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Antifungal Activity of Australian Grown Lavandula spp. Essential Oils Against Aspergillus nidulans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Leptosphaeria maculans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Abstract
In this study the antifungal activity of eight essential oils and three hydrosols (aqueous distillates) from Australian grown lavenders was determined. The oils and hydrosols were assayed against four fungi, Aspergillus nidulans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Leptosphaeria maculans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, using a disc diffusion method. No evidence of antifungal activity was observed with any of the hydrosols. In contrast, all oils displayed some antifungal activity. Lavandula angustifolia and the three examples of Lavandula x intermedia oil demonstrated the greatest effect against A. nidulans and T. mentagrophytes while L. stoechas was particularly effective against the two agricultural fungi, L. maculans and S. sclerotiorum. No significant difference was observed between the antifungal activity of L. angustifolia oils derived from European and Australian grown plants. These results suggest that the oils from various Lavandula species may be useful in the treatment of fungal infections.
... whereas the yield of LA was only 3.1-3.6%. Even though L. × intermedia is native to the Mediterranean area, lavandin is cultivated in many places and oils from different world regions have been obtained and analyzed, e.g., Spain [55,70], France [71,72], Australia [73], Norway [61], Turkey [14,62,69], Greece [60], United Kingdom [74], Italy [75,76], Croatia [59], USA [77], Romania [78] and Iran [16]. Many different cultivars of this plant have already been investigated. ...
... However, the cultivars 'Grosso', 'Abrial', 'Provence', and 'Super' are the most popular, best-known, and studied. Regardless of the plant cultivar or origin, over the years, more than 100 different volatile organic compounds have been identified in L. × intermedia oil [14,16,55,61,[69][70][71][72][73]77,79]. ...
... and borneol (1.3-4.2%) than the 'Grosso' and 'Abrial' cultivars (Tables 6 and 7) [55,61,[71][72][73]. The 'Super' essential oil was also generally recognized as containing a high linalyl acetate percentage (35-37%) among the other cultivars, which also results in a scent that is more similar to that of L. angustifolia essential oil [6]. ...
This review article is the first in a series that provides an overview of the biology, chemistry, biological effects, and applications of Lavandula × intermedia (lavandin, LI). Despite its prevalence in cultivation and on the essential oil market, lavandin has received limited attention from the scientific community. Remarkably more attention is paid to Lavandula angustifolia (LA), which is commonly regarded as the superior lavender and has been extensively researched. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive review of LI, as none currently exists, and assess whether its inferior status is merited. In the first part, we outline the biological and chemical characteristics of the plant and compare it to the parent species. The chemical composition of lavandin oil is similar to that of LA but contains more terpenes, giving camphor notes that are less valued in perfumery. Nevertheless, lavandin has some advantages, including a higher essential oil yield, resulting in reduced production cost, and therefore, it is a preferred lavender crop for cultivation.
... Moon et al. have also observed the antifungal activity of oils of lavandin and other species of lavender they studied. The EOs of three different cultivars of LI and LA oils were effective against Aspergillus nidulans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes [20]. Lavandin oil was also proved by Larrán et al. to be fungistatic against some strains of studied Ascosphaera apis-the fungus causing the chalkbrood disease of bees [21]. ...
... hydrolates was observed by Moon et al. The authors also evaluated aqueous and ethanolic extracts and found that water extract had no activity, while some ethanolic extracts were effective against Proteus vulgaris [20]. Ramić and colleagues tested lavandin essential oil and ethanolic extracts and observed strong antibacterial activity against one of the major food-borne pathogens-Campylobacter jejuni, with EOs exhibiting the strongest effect and MIC of 0.25 mg/mL, whereas ethanolic extracts had MIC of 0.5-1 mg/mL) [25]. ...
This review article is the second in a series aimed at providing an in-depth overview of Lavandula x intermedia (lavandin). In part I, the biology and chemistry of lavandin were addressed. In part II, the focus is on the functional properties of lavandin and its applications in industry and daily life. While reviewing the biological properties, only original research articles employing lavandin were considered. Lavandin essential oil has been found to have antioxidant and biocidal activity (antimicrobial, nematicidal, antiprotozoal, insecticidal, and allelopathic), as well as other potential therapeutic effects such as anxiolytic, neuroprotective, improving sleep quality, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic. Other lavandin preparations have been investigated to a much lesser extent. The research is either limited or inconsistent across all studies, and further evidence is needed to support these properties. Unlike its parent species-Lavandula angustifolia (LA)-lavandin essential oil is not officially recognized as a medicinal raw material in European Pharmacopeia. However, whenever compared to LA in shared studies, it has shown similar effects (or even more pronounced in the case of biocidal activities). This suggests that lavandin has similar potential for use in medicine.
... Essential oils' biocidal activity is not only related to the main component of the oil but also to the synergistic action of the components at a relevantly high percentage in the oil [24]. In addition, another by-product derived from EO extraction/distillation is the hydrosol from MAPs, which also presents significant antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, and some applications on fresh produce have already been reported [11,[25][26][27][28][29][30]. Their hydrosol biological activity (i.e., antimicrobial properties) is attributed to their composition, and especially to the main and secondary constituents, which, on occasion, are similar to or completely different from their EO [15]. ...
... In another study, the application of an eco-product based on EOs from eucalyptus and rosemary (at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.8%) did not significantly affect the respiration rate and ethylene production of cucumber fruit, even after 14 days of storage at 11 • C [43]. The reported differences in the respiration rate could be attributed to the cell wall disruption and disturbance of gas exchange caused by the EO application [24,25]. In the present study, the decrease in respiration rate found in tomato fruit might be the result of severe stress due to the high concentration (0.5%) combined with longer duration of application (20 min). ...
In recent years, the use of natural products such as essential oils (EOs) and other plant extracts for the preservation of fresh produce has attracted much interest from the food industry. Many endemic medicinal and aromatic plants, such as Cypriot oregano (Origanum dubium), present a plethora of properties that can be utilized by the fruit and vegetable sectors of the food industry. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of O. dubium EO and hydrosol (at different concentrations and durations of dipping application) for the preservation of tomato and cucumber fruit quality, and their effectiveness as sanitizing agents against two foodborne pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica). The results of this study indicated that increased concentrations of EO, combined with a longer duration of application, resulted in less marketable fruit compared to hydrosol application. Interestingly, EO application at lower concentrations and shorter durations of application (i.e., 0.01% for 5 min) increased fruit antioxidant, ascorbic acid and carotenoid levels (for tomato fruit), suggesting an increase in the nutritional value of the treated fruit, compared to the control. EO and hydrosol were able to decrease the bacterial populations (both bacteria) on fruits. Both products were especially effective against L. monocytogenes, even seven days after their application and storage at 11 °C (up to an approx. 3 log reduction with the EO application). Overall, the results of this study suggest that the use of O. dubium EO and hydrosol could be considered as alternative sanitation means for tomatoes and cucumbers.
... Deşi mecanismele de acţiune ale uleiului de lavandă încă nu sunt pe deplin descifrate și cunoscute, au fost demonstrate proprietăţile antifungice şi antibacteriene asupra multor specii de microorganisme. De asemenea, utilizarea uleiului de lavandă în aromaterapie pentru tratamentul stresului, durerilor de cap, durerilor musculare, a dismenoreei, arsurilor şi pentru stimularea sistemului imunitar, este bine documentată [7][8][9][10][11][12]. ...
... În terapie, principalele utilizări ale uleiului esențial de Lavandula angustifolia se bazează pe următoarele efecte farmacologice: sedativ, anxiolitic, modulator al dispoziției, anticonvulsivant și antidepresiv, dar și antiinflamator, antireumatic, cicatrizant, regenerant al pielii, antiseptic, antibacterian, antifungic și chiar hipotensiv [7,10]. Acțiunea sedativă a uleiului volatil este atribuită acetatului de linalil și este mediată pe calea receptorilor olfactivi, dar este posibilă și direct la nivelul sistemului nervos central [11,12]. ...
... Sedative, anaesthetic and antispasmodic actions have been described for linalool and linalyl acetate. Antimicrobial activity (antibacterial and anti-fungal) has been shown for linalool, 1,8-cineole, camphor, terpineol and αand β-pinene (Lis-Balchin and Hart 1999; Lis-Balchin 2002; Cavanagh and Wilkinson 2002;Angioni et al. 2006;Moon et al. 2007;Blažeković et al. 2010). Linalool, linalyl acetate and 1,8-cineole exhibit an antispasmodic action. ...
... Values are given as relative percentages of compounds. The data were compiled fromLammerink et al. 1989;Naëf and Morris 1992;Guillen and Cabo 1996;Harborne and Williams 2002;Moon et al. 2007;Muňoz-Bertomeu et al. 2007;Bombarda et al. 2008;Cerpa et al. 2008;Erbas and Baydar 2008;Verma et al. 2010;Santana et al. 2012;Zheljazkov et al. 2012;Herraiz-Peñalver et al. 2013;Kara and Baydar 2013;Pereira Machado et al. 2013 ...
The Lavandula genus, which includes lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lavandin (L. angustifolia × Lavandula latifolia), is cultivated worldwide for its essential oils, which find applications in perfumes, cosmetics, food processing and, more recently, in aromatherapy products. The chemical composition of lavender and lavandin essential oils, usually produced by steam distillation from the flowering stems, is characterized by the presence of terpenes (e.g. linalool and linalyl acetate) and terpenoids (e.g. 1,8-cineole), which are mainly responsible for their characteristic flavour and their biological and therapeutic properties. Lavender and lavandin distilled straws, the by-products of oil extraction, were traditionally used for soil replenishment or converted to a fuel source. They are mineral- and carbon-rich plant residues and, therefore, a cheap, readily available source of valuable substances of industrial interest, especially aroma and antioxidants (e.g. terpenoids, lactones and phenolic compounds including coumarin, herniarin, α-bisabolol, rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids). Accordingly, recent studies have emphasized the possible uses of lavender and lavandin straws in fermentative or enzymatic processes involving various microorganisms, especially filamentous fungi, for the production of antimicrobials, antioxidants and other bioproducts with pharmaceutical and cosmetic activities, opening up new challenging perspectives in white biotechnology applications.
... Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel), a sterile hybrid of L. angustifolia and L. latifolia, is grown more abundantly and is more prolific than L. angustifolia. Its chemical profile is similar to, but distinct from that of lavender (Moon et al., 2007). Both plants are most commonly grown for the essential oils they produce and the post-extraction waste material is most frequently burned or composted. ...
... The essential oils of Lavandula spp. have well documented antimicrobial properties (Angioni et al., 2006;Moon et al., 2007;Bakkali et al., 2008;Romeo et al., 2008). Lavandin wastes have been shown to contain high levels of coumarin (Tiliacos et al., 2008) and coumarin has been implicated as having herbicidal properties (Haig et al., 2009). ...
Soils that were naturally infested with high levels of Verticillium dahliae, the causal agent of wilt disease in strawberry, were amended with fresh and waste lavender, fresh and waste lavandin, hydrosols generated during essential oil production, BioFence™ (a mustard-based defatted seedmeal pellet), or water in microcosms to estimate their efficacy against microslecrotia of the pathogen. Single chemicals and mixtures of the chemicals detected from the substrata were also effective in microcosms. The mixtures were more effective than were the individual chemicals. Microplot evaluation of fresh and waste lavender and lavandin was also made in comparison to BioFence™ and water controls. Lavandin waste was compared to BioFence™ and untreated controls at three sites in field plots that were subsequently planted to strawberry. Disease incidence and severity were measured over time in the field. All of the Lavandula-based materials could be associated with large reductions in the numbers of viable of microsclerotia recovered in all but one experiment with greatest effect in microcosms and smaller effects in microplots and field plots, as could BioFence™ pellets. Due to the high levels of inoculum found at all field sites the reduction in pathogen inoculum density was not necessarily associated with a corresponding reduction in disease incidence, nor with severity as determined by yield. The monoterpenoids associated with the Lavandula spp. are of lower volatility than the isothiocyanates associated with crucifer decomposition and were detected for more than one week after materials were incorporated in soil. This suggests both differences in mode of action and the possibility of combining either the chemicals or the materials that produce them in order to further enhance efficacy. Several non-target effects were considered: numerosity and diversity of bacterial and fungal populations; infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; and functional diversity of soil microflora. No persistent non-salient effects were detected.
... Studies have demonstrated that LEOs can inhibit the growth and proliferation of fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Penicillium expansum, and Fusarium oxysporum infecting food commodities during storage. 127 Another study found that the crude oil of L. stoechas exhibited strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. 128 In one study, 60 mL of EO derived from L. stoechas L. ssp. ...
The widespread application of synthetic pesticides for food preservation and crop protection is a significant concern for both environmental sustainability and public health. Past and recent studies conducted worldwide revealed that botanical pesticides based on essential oils (EOs) have been developed against pests and pathogens deteriorating food commodities under both storage and field conditions. While EO-based botanical pesticides are less widely available, they offer considerable potential for managing pathogens and insects that affect food crops. The genus Lavandula also known as Lavender is one of the most important genera of the family Lamiaceae, comprising over 39 accepted species and many varieties distributed across the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean coastline, parts of Southern & Eastern Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Lavandula species can potentially be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries as medicinal herbs. The genus is known for its abundance of EOs, which exhibit high variability in chemical constituents between species owing to various extrinsic (geographical origin) and intrinsic (genetic variation) factors. Despite broad scientific interest in the bioprospection of Lavandula species, there is a general lack of information regarding the use of Lavandula EOs (LEOs) in protection of food commodities/crops from harmful organisms. The objectives of this paper were to systematically review the scientific literature on the efficacy of LEOs against pathogens and pests deteriorating food commodities/crops under both storage and field conditions. Besides, studies on chemical analysis of LEOs originating from different countries and recommendations for their use as an alternative to synthetic pesticides in food protection are described. We also discussed the challenges in the use of LEOs and safety assessments so that they can be used as safe botanical pesticides in food systems.
... Hydrolates are aqueous aromatic solutions saturated with the water-soluble volatile compounds of essential oil. The volatile content of hydrolates is significantly lower, both in the number of compounds and in their concentration than in the respective essential oils, although it was shown that the concentration of some major, mostly oxygenated components can be higher in hydrolates [29][30][31][32]. Ratios of different groups of components differ between hydrolates and essential oils; for instance, the hydrolates contain a higher percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes and a lower percentage of monoterpene and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons that are highly hydrophobic [33,34]. ...
Essential oils from Mediterranean wild plants are widely used, but the hydrodistillation residues produced in parallel with these essential oils are significantly understudied and under-exploited. Since there are only fragmentary data in the literature, we have, for the first time, systematically analyzed the chemical composition of the by-products obtained after hydrodistillation of sage, bay laurel, and rosemary leaves, i.e., hydrolates, water residues, and solid residues. The chemical composition of the hydrolates changed compared to their respective essential oils towards the dominance of more hydrophilic, oxygenated compounds, such as camphor in sage, 1,8-cineole in bay laurel, and berbenone in rosemary. However, some compounds, mostly sesquiterpenes, which were present in considerable amounts in essential oils, were absent or only present in very small amounts in the hydrolates. Furthermore, both the water and the solid residues were rich in polyphe-nols, such as procyanidins in bay laurel and rosmarinic acid in rosemary and sage. In conclusion, we demonstrate the valuable chemical composition of sage, rosemary, and bay laurel hydrodistillation by-products and discuss a wide range of their possible applications.
... Най-голям инхибиращ ефект то е показало срещу A. nidulans и T. mentagrophytes. Получените резул-тати сочат, че лавандуловото масло би могло да бъде полезно срещу микози, причинявани от плесенни гъби (Moon et al., 2007). ...
Lavender oil is a potential natural source of raw material for the pharmaceutical industry. It has many beneficial effects on the body – antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, antimycotic, soothing, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, etc. Its application is promising in the future, in view of the development of resistance of most pathogens to conventional drugs.
... According to Pokajewicz et al. [25], the composition of essential oil substances, even within the same species, depends on many factors, such as the place of cultivation, weather conditions, or harvest time. However, it should be noted that the qualitative composition of ethanol extracts from flowers was similar to the composition of volatile substances identified in oils from flowers of the L. angustifolia cultivar [41,42]. The lavender leaf extracts were dominated by coumarin, cadinene, and methoxycoumarin. ...
Abstract: Lavender is a valued plant due to its cosmetic, perfumery, culinary, and health benefits. A wide range of applications is related to the composition of bioactive compounds, the quantity and quality of which is determined by various internal and external factors, i.e., variety, morphological part of the plant, and climatic and soil conditions during vegetation. In the presented work, the characterization of antimicrobial properties as well as the qualitative and quantitative assessment of bioactive compounds in the form of polyphenols in ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. intended for border hedges, cultivated in the region of southern Poland, were determined. The composition of the fraction of volatile substances and antioxidant properties were also assessed. The conducted research shows that extracts from leaves and flowers significantly affected the viability of bacterial cells and the development of mold fungi. A clear decrease in the viability of bacteria and C. albicans cells was shown in the concentration of 0.32% of extracts. Leaf extracts were characterized by a much higher content of polyphenols and antioxidant properties than flower extracts. The composition of volatiles measured by GC-MS was significantly different between the extracts. Linalyl acetate and ocimene isomers mix dominated in flower extracts, whereas coumarin, γ-cadinene, and 7-methoxycoumarin were identified as dominant in leaf extracts.
... Hydrolates are aqueous aromatic solutions saturated with the water-soluble volatile compounds of essential oil. The volatile content of hydrolates is significantly lower, both in the number of compounds and in their concentration than in the respective essential oils, although it was shown that the concentration of some major, mostly oxygenated components can be higher in hydrolates [29][30][31][32]. Ratios of different groups of components differ between hydrolates and essential oils; for instance, the hydrolates contain a higher percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes and a lower percentage of monoterpene and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons that are highly hydrophobic [33,34]. ...
Essential oils from Mediterranean wild plants are widely used, but the hydrodistillation residues produced in parallel with these essential oils are significantly understudied and underexploited. Since there are only fragmentary data in the literature, we have, for the first time, systematically analyzed the chemical composition of the by-products obtained after hydrodistillation of sage, bay laurel, and rosemary leaves, i.e., hydrolates, water residues, and solid residues. The chemical composition of the hydrolates changed compared to their respective essential oils towards the dominance of more hydrophilic, oxygenated compounds, such as camphor in sage, 1,8-cineole in bay laurel, and berbenone in rosemary. However, some compounds, mostly sesquiterpenes, which were present in considerable amounts in essential oils, were absent or only present in very small amounts in the hydrolates. Furthermore, both the water and the solid residues were rich in polyphenols, such as procyanidins in bay laurel and rosmarinic acid in rosemary and sage. In conclusion, we demonstrate the valuable chemical composition of sage, rosemary, and bay laurel hydrodistillation by-products and discuss a wide range of their possible applications.
... The composition of LAO determines its usefulness in pharmaceutical or cosmetic production. The oil containing significant amounts of linalool, linalyl acetate, and small amounts of camphor is used in the perfume industry [78,79]. The LAO is one of the most valuable oils used in cosmetology, pharmacy, medicine, and aromatherapy due to its strong antibacterial and antifungal properties [70,75,80]. ...
Acne is a chronic, common disease that poses a significant therapeutic, psychological and social problem. The etiopathogenesis of this disease is not fully understood. Drugs used in general and external therapy should have anti-seborrhoeic, anticomadogenic, bactericidal, bacteriostatic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Acne treatment is often associated with the long-term use of antibiotics, contributing to the global antibiotic resistance crisis. In order to solve this problem, attention has been paid to essential oils and their terpene components with potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Research shows that certain essential oils effectively reduce inflammatory acne lesions through mechanisms related to the sebaceous glands, colonization of Cutibacterium acnes, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). An example is tea tree oil (TTO), a more commonly used topical agent for treating acne. TTO has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. The paper presents the latest scientific information on the activity and potential use of specific essential oils in treating acne. Evidence of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity of several essential oils and their main components was presented, indicating the possibility of using them in the treatment of acne.
... Hydrolate activity may prove different, depending on the target microorganism (Tables 2 and 3). Whereas Lavandula 9 intermedia hydrolate showed antifungal activity against Verticillium dahlia (Yohalem and Passey 2011), it did not show any antifungal activity against Aspergillus nidulans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Leptosphaeria maculans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Moon et al. 2007). Other examples exist where a species hydrolate (e.g. the hydrolates of Angelica archangelica, Chromolaena odorata, Cuminum cyminum, Cymbopogon nardus, Echinacea purpurea, Echinophora tenuifolia, Helichrysum plicatum, Hypericum perforatum, Juniperus communis, Laurus nobilis, Ocimum basilicum, Pimpinella anisum, Rhus aromaticus, Rosa damascene, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Thymbra spicata, Thymus vulgaris) that showed biological activity against one target, was non-effective in other cases, as shown in Table 3. ...
An hydrolate (also known as hydrosol, floral water, aromatic water, or herbal water) is a distillate which is a product of condensation obtained after an essential oil distillation isolation procedure. Hydrolates are colloidal suspensions composed of a continuous phase, the distilled water, and a dispersed phase, the emulsion of essential oil droplets and water-soluble components, namely oxygen-containing compounds. The movement towards a circular economy, has increased the interest in the essential oil industry co-products, such as hydrolates. Hydrolates composition were mostly studied based on their volatile constituents. Moreover, they showed a diverse range of biological properties, with potential application in food, beverages, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in the agroforest sector. Nevertheless, the information is fragmented and dispersed under the different hydrolates designations. In the present review, the main volatile components of 362 hydrolates obtained from 194 species from 50 families is described, and the information on the corresponding essential oil main components is detailed. Additionally, the methodologies of extraction and analysis are surveyed, as well as hydrolates characteristics and traditional uses. This review also describes the different biological properties attributed to hydrolates and, according with these properties, their potential uses.
... Likewise, EO extracted from Lavandula stoechas L. showed activity against F. oxysporum, R. solani and least activity has been recorded against Aspergillus flavus (Angioni et al., 2006). Lavandula angustifolia EO displayed antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes, A. nidulans whereas; L. stoechas EO was effective against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Leptosphaeria maculans (Moon et al., 2007). Essential oil from Lavandula has been reported to induce cell membrane damage and lysis and this property has been observed using scanning electron microscopy (Inouye et al., 2006). ...
Lavandula latifolia L. is a medicinal plant has fungicidal, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil (EO) of L. latifolia L. extracted by hydrodistillation method. A total of 22 constituents were identified in L. latifolia L. using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The compounds such as, gamma-terpinene (26.8 %), camphor (13.8 %), 1,8-cineole (10.2 %), lavandulol (9.3 %), terpinen-4-ol (9.1 %), linalool (8.9 %), b-elemene (3.2 %), b-pinene (3.1 %), 1,4-cineole (3.07 %), camphene (2.32 %), a-terpineol (2.3 %), and a-copaene (2.2 %) were determined. The antifungal activity of this EO against five phytopathogenic fungi revealed their broad-spectrum and strong antifungal properties. Notably, the EO showed potent activity on Trichophyton mentagrophytes (31 ± 1 mm) and the minimum inhibitory concentration value was 0.125 ± 0.05 μg/mL. The oil, analyzed for its DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS [2,2_-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulphonic acid)] free radical scavenging activity. Hydrodistilled EO had higher ABTS scavenging capacity than DPPH free radical scavenging power. Essential oil was used to test pesticide activity against Euphoria leucographa (Order: Coleoptera; Family: Scarabaeidae) infected in custard apple (Annona muricata) fruit. Results indicated that the spike lavender EO had contact toxicity on E. leucographa upon topical treatment. The effective concentration at 50 % (EC50) value of EC of L. latifolia L. was 0.37 % revealed considerable fumigant activity mainly due to the presence of fragrant compounds. Interestingly, custard apple (A. muricata) treated with EO effectively controlled the growth of T. mentagrophytes. Overall, antifungal and insecticidal properties of lavender EO, as a natural choice to preserve the harvested fruits thereby protecting the industrial crops.
... Several studies with isolated compounds present in lavender essential oil, such as linalool and linalyl acetate, have shown sedative, anesthetic, and antispasmodic actions. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities have been found in constituents such as linalool, Moon et al., 2007). In addition, Linalool, linalyl acetate, and 1,8-cineole have antispasmodic action. ...
The natural products extracted from plants are part of traditional medicine and are also therapeutic possibilities for treating many diseases. Recently, its use in the development of new drugs has shown much visibility for its efficiency and few adverse effects. Essential oils extracted from medicinal plants are indicated to treat numerous diseases due to their antimicrobial, antiviral, antimutagenic, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antiprotozoal properties. Among essential oils, lavender essential oil stands out for having several important pharmacological properties. This review detailed the main studies on essential oils from different species of lavender and obtained a valuable collection on all their pharmacological, medicinal and toxicological potential. In this context, we evaluated lavender essential oil as a promising substance that can help treat several diseases. We provide some evidence and an overview of the potential therapeutic effect of lavender essential oil to guide new research.
... Usually, they are the most abundant compounds in lavender oil [4], but their proportion can vary widely within the species [2,36,37,73]. Reference [74], for instance, found that the sum of these compounds reached more than 70% of the total EO composition. ...
Aromatic plants are commonly produced for ornamental, cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Their morphological traits and the amounts and compositions of the volatile substances and essential oils (EOs) produced can be influenced by several factors, including the cultivation technique. In the present study, the influence of substrate composition on Lavandula angustifolia Mill. production was evaluated. In particular, substrates containing mixes of peat (P), green compost (C) and/or demolition aggregates (A) were tested in the following ratios: 70%:30% v/v, P:C; 70%:30% v/v, P:A; and 40%:30%:30% v/v, P:C:A. The P:C mixture allowed to obtain the best results in terms of survival rate, compactness of the plant and flower production. The P:C:A led to higher yields and better quality of EOs, with higher amounts of linalool, an important compound for medicinal uses. The volatiles and the blooming trend were not affected by the different cultivation substrates. Therefore, substrate composition in pot lavender cultivation can be regulated depending on the final use of the plant, successfully using locally sourced material in addition to peat.
... Lavender (Lavandula sp.) is a famous medicinal plant which belongs to the family Lamiacae. The antibacterial (Karamanoli et al., 2000), antifungal (Moon et al., 2007), insecticidal (Papachristos et al., 2004) and herbicidal activities (Goodwin and Taves, 1950) were demonstrated by the lavender extracts. The herbicidal activity of lavender extracts is due to the main secondary metabolite, so called coumarin. ...
Due to having a short half-life and novel site of action, the herbicidal potential of natural compounds are lionized. Coumarin is a secondary metabolite from Lavandula sp., family Lamiacae. The impact of eight concentrations of coumarin (0, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200 and 6400 ppm) were separately used as a pre-plant incorporated into soil on six plant species under greenhouse conditions. Generally, coumarin had phytotoxic effect against all plant species. The phytotoxic effect was concentration-dependent. The high concentrations could inhibit the emergence of seedlings (probably by stopping germination of seeds). Based on ED50 parameter, the ranking of plant species for tolerance to coumarin was S. halepense > Z. mays > C. album > A. retroflexus > E. cruss-gali > P. oleracea. Based on selectivity index, coumarin at a concentration of 365.69 ppm can control P. oleracea without damaging Z. mays, whereas any concentration it cannot control other weeds without damaging Z. mays.
... However, of 18 structural analogues of coumarin extracted from lavender, coumarin itself had the most phytotoxic on Lolium regedum (Haig et al., 2009). This compound is also active against other pest species such as bacteria (Karamanoli et al., 2000), fungi (Moon et al., 2007), and insects (Papachristos et al., 2004). ...
This study aimed to further explore that if coumarin and lavender’s extract, similar to greenhouse conditions, are phytotoxic towards some plant species under agronomic conditions. Before planting of maize, coumarin at 0, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 g h-1 and lavender’s aqueous extract at 0, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 8,000, and 16,000 mL h-1 were applied and incorporated into soil at a 3-5 cm depth. The density and biomass of weeds was significantly reduced by applying both compounds. The inhibition ability was also rate-dependent. Although the density and biomass of maize was also decreased at high rates, this crop showed higher tolerant to both compounds that all weeds.
... Lavender essential oil helps treat diseases of the digestive tract; it exhibits a diastolic effect for the ileum and smooth muscles (Lis-Balchin and Hart 1997). Thus far, antimicrobial Wilkinson 2002, Adaszyńska et al. 2013), antifungal (Moon et al. 2007) and antioxidant (Spiridon et al. 2011) activities of the essential oils isolated from field-grown plants have been confirmed. ...
In the study, micropropagation of three varieties of Lavandula angustifolia was developed, and the appearance of trichomes, antioxidant activity of extracts and antimicrobial activity of essential oils isolated from plants growing in field conditions and in vitro cultures were compared. The study evaluated the number of shoots, and the height and weight of the plants grown on media with additions of BAP, KIN and 2iP. The greatest height was attained by the lavenders growing on MS medium with the addition of 1 mg dm
... Lavender (Lavandula sp.) is a famous medicinal plant which belongs to the family Lamiacae. The antibacterial (Karamanoli et al., 2000), antifungal (Moon et al., 2007), insecticidal (Papachristos et al., 2004) and herbicidal activities (Goodwin and Taves, 1950) were demonstrated by the lavender extracts. The herbicidal activity of lavender extracts is due to the main secondary metabolite, so called coumarin. ...
Due to having a short half-life and novel site of action, the herbicidal potential of natural compounds are lionized. Coumarin is a secondary metabolite from Lavandula sp., family Lamiacae. The impact of eight concentrations of coumarin (0, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200 and 6400 ppm) were separately used as a pre-plant incorporated into soil on six plant species under greenhouse conditions. Generally, coumarin had phytotoxic effect against all plant species. The phytotoxic effect was concentration-dependent. The high concentrations could inhibit the emergence of seedlings (probably by stopping germination of seeds). Based on ED50 parameter, the ranking of plant species for tolerance to coumarin was S. halepense > Z. mays > C. album > A. retroflexus > E. cruss-gali > P. oleracea. Based on selectivity index, coumarin at a concentration of 365.69 ppm can control P. oleracea without damaging Z. mays, whereas any concentration it cannot control other weeds without damaging Z. mays.
... The genus Lavandula L. comprises some of the most promising plants that have been used in screening assays to assess biological properties, such as antioxidant (Matos, 2009) antimicrobial (Moon, 2007;Roller, 2003) insecticidal (Pavela,2005), antifeedant (González-Coloma,2011) parasiticidal (Moon, 2006) and herbicidal (Haig, 2009) ...
The nature of the solvent is important in the extraction of bioactive substances. in this
study, we look at the variation of total phenols, Total flavonoids and antioxidant activity
of leaves extract of 2 lavenders of benisaf region depending on methanol
percentage.Our results show a positive correlation between solvent percentage and yield
concentration and a negative correlation between that and phenolic compound
concentration. We find that methanol 60 % is the best of antioxidant extraction
... However, unlike the majority of antimicrobial agents, essential oils also have a potentially bioactive vapour (volatile) phase, some of which have been demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity that acts in the absence of direct contact. Surprisingly, it has been noted that the inhibitory effect of these oils on fungi can be greater when the oil volatiles are used rather than when the fungi come into direct contact with liquid oil [1][2][3]. ...
Interest in the antifungal activity of essential oils has increased markedly in recent years. The volatile (vapour) components of several essential oils have been demonstrated to have potent antifungal activity, often in excess of that displayed in direct contact assays. A lack of consistent methodology and reporting, however, hinders direct comparison of publications. A variety of mechanisms have been suggested for the activity of these active volatiles against hyphate fungi. This paper briefly reviews some of the more recent data and identifies areas that require standardization and further study.
... Lavender EO has been shown to cause cytoplasmic coagulation, vacuolation, hyphal shriveling, loss of conidiation, degradation of hyphae, inhibition of spore tube germination, and germ tube elongation in fungi. Potential control of important agricultural disease agents such as Phytopthora, Sclerotina, and Botyritis, the causal agents of blight, white mold, and gray mold, respectively, could significantly decrease crop loss (Moon et al., 2007;Soylu et al., 2010;Zambonelli et al., 1996). Both volatile applications and direct contact applications have been found to be effective in the control of bacterial and fungal pathogens in both pre and postharvest situations. ...
Lavenders are popular aromatic plants in the Lamiaceae family native to the
Mediterranean region. Aqueous extracts, essential oils, and dried parts of these
plants have long been used in cosmetics, hygiene products and traditional
medicines. In addition, they are used as food additives due to their pleasant flavour
and aroma, and their antibacterial, antifungal, insect repellent, insecticidal and
antioxidant properties. With increasing concerns about loss of effectiveness and
safety of commercial antibiotics, antifungals, insecticides and preservatives,
botanical products, including lavenders, are coming to the forefront. In this review,
the current and potential applications of lavender essential oil in the food sciences
are discussed.
... Over and above its multiple benefits on human health, the oil has been assayed for its antimicrobial activity and positive results were obtained against Aspergillus nidulans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Leptosphaeria maculans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Moon et al., 2007). Additionally to the traditional medical applications, novel uses for lavender essential oil have recently been proposed. ...
Mediterranean basin represents a harsh environment for plant species to inhabit due to the occurrence of many environmental constrains including high light, temperature, drought, and salinity; factors that in some cases occur even simultaneously. Seasonal or even daily variation of climatic conditions can also seriously make it difficult for Mediterranean plant to survive. Under this melting-pot of environmental cues, plants have evolved a wide range of secondary metabolites to contrast/counteract the detrimental effects of these factors on plant’s physiological processes. Besides their adaptative meaning in plants, these compounds can also be useful for human applications such as: antibiotics, antimycotic, animal nutrition, cosmetics, food additives, biorepellents and many others. In the last years it has been progressively observed a substantial increment in the use of aromatic herbs and their essential oils, hence increasing the prospective for a profitable cultivation of these species. The growing interest for aromatic species is mainly attributable to the increasing body of scientific evidences which confirms the potentiality of their metabolites and support the emphyric uses that in the past was made by folk medicine. Despite most of the herbs are still collected from the wild, especially in developing countries, many reports suggest that most of them can be useful cultivated as powerful biofarm species. Aromatic species are particularly attractive because they require low agronomical inputs and grown under sub-optimal environmental conditions, as usually most secondary metabolites are synthetize as a response against stress factors. The knowledge of the factors leading to maximize and standardize the production of desired compounds is of crucial importance. Indeed, albeit the progreeses that have been made on the chemical synthesis of organic compounds, for some of them the extraction from plant tissues is actually cheaper than their chemical synthesis, and for other secondary metabolites the extraction from plants is the only way to obtain the moiety, being impossible (or still unknown) their chemical synthesis. This article reviews the literature on the effect of environmental as well as agronomical practice that can impact the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in Labiateae members. This family is one of the most representatives in Mediterranean area, encompassing many herbs including lavender, mint, oregano, rosemary, sage, summer savory, sweet basil, and sweet marjorana. The review also includes the potentiality of extracts, essential oils and other secondary metabolites isolated from the aforementioned Labiateae species. It is conceivable that further work is necessary to pointed out the best agronomical techniques and the effect of pedo-climatic factor leading to a higher yield of nutraceutical compounds, especially in this family of plant that represents an urivaled source of secondary metabolites.
... It was shown that aromatic waters have antifungal and antibacterial properties and protect food from spoilage, so they are used in the food industry both to add flavor and enhance the taste of food and beverages (8,13,14). ...
The chemical composition of essential oils and hydrolate from dried lavender flowers (Lavandula angustifolia) was determined. Organic compounds were isolated from the hydrolate by the liquid–liquid (LLE) method. Optimal conditions for LLE (pentane, five extraction cycles, 40 mL, salting out [5% NaCl]) were determined by the Taguchi method. As many as forty-seven compounds were identified both in the essential oil (Oe) and in the essential oil isolated during the preparation of hydrolate (OeH), representing 94.9% of the content of Oe and 95.7% of OeH. The main compounds in OeH and Oe are: linalool (24.6% and 24.9%, respectively), linalyl acetate (14.4% and 18.0%, respectively) and borneol (6.2% and 6.3%, respectively). The most abundant compounds are oxygenated derivatives of monoterpenes (74.3% Oe, 73.4% OeH), including monoterpene alcohols (40.5% Oe, 38.0% OeH). In the hydrolate (H), twenty-four compounds, representing 83.8% of its composition, were identified. The main ingredients are: linalool (26.5%) and borneol (9.0%). Also here, oxygenated derivatives of monoterpenes predominate (78.1%), consisting mainly of alcohol monoterpenes (50.7%). In the hydrolate, the presence of acetate linalyl, monoterpenes, or sesquiterpenes was not found. Quantitative analysis of Oe, OeH and H was conducted for selected chemical compounds.
... There is growing pharmacological and clinical evidence for the rational use of Lavender essential oils in chronic emotional disorders, moreover, side effects are minimal 8 . The Lavandula angustifolia oil is active against many species of bacteria and fungi 3,5,9 . The essential oil may be useful in treating bacterial infection that are resistant to antibiotics 5 . ...
The composition of the essential oil obtained from dried flowers of Lavandula angustifolia, cultivated in Poland was analyzed by GC, GC-MS and NIR. Seventy-eight compounds have been identified in the essential oil. The major constituents of the oil were linalool (30.6 %), linalyl acetate (14.2 %), geraniol (5.3 %), β-caryophyllene (4.7 %), lavandulyl acetate (4.4 %).
... More recently, however, some studies have documented satisfactory results in using extracts and/or essential oils of certain plants against S. sclerotiorum. Examples of such plants are: the Australian Lavandula stoechas (Moon et al. 2007); Nepenthes ventricosa x maxima leaf exhibited (Shin et al. 2007); oregano (Origanum syriacum var. bevanii) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) (Soylu et al. 2007); Silene armeria (Bajpai et al. 2008); rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) (Pitarokili et al. 2008); neem (Azardirachta indica) (Moslem and El-Kholie 2009); wild rue (Peganum harmala) (Sarpeleh et al. 2009); Cestrum nocturnum (Al-Reza et al. 2010); Prunella vulgaris (Yoon et al. 2010); and several species of Brassicaceae (Kurt et al. 2011). ...
The anti-fungal efficacy for two Labiate plants, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)
and Greek sage (Salvia fructicosa Mill.), against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum fungus
(Lib.) de Bary has been investigated. The inhibitory effect of these plants as crude leaf
ethanolic extract on the radial mycelial growth as well as on sclerotial production and
germination was measured in vitro at various concentrations (stock = 0.5 g dry leaf
powder/ml ddH2O) in the growth medium. In general, rosemary extract revealed a
remarkable anti-fungal effect against the fungus, being more inhibitory than Greek
sage in this respect. This was evident as total inhibition of radial mycelial growth by
rosemary occurred at 10% extract concentration, while sage was half as potent producing
such an effect at double the concentration (20%). Both rosemary and sage extracts
were more inhibitory to sclerotial formation than to mycelial growth as the fungus
ceased to produce any sclerotia at the lower concentrations of 5 and 5–10%, respectively.
In addition, rosemary was highly effective in inhibiting sclerotia germination as
total inhibition of germination occurred at 20% extract concentration at three days and
onward after incubation. Moreover, at this level, the survival of sclerotia was totally
lost when examined after 12 days of incubation. For sage, inhibition of sclerotial germination/
death was only 20% at 12th day of incubation. The results of this study indicate
that the extracts of rosemary and Greek sage leaves could become natural
alternatives to synthetic fungicides to manage diseases of S. sclerotiorum.
Keywords: antifungal; mycelial growth; rosemary; Greek sage; Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum; sclerotial formation; sclerotial germination
... The genus Lavandula L. comprises some of the most promising plants that have been used in screening assays to assess biological properties, such as antioxidant [1], antimicrobial [2,3], insecticidal [4], antifeedant [5], parasiticidal [6], and herbicidal [7] effects. Our team reported the antifungal activity of the essential oil of L. pedunculata [8] and both the antifungal activity and mechanism of action of the oil of L. viridis [9]. ...
This study evaluates the antifungal activity and mechanism of action of a new chemotype of Lavandula multifida from Portugal. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal lethal concentration (MLC) of the oil and its major compounds were determined against several pathogenic fungi responsible for candidosis, meningitis, dermatophytosis, and aspergillosis. The influence of the oil on the dimorphic transition in Candida albicans was also studied, as well as propidium iodide (PI) and FUN-1 staining of C. albicans cells by flow cytometry. The essential oil was characterized by high contents of monoterpenes, with carvacrol and cis-β-ocimene being the main constituents. The oil was more effective against dermatophytes and Cryptococcus neoformans, with MIC and MLC values of 0.16 μL/mL and 0.32 μL/mL, respectively. The oil was further shown to completely inhibit filamentation in C. albicans at concentrations below the respective MIC (0.08 μL/mL), with cis-β-ocimene being the main compound responsible for this inhibition (0.02 μL/mL). The flow cytometry results suggest a mechanism of action ultimately leading to cytoplasmic membrane disruption and cell death. L. multifida essential oil may be useful in complementary therapy to treat disseminated candidosis, since the inhibition of filamentation alone appears to be sufficient to treat this type of infection.
... Lavandula spp have been reported to have biological activity. Lavender essential oils have been found to be antimicrobial (Romeo et al. 2008;Roller et al. 2009), fungicidal (Moon et al. 2007), parasiticidal (Moon et al. 2006) and insecticidal (Papachristos and Stamopoulos 2004;Pavela 2005). Lavender is also reported to have phytotoxic/allelopathic effects on other plant species. ...
In a previous study, lavender (Lavandula spp.) was found to be highly phytotoxic towards annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum, ARG), a major weed of winter wheat crops in Australia. This research aimed to further explore this relationship and determine the chemical(s) responsible for the observed effect. In bioassay, it was determined that the stem and leaf extract of L. x intermedia cv. Grosso ranked highest and had the potential to reduce significantly the root growth of several plant species. An extract concentration of 10% almost completely inhibited ARG root growth. When the extract was tested for stability, there was no loss in phytotoxicity after the 256 day trial. Via bioassay-guided fractionation and chromatographic techniques, it was determined that the sub-fraction consisting of coumarin and 7-methoxycoumarin was most phytotoxic towards ARG. Chemoassays of 18 structural analogues of coumarin showed that coumarin itself was the most phytotoxic and largely responsible for the observed phytotoxicity of the extract. Soil trials were conducted using pure coumarin and the lavender extract, and in both instances, shoot length and weight were significantly reduced by post-emergence application at all concentrations evaluated.
This study examined the antioxidant potential of essential oils (EOs) from Mentha longifolia (MEo), Lavandula angustifolia (LEo), and Ocimum basilicum (BEo) cultivated in Algeria’s arid Oued Souf region. GC-MS analysis highlighted unique chemical compositions, with LEo rich in linalool (21.37%) and linalyl acetate (30.92%), BEo high in phenylpropanoids (37.25%), especially estragole (20.65%) and linalool (30.17%), and MEo dominated by cis-isopulegone (59.68%). Antioxidant activity was evaluated via FRAP, DPPH, and TCA assays. BEo showed the highest FRAP activity (EC = 2.96 ± 0.05 g/mL), followed by LEo and MEo (EC = 5.08 ± 0.2 g/mL and 5.89 ± 0.1 g/mL, respectively). In the DPPH assay, BEo also exhibited the strongest radical-scavenging activity (IC = 0.053 ± 0.45 mg/mL) compared to LEo (IC = 25.55 ± 0.29 mg/mL) and MEo (IC = 16.89 ± 0.023 mg/mL). Similarly, BEo displayed the greatest inhibition in the TCA assay (EC = 3.5 ± 0.16 mg/mL). These findings underscore BEo’s remarkable antioxidant capacity, potentially linked to its rich phenylpropanoid profile, suggesting that environmental stressors in arid regions enhance the bioactive compound concentrations in essential oils. This structural resilience may make these oils powerful natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants, offering promising applications for managing oxidative stress.
Fliou J, Spinola F, Riffi O, Zriouel A, Amechrouq A, Nalbone L, Giuffrida A, Giarratana F. 2023. Phytochemical evaluation and in-vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Moroccan Lavandula x intermedia leaves and flowers. Biodiversitas 24: 5788-5796. This study performed a preliminary evaluation of the phytochemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Lavandula x intermedia leaves and flowers collected in the Fez-Meknes region of Morocco. Phytochemical analyses comprised qualitative colorimetric determinations of alkaloids, anthraquinones, and terpenes and quantitative analysis of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins by UV spectrophotometer. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values against different ATCC bacterial strains. The phytochemical analysis showed a high amount of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins in the leaf extract and a higher amount of terpenes based on colorimetric reaction than the flower extract. A positive colorimetric reaction for alkaloids and anthraquinones was detected for both extracts. The antibacterial activity of leaves and flower extract was not different against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains (p<0.05). The results of the present study suggest the possible use of ethanolic extracts of L. x intermedia collected in the Fez-Meknes region of Morocco as a natural agent against bacterial pathogens.
Lavender (Lavandula sp.), thyme (Thymus sp. and Thymbra sp.), oregano (Origanum sp.), savory (Satureja sp.), mints (Mentha sp.), sage (Salvia officinalis and S. sclarea), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), rose (Rosa sp.), citrus (Citrus sp.), and bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) are species widely used as medicinal and aromatic plants. Their essential oils are a well-known resource of biological activities, applicable in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in agriculture. Due to developments in ecology and sustainability during the past two decades, hydrolates, which were considered waste material for a long time, are viewed as by-products with promising activity and applications. This chapter provides a review of these ten hydrolates, their chemical composition, and potential use.
Agro‐industrial residues are materials derived from the processing of agroforestry industry products. This chapter focuses on the biopesticide potential of some selected processing‐based wastes such as olive mill waste, essential oil‐derived hydrolates and products from biomass pyrolysis against plant‐parasitic nematodes and insect pests. In recent years, thermochemical conversion technologies such as pyrolysis have gained increasing interest in converting various types of waste biomass. Essential oils are obtained from the distillation process of aromatic plants, while the plant material after the distillation, as well as the hydrolates or hydrosols, are by‐products of such process. The production of high‐quality olive oils implies the generation of vast quantities of solid residues and/or wastewater that may have a great impact on terrestrial and aquatic environments because of their high phytotoxicity. Agricultural residues rich in bioactive compounds can be used as an alternative source for the production of biopesticides.
Pest control in agriculture is generally carried out through the application of synthetic insecticides causing deterioration of the health and environment. Essential oils (EOs) extracted from plants are seen as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. This study aimed at determining the insecticidal, fungicidal, phytotoxic activity and composition of the EO from leaves and green stems of Lavandula dentata (Lamiaceae). EO chemical composition was determined/identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The insecticidal, fungicidal, phytotoxic activity of the EO was evaluated at different concentrations. The main components of EO were eucalyptol (34.33%), fenchone (17.78%), and camphor (15.75%). EO showed good insecticidal activity on the three pest insects evaluated. LC50 values against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) were 26.9 and 11.3 μl/l air (assay without food) and 42.7 and 29.3 μl/l air (assay with food), respectively, while for Epicauta atomaria (Coleoptera: Meloidae), LC50 was 26.9 μl/l air (assay without food). Moreover, EO had good fungicidal activity against Cercospora kikuchii, Cercospora sojina, and Septoria glycines (Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae) plant pathogenic fungi, with ID (diameter of the inhibition zone of fungal growth) median values of 34.00, 29.50 and 22.00 mm at a concentration of 5 μl/disc, respectively. Finally, EO exhibited a strong phytotoxic activity against Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae) model plant inhibiting 100% of the radicle growth at a concentration of 25.0 μl/ml. In conclusion, L. dentata EO could be considered as a good biopesticide for future integrated pest management programs.
L’intérêt porté aux plantes aromatiques et médicinales n’a pas cessé de croître au cours de ces dernières années. L’Algérie, de par sa position géographique, jouit de plusieurs facteurs de pédogenèse et de variations climatiques offrant ainsi une végétation riche et diverse. Un grand nombre y poussent spontanément. La lavande sauvage ( Lavandula stoechas L.), encore appelée lavande papillon ou lavande à toupet, en est le parfait exemple. Depuis très longtemps, on connaît les vertus cicatrisantes et régénérantes de cette espèce. Cette plante à parfum connaît un intérêt considérable pour la communauté scientifique, grâce à la découverte de ses nombreuses applications pharmaceutiques ; en particulier, celles liées au système nerveux central. Cependant et malgré cet engouement suscité par les vertus thérapeutiques de la lavande à toupet, rares sont les travaux approfondis qui lui ont été consacrés. Cet article de synthèse passe en revue les différentes vertus thérapeutiques de l’huile essentielle (HE) de Lavandula stoechas en corrélation avec les possibles effets synergiques existant entre ses constituants terpéniques. Par ailleurs, ce travail met en exergue les potentielles applications de cette HE en aromathérapie anti-infectieuse ou comme ingrédient actif dans des formulations galéniques et nutraceutiques.
A new product from a low temperature drying method that reduces the loss of highly volatile essential oils is presented. The proposed drying method consists of evaporation/sublimation of water and aromatic substances in a dryer with a closed drying agent cycle. In parallel, the evaporated compounds are continuously condensed in a heat exchanger. As a result of the drying process, high-quality dried plants and Fluidolat as liquid phase containing water and volatile organic compounds are obtained. The aim of presented investigations was to optimize the developed technology for the herb lavender.
In recent years, a substantial increase in the use of aromatic herbs and essential oils has progressively been observed. The Mediterranean area represents a particular environment in which many constraint factors (high light, temperature, drought, salinity, air pollution, etc.) induce a wide range of secondary metabolites in plants. These compounds can be usefully utilized by humans for different applications: antibiotics, antimycotics, animal nutrition, cosmetics, food additives, biorepellents, etc. This chapter reviews the literature on recent agro-industrial applications of Mediterranean plant species and medicinal plants used for the treatment of infectious diseases. The review includes accounts of extracts, essential oils and other active principles isolated from plants that have been used by folk medicine as antimicrobial agents. The names and parts of the plants studied, the spectrum of activity, the types of active compounds and the methods used are discussed, as well as their mechanisms of action.
It was shown that the method for obtaining hydrolates from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) influences the content of active compounds and the aromatic, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the hydrolates. The content of volatile organic compounds ranged from 9.12 to 97.23 mg/100 mL of hydrolate. Lavender hydrolate variants showed low antimicrobial activity (from 0% to 0.05%). The radical scavenging activity of DPPH was from 3.6 ± 0.5% to 3.8 ± 0.6% and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORACFL) results were from 0 to 266 μM Trolox equivalent, depending on the hydrolate variant.
Aromatic plants are processed by different distillation techniques to yield 5 distinct products: essential oil, hydrosol, distilled biomass, residual water and plant ash from the furnace. During distillation, a small fraction of polar, oxygenated, odor imparting, water-soluble oil constituents escape into the distillation/condensate water stream. The condensate water with dissolved oil components is known as hydrosol. Hydrosols are used in perfumery, cosmetics, food flavoring, aromatherapy and traditional therapies. Hydrosols possess biological
activities and have potential as global economic products of commerce. In many essential oil producing and exporting countries, these hydrosols are discarded, therefore wasted. Producers need to be trained in
collecting, processing, storing and marketing hydrosols. In addition to the currently traded hydrosols, many more can be produced from aromatic plants that are presently not utilized for essential oil extraction.
Qualitative and quantitative differences in essential oil hydrodistilled from fresh and dried flowers of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) harvested in Poland were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Drying prior to hydrodistillation resulted in large losses of essential oil (over 40 %). Sixty-five compounds were identified in the essential oil isolated from fresh material and 73 in that from dried material. The main ingredients of the essential oil were oxygenated monoterpenes (over 70 %). Essential oil from dried lavender was shown to have smaller quantities of monoterpene esters (12.9 %) with an increased amount of alcohol (4.3 %).The possibility of using NIRS for rapid and precise identification of essential oils as well as for determination of the origin of plant material was successfully demonstrated.
The antioxidant capacity of the essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of Lavandula luisieri, L. stoechas subsp. lusitanica, the hybrid L. stoechas subsp. lusitanica x L. luisieri, and L. viridis collected in different regions of Algarve (Portugal), as well as that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), was evaluated using three different methods: free radical scavenging activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay (TBARS) and reductive potential. The chemical composition of the essential oils was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oils of L. luisieri were mainly constituted by 1,8-cineole (26–34%) and trans-α-necrodyl acetate (11–18%), only present in this lavender species. The oils of Lavandula stoechas subsp. lusitanica and the hybrid L. stoechas subsp. lusitanica x L. luisieri were dominated by fenchone (42–44%) and camphor (35–36%). Despite of the morphological resemblances of the L. stoechas subsp. lusitanica x L. luisieri with L. luisieri, no necrodane derivatives were detected in the hybrid, showing instead a major chemical similarity with L. stoechas oil. Lavandula viridis oil mainly comprised 1,8-cineole (33%) and camphor (20%). The oils of L. luisieri were the most effective as antioxidants, independent of the evaluation method used, although showing always lower antioxidant ability than BHT.
In an effort to develop local productions of aromatic and medicinal plants, a comprehensive assessment of the composition and biological activities of the essential oils (EOs) extracted from the aerial flowering parts of wild growing Lavandula stoechas L. collected from eleven different locations in northern Algeria was performed. The oils were characterized by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses, and 121 compounds were identified, accounting for 69.88-91.2% of the total oil compositions. The eleven oils greatly differed in their compositions, since only 66 compounds were common to all oils. Major EO components were fenchone (2; 11.27-37.48%), camphor (3, 1.94-21.8%), 1,8-cineole (1; 0.16-8.71%), and viridiflorol (10; 2.89-7.38%). The assessed in vitro biological properties demonstrated that the DPPH-based radical-scavenging activities and the inhibition of the β-carotene/linoleic acid-based lipid oxidation differed by an eight-fold factor between the most and the least active oils and were linked to different sets of molecules in the different EOs. The eleven EOs exhibited good antimicrobial activities against most of the 16 tested strains of bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.16 to 11.90 mg/ml.
The chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils of Lavandula pedunculata (Miller) Cav., harvested in North and Central Portugal, were investigated. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The minimal-inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal-lethal concentration (MLC) of the essential oils and of their major constituents were used to evaluate the antifungal activity against different strains of fungi involved in candidosis, dematophytosis, and aspergillosis. The oils were characterized by a high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes, the main compounds being 1,8-cineole (2.4-55.5%), fenchone (1.3-59.7%), and camphor (3.6-48.0%). Statistical analysis differentiated the essential oils into two main types, one characterized by the predominance of fenchone and the other one by the predominance of 1,8-cineole. Within the 1,8-cineole chemotype, two subgroups were well-defined taking into account the percentages of camphor. A significant antifungal activity of the oils was found against dermatophyte strains. The essential oil with the highest content of camphor was the most active with MIC and MLC values ranging from 0.32-0.64 microl/ml.
Five aromatic constituents of essential oils (cineole, citral, geraniol, linalool and menthol) were tested for antimicrobial activity against eighteen bacteria (including Gram-positive cocci and rods, and Gram-negative rods) and twelve fungi (three yeast-like and nine filamentous). In terms of antibacterial activity linalool was the most effective and inhibited seventeen bacteria, followed by cineole, geraniol (each of which inhibited sixteen bacteria), menthol and citral aromatic compounds, which inhibited fifteen and fourteen bacteria, respectively. Against fungi the citral and geraniol oils were the most effective (inhibiting all twelve fungi), followed by linalool (inhibiting ten fungi), cineole and menthol (each of which inhibited seven fungi) compounds.
The composition of essential oil of the leaves of Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas, was analyzed by means of capillary GC-MS. The main components of L. stoechas ssp. stoechas oil were pulegone (40.4%), menthol (18.1%), menthone (12.6%). The essential oil of the plant was evaluated for antibacterial and a panel cytotoxic activities.
The vapors of peppermint oil and two of its major constituents (menthol and menthone), and sweet basil oil and two of its major constituents (linalool and eugenol), were tested against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.), Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. exFr.) Vuill and Mucor sp. (Fisher) in a closed system. These fungi cause deterioration and heavy decay of peach fruit during marketing, shipping and storage. The essential oils, their major individual aroma constituents and blends of the major individual constituents at different ratios inhibited the growth of the fungi in a dose-dependent manner. Menthol was found to be the individual aroma constituent responsible for the antifungal properties of peppermint essential oil, while menthone alone did not show any effect at all doses. In the case of basil oil, linalool alone showed a moderate antifungal activity while eugenol showed no activity at all. Mixing the two components in a ratio similar to their concentrations in the original oil was found to enhance the antifungal properties of basil oil indicating a synergistic effect.
The inhibitory effect of seven essential oils on the apical growth of hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus was studied using a bio cell tracer by vapour contact in a sealed vessel. Based on the inhibitory pattern, these essential oils were classified into three groups. The first group, composed of citron, lavender and tea tree oils, stopped the apical growth in a loading dose of 63 mu g ml(-1) air, but allowed the regrowth of the hyphae after removal of the vapour, indicating fungistatic action. The second group, consisting of perilla and lemongrass oils, stopped the apical growth in a loading dose of 6.3 mu g ml(-1) air, and did not allow the regrowth after gaseous contact at 63 mu g ml(-1) air, indicative of fungicidal action. The third group, consisting of cinnamon bark and thyme oils, retarded the growth in a dose of 6.3 mu g ml(-1) air, stopped it in a dose of 63 mu g ml(-1) air, and incompletely suppressed regrowth of the hyphae. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed that vapours of essential oils were absorbed on fungal mycelia and agar medium most abundantly by the first group, followed by the second and third groups, reflecting the volatility of the respective groups. Suppression of the apical growth by vapour contact was ascribed to the direct deposition of essential oils on fungal mycelia, together with an indirect effect via the agar medium absorbed.
In order to establish the value of the use of biological activities as accessory criteria (in conjunction with gas chromatography, but in the absence of enantiomeric analysis) for establishing the authenticity of essential oils, the biological activities of 105 commercial essential oils were investigated against 25 species of bacteria, 20 strains of Listeria monocytogenes, and three filamentous fungi; their antioxidant action was also determined and all the results were related to the actual chemical composition of the oils as determined by gas chromatography. The results showed some relationship between the major components and some bioactivities. There was a negative correlation between 1,8-cineole content and antifungal activity. There was, however, great variability between the biological action of different samples of individual oils and groups of oils under the same general name, e.g. lavender, eucalyptus or chamomile, which was reflected in differences in chemical composition, The results suggest that, although the biological activities are not all related to the main components, any significant blending, rectification and adulteration of commercial oils can be monitored by their biological activities. The use of essential oils named simply as ‘chamomile’ or ‘eucalyptus’, or any commercial oil which has been adulterated, cannot be justifiably used in treating medical conditions unless it can be shown that the action is non-specific and independent of the chemical composition. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oils that derive from aromatic plants are typically obtained by steam distillation (Simon, 1990), a simple and relatively inexpensive process in which the essential oils are removed from the plant by a stream of water vapor, and then both phases are separated easily (Charles and Simon, 1990; Alkire and Simon, 1992; Vieira et al., 2000). During distillation, part of the essential oil components become dissolved in and remain in the distillation water and the 'product' is called hydrosol, which is also known as the distillate water (Rajeswara Rao et al., 2003). At present, there are no legal definitions of a hydrosol per se nor grades and standards set forth by industry and the scientific community, nor are there specifications of natural hydrosols as defined by international standardization boards and associations internationally recognized such as ISO, FEMA or ANFOR. Typically, the distillate water, which includes minor amounts of the essential oil that remains in the water fraction, is highly aromatic and its composition is often different than the prime essential oil, which forms as a separate and distinct layer following distillation and represents the essential oil of commerce from a plant species. The amount of essential oil remaining in the distillate water, and the composition of the oil found in the distillate is a function of many factors including the distillation process and the plant species.
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The antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has been recognized for many years. However, few investigations have compared large numbers of oils and extracts using methods that are directly comparable. In the present study, 52 plant oils and extracts were investigated for activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, Aeromonas veronii biogroup sobria, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia col, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus, using an agar dilution method. Lemongrass, oregano and bay inhibited all organisms at concentrations of < or = 2.0% (v/v). Six oils did not inhibit any organisms at the highest concentration, which was 2.0% (v/v) oil for apricot kernel, evening primrose, macadamia, pumpkin, sage and sweet almond. Variable activity was recorded for the remaining oils. Twenty of the plant oils and extracts were investigated, using a broth microdilution method, for activity against C. albicans, Staph. aureus and E. coli. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.03% (v/v) thyme oil against C. albicans and E. coli and 0.008% (v/v) vetiver oil against Staph. aureus. These results support the notion that plant essential oils and extracts may have a role as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.
The inhibitory effect of seven essential oils on the apical growth of hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus was studied using a bio cell tracer by vapour contact in a sealed vessel. Based on the inhibitory pattern, these essential oils were classified into three groups. The first group, composed of citron, lavender and tea tree oils, stopped the apical growth in a loading dose of 63 micrograms ml-1 air, but allowed the regrowth of the hyphae after removal of the vapour, indicating fungistatic action. The second group, consisting of perilla and lemon-grass oils, stopped the apical growth in a loading dose of 6.3 micrograms ml-1 air, and did not allow the regrowth after gaseous contact at 63 micrograms ml-1 air, indicative of fungicidal action. The third group, consisting of cinnamon bark and thyme oils, retarded the growth in a dose of 6.3 micrograms ml-1 air, stopped it in a dose of 63 micrograms ml-1 air, and incompletely suppressed regrowth of the hyphae. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed that vapours of essential oils were absorbed on fungal mycelia and agar medium most abundantly by the first group, followed by the second and third groups, reflecting the volatility of the respective groups. Suppression of the apical growth by vapour contact was ascribed to the direct deposition of essential oils on fungal mycelia, together with an indirect effect via the agar medium absorbed.
Concentrations of essential oils showing high volatility decreased substantially in broth and agar media when incubated under open conditions. The decrease in the half life was from 0.7 to 38 hr in broth medium at 27 C. When evaporation was prevented by sealing, MIC values against Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes by broth or agar dilution assay were lowered two to eight-fold, as compared with those obtained under open conditions. Addition of Tween 80 caused a rise of the MICs against A. fumigatus by two to four-fold in broth dilution assay, but little affected the MICs in agar dilution assay.
The minimum inhibitory doses (MIDs) of essential oils by vapour contact to inhibit the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum on agar medium were determined using airtight boxes. Among seven essential oils examined, cinnamon bark oil showed the least MID, followed by lemongrass, thyme and perilla oils. Lavender and tea tree oils showed moderate MID, and citron oil showed the highest MID, being 320 times higher than that of cinnamon bark oil. The MID values were less than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values determined by agar dilution assay. Furthermore, the minimum agar concentration (MAC) of essential oils absorbed from vapour was determined at the time of MID determination as the second antifungal measure. The MAC value by vapour contact was 1.4 to 4.7 times less than the MAC remaining in the agar at the time of MIC determination by agar dilution assay. Using selected essential oils, the anti-Trichophyton activity by vapour contact was examined in more detail. Lemongrass, thyme and perilla oils killed the conidia, inhibited germination and hyphal elongation at 1-4 micrograms ml-1 air, whereas lavender oil was effective at 40-160 micrograms ml-1 air. The in-vivo efficacy of thyme and perilla oils by vapour contact was shown against an experimental tinea pedis in guinea pigs infected with T. mentagrophytes. These results indicated potent anti-Trichophyton action of essential oils by vapour contact.
Essential oils distilled from members of the genus Lavandula have been used both cosmetically and therapeutically for centuries with the most commonly used species being L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, L. stoechas and L. x intermedia. Although there is considerable anecdotal information about the biological activity of these oils much of this has not been substantiated by scientific or clinical evidence. Among the claims made for lavender oil are that is it antibacterial, antifungal, carminative (smooth muscle relaxing), sedative, antidepressive and effective for burns and insect bites. In this review we detail the current state of knowledge about the effect of lavender oils on psychological and physiological parameters and its use as an antimicrobial agent. Although the data are still inconclusive and often controversial, there does seem to be both scientific and clinical data that support the traditional uses of lavender. However, methodological and oil identification problems have severely hampered the evaluation of the therapeutic significance of much of the research on Lavandula spp. These issues need to be resolved before we have a true picture of the biological activities of lavender essential oil.
The essential oil of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium species, family: Geraniaceae) obtained through steam or water plus steam distillation of shoot biomass is extensively used in the fragrance industry and in aromatherapy. During distillation, a part of the essential oil becomes dissolved in the distillation water (hydrosol) and is lost as this hydrosol is discarded. In this investigation, hydrosol was shaken for 30 min with hexane (10:1 proportion) and the hexane was distilled to yield 'secondary' or 'recovered' essential oil. The chemical composition of secondary oil was compared with that of 'primary' oil (obtained directly by distilling shoot biomass of the crop). Primary oil accounted for 93.0% and secondary oil 7.0% of the total oil yield (100.2 ml from 100 kg green shoot biomass). Fifty-two compounds making up 95.0-98.5% of the primary and the secondary oils were characterized through gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC--MS). Primary oil was richer in hydrocarbons (8.5-9.4%), citronellyl formate (6.2-7.5%), geranyl formate (4.1-4.7%), citronellyl propionate (1.0-1.2%), alpha-selinene (1.8-2.2%), citronellyl butyrate (1.4-1.7%), 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (4.9-5.5%) and geranyl tiglate (1.8-2.1%). Recovered oil was richer in organoleptically important oxygenated compounds (88.9-93.9%), commercial rhodinol fraction (74.3-81.2%), sabinene (0.4-6.2%), cis-linool oxide (furanoid) (0.7-1.2%), linalool (14.7-19.6%), alpha-terpineol (3.3-4.8%) and geraniol (21.3-38.4%). Blending of recovered oil with primary oil is recommended to enhance the olfactory value of the primary oil of rose-scented geranium. Distillation water stripped of essential oil through hexane extraction can be recycled for distilling the next batch of rose-scented geranium.
The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and "leads" which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.
The Australian lavender industry. A review of oil production and related products
- L Peterson
L. Peterson, The Australian lavender industry. A review of oil production
and related products. RIRDC: Canberra. (2002).