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Response of Eastern and Formosan Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to Borate Dust and Soil Treatments
Abstract
Workers of the termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) were topically treated with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, a fine-grain zinc borate, or boric acid (+ 1%magnesium stearate) powder; they were also exposed to sand treated with borates in an indirect exposure tunneling assay. Dust treatment with boric acid powder caused the most rapid mortality, with application of all three powders causing 100% mortality within 15d. Treatment of 10-20% of the termite workers in test groups with borate dusts indicated that the toxicants are transmitted by grooming or trophallaxis (or both) to untreated individuals. However, less mortality occurred in groups of C. formosanus than in corresponding groups of R. flavipes workers when 10% of the workers were treated with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate or zinc borate powders. Both termite species readily penetrated sand containing 5,000, 10,000, or 15,000 ppm disodium octaborate tetrahydrate or zinc borate. In the 10-d test period, ~5,000 ppm (or greater) disodium octaborate tetra hydrate and 15,000 ppm zinc borate in the sand elicited high mortality (85-93%) in R. fla vipers. Responsesof C. formosanus workers were more variable. Only 10,000 and 15,000ppm zinc borate in the sand caused mortality (70-89%) significantly different from that in control groups. In both dust transmission and tunneling experiments, interspecific differences in grooming or tunneling behavior may cause reduced exposure of C. formosanus to the borates.
... . (Lee et al., 2001). 토양처리의 경우에는 지중 흰개미 군체의 탐색 영역(foraging range)이 넓어짐에 따라 지중흰개미 방제에 큰 영향을 주지 못한다 (Su and Scheffrahn, 1988 (Grace and Abdallay, 1990;Grace, 1991;Madden, 1999;Madden et al., 2000;Gautam andHenderson, 2011, 2012 (Grace and Abdallay, 1990;Grace, 1991 (Madden, 1999;2001;Madden et al., 2000). 이후 2010년대에는 비기 피성 약제에 대한 활용도가 높아지며 phenylpyrazole계 살 충 물질인 fipronil을 유효성분으로 한 분말형 약제의 농도별 지중흰개미 방제 연구가 진행되었다 (Gautam et al., 2012;Gautam et al., 2014;Li et al., 2016). ...
... . (Lee et al., 2001). 토양처리의 경우에는 지중 흰개미 군체의 탐색 영역(foraging range)이 넓어짐에 따라 지중흰개미 방제에 큰 영향을 주지 못한다 (Su and Scheffrahn, 1988 (Grace and Abdallay, 1990;Grace, 1991;Madden, 1999;Madden et al., 2000;Gautam andHenderson, 2011, 2012 (Grace and Abdallay, 1990;Grace, 1991 (Madden, 1999;2001;Madden et al., 2000). 이후 2010년대에는 비기 피성 약제에 대한 활용도가 높아지며 phenylpyrazole계 살 충 물질인 fipronil을 유효성분으로 한 분말형 약제의 농도별 지중흰개미 방제 연구가 진행되었다 (Gautam et al., 2012;Gautam et al., 2014;Li et al., 2016). ...
... (Su and Scheffrahn, 1990;Gautam et al., 2012;Todd, 2014;Singh et al., 2016) Figure 9). (Grace and Abdallay, 1990;Grace, 1991;Madden et al., 2000;Madden, 2001;Green et al., 2008;Gautam et al., 2012;Gautam et al., 2014;Todd, 2014;Li et al., 2016;Singh et al., 2016) ...
... It has been extensively recorded how termites forage or swarm to disperse in search of food or to build new nests and colonies. It is thought that some procedural swarming activity, which can occur indoors or outside, gives homeowners an early warning for early infestation by this insect [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. ...
The mortar’s composition, porosity, mechanical properties, entryways’ orientation, and condi-tioning status of the tunnels made by the Najdian Termite, Microtermes najdensis located at Hada Al-Sham village, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia were studied. The most prevalent infected tim-ber trees by this pest were Tamarix aphylla, Pithecellobium duce, Zizyphus spina christi, Leucaena leu-cocephala, Ficus infectoria, and Phoenix dactylifera. Climate, soil, healthy wood (Wh), and termite nest skeleton (TNS) were the four components of the termite system that were investigated physi-cally, chemically, spectroscopically, and by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM. It was noticed that the entryways of the termite nests are located at the southwest direction for all the infected trees studied at Hada Al-Sham village that promotes better ventilation. Concerning to the air-conditioning status within the their nest, the internal temperature (IT) was found to be milder than that for its analogous value for the outer temperature (OT) in which the IT was wormer than OT during cold durations, while it was colder than the hottest OT in hot days and vice versa. The IT’s trend had more constantancy with minor fluctuations compared to that for the OT. Moreo-ver, the IT was found to be tended to the upper OT’s limit otherwise its colder one. This finding means that these termite species prefer the hotter atmospheres comparing the colder circumstanc-es. Lignin is the prominent tracer of the organic matter used as a binder for the TNS due to its gluing ability, resistance to enzymatic degradation by the termites and their accompanied fungal community habituating the nests. The presence of both microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was discovered for the first time in the nest mortar reinforcing Klason lignin as the main binder. Their presence was proved by FTIR, XRD, SEM and TEM anal-yses and we satisfied that they were naturally-synthesized by the action of enzymatic hydrolysis excreted by the termites and their accompanied fungal community habituating the nests. The gross heat of combustion (GHCs) of the Wh and TNS were studied to try to find an important uti-lization of the infected woods as renewable energy resources instead of disposal them without economic benefits. These findings may be used for interpreting the durability of the termite nests to the different environmental stresses. Biomimicry of the termites’ nest from the perspective of its magic mortar with a suitable permeability, the entryways’ orientation, and the air-conditioning status can lead to modify the current construction’s designs to be more green and ecofriendly.
... 현재 국내에서는 흰개미 방제를 위해 화학적 방제법인 토양 처리와 군체제거제 처리가 사용되고 있다 (Han et al., 1998;Kim, 2022 (Grace, 1991;Chouvenc, 2018 Kim, 2022 (Weinzierl et al., 2005;Park, 2022 (Mitaka et al., 2020), 대만지중흰개미를 대상으로 21종의 아미노산에 대한 유인 선호도가 확인되었다 (Chen and Henderson, 1996). 또한 다양한 효소들을 Coptotermes gestori에 적용하여 선호도를 비 교하였으며 (Haifig et al., 2010), 목재 수종별 추출물에 대한 흰 개미 유인력과 기피력이 연구되었다 (Al-Mallah et al., 2007;Gazal et al., 2014 (Zeismann, 1996;Tasaki et al., 2020). ...
In the Republic of Korea, many of the wooden architectural heritage are located in forests and, therefore, are vulnerable to termite damage. In Korea, the predominant approach to termite control involves chemical control methods using termiticides. The rapid attraction of termites to termiticides is essential to shorten the control period. The current study investigated the attraction of Korean termites to carbon dioxide and the appropriate concentration of carbon dioxide required for effective attraction by conducting a basic experiment on the attracting effect in the underground environment. The results showed that carbon dioxide is effective for attracting termites, and an effective concentration range of 10% or less was selected. Additionally, this study established the potential and applicability of carbon dioxide as an attractant in the control of subterranean termites. Future studies should aim at conducting field studies on the application of carbon dioxide to improve the termite control effect, particularly in preserving wooden architectural heritage.
... Responses to natural products [60] Impact of soil type on termiticide efficacy [61] Efficacy of borates in soil [62] Termiticide persistence [63,64] Tunneling responses to termiticides of field compared to laboratory population [65] Termiticide distribution in different soils relative to the application equipment used (i.e., subslab injectors) [66] Foam applications to construction voids [66,67] Foraging behavior, tunneling, and factors affecting gallery formation became important as researchers attempted to understand the parameters affecting termite movement. Technological advances have allowed for the detailed examination of how termites excavate galleries. ...
The global economic impact of termites is estimated to be approximately USD 40 billion annually, and subterranean termites are responsible for about 80% of the total impact. Twenty-eight species of termites have been described as invasive, and these termites are spreading, partially due to global trade, making effective control methods essential. Termite control is complex, as is the biology and behavior of this social insect group. In the U.S., termite prevention and control (with claims of structural protection) is regulated by more than one industry (pest control and building construction), and at the federal and state levels. Termite prevention has historically relied on building construction practices that do not create conducive conditions for termite infestations, but as soil termiticides developed, heavy reliance on pesticides became the standard for termite control. The concern for human and environmental health has driven the development of termite control alternatives and regulation for products claiming structural protection. Product development has also provided unprecedented opportunities to study the biology and behavior of cryptobiotic termites. Technological advances have allowed for the re-examination of questions about termite behavior. Advances in communications via social media provide unrestricted access to information, creating a conundrum for consumers and science educators alike.
... Insecticidal dusts against termites has been practiced for decades (Madden et al., 2000). Dust formulations (such as avermectin dust, borate dust and fipronil dust) are candidates for successful localized treatment to eliminate termite colonies (Esenther 1985;Lin et al., 2011;Grace, 1991;Zhao et al., 2012). However, 0.5% fipronil dust is the only powderform termiticide that is registered for use in China; it has high activity and excellent transfer efficacy (i.e. from treated to 1 -Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Shanghai 2 -Shanghai Municipal Property Management Affairs Center, China, Shanghai RESEARCH ARTICLE -TERMITES untreated termites) (Ibrahim et al., 2003;Mao et al., 2011;Shelton & Grace, 2003;Remmen & Su, 2005;Gautam et al., 2012;Song & Hu, 2006;Ma et al., 2015;Gautam et al., 2014). ...
Toxicity and horizontal transmission of 1% fipronil dust of activated carbon were measured using the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki in laboratory conditions. 1% fipronil dust of activated carbon has delayed toxicity towards C. formosanus compared with 0.5% fipronil dust of French chalk; knockdown times KT50 and KT90 were delayed by >9 and >15 h respectively. Furthermore, 1% fipronil dust of activated carbon showed excellent primary and secondary horizontal transfer levels. In primary horizontal transfer, recipient mortalities reached 100% by 24, 48 and 72 h at donor-recipient ratios of 1:1, 1:5 and 1:10, respectively. High transfer efficacies were also found if donor-recipient ratios were greatly increased: mortality reached 100% at 9 d at ratio 1:25 and >90% at 12 d at 1:50. In secondary horizontal transfer, the toxicant transmitting ability of C. formosanus was greater when the primary horizontal transfer ratio was lower, and the highest transfer efficacy was found with a donor-recipient ratio of 1:1 - recipient mortalities reached 100% at 5 d and 11 d, respectively. Application of 1% fipronil dust of activated carbon overcomes the problem that that too high a concentration kills termites before they can contaminate their nestmates, while a lower concentration may not supply a sufficient dose for effective transfer from treated to untreated termites; this preparation has delayed toxicity, dose-dependent toxicity in horizontal transfer and high efficacy to control C. formosanus.
... Tunneling bioassays were performed by the procedure suggested by Grace [10]. The apparatus ( Fig. 1) consisted of the following three compartments: ...
A laboratory bioassay was developed to test the toxicity, repellency and tunneling behavior of imidacloprid against Microtermes obesi (Holmgren). In this study >90% of termites died after 96 h exposure to 100 μg mL-1 of imidacloprid and after 168 h all the termites died at all the tested concentrations. When tested for persistence (exposure to soil aged one month after treatment), >90% mortality was observed in soil treated with 100 μg mL-1, 50 μg mL-1 and 25 μg mL-1 after 120 h exposure. Repellency test results proved imidacloprid to be a non-repellent insecticide at all tested concentrations (i.e., 100 μg mL-1, 50 μg mL-1, 25 μg mL-1, 12.5 μg mL-1, 6.25 μg mL-1, 3.125 μg mL-1 and 1.562 μg mL-1). When tested for F-1 (0.97) toxicity, it was also evident that it took more than 8 h to give 97% mortality. Tunneling behavior was also studied for cumulative tunnel distance, maximum tunnel height and number of tunnels. At higher concentrations, not only was there more mortality, but also less cumulative tunnel distance and a reduced number of tunnels.
... Laboratory tests involving Reticulitermes typically use, for the sake of efficiency, randomly selected individuals chosen from a larger population (Smythe and Carter 1970, Behr et al. 1972, Grace 1991, Oi et al. 1996, Forschler and Townsend 1996, Smith and Rust 1993. The random selection process is predicated on the assumption that all worker termites display the same suite of behaviors and/or the ability to switch tasks within the context of the experimental design. ...
Termites were placed in an enclosed, darkened arena and videotaped for three 24-h periods. Treatments consisted of laboratory cultured colonies and equally sized randomly selected groups of field-collected worker termites. Specific individuals were scored over 12 15-min periods for a total of 3-h per full day of video-tape. The behavioral repertoire of workers included thirteen behaviors and display of each behavior was highly variable for each individual.
The effect of foliar spray of borax on biology, egg laying activity and control of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB), Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. was evaluated in field and laboratory experiments conducted in the Research Farm of Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi. Irrespective of cultivars, the borer infestation was less (23.36%) in 75 ppm boron treated plot, which was at par with 50 ppm treatment (25.11%) compared to 31.17% in control. Among the two cultivars, level of fruit infestation by BSFB was significantly less (23.27%) in Punjab Barsati compared to Punjab Sadabahar (29.62%). Maximum yield (270.59 q/ha) was recorded in 75 ppm boron treated plots. The number of eggs laid in the borer treated plants (36.41 to 50.33/plant) was significantly less than the eggs deposited in the untreated plants. The leaf surface of the boron treated plants inflicted deterrent action on the adults causing less deposit of eggs. Trend of larval and pupal weight in the boron-treated plants indicated that there was gradual reduction in growth of the larvae with increase in the borax concentration.
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