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Going Back to the Source: Why do People Trust Each Other?
... Studies demonstrate that among the various modalities of trust formation, direct personal experience or interactions between the trustor and the trustee have been identified as the most influential sources (Dietz, 2011;Lewis & Weigert, 1985;Rousseau et al., 1998). As such, immigrant parents' 1 (hereafter referred to as simply "parents") experiences with the CWS during child welfare assessments are expected to affect their trust in the services. ...
... In sociological literature, trust has been defined differently with an emphasis on various aspects and bases of trust (Dietz, 2011;Oomsels & Bouckaert, 2014;Rousseau et al., 1998;Uslaner, 2002). Some scholars define trust as an attitude or belief (Rousseau et al., 1998), an action (Oomsels & Bouckaert, 2014), and a process (Möllering, 2006). ...
... Given the dynamic and multidimensional nature of trust, there are various factors or contexts that facilitate or inhibit the formation of trust. According to Dietz (2011), people use multiple sources of evidence in assessing whether the other party is trustworthy. ...
The purpose of this article is to contribute to an in-depth understanding of how immigrant parents’ experiences of the child welfare assessment process shape their trust in the Norwegian child welfare services (CWS). The study is based on qualitative data generated through semi-structured interviews with six immigrant parents who have previous or ongoing contact with the CWS. The study finds that the parents’ experiences of the child welfare assessment process influence their trust in the CWS in a variety of ways, with the central themes being: (1) interactions with child welfare workers; (2) transparency and (un)predictability of the process and outcome; and (3) the risk-oriented, problem-focused and adversarial nature of the assessments. Whilst the parents’ positive experiences of the assessment process are associated with trust, their ambivalent and negative experiences are related to mistrust and distrust in the services respectively.
... Dietz (2011) refers to different scholars quoting different types of trust: 'contract trust', 'competence trust' and 'goodwill trust' (Sako, 1992), 'deterrence-based', 'calculus-based', 'knowledge-based' and 'identification-based trust' (Lewicki & Bunker, 1996), each has their distinct roots, but commonly emphasize the fact that people use various forms of trust while interacting, dealing or socializing with people. Dietz (2011), argues that these are not necessarily types of trusts that differ from each other rather they vary in substance and context in which they take place. He categorizes this fact as; "the virtual goodness of beliefs of the trustee, a decision, a risk-taking act (a preparedness to be vulnerable), feedback on the outcomes, creating a trust's cyclical dynamic", thus he argues that fundamental reasons/ circumstances of imposing trust may differ, however, the process remains the same, which he classifies as universal dynamic, common to all trust encounters. ...
... He categorizes this fact as; "the virtual goodness of beliefs of the trustee, a decision, a risk-taking act (a preparedness to be vulnerable), feedback on the outcomes, creating a trust's cyclical dynamic", thus he argues that fundamental reasons/ circumstances of imposing trust may differ, however, the process remains the same, which he classifies as universal dynamic, common to all trust encounters. Figure 1 shows a depiction of the trust process (Dietz, 2011). Dietz (2011) hypothesizes that 'situational parameters' and the sources of interpersonal trust are in fact loosely bound in a way that the former may undermine the latter. ...
... Figure 1 shows a depiction of the trust process (Dietz, 2011). Dietz (2011) hypothesizes that 'situational parameters' and the sources of interpersonal trust are in fact loosely bound in a way that the former may undermine the latter. According to Weibel (2003, p. 668): the institutional framework has a direct bearing on interpersonal trust, however, the quality of social interaction is not considered subservient to the institutional arrangements. ...
Trust is an important source to develop business understandings and relationships. It also greatly affects the social efficiency of business activities and transactions. The trust deficit is so prevalent in society; thus, it makes practical sense to explore its connotations, roots, linkages and effects. The subject of trust is very broad, however, in order to capture possible research gaps and explore the scope for future research, this study is limited to the level of examining mutual relationships among individuals at workplaces, and undertakes a critical literature review of the trust life cycle and trust repair process, examining empirical evidence with regards to trust, distrust, trust deficit and repair, seen through a cultural lens. Some limited research has identified core underlying variables (related to cognition, affect, and behavior, called “expectation assets”) which are supplemented by social and organizational factors, which also influence trust related expectations, and also influence the restoration and enhancement of trust. Research studies also highlight the relationship of trust with culture, with dominating perspective being ‘etic’, which relates to the understanding that trust is a global phenomenon affecting across various cultural domains and its effects can be observed as well as measured across cultures. Whereas, from an alternative ‘emic’ (culture-specific) perspective, though trust is a global phenomenon that cuts across all functional domains of a society, however, numerous differences exist that need to be taken into account while deciding trust levels as well as their intensity within a social setting
... First, as it relates to calculative and relational trust, but perhaps not affective trust (Lewicki et al., 1998), the decision to trust is preceded by some context-dependent assessment of the trustee. This assessment involves the search for evidence of trustworthiness or untrustworthiness which supports positive or negative expectations for the future behavior of that agent (Dietz, 2011;Lewicki & Bunker, 1996). Second, these expectations are what Elangovan and Shapiro (1998) called "pivotal." ...
... Second, trust operates on a confirmation-disconfirmation of expectations basis (Dietz, 2011;Mayer et al., 1995). When trustees act congruent with trustors' pivotal expectations, trust is increased but if trustees act incongruently with those expectations, trust is decreased. ...
... There is a consensus among scholars that trust is maintained through a learning process that makes use of signals and feedback loops (Dietz, 2011;Luhmann, 1979). Trust scholars have used relational signaling theory to describe this process (Six, 2007). ...
There is an impressive literature on organizational capacities that enable specific types of performance, but no work has been done on whether such capabilities extend to an organizational capacity for trustworthiness (CFT). This paper introduces the notion of a capacity for trustworthiness (CFT) defined as the collective capability of the organization to produce positive signals of trustworthiness to stakeholders. The antecedents to the CFT are bundles of organization routines that enable the firm to manifest trustworthiness and balance attending to both financial and relational goals. The consequences of a high CFT are outcomes and behaviors that are congruent with pivotal stakeholder expectations and are, therefore, trust inducing. A process model is offered that outlines how an organization’s routines and CFT change in response to feedback and pressure and increase or decrease stakeholders’ trust. Implications for the management of stakeholder relations, trust repair, and the management of organizational systems are reviewed.
... Repeatedly throughout the prior literature, the trustee attributes on an interpersonal level are his or her perceived trustworthiness. Firstly, scholars explain that ability (competence) refers to the extent to which the trustee has knowledge and professional skills (Dietz, 2011). Secondly, benevolence and goodwill refer to the confidence that one's wellbeing will be protected by the trustee (e.g. ...
... Benevolence is defined as a desire for and sensitivity to concern for others and expressions of altruism (Krot & Lewicka, 2012). Thirdly, integrity refers to honesty, the character, and authenticity of the trustee (Dietz, 2011), in other words, to a congruence between what the parties say and what they do, although it may have numerous other meanings. Integrity is judged by previous behaviours, reputation, the similarity of values, and consistency between words and actions (Mayer et al., 1995), and refers to moral principles, including fairness, justice, consistency, and promise fulfilment (Colquitt et al., 2007). ...
... Impersonal, institutional and personalised sources of trust are distinguishable (Shapiro, 1987) along with reputation, third party testimonies (vs. rumours), and rolebased assumptions as sources of trust within organisations (Dietz, 2011). The co-existence of institutional and interpersonal trust is recognised (Dietz, 2011). ...
The purpose of the current paper is to examine the development in the nature of followers’ trust in the leader during funding reform oriented organisational changes in a higher education organisation (HEO). Funding systems of HEOs are subjects of public reform. This development has pushed the organisations towards more business-oriented management and organisational culture and has created a demand for the communication of the leadership to maintain followers’ trust towards the leader and the organisation. The focus of this study is on the receiving end of this leader communication. Prior studies show that trust has a significant meaning in organisational contexts in strengthening members’ willingness to work towards mutual goals, interact with other members, and reduce self-protecting behaviour. The data of this qualitative case study comprises primary data consisting of followers’ texts and complementary data of a job satisfaction survey. The data was analysed using typology, which provided the basis for creating a metaphor for the findings. The findings suggest that during times of change in an organisational environment, the nature of followers’ trust in the leader seems to develop from an interpersonal level to an institutional level.
... In an extensive literature, trust is viewed as related to uncertainty and risk (Mayer et al, 1995) in an interactive process (Dietz, 2011), as an enabler of cooperation and an alternative to formal governance (Vanneste, 2016) and indeed control (Mayer et al, 1995). The definition, context and conceptual model for this paper, cyber security, is discussed next. ...
... Indeed, cooperation and collaboration are used interchangeably in many studies of policy documents on norms, (UN IGF BPF, 2021a). As Dietz (2011) highlights, even trust and cooperation may be conflated. Common conceptualisations on relationships based on cooperation include perceived risk, risk taking and that at least two-parties are involved (Dietz, 2011). ...
... As Dietz (2011) highlights, even trust and cooperation may be conflated. Common conceptualisations on relationships based on cooperation include perceived risk, risk taking and that at least two-parties are involved (Dietz, 2011). This position is further confused as some researchers see cooperation as an umbrella term, encompassing both collaboration and coordination (Gazley, 2017). ...
As cyber crime becomes ever more sophisticated and a significant asymmetric threat, the need for effective cyber security is of vital importance. One important cyber security response is through cyber norms. At the same time, calls for multi-sector and multi-domain trust and cooperation are widespread. Yet research on the nature of trust and cooperation in cyber security norms appears to be underdeveloped. Key questions remain concerning the emergence and nature of trust and cooperation in norms. In addressing this gap, the article first considers how we can understand trust and cooperation in cyber norms through leveraging well-established theory from management research on trust building. Next, the paper examines the SolarWinds breach, as an example, to evaluate norms, trust and cooperation. The paper then applies principles from prominent trust-building theory to examine the antecedents, processes of outputs involved in building trust and cooperation. The contribution of this work presents a foundational conceptual framework, to allow the dynamics of norms, trust, and cooperation in managing cyber crime incidents to be studied. In doing so, the literature on examining trust and cooperation in norms is extended. Other researchers’ interest is encouraged as is an agenda for further research on norms, trust, and cooperation to support cyber security management. Implications may help the cyber security community as they construct and manage norms, trust, and cooperation.
... In an extensive literature, trust is viewed as related to uncertainty and risk (Mayer et al, 1995) in an interactive process (Dietz, 2011), as an enabler of cooperation and an alternative to formal governance (Vanneste, 2016) and indeed control (Mayer et al, 1995). The definition, context and conceptual model for this paper, cyber security, is discussed next. ...
... Indeed, cooperation and collaboration are used interchangeably in many studies of policy documents on norms, (UN IGF BPF, 2021a). As Dietz (2011) highlights, even trust and cooperation may be conflated. Common conceptualisations on relationships based on cooperation include perceived risk, risk taking and that at least two-parties are involved (Dietz, 2011). ...
... As Dietz (2011) highlights, even trust and cooperation may be conflated. Common conceptualisations on relationships based on cooperation include perceived risk, risk taking and that at least two-parties are involved (Dietz, 2011). This position is further confused as some researchers see cooperation as an umbrella term, encompassing both collaboration and coordination (Gazley, 2017). ...
Abstract: As cyber crime becomes ever more sophisticated and a significant asymmetric threat, the need for effective cyber security is of vital importance. One important cyber security response is through cyber norms. At the same time, calls for multi-sector and multi-domain trust and cooperation are widespread. Yet research on the nature of trust and cooperation in cyber security norms appears to be underdeveloped. Key questions
remain concerning the emergence and nature of trust and cooperation in norms. In addressing this gap, the article first considers how we can understand trust and cooperation in cyber norms through leveraging well established theory from management research on trust building. Next, the paper examines the SolarWinds
breach, as an example, to evaluate norms, trust and cooperation. The paper then applies principles from prominent trust-building theory to examine the antecedents, processes of outputs involved in building trust and cooperation. The contribution of this work presents a foundational conceptual framework, to allow the dynamics of norms, trust, and cooperation in managing cyber crime incidents to be studied. In doing so, the
literature on examining trust and cooperation in norms is extended. Other researchers’ interest is encouraged as is an agenda for further research on norms, trust, and cooperation to support cyber security management. Implications may help the cyber security community as they construct and manage norms, trust, and cooperation
... Evaluating whether B is worthy of trust, A usually engages in a thorough and complex process of trustworthiness assessment (Baer & Colquitt, 2018;Hardin, 2002). This process in based upon assessment of various types of inputs, including individual, relational, contextual and situational factors (Dietz, 2011). These inputs can be to some extent managed to influence the perceptions of trustworthiness. ...
... Cognitive bases of trustworthiness are intertwined with formal structures whose role is to ensure trustworthiness in social life. Taken together, these two can serve as the basis for trust based on institutions and third-party guarantors (Bachmann, 2011;Dietz, 2011;Zucker, 1986). For example, such structures may testify to the trustworthiness of others we do not know (Nooteboom, 1999). ...
... If efforts of individual scholars and universities are not accompanied by actions at the community level, they will remain isolated, and it is very unlikely that practitioners' perceptions of trustworthiness will change in the future. This is because, as trust literature shows, the cognitive foundations of trustworthiness need to be accompanied by formal structures ensuring trustworthiness of a profession (Bachmann, 2011;Dietz, 2011;Six, 2018). Yet, these structures do not work if they are oriented only inwards, as our analysis of the case of management scholarly community shows. ...
Concerns about the relevance of management research and its impact on management practice have been ongoing for decades. We propose a novel angle to explain this research vs practice gap: instead of focusing on the content and language of management papers as reasons for practitioners’ limited interest in the majority of our results, we focus on the role of trust. We propose that management research is often seen as irrelevant by practitioners because of the shape and direction of trustworthiness-building institutions. Unlike in other professions, such as medical doctors and lawyers, the trustworthiness-building institutions in our field are directed inwards rather than outwards. Institutional arrangements governing the area of management research ensure that scholars can trust results delivered by other scholars, but they do not cover the interaction between scholars and practitioners. Thus, practitioners have few reasons to trust and reach for our results. We conclude that the issue can be addressed, albeit only partially. This is because, unlike in the case of established professions, the well-being of our discipline is not highly dependent on practitioners, neither is practitioners’ well-being particularly dependent on our research.
... Trust has been studied in many different academic disciplines and this has resulted in many different definitions. Dietz (2011) provides a useful overview of the trust process distinguishing between (1) the assessment of trustworthiness, (2) the actual decision to trust and (3) trust-informed actions (see also . " [T]here is always an assessment (however thorough) of the other party's trustworthiness which informs a preparedness to be vulnerable that, in genuine cases of trust, leads to a risktaking act" (Dietz, 2011, p. 215). ...
... Trustors use multiple sources of evidence, interactional or institutional (Zucker, 1986;Bachmann, 2011;Dietz 2011). On the one hand, trustors use interactional sources, which might be both cognitive and more calculative in nature as well as socio-emotional in kind. ...
... Hardin), or organization scholars (e.g. Dietz, 2011). Trust here involves dependence; an expectation that this dependence will be satisfied is grounded on evidence that the trusted party can be relied upon -that is, broadly speaking, on the assessment of other's trustworthiness (Dietz, 2011). ...
This deliverable offers a systematic and comprehensive review of the literature on trust and regulation and their relations in three parts. Section 1 provides a brief overview of trust and distrust; their relationship; and antecedents (drivers) and positive and negative consequences. This second part of provides an overview of phases and processes of trust building, maintenance and repair as well as a review of how processes of distrust building or trust-reduction work. The third part suggests that the unfolding of trust relationships varies according to the type of involved actor, i.e. an individual, organisation, or system (such as regulatory regimes) and level of analysis. Section 2 moves to regulation. It reviews the main concepts of regulation and clarifies some of the most important questions around it. This should allow us, in later sections of this deliverable, to point on some of the possible directions that trust and regulation research may take. It starts with definitions and a distinction between narrow and broad approaches to regulation. It then clarifies the concept of regulatory regime; the regulatory agency, the regulatory state and regulatory capitalism. It concludes with an actor centered analysis of the regulation.
Section 3 deals with trust and distrust in government. It starts with a summary of the drivers of the dis/trust relations. The main sub-section deals with reviews of the literature on trust and distrust in (a) political institutions and actors; (b) public administration; (c) among courts; (d) citizens by government and (e.) between public organizations. Section 4 brings out the critical aspects of the review. It focuses on the relations between trust and regulation and offer a new conceptualization of their relations. One that will serve as the basis for section 1.3. The first part of the section moves the discussion of the relations forward in an attempt to looking at the relations beyond the current literature by distinguishing between four types of relations: independent, competitive, substitutive and supportive. The second part of the section focuses on the relations of trust between the main actors of the regime. The third discusses the relations between trust and regulation, when they touching on explanations for the processes. The fourth revolves around on assessment of outcomes of the relations. Section 5 deals with the operationalization and measurement of trust. It deals with the ways in which trust between actors in regulatory contexts has been measured in recent scholarship. It informed by, and seeks to expand upon, the current knowledge by more specifically examining measures used in the study of regulatory contexts. It starts with a description of the systematic methodology used. It then summarizes the purely descriptive findings of the review and an overview of the number of studies on trust in regulatory regimes published in recent years. It then presents separate discussions on how trust in different kinds of actors in regulatory regimes has been measured. Section 5 closes with a reflective and critical discussion of the literature. We analyse prominent limitations and gaps in existing empirical work.
... Lance and Adrian, Lloyd and Ken, and Lisa and Izzy's relationships illustrate the complexity of trust. The interviews highlighted a significant departure from much of the trust literature, which suggests that trusting behaviours will only occur after a period of time during which one party assesses the trustworthiness of the other and then decides that they trust enough to engage in risk-taking behaviours [46]. We contest this view of trusting behaviours. ...
... The study also draws attention to when trusting behaviour occurs and by whom. Trusting behaviours have generally been viewed as outcomes of the relationship development process [46]. The data indicate that on first meeting, both leaders and followers assessed trustworthiness -the integrity, ability and benevolence -which then influenced decisions and led to trusting behaviours occurring at that point. ...
For the last 20 years, Leader-Member Exchange theory (LMX) has been associated with the quality of relationships between leaders and followers, accounting for quality through the four dimensions of contribution, affect, loyalty and respect. This paper contributes to our understanding of relationship quality by presenting an extension to LMX theory. With a more comprehensive view of the development of leader-follower relationship quality than existing LMX theory, we propose the explanatory construct of Dyadic Relationship Quality (DRQ) development. The DRQ model demonstrates how trusting behaviours have hitherto been overlooked as the key to positive initial interactions. We show how performance and relationship quality are active dimensions of relationship development rather than outcomes of the relational process. The paper elaborates the experiential nature of leader-follower relationship quality by utilising a relatively rare methodology in LMX studies, a longitudinal qualitative study of leaders and followers in high-tech start-up organisations.
... It is widely argued that state regulation, particularly command-and-control (C&C) regulation, is burdensome, inefficient, susceptible to capture, and ineffective at governing market actors. Nonetheless, state regulation is widespread and even expanding (Coglianese, Sarin & Shapiro, 2021;Jordana, Levi-Faur & Fernandez-i-Marín, 2011;Levi-Faur, 2005, 2011. This is despite at least four decades of resistance to government regulation by business, political, and ideological actors, as well as the so-called deregulation and better regulation reforms. ...
... Trust has been studied in various academic disciplines and, accordingly, there are numerous definitions that emphasize different phases of the trust process (Oomsels, 2016). These processes consist of (1) the assessment of trustworthiness, (2) the actual decision to trust, and (3) trust-based actions (Dietz, 2011). However, trust could also be defined as encompassing all phases. ...
... In a similar vein to McAllister (1995), Rousseau and colleagues also discuss the development of dimensions over time proposing that calculative trust is gradually replaced by relational trust through repeated interactions. The proposed differing developmental trajectories of these dimensions reflects the belief that these dimensions of trust are associated with distinctive developmental timelines (Dietz, 2011). However, the specifics of how these dimensions interplay or develop over time has received scant theoretical (or empirical) attention (Korsgaard et al., 2018). ...
... As such, the unidimensional view implies that even if trust itself is conceptualized to be unidimensional, trust might have different bases, and what such trust is based on may make a difference to its effects. In contrast, scholars such as McAllister (1995) advocate for the multidimensional view wherein qualitatively different dimensions of trust are believed to exist (Dietz, 2011). ...
Trust plays a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of effective working relationships. In this paper we offer a critical review of the conceptualisation and operationalisation of cognition‐based and affect‐based trust. While definitions and measures of trust are abundant, the view of trust as a concept with cognitive and affective bases is well established. Nevertheless, the validity of this approach has rarely been examined. Our theoretical and empirical review (content validity study, systematic review and meta‐analysis) of the literature reveals a failure to fully capture cognition or affect in current trust theory and measurement. We find the construct of affect‐based trust to be particularly problematic in its current form. Resolving these issues is critical to advancing our understanding of the differentiating roles of these two important bases of trust. We detail areas for future research on the conceptualisation and measurement of trust to stimulate theoretical exploration and methodological advances.
... In a widely used formulation, Rousseau, Sitkin, Burt and Camerer (1998: 395) defined trust as: "the psychological state comprising the intention to accept vulnerability based upon positive expectations of the intentions or behaviour of another". This definition indicates that trust involves a choice on the side of the trustor (Dietz, 2011). While developing their influential Integrative Model of Organizational Trust (IMOT), Mayer, Davis and Schoorman (1995) defined trustee's intention to trust in the same vein. ...
... Thus, a trustee that provides predictability by reducing the uncertainties in the context may be more favorably regarded and be perceived as trustworthy (Dietz and den Hartog, 2006). The trustee is the party on whom the trust is placed, who has the opportunity to take advantage of the trustor's vulnerability (Dietz, 2011). When supervisors demonstrate benevolent leadership which triggers social exchange and induces positive emotional feelings towards the supervisors, the subordinates may build trust for their supervisors and feel obligated to reciprocate with extra-role behavior to support the supervisor. ...
... Authentic leader who are authentic and build strong relation transparency with employ, impact the employ trust during the change. Authentic leadership and employees trust are positively associated that is identified by multiple researchers (Casimir, Waldman, Bartram, & Yang, 2006;Dietz, 2011;Jung & Avolio, 2000;Kouzes & Posner, 2002;Tan & Tan, 2000). ISSN 2162-3058 2020 The study finding lead the researcher to reject the (H0.2.4) Self-Awareness is insignificant relationship with building organizational trust during change. ...
... It demonstrates employs less likely to build trust with authentic leader with mediating role of trust. This is surprising as previous theoretical framework suggest that state Authentic leadership and employees trust are positively associated that is identified by multiple researchers (Casimir, Waldman, Bartram, & Yang, 2006;Dietz, 2011;Jung & Avolio, 2000;Kouzes & Posner, 2002;Tan & Tan, 2000). Yet, its indirect effect upon via transformation communication is mediator showed weak relationship. ...
Organizations to engage in strategic change initiatives to remain competitive. Leadership is the top determinant of successful change. This study investigated the factor affecting the employee’s openness to change during process of change and how leadership affects that. We proposed a theoretical framework, modifying (Yue, Men, & Ferguson, 2019) by incorporating Authentic in place of transformational Leadership. We hypothesized that authentic leadership affect organisational trust during change both directly, as well as by inducing transparent communication. Trust would in turn positively affect openness to change. Authentic leadership included 1. Self-Awareness, 2. Relational Transparency, 3. Balanced Processing, and 4. Internalized Moral Perspective, dimensions. Whereas, transparent communication consisted of 1. Participation, 2. Substantiality, 3. Accountability, Factors. Empirical validity was established by conducting a survey using close ended questionnaire. Data was collected from 310 employees working across different service industry in Karachi, and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation modeling. The finding revealed that transparent communication and authentic leadership have significance direct and indirect relationship with employees’ openness to change. Organizational trust has significant relationship with employees’ openness to change during change process. However Authentic leader has weak direct relation with transparent communication and there is no significance relationship between authentic leadership and trust with mediating role of transparent communication. However, trust significantly mediate all the factors of authentic leadership except Self-Awareness, and Openness to Change. Similarly, trust also mediated Substantiality, and Accountability factors of communication, and openness. Lastly, substantiality also offered a partial mediatory role between authentic leadership and trust.
... Creating and maintaining trust is slow, it requires 'big' time, accumulated experiences of interactions, and cognitive and behavioral as well as emotional absorption. It is connected with power and accountability and surveillance (Dietz, 2011;Hillebrand, 2020;Luhmann, 2005;McCall et al., 2015). Will (younger) people be more likely to trust known geo-location based socializing (dating) apps, like Grindr, Blendr, Happn, rather than on the new state-sponsored COVID-19 apps? ...
... (as in Sweden). But two-way trust is rare, not everyone trusts, and therefore it is essential to identify also the bad behaviours", even if only in a few (Dietz, 2011). Concretely for COVID-19, 'good public behaviour' primarily means home isolation, limited contacts, social distancing, and masks. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of surveillance technologies in cities around the world. The new surveillance systems are unfolding at unprecedented speed and scale in response to the fears of COVID-19, yet with little discussion about long-term consequences or implications. The authors approach the drivers and procedures for COVID-19 surveillance, addressing a particular focus to close-circuit television (CCTV) and tracking apps. This paper describes the technologies, how they are used, what they are capable of, the reasons why one should be concerned, and how citizens may respond. No commentary should downplay the seriousness of the current pandemic crisis, but one must consider the immediate and longer-term threats of insinuated enhanced surveillance, and look to how surveillance could be managed in a more cooperative social future.
... The current work leverages resilience theory to posit that trust and distrust are best understood as alternative stable states. We, therefore, start from the standard account of trust to argue that movement from ambivalence to trust is likely best explained by trustworthiness such that, all else being equal, individuals who have evidence of trustworthiness are more likely to be willing to accept their focal vulnerability within the relationship (Dietz 2011). Conversely, those with evidence of distrustworthiness are more likely to be unwilling to accept this vulnerability (Six and Latusek 2023). ...
... Trust is commonly defined as a confident expectation about a situation leading to willingness to accept vulnerabilities that arise from risk and situational uncertainty (Dietz, 2011). Trusting technology beyond their functionality and capacity can present high risk, cost as well as compromise to user privacy and personal security. ...
In recent years, IoT adoption has been higher, and this causes lots of security concerns. One of the fundamental security concerns in IoT adoption is the question, “Are you who you say you are?” Thus, authentication forms the gateway for a secure communication system with IoT. So far, the human voice is one of the most natural, non-intrusive, and convenient behavioural biometric factors compared to other biometric authentication methods. Despite the non-intrusive characteristics of voice as a biometric authentication factor when accessing IoT technologies, there is a concern of a general societal trust and distrust with IoT technology and the risk of theft of users' data and imitation. This study derived a realistic trust evaluation model that incorporates privacy, reliability, security, usability, safety, and availability factors into a trust vector for a flexible measurement of trust in the user accessing IoT technologies.
... A consolidated map of the different drivers and sources of trustworthiness results in four key components, which can be given different labels according to the authors, but which can be clustered and summarised as ability, benevolence, integrity and participation (Colquitt et al., 2007;Dietz, 2011;Lewicki et al., 1998;OECD, 2022). These four dimensions correspond to the OECD trust model, which refers to reliability, responsiveness, openness, integrity and equal treatment, including political voice (OECD, 2022). ...
Etorkizuna Eraikiz (referred to as EE sometimes in this book) is an initiative led by the Provincial Council of Gipuzkoa (PCG), in the Basque Country, northern Spain, capital San Sebastián (or Donostia in Basque). It is aimed at fostering the community capacity to collaboratively understand and address current challenges. Through listening and experimentation, the programme comprises different projects in which public authorities and citizens (represented in entities such as business, societal, educational and civic organisations) co-participate to define and implement the province’s agenda, and contribute to making sustainable policies. Throughout the book references to the characteristics of this programme will be made, and further information about the projects and activities is provided in the appendices.
... Kecenderungan individu untuk mempercayai individu lain dan kepercayaan individu lain adalah dua aspek penting dalam kepercayaan interpersonal (Zhang, 2021). Kepercayaan (trust) ditakrifkan sebagai keyakinan yang diharapkan dalam sesuatu situasi yang membawa kepada kesediaan untuk menerima apa jua hasil atau akibat yang timbul daripada ketidakpastian dan risiko yang wujud (Dietz, 2011;Patent & Searle, 2019). Kepercayaan memainkan peranan penting dalam interaksi interpersonal kehidupan individu (Rotenberg et al., 2005), selain ia dapat meramal tingkah laku individu terhadap individu lain (Yamagishi et al., 2015). ...
Saban tahun, isu-isu membabitkan masalah institusi kekeluargaan di Malaysia semakin meningkat. Institusi rumah tangga dilihat semakin goyah dan hampir musnah. Ini kerana konflik rumah tangga yang gagal diselesaikan oleh ahlinya. Bahkan, kes perceraian, keganasan rumah tangga dan penderaan kanak-kanak dilihat merekodkan kenaikan luar biasa pada tahun 2020. Kesejahteraan keluarga merupakan elemen paling penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Dalam mencapai kesejahteraan keluarga yang holistik, individu perlu bijak dan cekap dalam aspek pengurusan krisis rumah tangga. Terdapat pelbagai aspek yang perlu dikaji dalam aspek pengurusan krisis rumah tangga bagi mencapai kesejahteraan holistik. Objektif kajian ini adalah mengenal pasti mekanisme daya tindak terpilih dalam aspek pengurusan krisis rumah tangga bagi mencapai kesejahteraan. Metod kajian ini adalah berdasarkan kajian kualitatif melalui reka bentuk kajian skop (scoping review). Sebanyak 50 artikel telah dijumpai dan dipilih dari EBSCO-Host, pangkalan data universiti bermula dari tahun 2010 hingga Disember 2022. Melalui Teori Transaksional Tekanan dan Daya Tindak yang dikemukakan oleh Lazarus dan Folkman (1984), pemahaman terhadap strategi daya tindak dalam mengatasi krisis rumah tangga dapat dihuraikan secara terperinci. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa terdapat 5 strategi daya tindak yang membantu krisis rumah tangga iaitu komunikasi berkesan (effective communication), regulasi emosi (emotional regulation), konsep keagamaan (religious concept), sistem sokongan bernilai (good support system) dan kepercayaan pasangan (interpersonal trust). Justeru, amatlah penting bagi setiap pasangan untuk menguasai kesemua strategi daya tindak ini agar krisis rumah tangga dapat ditangani dan seterusnya memacu kesejahteraan holistik dalam membina rumah tangga yang Sakinah (ketenangan), Mawaddah (kasih sayang) dan Rahmah (belas ihsan).
... A lengyel szerző érveléséhez hasonlóan Mayer és szerzőtársai (1995) is három ismérv szerint csoportosítják a másik bizalomra méltó voltát, annak hozzáértésében (racionalitás), integritásában (morális-etikai aspektusok) és jószándék-vezéreltségében (emocionális tényezők) megragadva e bizalomébresztő tulajdonságokat. Ez utóbbi tipológiát irányadónak fogadja el Dietz (2011) és Bachmann (2011 is. Mivel Sztompka okfejtése a legrészletesebb az irodalomban, így röviden térjünk vissza elméletéhez. ...
A tanulmány az embertársakba vetett bizalom elméleti alapjait vázolja fel. A jelenség nem újszerű a bizalomkutatás terén, hiszen az ismeretlen mások felé érzett bizalom mind teoretikus, mind empirikus értelemben régóta vizsgált problémakör. Ami miatt újragondolása mégis indokolt, az elsősorban korunk változó világával, a késő modernitás előrehaladásával és a globalizáció felgyorsulásával magyarázható, amely folyamatok megváltoztatták az embertársainkhoz fűződő tapasztalatainkat és viszonyainkat. Az írás kiindulópontja a szituatív bizalomelméletek kritikája, amely kétségbe vonja, sok esetben egyenesen értelmetlennek tartja azt az állítást, hogy az egyén bizalommal lehet ismeretlen embertársaihoz. Az érvelés rámutat arra, hogy a szituatív bizalomelméletek miként értik félre a bizalommutatási hajlandóság és a bizalomérzés közötti alapvető különbséget, s miért következik mondanivalójukból, ha alaposan végiggondoljuk azokat, hogy az egyéneknek mégiscsak általában viszonyulniuk kell valahogyan, több vagy kevesebb bizalommal embertársaikhoz. Az írás második része átfogóan tárgyalja ezen emocionális viszonyulást, annak kialakulását, illetve hatását az egyén személyiségére, gondolkodásmódjára, bizalommutatási hajlandóságára. A tanulmány utolsó harmada kifejti, miért fontos, hogy az embertársakba vetett bizalom esetében markánsan megkülönböztessük az azonossággal való együvé tartozást és a mássággal való összetartozást, s miért az utóbbi az, amelynek a szakirodalomban eddig tárgyaltakhoz képest sokkal jelentőségteljesebb szerepet kell szánni az ismeretlen másokhoz való viszonyulás megértése tekintetében.
... Sztompka érveléséhez részben hasonlóanMayer és szerzőtársai (1995) is három ismérv szerint csoportosítják a másik bizalomra méltóságát, annak hozzáértésében (racionális igazolás), integritásában (morális-etikai igazolás) és jószándék-vezéreltségében (emocionális igazolás) megragadva e bizalomébresztő tulajdonságokat. Ezt aztánDietz (2011) és Bachmann (2011) szintén irányadónak fogadják el. ...
Jelen tanulmány arra vállalkozik, hogy egységes elméleti keretbe foglalja a bizalom vagy bizalmatlanság mint emocionális állapotok, illetve a bizalom vagy bizalmatlanság kimutatása mint kognitív módon megalapozott döntések összefüggéseit. Ezen érzelmi és cselekvési szintek között az önbizalom jelenségén keresztül kíván kapcsolatot teremteni az érvelés. Az önbizalmat egyfajta gondolkodásmódként értelmezi az írás, hangsúlyozva, hogy a bízni képes és a bizalmatlan ember önbizalma nagyon különbözően működik.
... For example, a recent study suggested that men who use humor in the workplace are perceived positively while women who use the same jokes can be perceived as not being serious about their work by their peers and colleagues [67]. The authors of this study suggest that it is not meant to discourage women, or any demographic, from continuing to be authentic representations of themselves if that includes humor, as authenticity is a central component of whether a person finds the source trustworthy [68]. Trusted scientists, regardless of gender, typically are perceived as authentic by their publics either because they live locally (e.g., where the crisis is occurring) or are familiar enough to be regarded as reliable sources of scientific information [69,70]. ...
Studies from a variety of disciplines reveal that humor can be a useful method to reduce stress and increase compassion, connection, and empathy between agencies and people they serve during times of crisis. Despite this growing evidence base, humor's use during a geohazard (earthquake, volcanoes, landslides, and tsunami) to aid scientific agencies' crisis communication response has been rarely studied. A broad literature review of humor in crisis and an exploratory examination of several case studies reveal that scientific organizations, specifically those that respond to geohazards, can harness the power of humor to help create connection and empathy with the publics they seek to serve. We find evidence that supports our argument that the use of humor acknowledges a shared human experience, reducing the barriers between public officials, scientists, and the people most impacted by crisis. Public statements made by scientists and public officials during the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) response to the Kīlauea eruption in 2018 in Hawai'i, United States, and GNS Science/GeoNet (GeoNet) response to the M7.8 Kaikōura/North Hurunui earthquake in 2016 in Aotearoa New Zealand, are used to inform the development of this conceptual model. We then posit a conceptual model which unifies concepts from the literature with our case studies to provide potential guidelines for those crisis communicators working for science agencies on how best to use humor to help people cope during times of crisis. This model can be further tested for future research to determine its effectiveness and utility for scientific agencies responding to geological crises.
... Möllering 2006;Rousseau et al. 1998) die de nadruk leggen op verschillende dimensies van vertrouwen. Dietz (2011) onderscheidt in dit verband de evaluatie van de betrouwbaarheid, de beslissing om te vertrouwen en het op vertrouwen gebaseerde gedrag. "There is always an assessment (however thorough) of the other party's trustworthiness which informs a preparedness to be vulnerable that, in genuine cases of trust, leads to a risk-taking act" (Dietz 2011: 215). ...
SAMENVATTING In deze bijdrage gaan we op zoek naar verkla-ringen voor de variatie in vertrouwen in verschillende overheids-niveaus om de COVID-19-crisis aan te pakken (lokaal, regionaal, nationaal, Europees) tijdens meerdere fasen van de pandemie (van april 2020 tot mei 2021). Om dit verschil in vertrouwen van burgers in overheden om de pandemie aan te pakken doorheen de tijd te verklaren, gebruiken we data op geaggregeerd niveau uit de Grote Corona-studie. We identificeren daarvoor eerst op basis van wetenschappelijke literatuur een aantal factoren die verschillen kunnen verklaren tussen de vier overheidslagen. De belangrijkste conclusies zijn dat burgers het nationale niveau meer vertrouwen dan het Europese niveau om de COVID-19-crisis aan te pakken. Het verschil tussen beide lagen is niet onderhevig aan de fluctuaties in de ernst van de pandemie. Daarnaast valt bij de start van de pandemie voor de nationale beleidsniveaus een sterk rally-round-the-flag-effect op. Ten slotte vinden we dat burgers het nationale en het Europese niveau op een gelijkaardige manier evalueren doorheen de crisis en dat overheden die op piekmomenten tijdens de crisis strenge restrictieve maatregelen nemen, erg gewaardeerd worden.
... But, other scholars, like Dietz, suggest that trust can be considered as general trust experience process that, depending on the individual and group characteristics, may differ in how this universal trust experience or process occurs, and which steps are more or less prevalent when compared to the others. This group of scholars consider that different evaluations of trustworthiness, cognitions, and actions of trust will thus originate different effects coming from the trust experience [5]. ...
Justice and trust have largely been considered important in organizations, to generate sustainable management practices that when maintained generate improvements over time. Trust is the organizational glue allowing people to enter into mutual benefiting interactions and relationships for a continuous long-term coordination. Trust is unavoidable as not all participants have all the information and should rely on others' decisions. Justice is a personal virtue that affects all the relationship participants, the decision-maker, the recipient and the beholder. Justice is also a perception of these participants about decisions, people involved and results. Justice as a personal virtue is important for the decision-making, but as an organizational value is coming as a set of requisites for organizational formal and informal systems. In this chapter I aim at understanding the foundations of trust, understanding justice dimensions, and finally disentangling the relationship between trust and justice and how both can mutually be cause and effect of each other. I also examine how trust and justice brought together may cause other desired effects into organizational performance. I propose an understanding of the interplay between trust and justice that helps to improve management practices and their design to maintain and promote economical and socially sustainable organizations.
... Faith in humanity refers to our belief that others are typically well-meaning and reliable, while our trusting stance refers to our beliefs regarding the notion that whether people are reliable or not, we will obtain better interpersonal outcomes if we deal with people as though they are well-meaning and reliable (Lewis and Weigert, 1985;Nikolova et al., 2015;Thomas et al., 2015). Culture, as a fundamental driver of our value contents such as benevolence, security, conformity, and universalism (Schwartz, 1992), and a filter of our beliefs regarding human nature (Triandis, 1997), directly informs our initial inclination to make ourselves vulnerable to the actions of the other party prior to obtaining knowledge about that party's trustworthiness (Dietz, 2011;Möllering, 2005;Rotter, 1970). ...
Building trusting, multicultural organizations require us to accentuate ‘sharedness’ rather than identifying differences. This study investigates how organizational members activate multiple sources of cultural values to develop trust with their colleagues from different cultural backgrounds. Through a series of surveys followed by semi-structured interviews, data were collected from members operating in five different multinational organizations based in Germany and South Africa. Analyzed abductively, our findings illustrate the multiple sources of cultural values that influence members' disposition to trust and their assessment of their colleague's trustworthiness. We further show how four levels of trust emerge as an outcome of the interplay between these various cultural dimensions. Through our multidimensional operationalization of culture, we show how variations, not only across, but within individuals can hinder or promote trusting relationships in the workplace. This study highlights the need for more nuanced approaches towards the examination of the influence of culture on trust.
... Trust is conceptualised as a process with distinguishable stages of (1) a trustworthiness assessment of the trustee by the trustor, (2) the trustors' decision to trust and (3) the trustor engaging in trusting, risk-taking behaviour, with feedback loops back to the trustworthiness assessment (Mayer et al. 1995;McEvily and Tortoriello 2011;Fulmer and Gelfand 2012;Dietz 2011). Trust is a relational concept with one actor having trust in another actor. ...
This report outlines the steps taken to design and implement a stakeholder
survey on trust and distrust in European regulatory governance and
ultimately create a large, multi-actor, multi-level, multi-sector, and crosscountry
dataset. Specifically, the report provides information about the
mapping, ethical considerations, survey question and scale design, the
questionnaire structure, translation and piloting, fielding and reminders,
the creation of the dataset, response rates, and the sample. A list of
important actors and the questionnaire itself are included in the annexes.
This report should be of interest to everyone working with the survey
data, readers of project publications who would like to know more about
the survey methodology, and everyone seeking to implement similar
large-scale surveys.
... Trust processes consist of three phases whose importance varies depending on the research focus: (1) assessment of the other party's trustworthiness; (2) the trust decision; or (3) the trust-informed action (Dietz, 2011). An important distinction that deserves more attention is between trust in competence (which concerns expectations of the abilities of the trustee, i.e. in policymakers being able to solve societal problems) versus trust in intentions or goodwill (which relates to expectations of integrity and non-harmful behaviour i.e. in policymakers being committed to the public interest) (Elster, 2015). ...
This report constitutes a building block for the TiGRE project, as part of its first work package. Its main goal is to perform a systematic synthesis of the most recent research on trust and regulation to enhance knowledge accumulation and to develop a theory-based approach to trust in regulation. More specifically, this report appraises and analyses available cross-country survey data and empirical studies on citizens’ trust in governments, in public institutions and in private actors. Aiming at summarizing the state-of-the-art empirical knowledge on levels of citizens’ trust, their variations, determinants, correlates, effects, and dynamics. Therefore, this report enables the TiGRE consortium to take stock of the existing knowledge on citizens’ trust, and to feed this knowledge into further research.
... Trust is commonly defined as a confident expectation about a situation leading to a willingness to accept vulnerabilities that arise from uncertainty and risk (Dietz, 2011;Patent and Searle, 2019). Trust plays an important role in daily interpersonal interactions (Rotenberg et al., 2005), predicting individual behavior toward others (Colquitt and Salam, 2009;Yamagishi et al., 2015). ...
One’s propensity to trust others and others’ trustworthiness are two important aspects of interpersonal trust. Both theory and research suggest that it is possible to distinguish between an individual’s propensity to trust (one’s “trustingness” or the extent to which one feels able to trust others) and their other-focused trust (the extent to which one feels that others are worthy of our trust). However, there is as yet no measure that distinguishes between these two components of trust. In three studies, we examined the psychometrics of a proposed two-dimensional measure of trust that encompasses propensity to trust and other-focused trust components. To test discriminant validity, we also administered measures of personality, personal self-esteem, social capital, propensity to like people, perceived social support, as well as general and personal beliefs in a just world. Factor analyses supported the proposed two-factor model for the new trust measure. Further analyses supported the difference between these measures.
... In general, trust, commitment, and component satisfaction are associated with future intent (Ulaga & Eggert, 2006). Customer engagement behavior reduces employee workload, which indirectly affects employee commitment and trust (Ghaith et The first dimension of trust is often discussed as a perception of trust for the trustee's trustworthiness, a perception that is said to consist of positive expectations of the trustee's ability, generosity, and integrity in a specific relationship (Dietz, 2011). Ability refers to perceived skills, competencies, and other characteristics that allow values to have an impact in some areas. ...
This study aimed to examine the impact of service quality and trust on public loyalty in the Jordanian Ministry of Water and Irrigation. The survey questionnaire was gathered from 378 citizens who review departments of the Jordanian Ministry of Water and Irrigation. The study used the software SmartPLS (version 3.3.2) to test the study hypotheses. The results of this study indicated that service quality had a positive direct effect on public loyalty. Moreover, the results of this study indicated that trust had a positive direct effect on public loyalty. Regarding moderating effect, the results of the current study indicated that trust did not moderate the relationship between service quality and public loyalty. This study recommends the decision-makers and managers in the Jordanian ministry of water and irrigation provide a good service quality that suits the needs and aspirations of the citizens. Future studies may apply the model of the current study in other sectors and organizations such as the banking sector or industrial sector.
... or, on shared values, emotion and identity? Creating and maintaining trust is a slow investment because it requires the accumulated experiences of interactions with, and the cognitive and behavioural as well as emotional absorption of, the 'other' (Dietz, 2011;French & Monahan, 2020;Hillebrand, 2020). Participation and PMapping must therefore be slow by procedural design. ...
Applications of participatory mapping (PMapping) and PGIS to the mapping of local spatial knowledge are expanding; therefore, updated ethics and good practice improvements are needed. The intention here is to secern, or distinguish between, two pairs of concepts essential to PMapping-between 'facts' and 'values' in the knowledge being mapped and between 'representation' and 'representativity in the Pmapping processes. Local spatial knowledge is not homogeneous; facts and values are distinct although intrinsically related. In a world of 'fake news´ and attacks on science, it is even more essential to distinguish facts from values in maps and other media. Concerning representation of both facts and values, the questions are how to represent local knowledge. Concerning representativity in the process, whose local spatial knowledge is being presented, and why? PMapping is not democratic; it is exceptionalist and informed-that should be acknowledged as a strength, not a deficiency.
... Competence. Competence refers to the extent to which the one trusted has knowledge and skill to carry out tasks and refers to a trustor's perception of the other's capabilities needed for success in a particular domain (Dietz, 2011). While one can be reliable and benevolent, if competence is lacking, trust is compromised. ...
In this article, we draw on the literature on trust to examine how elementary school principals make sense of superintendent trustworthiness. We examine trust in the context of the principal–superintendent relationship because it is the “social glue” needed for effective professional relationships where student learning and success is at the core. We used purposeful sampling and conducted fifteen in-depth, semi-structured interviews with five elementary school principals. Drawing on constructivist grounded theory guidelines, we describe the principals’ foundations of superintendent trustworthiness, including how they conceptualize trust, the importance of superintendent competence, and shared values between both parties. Participants viewed trust as a reciprocal two-way path, requiring vulnerability from both parties and occurring over time. The experiences of the five participants are helpful for principals and superintendents who wish to strengthen trust relations for the purposes of their leadership and for creating healthy, thriving school communities.
... a) The probability a person attaches to the behaviour of another party, believing that the said party will deal in a cooperative manner underpinned with integrity and benevolence-to achieve the desired objective that contains an element of risk (Castaldo, Premazzi and Zerbini 2010;Henshel, Cains, Hoffman and Kelley 2015;Lin and Leung 2014). b) Allowing oneself to be vulnerable to the actions of other people (Dietz 2011;Lount and Pettit 2012). c) An appreciation that that people are trustworthy, and this is reflected in their intention which is based on trust (Gefen 2000;Jiménez and Mendoza 2013;Levine, Bitterly, Cohen and Schweitzer 2018;Moorman et al. 1992). ...
Understanding how customers perceive trust and risk when engaging with online pure-play multi-sided platforms (MSPs), has become critical to the performance of digital marketing strategies. This study explored the relationship between perceived trust, perceived risk and user familiarity associated with MSPs. For the purpose of this study, MSPs are conceptualised as firms that operate only online, that seek to provide transacting services to buyers and sellers, and that sell physical offerings in an emerging market context. Primary data were collected through an online instrument across five MSPs and the study reported the results pertaining to differences and similarities between groups and platforms. The results show that while familiarity drives trust, its impact is moderated by perceived risk. Contrary to common belief, the results show gender differences, but do not confirm age differences in trust and the moderation effect of risk. Moreover, the results also show that the influence of familiarity is not significantly different across MSPs.
... Onderzoek naar vertrouwen vertrekt dan ook vaak vanuit een definitie die focust op een van de fasen: overtuigingen, intenties of acties. Dit onderzoek richt zich primair op de eerste fase van vertrouwen: de overtuigingen van betrouwbaarheid (zie ook Dietz, 2011;Six & Verhoest, 2017). ...
Van toezichthouders wordt steeds vaker verwacht dat ze informatie over hun toezicht en onder toezicht staande organisaties publiceren. Dat doen ze om burgers in staat te stellen keuzes te maken, om onder toezicht staande partijen te bewegen zich aan wet- en regelgeving te houden en om verantwoording af te leggen.
Een veel gehoord argument voor transparantie over toezicht is dat dit bijdraagt aan het vertrouwen. Maar draagt transparantie wel bij aan het winnen van het vertrouwen van burgers? En doet het afbreuk aan het vertrouwen in sectoren als de toezichthouder publiceert dat er veel mis is in de sector?
In Vergroot transparantie vertrouwen in het toezicht? krijgt de lezer aan de hand van kwalitatieve en kwantitatieve analyses een diepgaand inzicht in de effecten van uiteenlopende vormen van transparantie op het vertrouwen van burgers in drie toezichthouders en sectoren. Dit boek laat zien dat transparantie bijdraagt aan het vertrouwen in de toezichthouder, zonder dat het afbreuk doet aan vertrouwen in een sector, zelfs als er sprake is van ‘slecht nieuws’. Er zijn echter wel verschillen tussen toezichtsdomeinen, waardoor in een aantal situaties andere communicatiestrategieën juist passender zijn.
... Understanding how trust influences social relations has been the focus of cross-disciplinary research in interpersonal (Dietz, 2011) and organizational behavior (Dirks and Ferrin, 2001;McEvily et al., 2003). Within the field of organizational behavior, trust implies a willingness to assume risks and be vulnerable to the behavior of others (Mayer et al., 1995). ...
Organization-sponsored sharing platforms extend the sharing economy to workplaces by connecting employees in a private online community where they can socially exchange goods and services with coworkers. Employees share costs but do not earn income during this collaborative consumption. Furthermore, employers pay for their employees to have access to the platform technology and any related transaction fees. Trust is a crucial antecedent for engagement on sharing platforms because it helps mitigate risks during collaborative consumption. However, the literature on trust in the sharing economy has focused almost exclusively on platforms that broker peer-to-peer rental transactions rather than social exchanges. There is also a lack of research about providers' perspectives. We address these gaps by investigating the nature of trust among employees who initially provide goods and services on an organization-sponsored sharing platform. We also explore how these employees' initial trust influences their collaborative consumption with coworkers. Through abductive analysis of 22 interviews with 15 providers on an organization-sponsored sharing platform, we shed light on how employees initially develop trust when providing goods and services to coworkers. By integrating prior research on initial trust among employees and cognitive framing with in-depth qualitative insights, we develop a conceptual model depicting how identity, interaction and issue frames shape these providers' beliefs about coworker trustworthiness and intended sharing strategy. In particular, our empirical findings reveal that employees' social categorization, illusions of control and engagement motive framed their initial trust and enactment of collaborative consumption as citizens in a community or consumers in a marketplace.
... The study also provides an additional contribution to why people trust (DIETZ, 2011;DRIVER, 2015), in this specific case, the catireiros. We demonstrated how trust is a resource used to strengthen the catireiros' prestige and reputation, just as they are based on the trust discourse to legitimize who they are and obtain advantages in their negotiations. ...
Although negotiation is regarded as one of the most fruitful business activities to address trust and honesty in decision making, studies on this topic are still necessary for the conceptual advancement of the field. This paper aims to analyze the relationships based on trust and honesty among the catireiros based in the Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba mesoregions of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in their negotiations. To achieve the proposed goal, we performed qualitative research, with an exploratory approach. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 31 catireiros of the Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba regions and analyzed according to the postulates of French Discourse Analysis. We concluded that, on the one hand, honesty and trust are paramount for some catireiros and contribute to the strengthening of their prestige and reputation withing the groups in which they are inserted. In other words, these values operate as a way of legitimizing who those catireiros are and how they negotiate. On the other hand, the catira is also characterized as a potentially opportunistic practice, which may involve mistrust, lies, manipulation, and dishonesty as elements inherent to its process and conditions for traders to obtain advantages in their catiras.
The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of Core-Self Evaluation on Employee Job Engagement by examining the Mediating role of Thriving at Work. A questionnaire survey was utilized to collect the data from 165 employees working in the banks of Lahore. Tests like Reliability, Correlation, and multiple linear regressions were used in the analysis. Mediation was tested by utilizing the Baron and Kenny method. Results revealed that Core-Self Evaluation has a positive impact on Employee Job Engagement and Core Self Evaluation is a positive insignificant impact on Thriving at Work. Moreover, Thriving at Work has a positive impact on employee job engagement. Additionally, Employee Job Engagement also partially mediates the relationship between Core Self Evaluation and Employee Job Engagement. In general, future research on the prproposedesearch will be carried out on the employees of other types of industries like the textile sector, hospitality industry a,nd health sector also. Because Thriving at Work only partially mediates the relation between Core Self Evaluation with Employee Job Engagement and it is preferable to incorporate additional potential mediators like psychological climate, job insecurity through career adaptability.
As part of institutional changes toward more responsible capitalism, firms increasingly articulate a purpose beyond simply profit as a central tenet of their governance. Management scholarship has noted the potential advantages of such purpose-focus for stakeholder trust. However, some consumers, employees, and shareholders have expressed skepticism about the veracity of firms’ purpose claims and raised concerns about purpose-washing. We propose two distinct influence pathways—one cognitive, one affect-based—by which corporate purpose can influence stakeholder trust. First, purpose constitutes a signal of firm intent and quality that expresses a firm’s public, enduring commitments. It fosters cognitive trust by providing clarity and assurance regarding the firm’s future conduct, allowing stakeholders to better calculate relational and reputational risk and the instrumental value of exchange—even when they do not share the firm’s prosocial mission, principles for stakeholder relations, or its conception of virtues. Second, purpose presents a moral appeal to stakeholders. This appeal can stimulate positive affective responses, activate stakeholders’ hedonic and eudaemonic motives tied to their moral identity, and thus provide intuitive cues to trust the firm. By sharply delineating the pathways by which purpose can shape interorganizational trust, we not only illuminate how purpose can yield trust benefits but also when it is ineffectual and causes stakeholder backlash. This clarifies the role of purpose in shaping relational governance and multistakeholder cooperation and contributes to research on strategic and moral commitments as foundations of interorganizational trust.
History: This paper has been accepted for the Strategy Science Special Issue on Corporate Purpose.
In this article, we review the distrust literature and explore whether the universal sequence for trust as outlined by Dietz (Citation2011) and Dietz and Den Hartog (Citation2006) is also true for distrust. Compared to trust, there is much less research on distrust, although the field has been rapidly developing in recent years. We argue that it is time to explore a universal sequence for distrust to take stock of current knowledge and to focus the empirical and conceptual research. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that such a universal sequence is a valuable framework for distrust research. This analytical exercise also forces us to identify tacit assumptions that frame and guide much of the current distrust (and trust) research. In so doing, we identify two main areas that require more attention: 1) the definition of distrust and its relation to trust and 2) the universal sequences and their dynamics. These findings lead to avenues for further research.
Public attitudes about genetics appear to depend on the local context. We analyzed survey responses obtained in 2015 from 293 residents of Luján, a city in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, who self-assessed their knowledge about genetics and their trust in genetic tests. The survey integrated a larger research project for which consenting adult participants shared demographic and genealogical information and provided saliva samples for genetic ancestry analyses. Participants reported little knowledge but high trust in genetic testing when questioned about knowledge and trust. Well-known media stories of DNA-based forensic genetic investigations to identify the victims of state repression during the military dictatorship may have contributed to the high self-assessment of their genetic knowledge expressed by some participants, regardless of educational attainment. Our analysis provides information that could be used as a baseline to begin unraveling the current level of public trust in genetics in a region of the Global South where genetic testing has become widespread, but people’s knowledge of and trust in genetics remain poorly studied. Key words: genetic tests, knowledge, public attitudes, trust
This study implemented a Delphi Method; a systematic technique which relies on a panel of experts to achieve consensus, to evaluate which questionnaire items would be the most relevant for developing a new Propensity to Trust scale. Following an initial research team moderation phase, two surveys were administered to academic lecturers, professors and Ph.D. candidates specialising in the fields of either individual differences, human-robot interaction, or occupational psychology. Results from 28 experts produced 33 final questionnaire items that were deemed relevant for evaluating trust. We discuss the importance of content validity when implementing scales, while emphasising the need for more documented scale development processes in psychology. Furthermore, we propose that the Delphi technique could be utilised as an effective and economical method for achieving content validity, while also providing greater scale creation transparency.
The regulation of market activity has been largely dominated by governmental command-and-control regulatory design (C&C), which was seen as the safest way to protect the public from potential harm by firms. In recent years, in an effort to move to more relaxed and less burdensome regulation, alternative regulatory tools have been developed, tools that rely on firms or other private actors in the various stages of regulation (self, or smart, regulation). Since these alternatives present a reduction in the extent to which the government regulates markets, they could have a negative impact on citizens’ trust in firms and willingness to use them, especially when it comes to new technologies that could pose a risk to users. Using two experimental surveys (n = 1,195), we examine the extent to which different regulatory designs affect citizens’ willingness to trust a firm in the field of financial technologies (Fintech). The results show that trust in the firm decreases with alternatives to traditional state regulation. However, when trust in the regulator is high, then trust in the regulated firm increases even when an altentaive to C&C is introduced and the regulator relies on pledges, suggesting that the path to relieving regulatory burden lies in increasing the trustworthiness of public regulators.
In recent years both in Polish and international literature, the number of studies devoted to trust in inter-organisational relations has grown at a steady pace. The authors of these studies tend to apply two methodological approaches: variance theory and process theory. The aim of this article is to compare Polish and English language academic literature with regard to the methodological approaches. The article is based on a systematic literature review of inter-organisational trust, with literature collected based on keywords and snowball methodology. The election was based on abstract analysis and the text of selected articles. The methodologies of the selected articles were presented and compared. From the initial pool of 726 positions, 32 articles in Polish and 30 in English were analysed and compared, with the data presented in a comparison table. The findings indicate a research gap in Polish-language literature in the form of an insufficient amount of research on trust at inter-organisational level using a process-based approach. Applying this approach would potentially deepen the understanding of organisations' relationships with each other, especially in the context of Poland.
This article explores the policy background of AI in ethical public services by applying
the perspective of mutuality and trust to give a better understanding of the ethical
evaluation of AI-enabled public services. The findings from Finnish government
services emphasize that establishing governance rules arising from mutuality is not
often viewed as a precursor to ethical evaluation, which was done post-facto with
limited user engagement. We conclude that structured by a social mutuality framework, mutuality requires a systemic approach to ethics and active user engagement,
which in turn requires an investment of time and cognitive attention by all agents
involved.
Governments worldwide are relying on the COVID-19 vaccines as the solution for ending the coronavirus pandemic and the resulting crisis. Although scientific progress in the development of a vaccine has been astonishing, policymakers are facing an extra hurdle as increasingly more people appear to be hesitant in their intention to take such a vaccine. Based on a large Corona survey in Belgium, this study aims to explain the vaccination intention by linking it to trust in government and experts, while accounting for individuals’ risk perceptions and prosocialness.
Asbtract
Purpose
the main objective of this article is to check whether the relationship between corporate social responsibility activities and employee commitment is mediated by the existence of two other attitudinal variables of workers: intrinsic motivation and trust towards the organisation.
Design/methodology/approach
a survey of 318 Ecuadorian workers provides data that allows the application of structural equation modelling to verify the existence of such relationships.
Findings
the work shows a positive and significant relationship between CSR actions and the two attitudes of the employees considered: trust and intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, the mediating character that both variables play in the relationship between CSR and organisational commitment is confirmed. Ecuadorian managers can infer from this study the positive effects that CSR practices have on various attitudes and behaviors of employees, such as their motivation at work, their confidence in the company and their commitment to it.
Research limitations/implications
the scant generalisation of its results to the Ecuadorian reality given that the firms are located in a single zone of the country and belong to a specific activity.
Practical implications
new determinant factors of the relations between the endogenous and exogenous variables could be included.
Social implications
the consideration of other variables which could condition the relations studies: sex, age, etc.
Originality/value
the work increases the already existing knowledge about the relationship between CSR and different attitudes and behaviours of employees within formal work organisations.
In this chapter, we focus on trustworthiness as determined on the basis of role relationships – how these roles, nested in both societal and organizational cultures, help to operationalize trustworthiness. Although societal and organizational cultures both prescribe what is expected of an individual in a given social role, the two contexts are related, as organizational cultures are nested within societal cultures and are therefore constrained by societal culture. For example, power distance, a societal cultural variable that reflects the extent to which a society teaches its members that hierarchy is natural and expected, impacts how those at different levels of social hierarchy are expected to behave. In cultures where there is stronger hierarchy, those in lower power positions tend to disagree less with those in higher power positions, and a situation of dependency is more strongly fostered in high-power-distance cultures – both in society at large and in organizations.
Entrepreneurship research and practice has received a great deal of attention in the past decade. Due to the role that entrepreneurial activities can play in tackling grand challenges, the predominant focus of such studies has been on the entrepreneurial journey, the network, the impact, the process, as well as the cultivation of ‘the entrepreneur’. However, as studies in entrepreneurship have grown, maintaining the balance between objective and subjective implications have proven to be challenging. To this end, there has been an increase in calls for ‘contextualizing’ entrepreneurship research, cutting across levels of analysis in order to be able to provide relevant suggestions for research and practice. In an attempt to address this call, this book provides the first theoretical and empirical collection of studies that are embedded in and borne out of the context of (south) Africa. The continent is home to seven out of 10 fastest growing economies in the world (WEF, 2017), and from a business perspective, it is considered by Alex Liu, chairman of A.T Kearney “a large-scale start-up” (WEF, 2019). Yet, little is known about the state of entrepreneurial activities that aim to shape the continent's future. This book delves into the micro and macro level foundations of entrepreneurial activities across southern (Africa), providing theoretical frameworks that take into consideration the entrepreneurial ecosystem in the continent, as well as the formal and informal economy that contribute to the growth and development of its countries.
Trust within the renewal of the management system – A narrative case study on impersonal trust development in retail chain organizationThis article examines and illustrates understanding of the role of trust as intangible resource in organizational renewal. The qualitative case study was conducted in the retail organization undergoing a renewal process. In the prior organization research, trust is recognized supporting change implementation. The theoretical framework draws on the trust research of organizations. Trust is still scarcely studied as impersonal resource from the management system perspective. The data was gathered from managers and supervisors. The findings suggest a transparent management system as the basis of organizational trust. The study makes an interesting conclusion on the development of the nature of trust towards impersonal trust.
The paper challenges the network management perspective of Kooiman (2003) and Klijn and Koppenjan (2014) arguing that complexity in local public service governance now means they are better approached as ecosystems than networks, which are centrally managed. Instead, we note Duit and Galaz’s (2008) idea of flexible governances and, using a reformulated version of Lipsky’s (1980) street-level, synthesize Laclau’s (1990) idea of governance-as-legitimacy with Vygotsky’s (1934) social learning approach and Six’s (2005) trust theory to suggest a new analytical framework. We use the framework to analyse logic-of-practice in services-as-a-system (pulled, personal services).
In this article, a framework is provided for analyzing conditions that lead to positive or negative relations between trustworthiness and formal control in the context of manager-subordinate relationships, a domain often discussed controversially in the literature. In analyzing the relationship between managerial formal control and subordinates' trustworthiness, the author draws on self-determination theory. Self-determination theory is useful in showing how to link characteristics of organizational regulation (i.e., managerial formal control) with individual intentions (i.e., subordinates' intentions to behave in a trustworthy fashion). Subsequently, empirical findings related to formal control and trustworthiness are integrated into this framework to deduce a set of propositions that can be tested in the future.
This article introduces the special issue on New Perspectives on the Trust-Control Nexus in Organizational Relations. Trust and control are interlinked processes commonly seen as key to reach effectiveness in inter- and intraorganizational relations. The relation between trust and control is, however, a complex one, and research into this relation has given rise to various and contradictory interpretations of how trust and control relate. A well-known discussion is directed at whether trust and control are better conceived as substitutes, or as complementary mechanisms of governance. The articles in this special issue bring the discussion on the relationship between both concepts a step further by identifying common factors, distinctive mechanisms, and key implications relevant for theory building and empirical research. By studying trust and control through different perspectives and at different levels of analysis, the articles provide new theoretical insights and empirical evidence on the foundations of the trust-control interrelations.
This study investigates the conceptual and psychometric properties of trust in organizations. Critical review of recent literature led to the conclusion that there is no single agreed upon definition of trust and that controversy exists as to its construct validity. We present empirical results based on a complex procedure for scale development, which includes a design made up of four separate stages of research. The construct of trust in employment relationships was ultimately refined to entail three dimensions: harmony, reliability, and concern (HRC). The final results of this study led to the development of a standardized 16-item instrument that can be used to measure trust in the context of employment relationships. Evidence of the scale’s reliability, factor structure, and validity is also presented.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which measures and operationalisations of intra‐organisational trust reflect the essential elements of the existing conceptualisation of trust inside the workplace.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper provides an overview of the essential points from the rich variety of competing conceptualisations and definitions in the management and organisational literatures. It draws on this overview to present a framework of issues for researchers to consider when designing research based on trust. This framework is then used to analyse the content of 14 recently published empirical measures of intra‐organisational trust. It is noted for each measure the form that trust takes, the content, the sources of evidence and the identity of the recipient, as well as matters related to the wording of items.
Findings
The paper highlights where existing measures match the theory, but also shows a number of “blind‐spots” or contradictions, particularly over the content of the trust belief, the selection of possible sources of evidence for trust, and inconsistencies in the identity of the referent.
Research limitations/implications
It offers researchers some recommendations for future research designed to capture trust among different parties in organisations, and contains an Appendix with 14 measures for intra‐organisational trust.
Originality/value
The value of the paper is twofold: it provides an overview of the conceptualisation literature, and a detailed content‐analysis of several different measures for trust. This should prove useful in helping researchers refine their research designs in the future.
Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships The past decade has seen dramatic changes in the modern organization. New organizational linkages, strategic alliances, partnerships, and joint ventures are being formed to achieve and maintain competitive advantage in the marketplace. New linkages require organizations to move away from the more traditional hierarchical forms and toward networks and alliances. These new forms are designed to be more responsive to rapid change, enable entrepreneurial activity to flourish within the organization and across its boundaries, and increase the effectiveness of communication and problem solving across departments, locations, functional responsibilities, and organizational boundaries. In their recent work, Managing the New Organization , Limerick and Cunnington (1993) emphasize nine crucial competencies for managing networks, within and across organizational boundaries. Interpersonal dynamics between key actors within a network or alliance are critical elements in this list of competencies, and trust is central to this list: The key ...
Adopting a diversity-in-unity perspective that identifies all shared dimensions and typical delineations, both as structure-similar yet content-diverse configurations, this paper proposes an interdisciplinary conceptualization of trust with primary trust ideal-types. This conceptualization contains three components: (i) a typology of four trust dimensions related to trust conditions and trust functions: (ii) a typology of four trust delineations derived from the four trust dimensions: and (iii) a typology of four trust ideal-types built upon the first two typologies. These typologies jointly serve as a salient platform to unify the fragmented trust literature.
Integrating the typologies of trust dimensions and trust ideal-types with the new typologies of trust forms and trust bases, I propose a geocentric framework of trust in general and of organizational trust in particular. The typology of trust forms is built on the dimension of spatial strength to address the content of trust building from weak trust to strong trust and on the dimension of temporal stage to address the process of trust building from initial trust to mature trust. The typology of trust bases is built on the dimension of trust sources to address the bases of trust building from depersonalized sources to personalized sources and on the dimension of trust domains to address the bases of trust building from dyad domains to network domains. Together with its three pillars (trust-building mechanisms, leadership and trust-as-choice), the central theme of trust building connects all four trust typologies toward a geocentric framework that integrates and transcends the cultural values of the East and the West. This framework bears a special implication for theorizing about transaction cost and transaction value as a duality for interorganizational alliance.
This paper contributes to the research on supervisor trustworthiness by assessing the measurement equivalence of the trust scales developed by Mayer and Davis [Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (1999). The effect of the performance appraisal system on trust for management: A field quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 123–136] across three samples: U.S., Turkey and Singapore. This study found the trust scale to have poor psychometric properties across the board, rendering invariance tests inappropriate. Analysis of the antecedents of trust scales supported the metric equivalence of the integrity measure, but several items of the ability and benevolence scales appeared to be interpreted differently by respondents from collectivist-high power distant versus individualist-low power distant cultures. We advocate the formation of a multinational team of trust and leadership scholars to develop scales in which items reflect not a single culture but are more applicable both in meaning and choice of expression to many cultures.
Our task is to adopt a multidisciplinary view
of trust within and between firms, in an effort to
synthesize and give insight into a fundamental
construct of organizational science. We seek to
identify the shared understandings of trust
across disciplines, while recognizing that the
divergent meanings scholars bring to the study
of trust also can add value.
We propose a systemic, multilevel framework for understanding trust repair at the organizational level. Drawing on systems theory, we theorize how each component of an organization's system shapes employees' perceptions of the organization's trust-worthiness and can contribute to failures and effective trust repair. We distinguish the framework from prior work grounded in dyadic assumptions and propose underlying principles and a four-stage process for organizational trust repair. Finally, we explore the implications for research and practice.
Swift trust and temporary groups January 1, 1991. The Grand Kempinski Hotel, Dallas, Texas. 9:00 a.m. “Crew Call.” About 35 people gather. Some are local. Some flew in overnight from here or there. Some drove in. The 35 encompass almost that many different technical disciplines. Many are meeting each other for the first time. Ten and one-half hours from now they will tape a two hour lecture (given by the author), which will become the centerpiece of an hour-long public television show. They'll tape it again the next day. Then they'll disperse, never again to work together in the same configuration. This is the “Dallas Organization.” As Peters and others have noted, temporary groups of this sort are becoming an increasingly common form of organization (Kanter, 1989; Peters, 1992). In many respects, such groups constitute an interesting organizational analog of a “one-night stand.” They have a finite life span, form ...
How can relationships be repaired after being damaged? There is a small but growing body of work on the topic from a number of different disciplinary perspectives using different theoretical lenses and at different levels of analysis. We begin by examining the existing streams of work on relationship repair and organizing them into a conceptual framework. We then consider four questions that probe assumptions or overlooked issues in existing research with the intent of moving toward a more comprehensive conceptual foundation.
Organizations frequently adopt formal rules, contracts, or other legalistic mechanisms when interpersonal trust is lacking. But recent research has shown such legalistic ''remedies'' for trust-related problems to be ineffective in restoring trust. To explain this apparent ineffectiveness, this paper outlines a theory that distinguishes two dimensions of trust-task-specific reliability and value congruence-and shows how legalistic mechanisms respond only to reliability concerns, while ignoring value-related concerns. Organizational responses to employees with HIV/AIDS are used as a case illustration that supports the theory's major propositions. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research.
The article presents results that indicate that trust and job design are complementary concepts in understanding outcomes like intention to quit and satisfaction. We conceptualized a worker's beliefs that a supervisor can be trusted as being composed of three main elements - beliefs in the supervisor's predictability, benevolence and fairness. This was motivated in part by a desire to conceptualize trust in a way that distinguished it from leader-member exchange (LMX) quality. The capacity of this measure of trust to predict self-reported outcomes was then compared with a job's motivational potential score, as a way of testing the trust measure's criterion validity. To do so, the results from two separate surveys were analysed. The first was based on the questionnaire responses of 535 employees in the telephone industry in the province of British Columbia; the second, of 230 service station employees from across Canada. In the studies reported here, supervisor relationships accounted for a significant amount of the variance on a variety of criterion measures. The results also suggested that perceptions of trust act independently of job design factors in affecting the outcome variables of absence, intention to quit, satisfaction and performance. In addition, the results indicated trust to be as important as job design factors in predicting outcomes.
Scholars in various disciplines have considered the causes, nature, and effects of trust. Prior approaches to studying trust are considered, including characteristics of the trustor, the trustee, and the role of risk. A definition of trust and a model of its antecedents and outcomes are presented, which integrate research from multiple disciplines and differentiate trust from similar constructs. Several research propositions based on the model are presented.
A considerable amount of research has examined trust since our 1995 publication. We revisit some of the critical issues that we addressed and provide clarifications and extensions of the topics of levels of analysis, time, control systems, reciprocity, and measurement. We also recognize recent research in new areas of trust, such as affect, emotion, violation and repair, distrust, international and cross-cultural issues, and context-specific models, and we identify promising avenues for future research.
Trust is a critical component of interfirm relations, and scholars have pointed to Japan as an environment where trusting business relationships flourish. Rather than viewing trust as an inherent and driving force in Japanese interfirm relations, we propose that a combination of institutional and societal sanctioning mechanisms is largely responsible for the apparently trust-induced cooperation there. Our examination of buyer-supplier relations in the Japanese auto industry demonstrates the important role of these sanctions. We recommend focusing on sanctions in further explorations of interfirm trust.
Does trust and its development, functions and meaning, differ between people from different national–societal cultures? There is considerable anecdotal evidence and some theoretical argumentation to suggest it does, but are these supported by empirical research? This chapter reviews the available empirical evidence on the effects of national–societal culture on interpersonal trust. It focuses largely on quantitative empirical evidence to consider the extent to which, and the ways in which, interpersonal trust differs across national–societal cultures. In every category of our review we found evidence of cross-cultural differences, particularly on generalized trust, and also evidence of trust universals across cultures. In evaluating these findings, we conclude that trust may operate as a variform universal and variform functional universal. We conclude with two proposed routes for future research, and implications for practice.
Introduction
To an ever-increasing extent, ‘work’ involves close interaction and cooperation with people who come from a national–societal cultural background different from one's own. This emerging reality of work can be attributed to a number of factors. First, with the unrelenting advance of globalization, more and more organizations are taking a global approach to operations, including the operation of overseas international joint ventures and alliances, working with offshore suppliers and customers, and conducting global searches for talent. Second, the advance of communication technologies such as e-mail and videoconferencing has fostered a movement toward global virtual teams involving individuals from a variety of different cultural backgrounds.
Workforce population trends have increased the numbers and kinds of culturally diverse people who work together. Researchers in organizational behavior have often examined culture through values; however, cultural values can be based on collections of people other than traditional nation states. A cultural mosaic is presented as a framework to identify demographic, geographic, and associative features underlying culture. An individual's unique collage of multiple cultural identities yields a complex picture of the cultural influences on that person. Developments in chaos and complexity theories are proposed as a theoretical base for study on the complexity of culture at the individual level. Additional developments in network theory serve as a theoretical base for cultural research at the group level. The cultural mosaic is described as a complex system with localized structures, linking cultural tiles in ordered and chaotic ways. Research propositions examining multiple cultural identities at individual and group levels are discussed.
Past studies of the determinants of interpersonal trust have focused primarily on how trust forms in isolated dyads. Yet within organizations, trust typically develops between individuals who are embedded in a complex web of existing and potential relationships. In this article, the authors identify 3 alternative ways in which a trustor and trustee may be linked to each other via third parties: network closure (linked via social interactions with third parties), trust transferability (linked via trusted third parties), and structural equivalence (linked via the similarity of their relationships with all potential third parties within the organization). Each of these is argued to influence interpersonal trust via a distinct social mechanism. The authors hypothesized that network closure and structural equivalence would predict interpersonal trust indirectly via their impact on interpersonal organizational citizenship behaviors performed within the interpersonal relationship, whereas trust transferability would predict trust directly. Social network analyses of data gathered from a medium-sized work organization provide substantial support for the hypotheses and also suggest important directions for future research.
- Saunders M.N.K.
Trust is everything : Self published
- A Mishra
- K E Mishra
German business ethics loses some luster
- N C Nash
The Sheriff at Siemens, at work under the justice dept.’ s watchful eye
- C Dougherty