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Biology of Apanteles ruficrus, an Imported Parasitoid of Pseudoplusia includens, Trichoplusia ni, and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Abstract
Apanteles ruficrus (Haliday), a gregarious braconid parasitoid, was reared from Chrysodeixis argentifera collections taken in Queensland, Australia, and imported into the United States, where laboratory studies were conducted to determine its basic biology. A. ruficrus prefers 3-day-old larvae of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens Walker, and develops in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner, and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). It attacks at least four other lepidopterous larvae. Mean developmental time from oviposition to larval emergence is 13.2 days at 28°C. Pupal development time ranges from 3 to 6 days. Mated adult males and females live about 20 and 18 days, respectively, whereas nonmated males live 18 days and females 20 days.
... A good number of studies related to biology of Apanteles or Cotesia sp. infesting different species of lepidopteran host caterpillars have already been reported.Peter and David (1999) [10] studied the biology of endoparasite Apanteles machaeralis Wilkinson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) infesting caterpillar of Diaphania indica (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) where they reported mean developmental time from egg to adult as 12·63 days at 29·25±1·82 °C and 59-66% RH and sex ratio as 1:1.22 (males/females).Wiedemann et al., (1992) [11] studied laboratory rearing and biology of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) by using Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as host whileMcCutcheon et al., (1983) [12] studied the biology of Apanteles ruficrus parasitoid which uses Pseudoplusia includens, Trichoplusia ni, and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as its host.Farahani et al., (2012) ...
... A good number of studies related to biology of Apanteles or Cotesia sp. infesting different species of lepidopteran host caterpillars have already been reported.Peter and David (1999) [10] studied the biology of endoparasite Apanteles machaeralis Wilkinson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) infesting caterpillar of Diaphania indica (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) where they reported mean developmental time from egg to adult as 12·63 days at 29·25±1·82 °C and 59-66% RH and sex ratio as 1:1.22 (males/females).Wiedemann et al., (1992) [11] studied laboratory rearing and biology of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) by using Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as host whileMcCutcheon et al., (1983) [12] studied the biology of Apanteles ruficrus parasitoid which uses Pseudoplusia includens, Trichoplusia ni, and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as its host.Farahani et al., (2012) ...
Cotesia dictyoplocae Watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an endoparasitoid of certain lepidopteran caterpillar. In the present study the endoparasitoid was recorded to parasitize on one of the economically important lepidopteran caterpillar i.e. the caterpillar of muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).The parasitoid causes considerable damage of muga silkworm crop in Assam. Eggs of the endoparasitoid were observed to deposit inside the body of early instar silkworm caterpillar. Mean incubation period of egg of C. dictyoplocae was recorded as 1.17±0.03 days. The larvae after hatching passed their three larval stages within the host caterpillar. Mean larval period, pupal period and adult period of the braconid wasp was recorded as 12.24±0.25 days, 6.14±0.26 days and 8.46±0.22days respectively. Mean developmental time from egg to adult was recorded as 28.06±0.51 days at mean temperature of 22.12±0.25 °C and mean relative humidity of 67.27±0.34%. The sex ratio of male and female was 1:1.4.
... Microplitis sp., Cotesia sp., and Campoletis sp. are present in the Western Hemisphere. However, Cotesia like C. ruficrus are imported from Australia [72], M. manilae from Thailand [73], and C. chloridae from India [74] to the US. Microplitis sp. is a larval parasitoid with the highest parasitism rate (39.7-61.29%) ...
Spodopotera frugiperda is a worldwide invasive pest that has caused significant economic damage. According to the classical biological control approach, natural enemies that can control invasive pests come from the same area of origin as the pests that have experienced coadaptation processes. However, the new association’s approach suggests that local natural enemies are equally capable of controlling invasive pests. Due to the lack of data on the association of S. frugiperda and local natural enemies, research was conducted through a rapid survey to study the diversity of parasitoids associated with S. frugiperda. The results showed 15 parasitoid species associated with S. frugiperda. Four egg parasitoids, eight larval parasitoids, and three larval–pupal parasitoids were found to be associated with S. frugiperda for three years after it was first discovered in Indonesia. Eleven of them are new reports of parasitoids associated with S. frugiperda in Indonesia. A new association was found between S. frugiperda and twelve parasitoid species, consisting of three egg parasitoids (Platygasteridaesp.01, Platygasteridaesp.02, and Telenomus remus), six larval parasitoids (Apanteles sp., Microplitis sp., Campoletis sp., Coccygidium sp., Eupelmus sp., and Stenobracon sp.), and three larval–pupal parasitoids (Brachymeria lasus, B. femorata, and Charops sp.). Telenomus remus is the most dominant parasitoid, with a higher abundance and parasitism rate. The result suggests another method for selecting biological control using the new association approach since local natural enemies can foster quick adaptation to invasive pests.
... All of these parasitoids are present in the Western hemisphere. However, Apanteles like A. ruficrus imported from the Australia [71], M. manilae from the Thailand [72], and C. chloridae from the India [73] to the US. Apanteles sp. is a larval parasitoid with the highest parasitism rate (2-30%) compared to other S. frugiperda larval parasitoids. ...
Spodopotera frugiperda is a worldwide invasive pest that has caused major economic damage. According to classical biological control theory, natural enemies that can control invasive pests come from the area of origin as the pests that have gone through coadaptation processes. Our study, however, suggests that new associations between S. frugiperda and local natural enemies offer insights into the possibilities of biological control using local parasitoids. The research was conducted through a rapid survey in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, covering four districts in Sleman, Bantul, Gunung Kidul, and Kulon Progo from September 2019 to June 2022. The results showed a stable increase of parasitoid species richness found yearly, with 15 parasitoid species associated with S. frugiperda. Four egg parasitoids, eight larval parasitoids, and three pupal parasitoids were found to be associated with S. frugiperda for three years after it was first discovered in Indonesia. Telenomus remus is the most dominant parasitoid, with a higher abundance and parasitism rate than other parasitoids. A new association was found between S. frugiperda and twelve parasitoid species, consisting of three egg parasitoids (Telenomus remus, Hymenoptera sp.1 and Hymenoptera sp.2), six larval parasitoids (Apanteles sp., Microplitis sp., Campoletis sp., Coccygidium sp., Eupelmus sp., and Stenobracon sp.), and three pupal parasitoids (Brachymeria lasus, B. femorata, and Charops sp.). This study also reported the first findings of the association of S. frugiperda with the larval parasitoid Megaselia scalaris in Indonesia. The result suggests the revisit of classical biological control and that local natural enemies can foster quick adaptation to invasive pests.
... CONTROLE Madar & Miller 1983, McCutcheon et al. 1983, Grant & Shepard 1984, Hawkins & Smith Jr. 1986, Fuester et al. 1987), uma vez que esta informação é relevante para determinar o potencial de um parasitóide como agente natural de controle. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar, em laboratório, a capacidade reprodutiva e a longevidade de G. muesebecki, utilizando-se lagartas de P. sequax como hospedeiros. ...
An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 28(3): 485-490 (1999) Reproductive Capacity and Longevity of Glyptapanteles muesebecki (Blanchard) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitizing Larvae of Pseudaletia sequax Franclemont (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) ABSTRACT-The reproductive capacity of Glyptapanteles muesebecki (Blanchard) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied in the laboratory (20º ± 1ºC; 12 hours of photophase) using second-instar larvae of Pseudaletia sequax Franclemont (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as hosts. Females lived an average of 8.4 days when exposed to five caterpillars/day, compared to 20.6 days in the absence of hosts. Females of G. muesebecki parasitized an average of 20.8 caterpillars during their life time, producing a total of 666.8 descendants. Daily parasitism was 3.6 hosts/female in the first day after emergence and above two hosts/female until the eighth day. Up to five caterpillars were able to be parasitized by a female in a 24-hour period.
Cotesia ruficrus is a gregarious larval endoparasitoid of many important agricultural pest moths, such as the fall armyworm, northern armyworm and rice leaffolder. While eight of Cotesia genomes had been reported, high-quality genomic data of C. ruficrus has yet to be performed. This study presents a chromosome-scale genome assembly of C. ruficrus, utilizing both PacBio HiFi-reads and Hi-C reads. The genome size is about 185.3 Mb harboring 10 chromosomes, and 209 unanchored scaffolds with a scaffold N50 length of 15.81 Mb. The anchored rate of sequences to chromosomes is 95.55%. A total of 14,001 genes have been annotated. This work delivers a first high-quality, chromosome-scale genome for C. ruficrus, enriching the datasets for comparative evolutionary studies within the Cotesia genus. Additionally, it offers a valuable genomic resource for future biological and genetic research, as well as for enhancing pest management strategies, such as biological control.
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is native to the neotropics and invaded Africa and Asia in 2016 and 2018, respectively, and Nepal in 2019. Even though it is a polyphagous pest, the population that reached Africa and Asia prefers maize. As native parasitoids and predators form the first line of defense against new invaders, a study conducted in Nepal identified 9 species of parasitoids, namely, 2 eggs, 1 egg-larval, 4 larval, 1 larval-pupal, and 1 pupal parasitoid of FAW. A comparison was made on the list of parasitoids and predators of FAW recorded in other countries in Asia and Africa. The Feed the Future Nepal Integrated Pest Management Lab, was involved in human and institutional capacity building for survey, collection, identification, and multiplication of parasitoids of FAW. A national augmentative biological control program has been developed and included as a component of the IPM package for maize in Nepal.
Background
Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) is one of the most destructive pests of Maize plants, causing an estimated 40% crop loss in 2019. It is a native pest of America and difficult to control since it has developed resistance against most insecticides efficient in controlling lepidopteran pests, including recommended Chlorantraniliprole and Flubendiamide. Due to the increasing need for a change in pest management methods, it is necessary to consider biological control on a commercial level.
Main body
In this review, we have put together a list of all the biocontrol agents (parasites, parasitoids, predators, viruses, bacteria, and fungi) reported from different parts of the world effective in managing the impact of S. frugiperda , along with an elaborate mechanism of action of each natural killer. After analyzing the procured data, Pareto charts were prepared plotting the distribution of the mortality of S. frugiperda caused by parasitoids and pathogens. The regional abundance was plotted in the form of graph.
Conclusion
Pareto’s charts (Fig. 6) shows that Telenomus remus and Steinernema riobrave accounts for a maximum of 90% mortality of S. frugiperda among other high contributors ( Chelonus insularis, Trichospilus pupivora, Ophion flavidus, Heterorhabditis indica, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Trichogramma mwanai ). NPV and Metarhizium anisopliae were proved to be the most effective micro-entomopathogens causing up to 98% mortality. Also, these entomopathogens were reported all over the world but found abundant in Mexico and India. Based on this study, we recommend the augmentation of entomopathogenic insects on a large scale only to commercialize them in the market and produce different ready-to-use pathogenic formulations to be applied in the fields combined with a significantly less quantity of harmful chemical ailments.
Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are a class of soluble proteins that facilitate the recognition of chemical signals in insects. While CSP genes have been identified in many insect species, studies investigating their function remain limited. Cotesia ruficrus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) holds promise as an indigenous biological control agent for managing the invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China. This study aimed to shed light on the gene expression, ligand binding, and molecular docking of CrufCSP1 in C. ruficrus. A RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the expression of CrufCSP1 was higher in the wings, with male adults exhibiting significantly higher relative expression levels than other developmental stages. A fluorescence competitive binding analysis further demonstrated that CrufCSP1 has a high binding ability with several host-related volatiles, with trans-2-hexenal, octanal, and benzaldehyde showing the strongest affinity to CrufCSP1. A molecular docking analysis indicated that specific amino acid residues (Phe24, Asp25, Thr53, and Lys81) of CrufCSP1 can bind to these specific ligands. Together, these findings suggest that CrufCSP1 may play a crucial role in the process of C. ruficrus locating hosts. This knowledge can contribute to the development of more efficient and eco-friendly strategies for protecting crops and managing pests.
Cotesia icipe Fernandez‐Triana & Fiaboe is a solitary koinobiont larval endoparasitoid, recently discovered in Kenya and new to science, that parasitizes select lepidopteran herbivores of amaranth. We investigated its host range on five commonly encountered amaranth lepidopteran defoliators. Cotesia icipe accepted, successfully and aggressively parasitized the amaranth noctuid defoliators Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), but failed to parasitize Herpetogramma bipunctalis (F.), Spoladea recurvalis (F.) and Udea ferrugalis (Hübner) all in Crambidae family. On S. littoralis, C. icipe was highly efficient, with 95% of females successfully ovipositing during 2 hr of exposure. Parasitism rate and larval and pupal non‐reproductive mortalities were significantly higher at higher parasitoid density. A single female of C. icipe parasitized 42.99 ± 2.66% of the 50 exposed larvae for oviposition in 24 hr, whereas a cohort of five females of C. icipe conferred 85.59 ± 1.46% parasitism rate. The efficiency ratio per female was much higher in single releases than in cohort releases while a balanced sex ratio was obtained in F1 offspring regardless of the density of female released. The potential use of C. icipe for conservation and augmentative biological control of S. littoralis in amaranth as well as its potential use against other Noctuid moths and in other commodities is discussed.
Cotesia ruficrus (Haliday), a gregarious larval endoparasitoid, is an important biological control agent of various pest species. The developmental interactions between the host rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée), and its koinobiont parasitoid, C. ruficrus, were investigated for the first time under laboratory conditions. The effects of host instar at parasitization on the development time, clutch size, and survival of C. ruficrus were determined. The results showed that the parasitoids starting parasitism in the fourth-instar larvae had the shortest development duration and highest fecundity. Meanwhile, the growth of the host parasitized by C. ruficrus in various instars was also observed. The results indicated that the growth of the parasitized larvae was significantly inhibited, compared with unparasitized ones, irrespective of the host instar at oviposition. In addition, the effect of parasitism on food consumption and utilization of the fourth-instar larvae was determined, suggesting that the nutritional physiology of the host was affected by parasitism. Wet or dry weight gain, food consumption, and fecal matter were all significantly reduced in the parasitized larvae in contrast with the unparasitized larvae. Parasitization by C. ruficrus could significantly increase the approximate digestibility of the host.
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), has become one of the most serious pests of corn and grasses throughout the Americas. The importance of this insect prompted the compilation of this bibliography comprising 1310 references. Five abstracting periodicals, a general bibliography on Spodoptera, and the authors' personal literature files served as sources for these references. Publications printed prior to January 1984 are included in this bibliography. Each publication has been classified into one or more of the following categories: ecology, hosts, distribution, economic damage, biological control, chemical control, cultural control, host plant resistance, attractants, rearing, taxonomy, physiology, morphology, and bibliographies. Reprints of this bibliography are not available. However, a copy of the bibliography may be obtained by sending a 5 1/4″ or a 3 1/2″ diskette to the senior author and specifying whether the copy is to be in text (ASCII) code or WordPerfect 5.0 format. /// El gusano cogollero, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), se ha convertido en una de las más serias plagas del maíz y hierbas en las Américas. La importancia de este insecto promovió la compilación de esta bibliografía que incluye 1310 referencias. Cinco publicaciones periódicas, una bibliografía general de Spodoptera, y un archivo personal de literatura del autor, sirvieron como fuente de estas referencias. Publicaciones antes de Enero de 1984 están incluidas en esta bibliografía. Cada publicación ha sido clasificada en una o algunas de las siguientes categorías: ecología, hospedero, distribución, daño económico, control biológico, control químico, control cultural, resistencia del hospedero, atrayentes, cría, taxonomía, fisiología, morfología, y bibliografías. No hay copias disponibles de esta bibliografía. Sin embargo, una copia de la bibliografía se puede obtener mandando un disco de ¼″ o de 3½″ al primer autor, especificando si la copia debe de ser en código de texto (ASCII) o WordPerfect 5.0.
An inventory of parasitoids and parasites of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was conducted using references describing parasitized FAW eggs, larvae, pupae and adults collected from different crops or habitats throughout the Americas and the Caribbean Basin. The crops and countries where these parasites were reported occurring in the Americas is also inventoried. Maize was the crop where the FAW was more frequently collected followed by rice. Overall, Chelonus insularis (Cresson) had the broadest natural distribution in the Americas. For the North American region C. insulares, Chelonus sp., and Euplectrus platyhypenae (Howard) were the most relevant parasitoids. In Central America, C. insularis was the most prevalent parasitoid, and in the South American region the most prevalent parasites were Archytas incertus (Macq.), A. marmoratus (Tns.), C. insularis, and Meteorus laphygmae (Viereck). Diapetimorpha introita (Cresson) is the most important pupal parasitoid of FAW occurring mainly in North America. An acugutturid, Noctuidonema guyanense (Remillet & Silvain), is the most important ectoparasitic nematode attacking adults of FAW and other noctuid moths in South and Southeastern US, and Mexico in North America, Caribbean Basin, Central America, and Northern South America.
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