Methods:
Twenty healthy adult individuals familiarized with Pilates were evaluated. Two extensometric force plates adapted to the Reformer apparatus were used. Each participant performed 10 repetitions of the exercise against the resistance of two pairs of springs with different elastic constants. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used with significance levels of p < 0.05.
Results:
The exercise's standard curve showed that the peak force is reached in the point of maximum hip and knee extension during the execution of the exercise. There were differences between force production by the same limb for different springs (p < 0.001) and between left and right limb when spring with lower elastic constant was used (p = 0.006). No differences were found between right and left limb when spring with higher elastic constant was used (p = 0.108).
Conclusion:
The knowledge of the force versus time curve and the quantification of unilateral force are important elements in the evaluation and prescription of exercises.
... The Pilates method is a body exercise technique that has been widely used in recent years by therapists in order to improve flexibility, physical fitness and body awareness and to strengthen the muscles mainly associated with trunk stability (Shedden and Kravitz, 2006;Latey, 2001). The entire construction of the theoretical concepts related to this method was developed by Joseph Pilates (1886e1967) during the First World War with the aim of rehabilitating the injured (Shedden and Kravitz, 2006;Latey, 2001). ...
... The Pilates method is a body exercise technique that has been widely used in recent years by therapists in order to improve flexibility, physical fitness and body awareness and to strengthen the muscles mainly associated with trunk stability (Shedden and Kravitz, 2006;Latey, 2001). The entire construction of the theoretical concepts related to this method was developed by Joseph Pilates (1886e1967) during the First World War with the aim of rehabilitating the injured (Shedden and Kravitz, 2006;Latey, 2001). The method became popular during the 1980s, but the scientific validity that could sustain the prescribed exercises is still lacking (Muscolino and Cipriani, 2004). ...
... reported that functional training improves the adaptations that occur in all the sensory systems assisting with postural control, such as the vestibular, visual, and somatosensory and motor systems controlling muscular output. Additionally, some studies have confirmed significant positive correlation between balance, muscle strength and flexibility [75,76]. A reasonable explanation for this result may be that functional training improves the core strength of the subjects, thereby improving the stability of the individual's control of the spine and pelvis, coordinating the shift in the centre of grav-ity and posture adjustment during movement, and improving the balance ability of the athlete [77,78]. ...
Background
The evidence indicates that functional training is beneficial for athletes’ physical and technical performance. However, a systematic review of the effects of functional training on athletes’ physical and technical performance is lacking. Therefore, this study uses a literature synthesis approach to evaluate the impact of functional training on the physical and technical performance of the athletic population and to extend and deepen the existing body of knowledge.
Methods
This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and the researchers performed a systematic search of five international electronic databases using the predefined terms "functional training" and "athletes" on 15th November 2023: Web of Science, CINAHL PLUS, PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus. A PICOS approach was used to identify the following inclusion criteria: (1) athletes, (2) a functional training program, (3) an active control group, (4) a measure of physical and/or technical performance, and (5) randomized controlled studies. A methodological quality assessment of the original research was conducted using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (Pedro) scale. The review was performed using the PRIMSA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42022347943).
Results
Of the 1059 potentially eligible studies identified, 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies included were conducted on 819 athletes from 12 different countries and were published between 2011 and 2023. The assessment was performed on the Pedro scale, and the mean Pedro score for the included studies was 5.57 (moderate quality, ranging from 4 to 10). The eligibility study reported on 14 different types of sports, with 22 studies focusing on physical performance and 11 studies focusing on technical performance. These studies have shown that functional training can significantly improve the physical and technical performance of athlete populations, but in some studies, no significant difference in the data was observed between groups.
Conclusion
Functional training is an effective training method for enhancing the physical and technical performance of athlete populations. However, no significant difference in the data was observed between the functional training groups and the regular training group, which may be due to the duration of the training program, the different training experiences of the athletes, and the different focuses of the training regimens. Therefore, future studies should focus on the physical and technical performance of different sports groups with different types and durations of functional training programs to expand the current evidence base.
... The Pilates Method has evolved and diversified, with different types of Pilates providing different services. The significant differences are multifaceted and include the setting, content, delivery, client population and intention (Table 1) [24] Classical and Comprehensive studio Pilates sessions are delivered using a mixture of specific Pilates apparatus [25,26] (Figure 2). Classical Pilates closely adheres to the Contrology exercises described by JH Pilates [2,6], as well as information from original film footage and work passed on by some of those trained by him and his partner, Clara [27]. ...
Pilates is increasingly being used for fitness, rehabilitation and chronic disease management. This paper is part one of two on the evolution of Pilates. This discussion paper explores the diversification of Pilates, from a mind-body exercise system for maintaining wellness even with comorbidities, to assist bio-mechanical mal-alignments and pathological conditions, for rehabilitation, and gym exercise providing cardio workouts. The scope of this paper traces the development of Pilates principles and modifications that have contributed to the diversification of the Pilates method from Classical Pilates to comprehensive, therapeutic, clinical Pilates and gym/fitness Pilates and the acceptance of Pilates as an allied healthcare workers treatment tool. Popularisation, and commercialisation of Pilates has produced a confusing range of Pilates providers, with markedly different philosophy, educational pathways and competencies. The substantial disparities between the skills, accreditation and the service provided by the various types of Pilates need to be recognisable for students, course providers, consumers, public health funding bodies and private health insurance funds.
The Pilates profession(s) require accurate and distinctive descriptors of provision of service. Clear labelling of the different types of Pilates supported by transparent independent regulation will improve safe practice.
... Within the analyzed period, he did not find any systematic study that used the Pilates Method to improve body balance in the elderly (26). The Pilates Method is composed of a collection of functional exercises and movements, initially using only the person's own body weight and later extended with the aid of some equipment (39). This method is aimed at better integrating the individual into his or her functional challenges in daily life, involves the whole body as a functional unit, tries to correct postural deficits, and develops corporal stability (23,32). ...
Objective: Considering a world-wide increase of the elderly population and the age-related ceasing of functional capacities, maintenance of body balance is crucial to avoid falls and the risk of fractures. The Pilates Method offers exercises aimed at stabilizing the postural muscles and therefore appears to have a good potential in this context. The aim of the study was to assess the possible effects of a Pilates program on body balance in elderly people. The hypothesis was that this type of intervention would improve body balance as compared to another group of elderly people, who participated in a program with unspecific physical activities. Design: The Pilates group (PG, n=19) and the control group (CG, n=20) exercised twice a week for 10 weeks. All participants were submitted to a balance test before and after the intervention. Results: The groups showed similar balance abilities in the pre-test, classified as regular balance abilities. The participants in the CG did not show any improvement in body balance during the post-test, while the participants in the PG showed significant improvements, with a tendency toward a good classification. Older subjects showed a tendency toward a lower capacity in body balance within the groups. Conclusion: The Pilates Method offers a beneficial tool to improve the abilities to maintain body balance. The effects of this method probably represent an entity of improved postural muscle functionality and an improved integration of the information provided by various receptor systems in the control of the activity of these muscles.
... 호흡(Breathing), 흐름(Flow)의 원리를 기반으로 운동하도록 권장하고 있다[2,3,5,6].특히 코어 강화를 기반 으로 척추의 만곡과 자세의 대칭적인 체중 부하를 유지 하면서 머리, 어깨, 골반을 중립 위치에서 적절하게 조 절하여 올바른 신체 정렬 유지에 중점을 두고 있다[7]. 필라테스 운동을 통한 긍정적 효과는 참여자의 운동효 과와 만족도 상승으로 이어지고 있는데 특히, 호흡 및 척추 분절의 유연성 및 근력 강화 운동은 신체 조절능 력 및 자세교정에 매우 효과적이며, 높은 미디어 노출 이 이뤄지면서 참여인구가 꾸준히 증가되고 있으며 관 련 분야에 대한 연구도 꾸준히 진행되고 있다[8-10]. ...
PURPOSE This study was conducted for the purpose of exploring the direction and quality of Pilates research in the future by comparing and analyzing research trends in the field of Pilates natural science at home and abroad.METHODS In order to analyze domestic and foreign Pilates research trends, we analyzed academic papers of the last 10 years (2013-2022) in the natural science field, and domestic papers were used as the keyword ‘Pilates’ using DP Pia, Kiss, and Riss, which are academic information services. A total of 105 papers were used by searching. For overseas studies, Pub med and Scholar were used, and only SCI and SCIE papers were collected and 129 papers were searched.RESULTS First, according to the comparative analysis of research trends by domestic and foreign fields, physiology (61%), kinematics (24.8%), and rehabilitation (14.2%) were found in the order of domestic, whereas in foreign countries, kinematics (34.9%) and physiology (33.3%) and rehabilitation (31.8%), a study with a relatively even distribution was conducted. Second, in the comparative analysis by study subject, domestic literature was the highest with 68.7% of studies targeting women, and was conducted separately by various age groups. Foreign fields, 40.9% of studies conducted by gender were found, and there were many studies that considered the characteristics of musculoskeletal disorders and metabolic diseases rather than gender. Third, looking at the comparison by research variable, studies have been conducted on various topics in physiology and kinetic dynamics. However, while domestic studies have focused on changes in body composition, foreign studies are actively conducting research on muscle function, musculoskeletal disorders, and rehabilitation.CONCLUSIONS In summary, it is judged that active research in the field of kinematics and rehabilitation should be conducted for more diverse subjects in the field of Pilates.
... Muscolino and Cipriani (2004), after their studies on adults with Pilates movements, found a positive increase in flexibility test measurements (24). In another study, it was determined that Pilates exercises expand the range of motion of the joints, increase flexibility, and increase muscle strength and endurance (25). Kılıç et al. (2018) found that there was a significant increase in flexibility values after a regular reformer Pilates exercise program, 3 days a week for 6 weeks, on female volunteer subjects (26). ...
The aim of this study is to examine the effect of 6-week Pilates exercises applied to sedentary women on body composition and flexibility. A total of 18 volunteer sedentary women between the ages of 20-35 participated in the study. Two different groups were formed the experimental group (n:9 age: 28.30±4.42) and the control group (n:9 age: 28.70±5.41). A 60-minute Pilates exercise program was applied to the experimental group 3 days a week for 6 weeks. Weight, body fat percentage, body water ratio, body muscle ratio, and flexibility values were measured before and after Pilates exercises. SPSS 22.0 package program was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Mean and standard deviation values were used in the statistics of descriptive data. The Shapiro-Wilk Test was used to determine the normality of the data. Independent Samples T Test was used to evaluate the significance of the groups, and Paired Samples T Test was used for in-group comparisons. Statistical results were evaluated at p<0.05 significance level. Statistical significance was found in the weight, body fat percentage, body water ratio, body muscle ratio values, and flexibility scores of the experimental group (p<0.05). There was no statistical significance in the parameters of the control group (p>0.05). As a result, it can be said that 6-week Pilates exercises applied to sedentary women have a positive effect on body composition and flexibility.
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... This intervention only uses the person's body weight and consists of group of functional exercises and steps. It was later extended with the aid of equipment (Shedden & Kravits, 2006). It was found to be a suitable exercise to integrate a person into his or her functional challenges in daily life (Latey, 2001). ...
This study is aimed to investigate the effect of 25 minutes of continuous active stretching-based exercise (STAxercise) on the flexibility and agility / balance of a group of elderly men. An experimental research design was used. Participants consisted of 20 sedentary males aged 60 to 64 years, who participated in this study having different weight and height. All participants took part in the "Healthy Generation Program" held in Petaling Jaya in 2016. They were engaged three times per week for 24 weeks of STAxercise interventions. All participants completed the tests (i.e. flexibility & agility / dynamic balance) before and after the intervention. The results showed that the participants had increased in inches in terms of flexibility and reduced in time agility-dynamic balance after 24 weeks of intervention. The present study recommends STAxercise as another approach for elderly people to practice at home. Future research needs to investigate the effectiveness of STAxercise with different modes of exercises other than the effects on psychological states of the participants.
... Este método se puede llevar a cabo en suelo y en aparatos. Todos ellos favorecen el trabajo de los músculos estabilizadores mientras que elimina la tensión excesiva de los músculos y compensaciones de movimientos involucrando una amplia variedad de movimientos (Shedden & Kravitz, 2006). Por tanto, es un entrenamiento que se basa en fundamentos anatómicos, fi siológicos y cinesiológicos (Cardoso & Kennedy, 2005); además, está comprendido por seis principios básicos: atención-concentración, control de los movimientos (suaves y armónicos), precisión (equilibrio de diferentes músculos implicados en los movimientos), centro de fuerza (fortalecimiento de abdominales), respiración (factor primordial al inicio del movimiento para proporcionar a los músculos estabilidad) y movimientos fl uidos (de forma controlada y continua) (Muscolino & Cipriani, 2004;Silva, 2010). ...
La caza en España, como actividad motriz que es y, en mayor o menor medida, demanda unos requerimientos físicos concretos, al margen de otros requisitos de tipo social y psicológico propios de cada modalidad (Gamonales & León, 2014a; Gamonales, 2015; Gamonales & León, 2015a, 2015b).
... O surgimento do Método Pilates ocorreu durante a 1ª Guerra Mundial, quando o alemão Joseph Hubertus Pilates aplicou seu conhecimento para reabilitar os lesionados da guerra. O método é baseado em cinco princípios-chave: centralização, concentração, controle, precisão e respiração [1], por meio de exercícios realizados no solo, aparelhos e acessórios criados por Joseph Pilates (fitness circle, reformer, cadillac, cadeira combo, barril), contendo molas que são as responsáveis por adicionar resistência aos movimentos durante a fase de contração excêntrica [2]. ...
Introdução: Poucos estudos relatam a utilização com sequências de exercícios do método Pilates e a descrição das variáveis de treinamento utilizadas. Assim, torna-se necessário analisar os efeitos das variáveis de treinamento em uma aula de Pilates com equipamentos. Objetivos: Analisar os efeitos da sobrecarga do Método Pilates com aparelhos na composição corporal, flexibilidade e salto horizontal em indivíduos do sexo feminino após oito semanas de treinamento. Material e métodos: Participaram do estudo 24 mulheres fisicamente ativas e saudáveis, com idade entre 18 e 35 anos; peso: 62,02 ± 3,2 kg; estatura: 167 ± 4,1 cm. As voluntárias foram divididas randomicamente em dois grupos: 12 voluntárias no grupo de treinamento periodizado com o método Pilates (GP) e 12 no grupo controle (GC), totalizando 24 sessões de treinamento. A composição corporal foi obtida pelo método duplamente indireto, mensurando a espessura de dobras cutâneas, por meio de um plicômetro (Sany®); a flexibilidade, utilizando o teste com o banco de Wells; e o salto horizontal parado, realizando três tentativas de salto, com intervalo mínimo de 40 segundos entre os mesmos. A normalidade e homogeneidade das variâncias foram verificadas por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e de Levene, respectivamente. Anova (2x2) medidas repetidas com os fatores de grupo (GP versus GC) e condição (pré e pós) foi utilizada para verificar diferenças significativas para as variáveis: composição corporal, salto e flexibilidade. Uma significância (α) de 5% foi utilizada para todos os testes estatísticos. Resultados: Foram observadas reduções significativas nos momentos pré x pós-sessão para flexibilidade. Conclusão: A manipulação da sobrecarga no Método Pilates com aparelhos parece ser efetiva para a melhora da flexibilidade em mulheres fisicamente ativas.Palavras-chave: composição corporal, treinamento de resistência, mulheres.
... Além disso, o Pilates caracteriza-se por um conjunto de movimentos em que a posição neutra da coluna vertebral é sempre respeitada, com o objetivo de melhorar a coordenação da respiração com o movimento corporal, a flexibilidade geral, a força muscular e a postura, sendo esses fatores importantes no processo de reeducação postural. Na realização desses exercícios considerados de baixo impacto, recomenda-se a utilização de seis princípios: concentração, controle, precisão, fluidez do movimento, respiração e utilização do centro de força 13 . A prescrição dos exercícios de Pilates em pacientes com lombalgia crônica justifica-se pelo fato desse método se basear em exercícios que salientam o alongamento e fortalecimento corporal. ...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Low back pain is defined as a painful disorder located between the first and the fifth lumbar vertebra, and it is considered to be an important public health problem. In Brazil, approximately 10 million people are disabled as a result of this condition. The objective this study was to assess the effects of the Pilates method on the treatment of chronic low back pain.
METHODS:
The present study is based on a randomized, controlled clinical trial involving 16 individuals, aged 30-60 years, of both gender, with chronic low back pain, divided into control group and experimental group, with eight individuals each. Twelve sessions of 40 minutes were performed, in which nine positions of the Pilates method were applied within the experimental group. The control group performed kinesiotherapeutic conventional exercises. The visual analog scale and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire were used before and after the study period in both groups.
RESULTS:
The assessment of pain and disability in the pre- and post-evaluation periods showed no statistically significant difference. The control group also showed no statistical difference for the visual analog scale and Oswestry scores between the pre- and post-evaluation periods, whereas the experimental group showed a significant difference between the scores obtained in these two different periods for the Oswestry and visual analog scores.
CONCLUSION:
It is suggested that the method was effective for the group studied and proved to be suitable for the treatment of low back pain, but it did not prove superior to conventional physical therapy.
... Older adults' who participated in both the Dance and the Pilates exercise had a significant improvement in dynamic balance increasing the amplitude of upper trunk oscillations during periodic sway after the intervention. The Pilates method is composed of a collection of functional exercises and movements, initially using only the person's body weight, that requires the participation and integration of many underlying body systems; such as sensory, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems (Shedden & Kravitz, 2006).The Pilates exercise challenges these systems while focusing on the principles of breathing, control, centering, precision, concentration, and flow (Anderson & Spector, 2000).We suspect that as a result of the Pilates intervention, participants improved their core stability and became more kinesthetically independent, resulting in improved postural control. After the three months intervention program, participants were able to better control the degrees of freedom of the upper body, which resulted in more effective periodic, sway, achieving an increase of trunk displacement. ...
The present study was designed to compare the effectiveness of exercise programs, exercise with Pilates and Latin dance, on older adults' static and dynamic balance. Thirty two older adults were divided into three groups, Pilates group, Dance group, and a Control group. Static and dynamic balance was assessed with following tasks: a) Tandem stance, b) one leg stance and c) periodic sway with and without metronome guidance. Analysis revealed a significant, reduction of the trunk sway amplitude during the Tandem stance with eyes closed, reduction in the Center of Pressure displacement during one-leg stance, increase in the amplitude of trunk oscillation during the sway task, for both intervention's groups and reduction in the standard deviation of the CoP displacement during the MP task only for the dance group. The differences in specific balance indices between the two programs suggest some specific adaptations that may provide useful knowledge for the selection of exercises that are better tailored to the needs of the old adult.
... The training variables (volume, intensity, speed of execution, rest intervals, loads, etc.) throughout training are important in promoting morphological, physiological, and biomechanical adaptations (7,10,13,15,19,25,38). Therefore, it is apparent that every method used to improve physical fitness should be monitored for its effectiveness (34,35,36). ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the muscle activation and fatigue post high volume Pilates training and the acute implications on the strength performance and morphological responses related to muscle tissue of lower limb. Twelve healthy young trained women performed one session of Pilates using a Wunda Chair. In two distinct moments (preand post-intervention), transverse relaxation time (T2)- weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images and isokinetic test evaluations of the lower limbs were recorded. There were significant increases in T2 signal intensity post-intervention for the gluteus maximus and throughout the muscle portion (proximal, medial, and distal) of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris. There were significant decreases in performance
from pre- to post-intervention in peak torque, total work, and average power of the extension moment. However, in the flexion moment, there were no significant differences in performance between pre- and postintervention.
The findings confirm that the Pilates method, when applied with the control of variables such as time series, repetitions, and rest intervals, promotes a modification of muscle strength and volume of the affected muscular groups. The ability to manipulate training variables when applied to Pilates apparatus promotes similar acute changes as reported in strength training studies.
... Improvements in lumbo-pelvic control and core posture (Critchley et al., 2011; Emery et al., 2010; Herrington & Davies, 2005; Phrompaet et al., 2011; Queiroz et al., 2010), flexibility (Alves de Araújo et al., 2012; Phrompaet et al., 2011; Sinzato et al., 2013), and static and dynamic balance (Bird, Hill, & Fell, 2012; Campos de Oliveira, de Oliveira, & de Almeida Pires-Oliveira, 2015; Cruz-Ferreira et al., 2011; Johnson et al., 2007; de Siqueira Rodrigues, Cader, Torres, de Oliveira, & Dantas, 2010) were found in several studies, although non-significant findings have also emerged (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, & Triplett, 2009; Sinzato et al., 2013). Promising results in decreasing body fat mass and increasing lean body mass were also reported (Cakmakçi, 2011; Fourie et al., 2013), however, the overall quality of these studies does not warrant the drawing of firm conclusions (AladroGonzalvo et al., 2012; Shedden & Kravitz, 2006). Improvements in physical activity, strength and balance are particularly beneficial for older adults as they prevent falls and generally increase physical fitness (Bird et al., 2012; Bird & Fell, 2014; Bullo et al., 2015; Irez et al., 2011; de Siqueira Rodrigues et al., 2010), but also for sedentary individuals, given that sedentary lifestyle appears to be clearly linked to an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality (Wilmot et al., 2012). ...
Pilates exercises have several demonstrated physical and psychological benefits. To date, most research in this context was conducted with symptomatic or elderly people with few dependent measures. The current study examined the chronic or longitudinal effects of very low frequency, once a week, Pilates training on several physical and psychological measures, over a 10-week intervention, in young, healthy, and sedentary women. Further, the study gauged the acute effects of Pilates exercises on positive- and negative affect in 10 exercise sessions. Compared to a control group, the Pilates group exhibited significant improvements in skeletal muscle mass, flexibility, balance, core- and abdominal muscle strength, body awareness, and negative affect. This group also showed favorable changes in positive (22.5% increase) and negative affect (12.2% decrease) in nine out of ten exercise sessions. This work clearly demonstrates the acute and chronic benefits of Pilates training on both physical and psychological measures. It also reveals that even only once a week Pilates training is enough to trigger detectable benefits in young sedentary women. While this frequency is below the required levels of exercise for health, it may overcome the ‘lack of time’ excuse for not exercising and subsequently its tangible benefits may positively influence one's engagement in more physical activity.
... Actualmente se está convirtiendo en uno de los sistemas de ejercicio más demandados desde diversos campos: rehabilitación , acondicionamiento general, complemento para deportes especícos, embarazadas, personas mayores, niños, etc. (González-Gálvez y Sainz de Baranda, 2011 ). Algunos autores consideran que el Método Pilates mejora la condición física (fuerza, exibilidad, coordinación y equilibrio), aumenta la conciencia corporal, reeduca las actitudes posturales, aumenta la creatividad , la memoria, la autoestima, reduce el estrés, el cansancio, la agresividad, el dolor, mejora el estado de ánimo, la densidad ósea, la postura, etc. (Adamany y Loigerot, 2006; Anderson, 2010; Anderson y Spector, 2000; Muirhead, 2004; Pilates y Miller, 1945; Shedden y Kravitz, 2006). La práctica habitual de actividad física durante el tiempo libre inuye positivamente sobre el bienestar psicológico y emocional de las personas (Deslandes, Moraes, Ferreira, Veiga, Silveira, Mouta, Pompeu, Coutinho y Laks, 2009). ...
In the last 5 years, the analyzed databases show a remarkable increase in the number of publications on Pilates. The enormous popularity of Pilates may be due to physical and psychological benefits that people could get to their practice. From the scientific field, there is a need to evaluate objectively the existing results on the potential benefits of the Pilates Method. So this work is to check whether there is a sufficient scientific basis to justify their psychological health benefits practitioners. For this we have performed a systematic search, using as search criteria the word "Pilates" in databases: ScienceDirect, Pubmed, Lilacs, PsycARTICLES, CSIC-ISOC and Dialnet. Among the psychological variables that have been studied the most relevant have proven the quality of life, depression, mood, generalized self-efficacy and aspects of sleep. Also taking into account the peculiarities of the method itself will narrow future research.
... The content delivered during the lessons was Pilates. Pilates is a form of exercise that underscores the development of muscle strength and endurance, flexibility, and body awareness (Shedden and Kravitz, 2006). The students in this study performed the same three-sets of five Pilates abdominal exercises during each of the three lessons: the 100 (100 repetitions), bicycle (20 repetitions), alternating leg lift (20 repetitions), double straight leg (six repetitions), and roll up (six repetitions). ...
Validating selected theoretical assumptions associated with the Spectrum of Teaching Styles is critical to the pursuit of knowledge about effective instructional strategies. To assess these styles, a total of 77 college-aged students at one university enrolled in four physical activity classes and participated in three 50-minute lessons with different teaching styles. One lesson was delivered in the command teaching style, one in the practice teaching style, and one in the inclusion teaching style. All 12 lessons (three to each class) were taught by one Spectrum trained teacher. Students performed the same series of five Pilate’s abdominal exercises in all three lessons. Three observation instruments were used to systematically code instructional climate (Stewart, 1989), time-on-fitness (Chung, 1989), and teacher feedback (Dodds, 1989; Mosston and Ashworth, 2002). Descriptive statistics were computed for the student and teacher behaviors. One-way ANOVAs were used to examine behavior differences among teaching styles. The results revealed that the amount of time spent in instruction was higher in the inclusion style of teaching and amount of time spent in activity was lower. Within active fitness time, no differences were revealed across teaching styles. Individual skill feedback was provided at a higher rate in the practice and inclusion styles of teaching. This information is critical to educators making informed decisions regarding the efficacy of a specific teaching style and its potential utility in facilitating student performance behavior.
... El Método Pilates es una técnica que se centra principalmente en el acondicionamiento corporal mediante el estiramiento y el fortalecimiento de los músculos para la mejorar de la flexibilidad, la fuerza, la coordinación y el equilibrio (Adamany, 2006; Muirhead, 2004; Paredes, 2007; Pilates, 1934; Pilates y Miller, 1945; Shedden y Kravitz, 2006; Spilde y Porcari, 2005). ...
El Método Pilates es una actividad física que contribuye, en gran medida, a la
consecución de diferentes elementos del currículo en la materia de Educación
Física, en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Por ello, en este artículo se
plantean cuatro Unidades didácticas, una para cada curso de la E.S.O.,
siguiendo una progresión de dificulta, una sobre otra.
La primera Unidad Didáctica va destinada para alumnos de 1º de E.S.O. y tiene
por nombre: Pilates Strong “Pilates para la mejora del fortalecimiento del tronco”.
La segunda Unidad didáctica, enfocada para 2º de E.S.O. se titula: Pilaflex
“Pilates para la mejora de la flexibilidad”. La tercera Unidad didáctica, se llama:
“El Método Pilates y mi espalda”, y se desarrolla para 3º de E.S.O. y la cuarta
Unidad es para alumnos de 4º de ESO y se titula: “¡Ya domino el Pilates!”.
En todas ellas se exponen los objetivos y contenidos de aprendizaje, la
interdisciplinariedad, las actividades complementarias, el tratamiento de las TIC,
la evaluación que se propone llevar a cabo, así como la metodología, los
ejercicios que se desarrollaran y las sesiones.
... Pilates training can be performed with an apparatus (Reformer, Wunda Chair, and Barrel) or without an apparatus (mat-work). The increasing popularity of Pilates as an exercise method has caught the attention of researchers who are interested in the potential health benefits (5,11,22,29,30). In fact, while a number of studies have looked at the benefits of Pilates-based exercises for low back pain (20,25,26), maintenance of functional capacity, and improvement of a person's quality of life (1,3,7,16,24,27,28), only a few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of Pilates training on the physical fitness of athletes (4,13,19,25). ...
This study determined the effects of a 6-wk Pilates training program on body composition and physical fitness in young basketball athletes. Fifteen male athletes were randomly allocated to two groups: a Pilates training group (PG; n = 8) and a control group (CG; n = 7). The PG performed a Pilates training program that consisted of 7 exercises of 2 to 3 sets with 15 to 20 repetitions each with a 45 sec rest interval twice a week for 6 wks (in addition to basketball team training). The CG performed only the basketball team training. Before and after the 6-wk intervention, the subjects’ body composition, flexibility, agility, anaerobic power/endurance, and lower limb power were determined. The results showed no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) between the PG and the CG. The findings indicate that 6 wks of Pilates training program is not sufficient to change physical fitness and body composition in young basketball athletes.
... Their appraisals found weak support for the effectiveness of the PME on outcomes such as strength, flexibility, and alignment because of the quality of research methods and small sample sizes. A similar appraisal of the PME in healthy adults and dancers was conducted by Shedden and Kravitz, 8 who reinforced the necessity of well-controlled and well-designed studies to scientifically validate the effects of the PME in these populations. ...
To evaluate evidence for the effectiveness of the Pilates method of exercise (PME) in healthy people.
Published research was identified by searching Science Direct, MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and Web of Science.
Research studies published from inception to May 7, 2011 were selected for evaluation. Two reviewers independently applied the inclusion criteria to selected potential studies. Studies were included if they were published in a peer-reviewed journal, written in the English language, conducted as a randomized controlled trial (RCT) or quasi-RCT in healthy people, had an inactive and/or exercise control group(s), included key study outcomes, and used the PME as the study intervention in at least 1 study arm.
Two reviewers independently extracted data (study, design, subjects, intervention, key outcomes results), applied the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale to assess the method quality of selected studies, and determined the strength of the evidence using the best evidence synthesis grading system.
Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. PEDro scale values ranged from 3 to 7 (mean, 4.1), indicating a low level of scientific rigor. The outcomes studied most often were flexibility, muscular endurance, strength, and postural alignment. The PME appears to be effective in improving flexibility (strong evidence), dynamic balance (strong evidence), and muscular endurance (moderate evidence) in healthy people.
There was strong evidence to support the use of the PME at least to the end of training to improve flexibility and dynamic balance and moderate evidence to enhance muscular endurance. Future RCTs should focus on the components of blinding, concealed allocation, subject adherence, intention-to-treat analysis, and follow-up designs.
La condición física es un
indicador de rendimiento físico y estado
de salud de toda persona, donde uno de
sus componentes centrales concierne a la
capacidad aeróbica. En la actualidad existen
diversos métodos directos e indirectos para
evaluar la capacidad aeróbica, donde los
directos o también llamados de laboratorio
determinan resultados, mientras los
indirectos o también llamados de campo
estiman resultados. Sin embargo, dentro del
contexto deportivo ecuatoriano, suele llegar
a interpretarse en la práctica como sinónimos
los términos ‘determinar’ y ‘estimar’. Por
cuanto, el presente estudio centra su
objetivo general en efectuar un análisis
crítico que contraste bibliográficamente
pruebas de campo y laboratorio en alusión
a la CA. Así, la metodología concierne a un
diseño cualitativo de teoría fundamentada,
mediante tres principios de las ciencias
sociales: préstamo teórico, pensamiento
reflexivo y pensamiento metafórico, a la
par, el método teórico analítico-sintético.
En efecto, ningún método de evaluación
compete ‘malo’ o ‘bueno’ de manera
aislada, siempre que se los aplique como
procedimiento en un determinado momento,
fase o etapa de manera cohesionadas
según las finalidades que se persiguen y la
población a la que se interviene.
Objectives The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of mat Pilates and apparatus Pilates on some physical fitness parameters, posture, joint mobility, and functional movement level in adult women.
Materials and Methods A total of 45 female participants were included in the study, and they were divided into 3 groups of 15 people in each group. The groups were determined as mat Pilates, apparatus Pilates, and control groups. While the participants in the mat and the apparatus Pilates groups performed the exercise program for 12 weeks, the participants in the control group did not participate in any regular physical activity program. The physical fitness parameters, posture, joint mobility, and functional movement level of the participants were evaluated before and after the exercise program.
Results At the end of the exercise program, muscle strength, muscular endurance, balance, posture score, joint mobility, and functional movement level increased significantly in both the mat and the apparatus Pilates groups (p<0.05). For the post-test values of the parameters evaluated within the scope of the study, a significant difference was found between the mat and the apparatus Pilates groups in favor of the apparatus Pilates group in terms of back strength, leg strength, and balance (p<0.05).
Conclusion Both mat and apparatus Pilates exercise programs provided an increase in muscle strength, muscular endurance, joint mobility, functional movement level, and positive effects on balance and posture in adult women.
Objective:to evaluate the strength and balance of women over 50 years old, with osteoporosis,Pilates practitioners,in the city of Pirapora -MG. Materials and Methods: it is a descriptive, cross-sectional study, with conveniencesampling, represented by 10 elderly women with osteoporosis,who practice Pilates. Lower limb strength was assessed by means ofthe Sit and Stand test;static balance, byusing the Flamingo Position test;and dynamic balance,withthe Timed Up and Gotest. Results:the Sit and Stand Chair test,with an average of 8.4±2.7 repetitions, indicated “risk zone” for the development of dependence on activities of daily life. In the Flamingo Position test, the most frequent oscillation values were fixed at the “Strong” level,with 4.2±1.4 oscillations in60 seconds, indicating good performance. The Timed Up and Gotest presentedperformances inan average of 12.7±2.4 seconds, indicating “low risk for falls”. Conclusion:elderly women with osteoporosis, Pilates practitioners, presented weakness of the lower limbs but good static and dynamic balance. Even with a low risk of developing falls, they remain in the “risk zone” to develop dependence on daily activities.
Introdução: A lombalgia é um problema de saúde pública que acomete grande parte da população em algum momento da vida. Exercícios físicos realizados pelo método Pilates são descritos na literatura como uma opção de tratamento. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos que elucidam movimentos adequados para este fim. Objetivo: Comparar a ativação elétrica dos músculos oblíquo externo, oblíquo interno e multífido durante exercícios abdominais no solo e no Cadillac, para identificar diferenças na atividade neuromuscular da musculatura flexora e extensora do tronco. Material e métodos: Onze mulheres realizaram oito repetições dos exercícios The Roll Up e Roll Back. Durante os movimentos, foi avaliada a extensão e flexão do quadril a partir da análise eletromiográfica de superfície. Resultados: A ativação eletromiográfica do músculo oblíquo externo foi estatisticamente significativo, nas duas fases do movimento, no exercício The Roll Up em comparação ao exercício Roll Back. Contudo, oblíquo interno e multífido não apresentaram diferenças quando comparados os exercícios. Conclusão: O exercício realizado no solo (The Roll Up) apresentou maior demanda da musculatura flexora e extensora. Esse achado representa um passo importante na compreensão de critérios objetivos para a elaboração de programas de reabilitação nas lombalgias e para o condicionamento físico utilizando o método Pilates.Palavras-chave: cinesioterapia, eletromiografia, postura, lombalgia.
Objective
To investigate the effects of Pilates exercises using a Reformer on measures of fall risk, balance and mobility, self-efficacy, and active range of motion in adults age 65 and over at risk for falls compared to a control group.
Design
Randomized Controlled Trial.
Methods
Fifty-five subjects (27 Pilates intervention, 28 control; 38 females, 17 males; mean age 77.6 years, range 65–95) were randomly assigned to either a Pilates Reformer intervention group or a control group (no intervention). Subjects in the intervention group attended a Pilates Reformer exercise program in a group format once a week over a 10-week period. The primary outcome measures were the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) composite scores on the NeuroCom® system, Timed Up-and-Go (TUG), and Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale. The secondary outcome measures were the Adaptation Test (ADT), straight leg raise (SLR), hip extension, and ankle dorsiflexion active range of motion (AROM), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and 10 Meter Walk Test (10MWT).
Results
There was a significant interaction between group and time on the TUG, BBS, 10MWT, and SLR, hip extension, and ankle dorsiflexion AROM measurements. Over time, subjects in the Pilates intervention group improved their scores significantly on all mentioned measures, whereas subjects in the control group did not (P ≤ 0.05). Significantly improved AROM was found between groups following the Pilates intervention for hip extension, left SLR, and right ankle dorsiflexion.
Conclusion
Pilates Reformer exercises performed once per week for 10 weeks resulted in reduced fall risk and significant improvements in static and dynamic balance, functional mobility, balance self-efficacy, and lower extremity AROM in adults age 65 and older at risk for falling, whereas the control group did not significantly improve in any measures. Pilates Reformer exercises are more effective compared to no exercise intervention at improving hip and ankle AROM.
In the last 5 years, the analyzed databases show a remarkable increase in the number of publications on Pilates. The enormous popularity of Pilates may be due to physical and psychological benefits that people could get to their practice. From the scientific field, there is a need to evaluate objectively the existing results on the potential benefits of the Pilates Method. So this work is to check whether there is a suffcient scientific basis to justify their psychological health benefits practitioners. For this we have performed a systematic search, using as search criteria the word "Pilates" in databases: ScienceDirect, Pubmed, Lilacs, PsycARTICLES, CSIC-ISOC and Dialnet. Among the psychological variables that have been studied the most relevant have proven the quality of life, depression, mood, generalized self-e+cacy and aspects of sleep. Also taking into account the peculiarities of the method itself will narrow future research. © 2014: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia Murcia (España).
Objectives: To quantify and determine the effects of Pilates on core endurance, hamstring flexibility, balance, body composition/mass, and perceived stress level in healthy college-aged women. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial design. Background: Emerging research on the Pilates technique is inconclusive regarding benefits to core endurance, flexibility, balance, body mass, and perceived stress. Methods and Measures: Female college students (n = 57; 18-35 years old) were randomly assigned to a Pilates group, who exercised at home with a DVD, or a control group who did not engage in Pilates practice. Core endurance, hamstring flexibility, balance, body composition, and stress measurements were taken at baseline and at 10 weeks. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between groups for multidirectional standing reach test results, specifically reaching to the right, and right hamstring flexibility. Conclusion: Pilates practice resulted in gains in balance and hamstring flexibility among college-aged women. Limitations in this study, including the unknown level of activity of the control group, warrant further investigation. Additional research is needed to determine whether Pilates has a significant effect on core endurance, body composition, and perceived stress level.
Se propone una Unidad didácticaUnidad Didáctica de “Pilates, relajación y respiración” para Educación Física en 3º de E.S.O. Esta unidad didácticaUnidad Didáctica contribuirá tanto al desarrollo de la educación postural, como al desarrollo de diferentes elementos del currículo de la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Se expone su aplicación indicando aspectos relacionados que pueden llevarse a cabo con la misma como las TICs, la educación en valores, las competencias, la interdisciplinariedad y las actividades complementarias y extraescolares, la metodología, el desarrollo de las sesiones y su evaluación.
La Educación Física, entre sus objetivos, presenta el fomento de la
práctica de actividad física. Para ello, el docente de Educación Física deberá
aportar al alumno destrezas para ser capaz de realizar una práctica física de
manera saludable y consciente, fuera del horario escolar y durante el resto de su
vida. Por ello, se deberá atender a la oferta de actividades que los alumnos
encontraran fuera del horario lectivo. Actualmente, el Método Pilates es una
técnica en auge en nuestra sociedad, que mejora la fuerza, la flexibilidad, la
coordinación y el equilibrio. Teniendo en cuenta los beneficios que la técnica
puede aportar al alumnado, a continuación se analiza su contribución al currículo
para llevar a cabo una progresión de Unidades Didácticas a lo largo de todos los
curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria.
Pilates is a method that can potentially be used for stroke rehabilitation to address impairments in gait, balance, strength, and posture. The purpose of this case report was to document the feasibility of using Pilates and to describe outcomes of a 9-month program on lower extremity strength, balance, posture, gait, and quality of life in an individual with stroke. The participant was taught Pilates exercises up to two times per week for nine months in addition to traditional rehabilitation in the United States. Outcomes were assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), GAITRite System®, 5 repetition sit-to-stand test (STST), and flexicurve. Improvements were found in balance, lower extremity strength, and quality of life. Posture and gait speed remained the same. While these changes cannot be specifically attributed to the intervention, Pilates may have added to his overall rehabilitation program and with some modifications was feasible to use in someone with a stroke.
RESUMEN El MP es una técnica de mejora de la fuerza, la flexibilidad, la coordinación y el equilibrio, todo ello teniendo consciencia de una correcta respiración durante la realización de los ejercicios. Actualmente existe una gran demanda en la sociedad, por ello y con el objetivo de ofrecerles contenidos novedosos y prácticos a nuestros alumnos, en el presente artículo se analiza la idoneidad del MP en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). Una vez observado este aspecto, se plantea una propuesta metodológica con el Método Pilates (MP), llevada a cabo previamente en el aula. Esta Unidad didáctica (UD) se desarrolla en un total de 12 sesiones para 3º curso de la ESO. Se especifican los objetivos, contenidos, metodología, evaluación, así como una actividad complementaría para el trabajo de las Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación (TIC). La experiencia durante el desarrollo de la presente propuesta fue gratamente satisfactoria tanto para los alumnos como para el docente.
The purpose of this study was to improve the leaping ability of athletes in rhythmic gymnastics, a high leap demanding sport, using a controlled course of jump training.
Six elite athletes underwent a course of leap training including pool training and Pilates' Method of Body Conditioning using spring controlled resistance to muscular exertion. Baseline data was obtained on a force plate that measured reaction time, leap height, and explosive power on each athlete before initiating training.
After 1 month of training, leap height improved 16.2%, ground reaction time improved 50%, and explosive power improved 220%. With continued maintenance training, no decrease in effect was noted; however, no significant improvement occurred after the first month of training. At 1 yr with discontinuation of the leaping protocol but continued training within the sport, the initial gains were likewise maintained. No injuries occurred during participation in the leaping protocol.
Elite rhythmic gymnasts can safely improve their leaping ability significantly through an intense course of jump training. Continued training with the leaping protocol does not appear to further enhance the benefit; however, the gains appear to be maintained at 4 months and 1 yr post training with or without additional training with the leaping protocol.
For older adults, hospitalization frequently results in deterioration of mobility and function. Nevertheless, there are little data about how older adults exercise in the hospital and definitive studies are not yet available to determine what type of physical activity will prevent hospital related decline. Strengthening exercise may prevent deconditioning and Pilates exercise, which focuses on proper body mechanics and posture, may promote safety.
A hospital-based resistance exercise program, which incorporates principles of resistance training and Pilates exercise, was developed and administered to intervention subjects to determine whether acutely-ill older patients can perform resistance exercise while in the hospital. Exercises were designed to be reproducible and easily performed in bed. The primary outcome measures were adherence and participation.
Thirty-nine ill patients, recently admitted to an acute care hospital, who were over age 70 [mean age of 82.0 (SD= 7.3)] and ambulatory prior to admission, were randomized to the resistance exercise group (19) or passive range of motion (ROM) group (20). For the resistance exercise group, participation was 71% (p = 0.004) and adherence was 63% (p = 0.020). Participation and adherence for ROM exercises was 96% and 95%, respectively.
Using a standardized and simple exercise regimen, selected, ill, older adults in the hospital are able to comply with resistance exercise. Further studies are needed to determine if resistance exercise can prevent or treat hospital-related deterioration in mobility and function.
Decreased lumbo-pelvic (or core) stability has been suggested to contribute to the etiology of lower extremity injuries, particularly in females. This prospective study compares core stability measures between genders and between athletes who reported an injury during their season versus those who did not. Finally, we looked for one or a combination of these strength measures that could be used to identify athletes at risk for lower extremity injury.
Before their season, 80 female (mean age = 19.1 +/- 1.37 yr, mean weight 65.1 +/- 10.0 kg) and 60 male (mean age = 19.0 +/- 0.90 yr, mean weight 78.8 +/- 13.3 kg) intercollegiate basketball and track athletes were studied. Hip abduction and external rotation strength, abdominal muscle function, and back extensor and quadratus lumborum endurance was tested for each athlete.
Males produced greater hip abduction (males = 32.6 +/- 7.3%BW, females = 29.2 +/- 6.1%BW), hip external rotation (males = 21.6 +/- 4.3%BW, females = 18.4 +/- 4.1%BW), and quadratus lumborum measures (males = 84.3 +/- 32.5 s, females = 58.9 +/- 26.0 s). Athletes who did not sustain an injury were significantly stronger in hip abduction (males = 31.6 +/- 7.1%BW, females = 28.6 +/- 5.5%BW) and external rotation (males = 20.6 +/- 4.2%BW, females = 17.9 +/- 4.4%BW). Logistic regression analysis revealed that hip external rotation strength was the only useful predictor of injury status (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.77, 0.097).
Core stability has an important role in injury prevention. Future study may reveal that differences in postural stability partially explain the gender bias among female athletes.
To assess claims regarding the effects of Pilates training on flexibility, body composition, and health status.
An observational prospective study.
A community athletic club.
A sample of 47 adults (45 women, 2 men) who presented for Pilates training.
Not applicable.
Fingertip-to-floor distance, truncal lean body mass by bioelectric impedance, health status by questionnaire and visual analog scale were assessed at baseline, 2, 4, and 6 months (+/-1 wk).
Thirty-two of 47 enrolled subjects met the protocol requirements of missing no more than 1 weekly 1-hour session Pilates mat class during each 2-month period. Investigators were blinded to measurements from previous time points. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) fingertip-to-floor distance improved from baseline by 3.4 cm (1.3-5.7 cm), 3.3 cm (0.3- 7.8 cm), and 4.3 cm (1.5-7.6 cm) at 2, 4, and 6 months, respectively (paired nonparametric analysis, all P<.01). There were no statistically significant changes in truncal lean body mass, height, weight, or other body composition parameters. Self-assessment of health also did not change in a statistically significant manner from its baseline median (IQR) value of 77 mm (69-85 mm).
Pilates training may result in improved flexibility. However, its effects on body composition, health status, and posture are more limited and may be difficult to establish. Further study might involve larger sample sizes, comparison with an appropriate control group, and assessment of motor unit recruitment as well as strength of truncal stabilizers.
The objective of this study was to determine differences in electromyographic (EMG) activity of the soleus (SOL), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), abdominal stabilizers (AS), upper lumbar erector spinae (ULES), and lumbo-sacral erector spinae (LSES) muscles while performing squats of varied stability and resistance. Stability was altered by doing the squat movement on a Smith machine, a free squat, and while standing on two balance discs. Fourteen male subjects performed the movements. Activities of the SOL, AS, ULES, and LSES were highest during the unstable squat and lowest with the Smith machine protocol (p < 0.05). Increased EMG activity of these muscles may be attributed to their postural and stabilization role. Furthermore, EMG activity was higher during concentric contractions compared to eccentric contractions. Performing squats on unstable surfaces may permit a training adaptation of the trunk muscles responsible for supporting the spinal column (i.e., erector spinae) as well as the muscles most responsible for maintaining posture (i.e., SOL).
The Pilates-based reformer is used by dancers for training and for injury rehabilitation. Knee kinematics and applied forces during demi-plie in fifth and in first positions were analyzed while dancers performed the motions (a) standing, (b) on the reformer equipped with two springs, and (c) on the reformer equipped with four springs. The highest forces, normalized to body weight, were obtained for the standing demi-plie, while the largest knee flexion angles occurred on the reformer with four springs. Greater range of motion was achieved in first position than in fifth, and females exhibited greater extension and higher normalized forces than males. It was also noted that force/knee angle relationships for the standing demi-plie and for the reformer tests were quite different. Reformer forces were totally dependent on the knee angle, whereas the forces during the standing demi-plie depended on the acceleration of the dancer's center of gravity.
Dancers are required to execute varied and complex movements that put stress on their body. There is an increased risk of injury when the dancer executes these complex movements with insufficient technical control or with bad posture. A form of corrective gymnastics popular among dancers is the Pilates method of conditioning and exercise. The present experiment was designed to examine the effects of training with Pilates-based exercises on dancers dynamic posture. Participants from the École Supérieure de Danse du Québec trained individually twice a week, with a teacher in Pilates-based exercises (mat and Universal Reformer) for a period of three months. They were also assigned some of the mat exercises as homework. The participants were divided into a control and an experimental group. The participants' dynamic posture was evaluated during the execution of a grand plié. Data were collected both prior to and after the training period with a WATSmART system. The participants of the experimental group were found to be more stable in the upper body region than their controls. This suggests that training with Pilates-based exercises improves dynamic body control.
Severe ligamentous knee injuries are uncommon in dance, but partial instability can be disabling. Because of the aesthetics required, use of a brace is not practical. The balanced body approach of exercise and rehabilitation can maximize the physiologic stabilizers of the knee and allow return to dance. While derived from the original principles of Joseph H. Pilates, current practitioners apply modern biomechanical and medical knowledge. The Reformer, a spring loaded exercise device first used by J.H. Pilates, can provide both a simulated environment for dance technique while allowing rest of the injured part and a method of cross training.
Until the mid-1980s the Pilates Method of exercise was little known outside the world of dance but has grown in popularity rapidly in the last decade: coming out of obscurity. Pilates method is much more than a list of exercises. It is a way of connecting and conditioning the whole being-body and mind. This article traces its history in context and examines the initial principles of the method, with the beginnings of modern developments.
The response of supine jump height and pelvic alignment to a conditioning and alignment program using the Current Concepts Reformer is evaluated. A total of 24 subjects (first and second year dance students at California State University, Long Beach) participated in the study; 14 in the experimental group received 8 weeks of Reformer instruction and 10 in the control group received no Reformer instruction. The two variables assessed were jump height from a supine position on the Reformer and the maintenance of pelvic alignment while executing jumps in a standing position. A significant improvement was found in jump height for each group, however, there was no significant difference in the amount of improvement between the groups; the experimental group had a p-value of 0.0016 and the control group had a p-value of 0.0008. Differences in alignment between groups were found in 3 of 8 pelvic alignment assessment questions as determined by independent observers. An average change in mean score toward the poor alignment grade was found in the experimental group (0.71 ± 0.61). A veryslight shift toward the excellent alignment grade was found in the control group (0.06 ± 0.58; 0.11 ± 0.42; 0.22 ± 0.51). Inter-observer reliability was determined for each of the pelvic alignment assessment questions and a p-value of 0.05 was obtained for one of the eight assessment questions using the Spearman Rank Order Correlation. A correlation between pelvic alignment and jump height was unable to be determined.
Successful management of classical ballet dancers with overuse injuries requires an understanding of the art form, precise knowledge of anatomy and awareness of certain conditions. Turnout is the single most fundamental physical attribute in classical ballet and ‘forcing turnout’ frequently contributes to overuse injuries. Common presenting conditions arising from the foot and ankle include problems at the first metatarsophalangeal joint, second metatarsal stress fractures, flexor hallucis longus tendinitis and anterior and posterior ankle impingement syndromes. Persistent shin pain in dancers is often due to chronic compartment syndrome, stress fracture of the posteromedial or anterior tibia. Knee pain can arise from patellofemoral syndrome, patellar tendon insertional pathologies, or a comination of both. Hip and back problems are also prevalent in dancers.
To speed injury recovery of dancers, it is important for the sports medicine team to cooperate fully. This permits the dancer to benefit from accurate diagnosis, technique correction where necessary, the full range of manual therapies to joint and soft tissue, appropriate strengthening programmes and maintenance of dance fitness during any time out of class with Pilates-based exercises and nutrition advice. Most overuse ballet conditions respond well to a combination of conservative therapies. Those dancers that do require surgical management still depend heavily on ballet-specific rehabilitation for a complete recovery.
This study examined the coactivation of trunk flexor and extensor muscles in healthy individuals. The experimental electromyographic data and the theoretical calculations were analyzed in the context of mechanical stability of the lumbar spine.
To test a set of hypotheses pertaining to healthy individuals: 1) that the trunk flexor-extensor muscle coactivation is present around a neutral spine posture, 2) that the coactivation is increased when the subject carries a load; and 3) that the coactivation provides the needed mechanical stability to the lumbar spine.
Theoretically, antagonistic trunk muscle coactivation is necessary to provide mechanical stability to the human lumbar spine around its neutral posture. No experimental evidence exists, however, to support this hypothesis.
Ten individuals executed slow trunk flexion-extension tasks, while six muscles on the right side were monitored with surface electromyography: external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, multifidus, lumbar erector spinae, and thoracic erector spinae. Simple, but realistic, calculations of spine stability also were performed and compared with experimental results.
Average antagonistic flexor-extensor muscle coactivation levels around the neutral spine posture as detected with electromyography were 1.7 +/- 0.8% of maximum voluntary contraction for no external load trials and 2.9 +/- 1.4% of maximum voluntary contraction for the trials with added 32-kg mass to the torso. The inverted pendulum model based on static moment equilibrium criteria predicted no antagonistic coactivation. The same model based on the mechanical stability criteria predicted 1.0% of maximum voluntary contraction coactivation of flexors and extensors with zero load and 3.1% of maximum voluntary contraction with a 32-kg mass. The stability model also was run with zero passive spine stiffness to simulate an injury. Under such conditions, the model predicted 3.4% and 5.5% of maximum voluntary contraction of antagonistic muscle coactivation for no extra load and the added 32 kg, respectively.
This study demonstrated that antagonistic trunk flexor-extensor muscle coactivation was present around the neutral spine posture in healthy individuals. This coactivation increased with added mass to the torso. Using a biomechanical model, the coactivation was explained entirely on the basis of the need for the neuromuscular system to provide the mechanical stability to the lumbar spine.
A biomechanical model of the lumbar spine was used to calculate the effects of abdominal muscle coactivation on spinal stability.
To estimate the effects of abdominal muscle coactivation on lumbar spine stability, muscle fatigue rate, and lumbar spine compression forces.
The activation of human trunk muscles has been found to involve coactivation of antagonistic muscles, which has not been adequately predicted by biomechanical models. Antagonistic activation of abdominal muscles might produce flexion moments resulting from abdominal pressurization. Qualitatively, antagonistic activity also has been attributed to the need to stabilize the spine.
Spinal loads and spinal stability were calculated for maximum and submaximum (40%, 60% and 80%) efforts in extension and lateral bending using a previously published, anatomically realistic biomechanical model of the lumbar spine and its musculature. Three different antagonistic abdominal muscle coactivation patterns were imposed, and results were compared with those found in a model with no imposed coactivation.
Results were quantified in terms of the sum of cubed muscle stresses (sigma sigma m3, which is related to the muscle fatigue rate), the maximum compressive loading on the lumbar spine, and the critical value of the muscle stiffness parameter (q) required for the spine to be stable. Forcing antagonistic coactivation increased stability, but at the cost of an increase in sigma sigma m3 and a small increase in maximum spinal compression.
These analyses provide estimates of the effects of antagonistic abdominal muscle coactivation, indicating that its probable role is to stabilize the spine.
To determine whether voluntary abdominal muscle contraction is associated with pelvic floor muscle activity.
Pelvic floor muscle activity was recorded during contractions of the abdominal muscles at 3 different intensities in supine and standing positions.
Research laboratory.
Six women and 1 man with no histories of lower back pain.
Not applicable.
Electromyographic activity of the pelvic floor muscles was recorded with surface electrodes inserted into the anus and vagina. These recordings were corroborated by measurements of anal and vaginal pressures. Gastric pressure was recorded in 2 subjects.
Pelvic floor muscle electromyography increased with contraction of the abdominal muscles. With strong abdominal contraction, pelvic floor muscle activity did not differ from that recorded during a maximal pelvic floor muscle effort. The pressure recordings confirmed these data. The increase in pressure recorded in the anus and vagina preceded the pressure in the abdomen.
In healthy subjects, voluntary activity in the abdominal muscles results in increased pelvic floor muscle activity. The increase in pelvic floor pressure before the increase in the abdomen pressure indicates that this response is preprogrammed. Dysfunction of the pelvic floor muscles can result in urinary and fecal incontinence. Abdominal muscle training to rehabilitate those muscles may be useful in treating these conditions.
The influence of a core-strengthening program on low back pain (LBP) occurrence and hip strength differences were studied in NCAA Division I collegiate athletes.
In 1998, 1999, and 2000, hip strength was measured during preparticipation physical examinations and occurrence of LBP was monitored throughout the year. Following the 1999-2000 preparticipation physicals, all athletes began participation in a structured core-strengthening program, which emphasized abdominal, paraspinal, and hip extensor strengthening. Incidence of LBP and the relationship with hip muscle imbalance were compared between consecutive academic years.
After incorporation of core strengthening, there was no statistically significant change in LBP occurrence. Side-to-side extensor strength between athletes participating in both the 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 physicals were no different. After core strengthening, the right hip extensor was, on average, stronger than that of the left hip extensor (P = 0.0001). More specific gender differences were noted after core strengthening. Using logistic regression, female athletes with weaker left hip abductors had a more significant probability of requiring treatment for LBP (P = 0.009)
The impact of core strengthening on collegiate athletes has not been previously examined. These results indicated no significant advantage of core strengthening in reducing LBP occurrence, though this may be more a reflection of the small numbers of subjects who actually required treatment. The core program, however, seems to have had a role in modifying hip extensor strength balance. The association between hip strength and future LBP occurrence, observed only in females, may indicate the need for more gender-specific core programs. The need for a larger scale study to examine the impact of core strengthening in collegiate athletes is demonstrated.
Quantifying the stability of the spinal column offers a perspective on the effectiveness of the motor control strategy to ensure a stable spine--and minimize the risk of injury from experiencing an unstable event. There are essentially three energy based methods of calculating a stability index for the lumbar spine. All three methods involve mathematical manipulation of an 18 x 18 Hessian matrix. The purpose of this paper was to consider the mathematical implications for the three methods of determining a single stability index, and examine the effects of biological factors such as muscle activation in each of these methods. The first approach computes the Hessian's determinant and is thought to represent a more global or "average" perspective on stability. A second approach computes the smallest eigenvalue of the Hessian matrix to determine the weakest link of the spine. The final method determines an average critical stiffness difference for the spine and is intended to effectively determines how far a human spine is from instability, and allows comparison between tasks. This study shows that the same interpretation of stability is achieved via all three computational approaches--they agree as to whether the spine is stable or not. However they appear to differ in their sensitivity to the effect of muscle activation patterns.
A repeated measures biomechanical analysis of the effects of abdominal bracing in preparation for a quick release of the loaded trunk.
To quantify the ability of individuals to abdominally brace the externally loaded trunk, and assess their success in achieving and enhancing appropriate spine stability.
Spine stability requires trunk muscle coactivation, which demands motor control skill that differs across people and situations. The quick release protocol may offer insight into the motor control scheme and subsequent effect on spine stability.
There were 10 individuals who sat, torso upright, in an apparatus designed to foster a neutral spine position. They were instructed to support a posteriorly directed load to the trunk in either their naturally chosen manner, or by activating the abdominal muscles to 10%, 20%, or 30% of maximum ability. The externally applied load was then quickly released, thereby unloading the participant. Muscle pre-activation patterns, spine stability, and kinematic measures of trunk stiffness were quantified.
Participants were able to stabilize their spine effectively by supporting the load in a naturally selected manner. Conscious, voluntary overdriving of this natural pattern often resulted in unbalanced muscular activation schemes and corresponding decreases in stability levels.
Individuals in an externally loaded state appear to select a natural muscular activation pattern appropriate to maintain spine stability sufficiently. Conscious adjustments in individual muscles around this natural level may actually decrease the stability margin of safety.