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Toward a Phylogenetic Subfamilial Classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae)
Abstract
Molecular studies of the flowering plant family Compositae (Asteraceae) based on comparative DNA sequence data of chloroplast genes provide new insights into the evolution and radiation of the family. The results support the creation of new groups to maintain a classification that reflects evolutionary history. We are proposing the following new names: subfamilies Corymbioideae, Gochnatioideae, Gymnarrhenoideae, Hecastocleoideae, and Pertyoideae; tribes Athroismeae, Corymbieae, Dicomeae, Gochnatieae, Gymnarrheneae, Hecastocleideae, Polymnieae; subtribe Rojasianthinae. The totals now stand at 11 subfamilies and 35 tribes. Only one tribe, the Mutisieae, is non-monophyletic having two branches. Most of the new groups are derived from taxa included in tribe Mutisieae, long suspected to be a paraphyletic group. Molecular studies that support these changes are discussed elsewhere but a summary of their results is presented.
... Bremer (1994) further divided it into four subfamilies and 17 tribes. Baldwin et al., (2002) and Panero & Funk (2002) proposed 10 subfamilies and 35 tribes. More recently, Funk et al., (2009) and Panero et al., (2014) revised the classification to 13 subfamilies and 44 tribes. ...
... The leaf and epidermal characters of 10 Asteraceae species, belonging to two sub-families and six tribes as classified by Panero & Funk (2002), were collected fresh from various localities in Dammam city, located in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia (Table 1). The materials studied were identified using the taxonomic keys provided by Mandaville (1990) and Chaudhary (2000). ...
... Cluster (II) included Pluchea dioscoridis, Conyza linifolia, Eclipta alba, Senecio glaucus, and Ifloga spicata. This classification aligns with the classification proposed by Panero & Funk (2002). ...
... Within tribe Helenieae, four principal, morphologically distinct lineages were indicated by ITS fi ndings ( Fig. 41.6) and given subtribal status (Baldwin and Wessa 2000a;Baldwin et al. 2002): Gaillardiinae, Tetraneurinae, Psathyrotinae, and Marshalliinae, in addition to the monotypic Plateileminae (Plateilema palmeri, of southern Texas and northern Mexico). Panero and Funk (2002) and Panero (2007c) also recognized those subtribes. Kim and Jansen's (1995) chloroplast (ndhF ) DNA tree of Compositae containing members of Inuleae and the Heliantheae alliance. ...
... Fig. 41.5. Relationships among tribes of the Heliantheae alliance based on chloroplast DNA sequence data (Panero et al., 2001) and the tribal classifi cation of Panero and Funk (2002). ...
... [Reproduced from Panero and Funk (2002), with permission of The Biological Society of Washington.] found in more mesic, often montane or alpine settings and extend geographically to Canada and South America. ...
... Members of these groups produce head inflorescences with bracts (referred to as paleae or receptacular bracts) subtending the florets/achenes. Heliantheae and Coreopsideae were strongly supported sisters (Figure 2), which was also supported by previous analyses using ITS data (Baldwin et al., 2002) or dozens of nuclear genes (Liu et al., 2015); however, different topologies were recovered using plastid sequences (Jansen et al., 1991;Panero and Funk, 2002;Panero et al., 2014). The inconsistent positions of Coreopsideae between the nuclear and plastid phylogenies were potentially due to hybridization events (Panero, 2007;Liu et al., 2015), which might also be true for Heliantheae. ...
... The inconsistent positions of Coreopsideae between the nuclear and plastid phylogenies were potentially due to hybridization events (Panero, 2007;Liu et al., 2015), which might also be true for Heliantheae. In the second clade we identified with six tribes, Eupatorieae and Perityleae were strongly supported as sisters ( Figure 2), as were Bahieae and Chaenactideae, in agreement with previous studies (Panero and Funk, 2002;Panero and Crozier, 2016). Tageteae were sister to Madieae and the weakly supported clade ((Chaenactideae, Bahieae), (Perityleae, Eupatorieae)). ...
... Polymnia is superficially similar to other genera in Millerieae but was placed in the Heliantheae subtribe Polymniinae by Robinson (1978), who considered most species previously placed in Polymnia to be members of the genus Smallanthus (Millerieae). Polymnieae were once placed in Millerieae as the subtribe Polymniinae (Robinson, 1978), but in the plastid phylogenies they constituted a distinct clade separate from other Millerieae species (Panero and Funk, 2002;Panero, 2007). Moreover, most members of Millerieae were closely related to Heliantheae in the plastid phylogenies, but Enydra was included in the Neurolaeneae clade (Panero, 2007;Panero and Funk, 2008); these differences in nuclear and plastid phylogenies thus suggest a possible hybrid origin. ...
Biodiversity is not evenly distributed among related groups, raising questions about the factors contributing to such disparities. The sunflower family (Asteraceae, >26,000 species) is among the largest and most diverse plant families, but its species diversity is concentrated in a few subfamilies, providing an opportunity to study the factors affecting biodiversity. Phylotranscriptomic analyses here of 244 transcriptomes and genomes produced a phylogeny with strong support for the monophyly of Asteraceae and the monophyly of most subfamilies and tribes. This phylogeny provides a reference for detecting changes in diversification rates and possible factors affecting Asteraceae diversity, which include global climate shifts, whole‐genome duplications (WGDs), and morphological evolution. The origin of Asteraceae was estimated at ~83 Mya, with most subfamilies having diverged before the Cretaceous–Paleocene boundary. Phylotranscriptomic analyses supported the existence of 41 WGDs in Asteraceae. Changes to herbaceousness and capitulescence with multiple flower‐like capitula, often with distinct florets and scaly pappus/receptacular bracts, are associated with multiple upshifts in diversification rate. WGDs might have contributed to the survival of early Asteraceae by providing new genetic materials to support morphological transitions. The resulting competitive advantage for adapting to different niches would have increased biodiversity in Asteraceae.
... Initially, the genus Ainsliaea was treated as a member of the tribe Mutisieae (Mutisioideae) based on incomplete morphological studies (Cabrera, 1977;Hind, 2007;Katinas et al., 2008;Gao et al., 2011). Nevertheless, on the basis of cladistic analyses and molecular systematic studies (Kim et al., 2002;Panero and Funk, 2002;Panero and Funk, 2008;Mitsui et al., 2008;Panero, 2008;Freire, 2012), the five closest genera in the tribe Mutisieae, including Ainsliaea DC., Macroclinidium Maxim. (Japanese endemic), Catamixis T. Thomson (Indian endemic), Myripnois Bunge, and Pertya Sch. ...
... Mitsui and Setoguchi (2012) addressed the demographic histories of adaptively diverged riparian and nonriparian species of Ainsliaea using 10 nuclear DNA loci (e.g., CHS, GTF). Fu et al. (2016) proposed that Pertyeae (as recognized by Panero and Funk, 2002) was sister to the tribes Cardueae and Gymnarrheneae and nested above the subfamily Carduoideae. Moreover, Pertyeae also has been suggested as a sister group to the tribes Cichorieae (Lin et al., 2019) and Cardueae (Wang et al., 2020). ...
The genus Ainsliaea DC. is one of the major groups within the tribe Pertyeae (Asteraceae). It comprises several important Chinese medicinal species. However, the phylogenetic position has undergone a long process of exploration. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences data has not been employed in species identification and phylogeny of Ainsliaea. In this study, the complete cp genomes of two Ainsliaea species (A. gracilis and A. henryi) were reported, followed by structural, comparative, and phylogenetic analyses within the tribe Peryteae. Both cp genomes displayed a typical quadripartite circular structure, with the LSC and SSC regions separated by the IR regions. The genomes were 152,959 (A. gracilis) and 152,805 (A. henryi) base pairs (bp) long, with a GC content of 37.6%. They were highly conserved, containing 134 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 2 pseudogenes (rps19 and ycf1). Moreover, thirteen highly polymorphic regions (e.g., trnK-UUU, trnG-UCC, trnT-GGU, accD-psaI, and rpl22-rps19) were identified, indicating their potential as DNA barcodes. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed the placement of Ainsliaea in the tribe Pertyeae, revealing close relationships with the genera Myripnois and Pertya. In comparison with Ainsliaea, Myripnois was more closely related to Pertya. This study lays a theoretical foundation for future research on species identification, population genetics, resource conservation, and sustainable utilization within Ainsliaea and Pertyeae.
... The large subfamily Asteroideae, which includes over 60% of species in the family, is well characterized morphologically and phylogenetically (Pelser & Watson 2009). There were two schemes to group its members, combining phylogenetic with morphological evidences as outlined by Panero & Funk (2002) and Baldwin et al. (2002). One is the establishment of three supertribes (Senecionodae, Asterodae, and Helianthodae) by robinson (2004,2005), the other one is to recognize eight tribes and further subdivide Heliantheae s.l. ...
... Calenduleae and Anthemideae must be excluded from Asterodae and may be put in their own supertribes, respectively. The supertribe Helianthodae sensu robinson, based on the tribal classification of Panero & Funk (2002) and Baldwin et al. (2002), was long called the "Heliantheae alliance" by Panero (2007) and subsequent authors. Following Panero's treatment, subtribe Ambrosiinae is also a member of the Heliantheae alliance. ...
While compiling a continuously updated checklist of families and genera of world embryophytes, the authors find it necessary to resolve some nomenclatural issues in Asteraceae (Compositae). Here we propose a new supertribal classification for Asteroideae with five supertribes, two of which (Calendulodae and Anthemidodae) are new and one (Ambrosiodae) is a replacement name. A new tribe Leucomerideae in Stifftioideae is described, with the monotypic Nouelia newly treated as a synonym. Two older generic names, Anacis and Epilepis, are resurrected to follow the revision of Coreopsis s.l. and to avoid later homonymy or superfluity, alongside with necessary new combinations. A new nothogenus ×Coreacis is thereby established. The correct spelling Malacotrichinae of the subtribe ‘Malacothricinae’ is discussed.
... Over time, various classification systems have emerged, with two notable ones being proposed by Cassini (1816) comprising 19 tribes, and Bentham (1873) introducing two subfamilies (Asteroideae and Cichorioideae) along with 13 tribes. Subsequent revisions have expanded these classifications, evolving into 13 subfamilies (major clades) and 43 tribes in more recent systems (Panero and Funk 2002;Funk et al. 2009;Panero et al. 2014). Due to the vast number of species and the global geographic distribution of Asteraceae, undertaking taxonomic and evolutionary investigations within this plant family poses a formidable challenge (Mandel et al. 2019). ...
... The traits appear to have been retained in some species belonging to subfamilies or tribes, such as Mutisioideae and Pertyoideae as supported by our results (Ainselia type and Mutisioideae type). This provides palynological support (Panero and Funk 2002;Mandel et al. 2019) for classification systems that considered them as a basal lineage. Asteraceous grains are characterized by tricolporate apertures sometimes tetracolporate, an advanced character of angiospermic pollen grains and derived from tricolpate aperture type which is a comparatively primitive character (Takhtajan 1980). ...
Palynotaxonomy is crucial for understanding plant evolution, biodiversity, and ecological history by
systematically classifying and identifying species based on pollen morphology. In addition, a regional
pollen flora is crucial for precise pollen identification in various applied fields of palynology, including
melissopalynology, aeropalynology, forensic palynology, paleopalynology, and copropalynology. In this
communication, we explore the pollen morphology of 28 species of Asteraceae, employing both light
(LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that the grains were monad, isopolar,
radially symmetric, tricolporate, and exhibited oblate-spheroidal to prolate-spheroidal shapes. The
infratectum was found to be columellate, caveate, or noncaveate. The supratectum exhibited echinate
or microechinate characteristics, with the exine surface showing perforate, microreticulate, or perforate
regulate features. Among some species, a lophate pattern was observed, revealing two distinct variations:
one characterized by a ‘15 lacunae type,’ while the other exhibited a ‘21 lacunae type’. Some
unusual variations were observed in the aperture character among certain species, like the occurrence
of tricolpate grains and pollen dimorphism due to variation in aperture number. Light microscopic
examination was preliminary for resolving columellar structure but it clearly showed a double level of
columella in some species. A cluster analysis, incorporating qualitative and quantitative features of pollen
grains and an artificial pollen key have been set forth to distinguish studied species, supplemented
by LM and SEM micrographs. The current findings have enriched the existing pollen database of
Asteraceae and could play an important role not only in palynotaxonomy but also in allied fields.
... Es decir, el conjunto de características que se cuantifican o describen en una estructura analizada al microcopio, ya sea estereoscópico, óptico o electrónico. Entre ellas se encuentran: sexualidad de las flores (femeninas, masculinas o bisexuales), orientación, forma e indumento de las ramas del estilo, variaciones en los apéndices apicales y basales de las anteras, forma, volumen, número de costillas, presencia o ausencia de indumento en las cipselas, número de series, coloración y elementos del vilano, entre otros (Karis, 1993b;Baldwin et al., 2002;Panero y Funk, 2002Roque y Funk, 2013). En algunos casos la presencia de metabolitos secundarios, números cromosómicos, hábitat o características observables únicamente in vivo, también son de utilidad taxonómica para delimitar algunos grupos . ...
... Para recopilar las características distintivas de cada una de las 26 tribus de asteráceas presentes en México, incluyendo a las dos introducidas (Villaseñor, 2018), se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de trabajos relacionados con la clasificación de Asteraceae, cambios en la circunscripción tribal y tratamientos taxonómicos enfocados en grupos presentes en el país publicados principalmente en las dos últimas décadas (Panero y Funk, 2002Baldwin et al., 2002;Funk et al., 2009;Roque y Funk, 2013;Redonda-Martínez, 2018;Panero, 2019;Redonda-Martínez, 2020;Susanna et al., 2020;Lichter-Marck y Baldwin, 2022) y la policlave para tribus del mundo (Bonifacino y Funk, 2018). También se realizó un análisis morfológico de material fresco, conservado en alcohol etílico al 70% (en espíritu) y herborizado, complementado con observaciones hechas durante expediciones de campo en el periodo 2010-2019. ...
Antecedentes y Objetivos:
La clasificación de Asteraceae ha cambiado considerablemente en las últimas dos décadas debido al uso de herramientas moleculares y microcaracteres que, al ser analizados en conjunto con datos morfológicos, han permitido no solo esclarecer las relaciones filogenéticas, sino también segregar y reconocer nuevas subfamilias y tribus. Los objetivos de este trabajo son presentar una clave de identificación para las tribus de Asteraceae nativas e introducidas en México e ilustrar sus principales caracteres diagnósticos.
Métodos:
A partir de una revisión bibliográfica, de la observación de material fresco y herborizado, se recopilaron las características distintivas de las tribus de Asteraceae nativas e introducidas que se encuentran en México. Empleando un microscopio estereoscópico con cámara incluida se fotografiaron estructuras en las que se aprecian los principales caracteres de cada tribu.
Resultados clave:
Las características esenciales que permiten reconocer las 26 tribus de Asteraceae con presencia en México están en las cabezuelas. El tipo de flores, la forma, orientación e indumento de las ramas del estilo, el ápice, la base y forma del collar de las anteras, la forma de las cipselas, presencia o ausencia de fitomelanina en las cipselas, así como la simetría, persistencia y tipo de elementos que integran el vilano, son los más importantes.
Conclusiones:
Por primera vez se presentan las características de las cabezuelas para las 26 tribus de Asteraceae que se distribuyen en México, además de los órganos asociados a ellas como son involucro, filarios, receptáculo, páleas, flores periféricas, flores centrales, androceo, estilo, cipselas y vilano. Dichas estructuras están descritas de manera sencilla e ilustradas con fotografías de material in vivo, herborizado o conservado en espíritu, destacando los caracteres diagnósticos de cada tribu, la morfología más común, así como las excepciones que ocurren en algunos de sus miembros.
... The Asteraceae, also known as Compositae family, is the largest family of flowering plants containing 32 913 species in 1911 genera distributed around the world except for Antarctica (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden 2013). It was taxonomically divided into 11 subfamilies and 35 tribes by Panero and Funk (2002) after analysis of DNA sequence data of chloroplast genes. It is a monophyletic family characterized by a special type of inflorescence called pseudanthium, flower head, or capitulum, where disc and ray florets are arranged on a receptacle centripetally and are surrounded by bracts that form the involucre. ...
... This family presents anthers fused in a ring with the pollen pushed out by the style, and achenes (cypselas) usually with a pappus (Fig. 1). There is a large morphological variation among its members, existing as annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or trees, and although they are more common in open areas, they can be found in almost every type of habitat from forests to high-elevation grasslands (Panero and Funk 2002). ...
Natural products from plants in Canadian ecological zones are understudied. There are, however, sound scientific arguments to justify investigation of natural products from plant species found within these zones. Here, we review a broad range of scientific and local literature describing the features of the Canadian prairie ecological zone and the Asteraceae taxonomical family. Species from Asteraceae are well represented in the prairie ecological system, although very few have been investigated for natural products with biomedical properties. Data from a range of sources that address ecological interactions, abiotic features, and Traditional Knowledge provide a foundation for future scientific studies of plant natural products found within Canadian borders. We draw from discoveries of the Asteraceae family and one of its major classes of secondary metabolites, sesquiterpenes, to stimulate research of Asteraceae species in Canada.
... (currently Millerieae). Stuessy (1977) placed the group as a subtribe of Heliantheae Cass., but it was reestablished later in 2002 (Panero and Funk 2002). Although Rydberg (1927) originally considered the tribe to be closely related to Senecioneae Cass., molecular data later suggested it is sister to a clade that includes the tribes Bahieae B.G.Baldwin, Chaenactideae B.G. Baldwin, and Tageteae Cass. in the Heliantheae Alliance (Panero and Funk 2002). ...
... Stuessy (1977) placed the group as a subtribe of Heliantheae Cass., but it was reestablished later in 2002 (Panero and Funk 2002). Although Rydberg (1927) originally considered the tribe to be closely related to Senecioneae Cass., molecular data later suggested it is sister to a clade that includes the tribes Bahieae B.G.Baldwin, Chaenactideae B.G. Baldwin, and Tageteae Cass. in the Heliantheae Alliance (Panero and Funk 2002). Panero (2007) established the current circumscription that includes five genera: Calea L. (Figure 1C), Enydra Lour. ...
... Furthermore, the phylogenetic position of Senecioneae has been another long-standing problem for Asteraceae phylogenetics. All studies have accepted Senecioneae as a member of subfamily Asteroideae, but its relationships with other members in the subfamily remain controversial, with various phylogenetic hypotheses being proposed based on different molecular markers and taxon sampling schemes Kim et al., 1992;Kim and Jansen, 1995;Bayer and Starr, 1998;Liu et al., 2002;Panero and Funk, 2002;Goertzen et al., 2003;Kim et al., 2005;Mandel et al., 2015Mandel et al., , 2017Mandel et al., , 2019Fu et al., 2016;Huang et al., 2016;Panero and Crozier, 2016;Watson et al., 2020). As for the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe, the studies by Pelser et al. (2007Pelser et al. ( , 2010 are undoubtedly among the most important. ...
... The tribal relationships of Senecioneae have long been in dispute, with various hypotheses being proposed based on different markers and samples. The Senecioneae has been inferred to be sister to Calenduleae Goertzen et al., 2003), to Gnaphalieae (Bayer and Starr, 1998;Liu et al., 2002;Mandel et al., 2015), to the Heliantheae alliance (Kim et al. 1992), to Anthemideae , to Gnaphalieae/Astereae (Mandel et al., 2017), to Gnaphalieae/Astereae/Anthemideae (Mandel et al., 2017), to Calenduleae/Gnaphalieae/ Astereae (Huang et al., 2016), to Calenduleae/Gnaphalieae/Astereae/ Anthemideae (Panero and Funk, 2008;Mandel et al., 2019), or to the remaining tribes of Asteroideae (Panero and Funk, 2002;Kim et al., 2005;Panero and Crozier, 2016). The hypothesis we herein generated is new, showing that Calendula and Doronicum are the closest relatives of Senecioneae (MLBS/LPP/GWBS = 68%/0.96/78%; ...
The tribe Senecioneae is one of the largest tribes in Asteraceae, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Despite great efforts devoted to elucidate the evolution of Senecioneae, many questions still remain concerning the systematics of this group, from the tribal circumscription and position to species relationships in many genera. The hybridization-based target enrichment method of next-generation sequencing has been accepted as a promising approach to resolve phylogenetic problems. We herein develop a set of single-/low-copy genes for Senecioneae, and test their phylogenetic utilities. Our results demonstrate that these genes work highly efficiently for Senecioneae, with a high average gene recovery of 98.8% across the tribe and recovering robust phylogenetic hypotheses at different levels. In particular, the delimitation of the Senecioneae has been confirmed to include Abrotanella and exclude Doronicum, with the former sister to core Senecioneae and the latter shown to be more closely related to Calenduleae. Moreover, Doronicum and Calenduleae are inferred to be the closest relatives of Senecioneae, which is a new hypothesis well supported by statistical topology tests, morphological evidence, and the profile of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, a special kind of chemical characters generally used to define Senecioneae. Furthermore, this study suggests a complex reticulation history in the diversification of Senecioneae, accounting for the prevalence of polyploid groups in the tribe. With subtribe Tussilagininae s.str. as a case study showing a more evident pattern of gene duplication, we further explored reconstructing the phylogeny in the groups with high ploidy levels. Our results also demonstrate that tree topologies based on sorted paralogous copies are stable across different methods of phylogenetic inference, and more congruent with the morphological evidence and the results of previous phylogenetic studies.
... 1500 species mostly confined to the Neotropics [1]. Most species are recognised by their opposite, trinerved leaves, radiate capitula, paleaceous receptacle, palea that usually conduplicate and surround the flowers, yellow corollas, strongly flattened cypselae, a pappus of persistent awns and squamellae disposed in a narrowly ovate to linear pattern on the cypsela neck, sometimes reduced to an erose Plants 2024, 13, 2817 2 of 13 crown, and a prominent layer of phytomelanin in the cypselae [2][3][4]. This tribe is one of the most economically important in the Compositae family due to its placement of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), which is notable for its agricultural and ornamental use, as well as several commonly cultivated garden species from the genera Echinacea Moench, Rudbeckia L. and Zinnia L. [1]. ...
We present a molecular phylogeny for the subtribe Ecliptinae (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) based on three plastid (matK, psbA-trnH, and trnQ-rps16) and two nuclear (nrITS and nrETS) markers. The results of the phylogenetic reconstruction were utilised as a topological constraint for a subsequent divergence dating analysis and ancestral range reconstructions. We sampled 41 species and 40 genera (72%) of Ecliptinae and two species of Montanoa (as outgroups) to elucidate the generic relationships between the genera of this subtribe. The Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses were performed for the combined molecular dataset. The divergence dating analysis was performed using a relaxed, uncorrelated molecular clock with BEAST v1.8.4 and calibrated using a single secondary calibration point from a recently published chronogram for the family. The ancestral range reconstructions focusing on continents (i.e., South America, North America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania) and biomes (Dry forests, Altitudinal grasslands, Savannas, and Rainforests) were performed on BioGeoBEARS. Our phylogenetic results indicate that the genera of Ecliptinae are grouped into five clades, informally named the Monactis, Oblivia, Blainvillea, Wedelia, and Melanthera clades. The most recent, common ancestor of Ecliptinae was widespread in the North and South American dry forests at 8.16 Ma and mainly radiated in these regions up to the Pleistocene. At least eight dispersal events to South America and four dispersal events from North America to Africa, Asia, and Oceania took place during this period in all five informal clades of Ecliptinae. At least 13 biome shifts from dry forests to rainforests were evidenced, in addition to ten biome shifts from dry forests to altitudinal grasslands and savannas. These results corroborate the mid-late Miocene to early Pleistocene radiation of Ecliptinae in tropical dry forests. Future studies should aim to sample the remaining 14 unsampled genera of Ecliptinae to position them in one of the five informal clades proposed in this study.
... Inference of phylogenetic relationships among higher-level classification lineages and the identification of clear borders of tribe Heliantheae have been challenging due to extensive variations in morphological characters registered in members of this taxonomic group and the complex patterns that sometimes result from molecularbased phylogenetic analyses (Panero, 2007;Baldwin, 2009). Heliantheae is now treated as a group (alliance), including a few major lineages recognized at tribal rank (Panero and Funk, 2002), Heliantheae s.str. being one of them. ...
Chloroplast genomes (plastomes) represent a very important source of valuable information for phylogenetic and biogeographic reconstructions. The use of short reads (as those produced from Illumina sequencing), along with de novo read assembly, has been considered the “gold standard” for plastome reconstruction. However, short reads often cannot reconstruct long repetitive regions in chloroplast genomes. Long Nanopore (ONT) reads can help bridging long repetitive regions but are by far more error-prone than those produced by Illumina sequencing. Verbesina is the largest genus of tribe Heliantheae (Asteraceae) and includes species of economic importance as ornamental or as invasive weeds. However, no complete chloroplast genomes have been published yet for the genus. We utilized Illumina and Nanopore sequencing data and different assembly strategies to reconstruct the plastome of Verbesina alternifolia and evaluated the usefulness of the Nanopore assemblies. The two plastome sequence assemblages, one obtained with the Nanopore sequencing and the other inferred with Illumina reads, were identical, except for missing bases in homonucleotide regions. The best-assembled plastome of V. alternifolia was 152,050 bp in length and contained 80, 29, and four unique protein-coding genes, tRNAs, and rRNAs, respectively. When used as reference for mapping Illumina reads, all plastomes performed similarly. In a phylogenetic analysis including 28 other plastomes from closely related taxa (from the Heliantheae alliance), the two Verbesina chloroplast genomes grouped together and were nested among the other members of the tribe Heliantheae s.str. Our study highlights the usefulness of the Nanopore technology for assembling rapidly and cost-effectively chloroplast genomes, especially in taxonomic groups with paucity of publicly available plastomes.
... Molecular phylogenies based largely on DNA sequence data have revolutionised our understanding of evolutionary relationships among species. In the field of Asteraceae systematics, this has particularly affected generic delimitation (Panero and Funk, 2002;Bergh et al., 2015;Urtubey et al., 2016;Smissen et al., 2020). At species level, strong support for widely disparate phylogenetic placements of multiple accessions putatively from the same species clearly indicates that those accessions represent highly diverged and separately evolving entities that need further taxonomic investigation (Andr es-S anchez et al., 2015;Herrando-Moraira et al., 2017;Shaik et al., 2021). ...
... Asteraceae is the first family of dicotyledonous plants, currently, there are about 1000 genera and 25,000-30,000 species in the family, and there are about 200 genera and more than 2000 species in China, which are distributed all over the country [1,2]. As the largest genus in Asteraceae [3], Artemisia has about 300 species. ...
Background
Artemisia selengensis, classified within the genus Artemisia of the Asteraceae family, is a perennial herb recognized for its dual utility in culinary and medicinal domains. There are few studies on the chloroplast genome of A. selengensis, and the phylogeographic classification is vague, which makes phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary studies very difficult.
Results
The chloroplast genomes of 10 A. selengensis in this study were highly conserved in terms of gene content, gene order, and gene intron number. The genome lengths ranged from 151,148 to 151,257 bp and were typical of a quadripartite structure with a total GC content of approximately 37.5%. The chloroplast genomes of all species encode 133 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Due to the contraction and expansion of the inverted repeats (IR), the overlap of ycf1 and ndhF genes occurred at the inverted repeats B (IRB) and short single copy sequence (SSC) boundaries. According to a codon use study, the frequent base in the chloroplast genome of A. selengensis’ third codon position was A/T. The number of SSR repeats was 42–44, most of which were single nucleotide A/T repeats. Sequence alignment analysis of the chloroplast genome showed that variable regions were mainly distributed in single copy regions, nucleotide diversity values of 0 to 0.009 were calculated by sliding window analysis, 8 mutation hotspot regions were detected, and coding regions were more conserved than non-coding regions. Analysis of non-synonymous substitution (Ka) and synonymous substitution (Ks) revealed that accD, rps12, petB, and atpF genes were affected by positive selection and no genes were affected by neutral selection. Based on the findings of the phylogenetic analysis, Artemisia selengensis was sister to the genus Artemisia Chrysanthemum and formed a monophyletic group with other Artemisia genera.
Conclusions
In this research, the present study systematically compared the chloroplast genomic features of A. selengensis and provided important information for the study of the chloroplast genome of A. selengensis and the evolutionary relationships among Asteraceae species.
... Athroismeae, as defined by Bengtson & al. (2017), is a small, morphologically diverse tribe, whose circumscription has gradually changed over the years (Panero & Funk 2002;Wagstaff & Breitwieser 2002;Panero 2005;Anderberg 2009;Pruski 2014;Bengtson & al. 2017Bengtson & al. , 2021. Bengtson & al. (2017) presented the first molecular phylogenetic study of the tribe, which resulted in an amended circumscription. ...
... They first introduced marigold flowers from America to Europe and India (Komalpreet and Ramninder, 2013) [5] . Marigold belongs to asteraceae or composite family (Panero and Funk, 2002). It is one of the most important commercial flower crops grown all over the world and in India as well, accounting for more than half of the Nation's loose flower production (Raghava, 2000) [8] . ...
Flower is the integrated part of human life but among of the others flowers, it is very common and highly valuable in our society. Marigold belong to asteraceae or composite family and it has several species but, six species are most popular such as; Tagetes etecta, Tagetes patula, Tagetes lucida, Tagetes tenuifolia, Tagetes lemmonii, Tagetes minuta. Marigold has several purpose uses that are; garden decoration, pot decoration, ritual and workshop, poultry feed preparation, organic colour preparation, Ayurvedic medicinal and carotenoid extraction. Growth regulator (Benzyl adenine) has tremendous potential power for quality flower production with increase post-harvest life. The highest canopy temperature was taken from T8 (22.76 °C) and minimum canopy temperature was taken from T13 (16.12 °C). T5 (52.42 mg) treatment was content maximum chlorophyll and T2 (44.21 mg) treatment was content minimum chlorophyll in marigold leaf. Highest Numbers of flowers was taken from T2 (44.13 days) and lowest T6 (32.80 days) treatment. Diameter of the flowers and ten flowers weight was maximum from T7 (7.25 cm), T7 (87.42 cm) treatment. Maximum Post-harvest life with distilled water condition and Post-harvest life with ambient condition was taken from T1 (6 days) and another also T1 (3.67 days). Maximum Post-harvest life with refrigerator was taken from T8 (13 days). Highest B: C was taken from T1 (3.19) treatment and lowest from T10 (1.7).
... Being all known members of the latter genus associated as larvae with male inflorescences of small trees and shrubs of the family Asteraceae (subfam. Carduoideae, tribe Tarchonantheae: Panero & Funk, 2002;Funk et al. 2009;Audisio et al. 2009bAudisio et al. , 2015b, we cannot exclude that similar insect-hostplant relationships could link members of Cyclogethes with inflorescences of some Oriental Asteraceae. In this scenario, the best candidates could perhaps be represented by members of some Asian genera that include shrublets and small trees, such as, e.g., gymnanthemum Cass., Monosis DC., or Vernonia Schreber, but also Pseudognaphalium Kirp. ...
A peculiar new species of the genus Cyclogethes Kirejtshuk, 1979, C. tibialis sp. nov., is described from Southwestern China (Yunnan). The new species appears to be morphologically rather isolated from the other known members of this essentially Oriental genus (including half a dozen species from Northern Indian subcontinent, Northern Indochina, and Southwestern China). However, it could be more closely related to C. abnormis Kirejtshuk, 1979 from Northern India, Indochina, and Southwestern China, and to C. aldridgei Kirejtshuk, 1980 from Northern India and Nepal, from which it is easily distinguished by the more elongate body shape, and by the markedly sinuate hind tibiae in both sexes (a very unusual character state in Meligethinae, where only males of some species exhibit sexual secondary characters in the tibial shape). The new species also differs from other known taxa of the genus by the shape of the male and female genitalia. The larval hostplants of members of Cyclogethes are thus far unknown, although some clues, also involving the new species described herein, may suggest a relationship with small trees or shrubs of the family Asteraceae. Preliminary and incomplete molecular data on a studied member of the genus (C. abnormis) seems to not disagree with a phylogenetic positioning of Cyclogethes in a clade including the African genera Tarchonanthogethes Audisio & Cline, 2009, its allied Afrotropical taxa, and the Palaearctic genera Meligethes Stephens, 1830 and Brassicogethes Audisio & Cline, 2009. The article includes an updated identification key for all six known species of this genus and an updated map of their known geographic distribution.
... The phytochemical screening of the flowers of Brocchia cinerea, showed the presence of saponins, essential oils, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids 4,5,7,9,12,13 . In fact, the chemical composition of the hydroethanolic extract of the flowers of Brocchia cinerea harvested at the flowering stage in Tougourt (south-eastern Algeria) was studied by Dendougui et al 14 sesquiterpene lactones (three germacranolides, two guaianolides and one eudesmanolide) were isolated from the chloroform extract of the aerial parts of Brocchia cinerea 11 . ...
... Both plants have been reported to strive under varied conditions including polluted sites. However there is paucity of knowledge on their ability as phytoremediators of HM contaminated soil [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Hence, this study is aimed at ascertaining if Laportea aestuans and Sclerocarpus africana can be utilized as phytoremediators of HM polluted sites. ...
Industrialization is on the increase and so is global warming, the adverse effect of man’s quest for a stress free life. The pollutants associated with industrialization are numerous including heavy metals (HM). Worrisome is the alarming increase and non-biodegradability of HM in the environment. Other methods of decontamination are relatively cost intensive, tasking and require technical knowledge. The need to reclaim the environment calls for a green approach. Laportea aestuans and Sclerocarpus africana prove promising as phytoremediators. This study employed Laportea aestuans and Sclerocarpus africana as test decontaminants of HM at a mechanic workshop (site 1) comparative to a physically non-contaminated site (site 2-control). Findings show high level of HM in site 1 and that the plants especially Sclerocarpus Africana is good for remediation of HM contaminated sites in Benue state. The test plants accumulated more HM in leaves and roots suggesting they use Phytoextraction, phytostabilization and phytovolatilization as mechanisms of remediation. Using the >1< classification scale of phytoaccumlators, both Laportea aestuans and Sclerocarpus africana are considered Hyperaccumulators. The plants and HM generally presented an order of concentration and bioaccumulation as: Sclerocarpus africana > Laportea aestuans and Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu > Cd > Cr > Ni was the highest concentrating metals. Though promising, further studies involving isotopic labeling to determine mechanism of remediation is necessary
... Members of the family are classified into 16 subfamilies and 50 tribes (Susanna et al. 2020). One of these tribes, Neurolaeneae, was re-established based on molecular studies (Panero et al. 1999;Panero and Funk 2002;Panero 2007). The tribe contains six genera and ca. ...
... Helianthus annuus is a member of the family Asteraceae [11] endemic to North America, but is now widely distributed in many continents (of the world) including Africa. It is an economically important oilseed crop with global cultivation [12] and is in fact considered the third best in production after soybean and rapeseed crops [13], with its worldwide cultivation exceeding 56.97 million tonnes in 2021 [13,14]. ...
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is one of the leading non-communicable diseases of global concern. Knowing the exact mechanism of action of available antidiabetic agents, particularly natural products, may assist in providing effective therapeutic solutions. The antidiabetic action of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed has been established; however, the molecular mechanism of action, especially the essential oil, is lacking. The study explored network pharmacology and molecular docking studies to determine the active phytoconstituents, signaling pathways, and probable therapeutic targets to determine the antidiabetic potential of sunflower seed essential oil. Preliminary analysis established 23 target genes with 15 phytoconstituents involved in T2D which all passed Lipinski’s rule of five with no violation. Three pathways were proposed by KEGG analysis as therapeutic targets for T2D development with PPAR as the major route affecting PPARA, FABP4, PPARD, PPARG, and CPT2 genes. Molecular docking investigation confirmed the effectiveness of active SSEO compounds against the identified genes (targets) and established phylloquinone, linoleic acid, tricosylic acid, and lignoceric acid as the probable drug candidates that could offer laudable therapeutic effects in an effort towards T2D management. Thereby, we present an insight toward understanding the mechanism of the antidiabetic action of sunflower seeds via the stimulation of glucose to enhance insulin release.
... Microbiomes are plant-associated microorganisms (including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and algae) [1]. While some of these microorganisms are found on the surface of the plant (epiphytes), the majority of them, referred to as endophytes, exist inside plant tissues and fungi organisms forming the largest microbial structure of these communities [2]. ...
Helianthus annus (sunflower) is a globally important oilseed crop whose survival is threatened by various pathogenic diseases. Agrochemical products are used to eradicate these diseases; however, due to their unfriendly environmental consequences, characterizing microorganisms for exploration as biocontrol agents are considered better alternatives against the use of synthetic chemicals. The study assessed the oil contents of 20 sunflower seed cultivars using FAMEs-chromatography and characterized the endophytic fungi and bacteria microbiome using Illumina sequencing of fungi ITS 1 and bacteria 16S (V3–V4) regions of the rRNA operon. The oil contents ranged between 41–52.8%, and 23 fatty acid components (in varied amounts) were found in all the cultivars, with linoleic (53%) and oleic (28%) acids as the most abundant. Ascomycota (fungi) and Proteobacteria (bacteria) dominated the cultivars at the phyla level, while Alternaria and Bacillus at the genus level in varying abundance. AGSUN 5102 and AGSUN 5101 (AGSUN 5270 for bacteria) had the highest fungi diversity structure, which may have been contributed by the high relative abundance of linoleic acid in the fatty acid components. Dominant fungi genera such as Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Alternariaste, Cladosporium, Penicillium, and bacteria including Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Lactobacillus are established, providing insight into the fungi and bacteria community structures from the seeds of South Africa sunflower.
... Neurolaeneae Rydberg (1927: 303) is one of the 50 tribes of Asteraceae Berchtold & Presl (1820: 254) (Susanna et al. 2020), reinstated by Panero and Funk (2002). The tribe comprises five genera and 182 species . ...
Systematic studies in the Calea myrtifolia complex have revealed two noteworthy new taxa from the contact, relict and transitional areas of the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado domains in Brazil: Calea grandiflora and Calea × parviantha, both having been treated as C. myrtifolia, now considered endemic to Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Thus, we herein provide morphological descriptions, illustrations, geographical distribution maps and discuss their taxonomic affinities. Moreover, their potential distributions are predicted. Calea grandiflora is related to C. arachnoidea and is recognized by the basal acrodromous venation (vs. semicraspedodromous), outer phyllary series 12.2–20 × 4.2–10.6 mm long (vs. 9–12 × 3–5 mm), and ray floret corolla 16.9–31 mm long (vs. 10–12 mm). Calea × parviantha is a new nothospecies, supported by a unique set of character states partially shared with the parental species C. parvifolia and C. triantha. The new hybrid species has intermediate morphology, as demonstrated by a multivariate analysis. It differs from C. parvifolia by the hispid, hispidulous or glabrous stems (vs. puberulous or puberulent) and coriaceous leaves (vs. chartaceous leaves), and from C. triantha by the rounded leaf base, sometimes subcordate (vs. cordate) and pappus scales 1.1–2.7 mm long (vs. 0.8–1.3 mm). Furthermore, we provide a taxonomic key for Calea in the states of São Paulo and Paraná.
... Moreover, the radiate capitulum, which is a characteristic of most species in Asteroideae also occurred in the same subfamily. In this study, phylogenetic analysis was supported by high bootstrap values (BS > 98%) for morphological characteristics and phylogenetic relationships in Asteraceae (Panero and Funk 2002;Panero et al. 2014;Fu et al. 2016;Mandel et al. 2019;Zhang et al. 2021). Asteroideae is the largest subfamily of Astereaceae and contains 22 tribes (Fu et al. 2016). ...
Adenostemma madurense D.C. belongs to the family Asteraceae and is a wild annual herb found in Korea. In this study, we determined the phylogenetic origin of A. madurense by identifying its complete chloroplast sequence. The result indicated a genome size of 150,054 bp, which was composed of a large single copy of 82,008 bp, two inverted repeats of 24,952 bp each, and a small single-copy of 18,142 bp. Overall, 128 unique genes were identified, including 85 protein-coding, 35 tRNA, and 8 rRNA genes. A comparison of the A. madurense and A. lavenia chloroplast genomes revealed seven variations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. madurense formed a clade with A. lavenia and had a well-supported phylogenetic relationship with Asteraceae. The first complete chloroplast genome of A. madurense was obtained, which would be helpful in explaining the process of speciation in Adenostemma and the development of molecular markers.
... Finally, Neurolaeneae is a tribe that has been proposed based only on the phylogenetic data (Panero & Funk 2002). If confirmed that other Neurolaeneae, in addition to the group studied here, have the same pattern found in Calea, this could be an apomorphy for Neurolaeneae. ...
The Calea teucriifolia group is composed by four species of the tribe Neurolaeneae (Asteraceae). Despite numerous attempts to taxonomically understand this group of species through macromorphological characters, no progress has been made due to the overlapping of these characters. Therefore, we propose to evaluate the taxonomic values of cypselae morphology and anatomy for this group. Studies focused on cypsela have represented an advance, since patterns of phytomelanin deposition, pericarp and pappus morphology have allowed classifications within Asteraceae. Our results demonstrate that the cypselae of the analyzed group have a high morphological uniformity. Hence, cypsela morphology does not have characters that support separation of the species. However, the patterns of phytomelanin deposition in this group represent an anatomical novelty in Calea, and perhaps, in Neurolaeneae. The Calea teucriifolia group has the same deposition pattern observed in the tribe Eupatorieae. New systematic approaches are needed to solve taxonomic questions in the Calea teucriifolia group, and an expansion of the cypsela anatomical studies of the Neurolaeneae genera could demonstrate whether the Eupatorieae phytomelanin pattern of deposition could correspond to an apomorphy for the tribe.
... Pocos son los registros fósiles encontrados hasta el momento, motivo por el cual se considera que tienen una relativa juventud filética. Estudios moleculares permitieron formular un sistema filogenético tentativo que mejora la concepción taxonómica de la familia (Panero et Funk, 2002;Funk et al., 2005). En efecto, las Asteraceae evolucionaron rápidamente en menos de 50 millones de años y esta evolución exitosa parece estar apoyada por diversos factores como el desarrollo de diversos metabolitos secundarios que podrían haberles conferido a las especies ventajas adaptativas frente a los animales herbívoros, lo que les permitió crecer en forma abundante y por lo tanto colonizar diversos ambientes. ...
... This family contains more than 32,000 species, and 13 subfamilies include 1,900 genera. Asteraceae family flowers have thick heads called capitula surrounded by bracts (Panero and Funk 2002). ...
Helianthus annuus, a large annual herb, is grown for its tasty, fatty seeds. It is also used as a meal or silage plant in residential gardens, as well as cow fodder, bird food, and in some industrial applications. A perennial with several flower heads and branches. The domestic sunflower, in contrast, frequently has a single, large inflorescence (flower head) on top of a straightforward stalk. The seeds of the sunflower plant are used to produce sunflower oil. There is a lot of linoleic acid, and it is a crucial fatty acid. Some sunflowers have undergone genetic modification to increase their oleic acid content. These plants generate sunflower oil, which has high oleic acid content. The polyunsaturated fat in this dish is first-rate. High cholesterol and cardiovascular disease are treated and prevented with sunflower oil. Furthermore, despite the lack of scientific evidence to back up these claims, it is said to treat eczema and a number of other ailments.
... Encelia Adans is a genus of New World sunflowers nested within tribe Heliantheae, sensu Panero and Funk (2002), based on the presence of paleae, agamous ray florets and obcompressed cypselae with flattened margins. The genus includes shrubs, suffrutescent perennials and few herbaceous perennials that are a dominant and ecologically important element in arid environments in the southwest U.S. and northwest Mexico, as well as western South America. ...
Here, we describe and illustrate Encelia balandra sp. nov., a new species of Compositae from the Baja Cal-ifornia Peninsula. It is rare and known only from the rocky hills around Puerto Balandra and Pichilingüe, inside the bay of La Paz, in the State of Baja California Sur, Mexico. We determine that this new species has affinities with Encelia, based on its suffruticose woody habit, neuter ray florets and compressed disc cypselae with a cleft apex. The taxonomic placement within Encelia is supported by nuclear ribosomal sequence data from two regions, ITS and ETS. We also present detailed photographs, a conservation assessment and a dichotomous key to the Encelia of the southern Baja California Peninsula. Finally, we discuss the uniqueness of Encelia balandra amongst peninsular Encelia and its potential significance for understanding the enigmatic biogeography of this ecologically important genus. Resumen Se ilustra y describe a una nueva especie de Asteraceae, Encelia balandra. Se conoce solo de las laderas rocosas de los cerros próximos a puerto Balandra y Pichilingue, dentro de la bahía de La Paz, en Baja California Sur, México. Encontramos que esta nueva especie tiene ciertas semejanzas con otras de Encelia por su hábito semi-arbustivo, las flores radiales neutras y cipselas comprimidas con ápice hendido. Confirmamos tal condición con datos de secuencia para las regiones ITS y ETS del genoma. También presentamos fotografías detalladas, un evaluación de conservación, y un clave dichotomus para los Encelia de Baja California sur. Se discute la seme-janza con las especies peninsulares más cercanas de Encelia, se presenta una clave dicotómica para los taxones australes de la península de Baja California, y finalmente se muestran imágenes detalladas de esta nueva especie.
... On the basis of molecular studies, Asteraceae was divided into 10 subfamilies and 35 tribes (Baldwin et al. 2002;Panero and Funk 2002), although, for practical purposes, the most widely accepted classification is that of Bremer (1994), which includes 3 subfamilies and 17 tribes (Asteroideae, with 10 tribes; Barnadesioideae, with 1 tribe; and Cichorioideae, with 6 tribes). Currently, 44 tribes and 13 subfamilies of Asteraceae have been recognized based on phylogenetic studies (Panero et al. 2014). ...
Given the wide morphological variability of pollen grains and spores, palynology can provide important contributions to several branches of science. Palynological information, alone or in conjunction with other data, is particularly useful for the taxonomic delimitation of species, genera, families, and higher-rank taxa. The pollen character with the highest relevance as a taxonomic marker is the type of structure resulting from sporogenesis: if a spore, it characterizes the large groups of vascular (Pteridophyta s.l.) and avascular (Bryophyta s.l.) cryptogams; if a pollen grain, it characterizes gymno- and angiosperms. Pollen unit, polarity, aperture, and sexine ornamentation are other important pollen characters; these traits are genetically determined and do not respond to variations in environmental conditions. Palynology applied to taxonomy has been the major field of research of the Álvaro Xavier Moreira Laboratory of Palynology, Brazil. Palynotaxonomy has proven useful in the study of the families Asteraceae, Passifloraceae, Podostemaceae, Vitaceae, and Leguminosae, among others. It is noteworthy the growing use of palynology to support cladistic and multidisciplinary studies seeking to establish relationships and degrees of kinship between different groups of plants to trace the evolutionary history of taxa.
... Pocos son los registros fósiles encontrados hasta el momento, motivo por el cual se considera que tienen una relativa juventud filética. Estudios moleculares permitieron formular un sistema filogenético tentativo que mejora la concepción taxonómica de la familia (Panero et Funk, 2002;Funk et al., 2005). En efecto, las Asteraceae evolucionaron rápidamente en menos de 50 millones de años y esta evolución exitosa parece estar apoyada por diversos factores como el desarrollo de diversos metabolitos secundarios que podrían haberles conferido a las especies ventajas adaptativas frente a los animales herbívoros, lo que les permitió crecer en forma abundante y por lo tanto colonizar diversos ambientes. ...
La familia Asteraceae representa aproximadamente un 12% de las especies de plantas con flores en el mundo. Se estima que tienen un origen entre 50-70 millones de años y que han evolucionado rápidamente, lo que ha permitido que ocuparan diversos tipos de hábitats, incluso convirtiéndose en malezas de los humedales. Se dan a conocer las especies acuático-palustres de Paraguay, para lo cual se realizaron colectas botánicas y se revisaron especímenes depositados en diferentes herbarios. Se identificaron 32 especies que habitan los humedales, siete de ellas en ambientes lóticos, 27 en lénticos y 10 estrictamente acuáticas. La tribu mejor representada es Eupatorieae, seguida de Vernonieae. Solo una especie se reporta como endémica. Es aún escaso el conocimiento sobre la flora de los humedales, por lo que es necesario aumentar las colecciones en esos hábitats.
... Since its recognition nearly two decades ago, the tribe Gochnatieae has been of interest to synantherologists due to its phylogenetic position within the Compositae (Panero and Funk, 2002). The tribe is sister to approximately 95% of all species in the family and represents the last lineage in Compositae before the family radiated around the globe . ...
Understanding the evolution of the tribe Gochnatieae (Compositae) has been the subject of considerable effort in the past decade. This is due to the key position of this tribe in the phylogeny of the sunflower family and the corresponding implications for biogeographic and morphological evolution of Compositae. Previous studies have confirmed the monophyly of this tribe as well as most of the genera that belong to it. However, phylogenetic resolution of Gochnatieae at both the genus- and species-level has remained poor. A subset of new phylogenomic loci used in this study has proven effective and has improved phylogenetic resolution in this group. The results of this work demonstrate Gochnatieae is a well-supported clade comprised of nine genera (Anastraphia, Cnicothamnus, Cyclolepis, Gochnatia, Moquiniastrum, Nahuatlea, Pentaphorus, Richterago, Tehuasca). One recently described genus, Vickia, was not included in this study; but its placement in Gochnatieae as a tenth genus in the tribe is well-justified. The monospecific Cyclolepis, which had been circumscribed within the tribe since its inception but was subsequently removed and designated as incertae sedis since 2014, is also shown to belong to Gochnatieae. We confirmed the monophyletic Moquiniastrum with two well-supported subclades. Ancestral area reconstruction analyses show that Gochnatieae originated in Eastern South America about 53 my. Apparently, except for Cyclolepis and Richterago, the ancestors of the other genera of Gochnatieae originated about 44 my from an area that now corresponds to the central Andes. The presence of the genera in the Chaco phytogeographic province, central Chile, and Mexico-United States-Caribbean is a result of dispersal from the central Andes. The ancestral distribution of Moquiniastrum corresponds to a large area comprising Eastern South America and the current central Andes, about 32 my. Ancestral character state reconstruction that included four characters indicates several states associated with complex plant reproductive biology such as gynodioecy, gynomonoecy, and polygamodioecy are derived in Gochnatieae as are heterogamous capitula (in Moquiniastrum and Richterago), dimorphic and subdimorphic corollas (in Cnicothamnus, Moquiniastrum, and Richterago), and the presence of marginal female corollas (in Moquiniastrum and Richterago). Within Moquiniastrum, two subclades (Densicephalum and Polymorphum) exhibit divergent patterns of trait evolution associated with these reproductive characters which suggests this genus can serve as a model to understand the sexual system evolution in plants.
... Sunflower cultivated (Helianthus annuus L.) is an annual allogamous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family [1]. H. annuus is one of the main oilseed crops ranked third in production after soybean and rapeseed throughout the world [2]. ...
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is a major oilseed crop, cultivated throughout the world, and the nutritional quality of its edible oil ranks among the best vegetable oils in agricultural product. In Tunisia, there is a lack of study on biochemical characterization of sunflower germplasm oil. The present study was conducted to analyze oil content and fatty acid composition of 22 local and introduced sunflower accessions. Results revealed significant variation among studied accessions for all measured biochemical traits. The average oil content of the H. annuus accessions was 53.2%, ranging from 35.33% to 59.67%. The results of this study also indicated that unsaturated acids, particularly oleic acid and linoleic acid, were the most abundant fatty acids in oils. Fatty acid compositions of sunflower oils showed diversity depending on the accession. The first two components of the principal component analysis (PCA) contributed 45.7% of the total variability. Cluster analysis based on PCA separated the accessions into four clear groups, which were not grouped according to their geographical origin. Moreover, the classification of the evaluated sunflower accessions using clustering by Euclidean distance revealed four main groups. Linoleic acid had significant and negative correlations with some saturated acids (palmitic, stearic, and arachidic acids). These data can be useful for selecting sunflower accessions and the development of varieties with improved oil quality.
... Based on limited sequences, the present molecular studies supported the close relationship between two monotypic genera, Cavea and Gymnarrhena Desf. (Anderberg and Ohlson 2012) and they were recognized as a new independent lineage (Gymnarrhenoideae, Gymnarrheneae) (Panero and Funk 2002, 2007Fu et al. 2016). The advent of molecular data has allowed us to determine the location of many of these taxa on the tree. ...
The family Asteraceae includes about 10% of angiosperm species. The tribe Gymnarrheneae is an excellent example of a nonmissing link tribe. It contains two monotypic genera (Cavea and Gymnarrhena) and is positioned phylogenetically to a large clade of Asteroideae ? Corymbiodeae ? Cichorioideae which contain more than 80% of all the Asteraceae. The genus Cavea (tribe Gymnar-rheneae) is a medicinally significant genus and relatively rare in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and its adjacent areas. Based on the limited evidence, resolving phylogenetic relationship of the genus Cavea has proven difficult for a long time. Despite its important medicinal value, genomic resources of Cavea are still lacking, preventing our understanding of its evolutionary history. In recent years, the plastid genomes are widely used in phylogenetic analysis. To provide more useful genetic data for resolving the systematic disputation of Cavea, here, a complete chloroplast genome of Cavea tanguensis was obtained using Illumina sequencing data for the first time. The whole circular cp genome of C. tanguensis was 150,799 bp in length, contained a large single-copy (LSC) region of 82,514 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,471 bp. These two regions were separated by a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb), each of them being 24,907 bp in length. A total of 135 functional genes were annotated which consisted of 89 protein-coding genes, 38 trnA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the chloroplast genome sequence was 37.5%, and the GC contents of the LSC, SSC and IR regions were 35.6%, 30.9% and 37.0%, respectively. We analysed insertions/deletions, and simple-sequence repeats in the chloroplast genomes, and discovered relatively highly variable regions (trnD-GUC/rpoB, trnL-UCC/ndhK, and ycf 1) that will potentially provide plastid markers for further taxonomic, phylogenetic, and population genetic studies in Asteraceae. The phylogenetic analyses based on 22 complete chloroplast genome sequences robustly supported that C. tanguensis formed a sister group with the subfamilies Asteroideae and Car-duoideae, consistent with the finding of recent studies. This study provides new insight into the plastid genome evolution and phylogenetic relationships. Moreover, it would be fundamental to formulate potential conservation and management strategies for the enigmatic species in the Himalaya.
... As contribuições de Cassini tiveram o seu acesso facilitado através da compilação em um único volume. Na década seguinte, Panero & Funk (2002) dividiram as Asteraceae em 11 subfamílias e 35 tribos com base em estudos moleculares. Mais tarde Funk et al. (2009) aceitaram 1.700 gêneros subordinados a 12 subfamílias e 43 tribos. ...
Os grãos de pólen de Asteraceae já vem sendo estudados há alguns anos no Laboratório de Palinologia Alvaro Xavier Moreira do Departamento de Botânica no Museu Nacional / UFRJ. É uma família rica de representantes com distribuição geográfica cosmopolita, ocorrendo em todos os continentes, com exceção do Antártico. No Parque Nacional de Itatiaia ocorrem cerca de 180 táxons de Asteraceae. Desse total foram analisados 109 espécies (ca. 60,0 %) distribuídas em 61 gêneros. Os táxons foram organizados em tribos, segundo a classificação mais aceita. Os grãos de pólen foram acetolizados segundo metodologia tradicional, medidos, fotomicrografados em microsocpia de luz. Para a obtenção das imagens em microscopia
eletrônica de varredura, os grãos de pólen não foram acetolizados. São ilustradas tanto as plantas quanto os grãos de pólen da maioria das espécies estudadas. São apresentadas descrições minuciosas dos principais atributos polínicos (forma, tamanho, abertura e ornamentação da sexina), tabelas onde estão registradas as medidas dos grãos de pólen em vista equatorial (diâmetros polar e equatorial). Entende-se que floras palinológicas e taxonômicas, são de grande valor para o conhecimento das espécies de uma determinada área, da distribuição e da morfologia dos táxons. Tendo em vista a grande diversidade das
Asteraceae e o alto valor da morfologia polínica de seus táxons, buscou-se caracterizar a morfologia polínica dos gêneros da família da área em estudo.
... Sunflower is one of the crops directly affected by weather condition changes. According to the botanical classification, sunflower is an annual plant that belongs to the kingdom Plantae, phylum Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Asterales, family Asteraceae (Compositae), genus Helianthus, and species Helianthus annuus L. [3]. The environment heavily influences its development, growth, and adaptation mechanisms. ...
Global warming and the associated climate change are imposing abiotic stress on plants. Abiotic factors are crucial for plant productivity, survival, and reproduction. Eight sunflower hybrids were tested in conditions of different water availability and with combinations of different temperatures and irradiation. The changes in the photosynthetic efficiency were measured in the morning (control conditions: 2013, 25.8 °C and 349.1 W m−2; 2014, 21.8 °C and 296.4 W m−2) and afternoon (the combination of increased temperatures and high irradiation: 2013, 34 °C and 837.9 W m−2; 2014, 29.4 °C and 888.9 W m −2) at a flowering stage in rainfed or irrigated conditions. The measurement time (morning and afternoon conditions) had a statistically significant effect on all the tested parameters. The performance index (PIABS) in 2013 and the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (TR0/ABS) in 2014 are the only parameters significantly affected by the irrigation. As a result of the combined effect of increased temperatures and high irradiation, PIABS values decreased by 73-92% in rainfed conditions and by 63-87% in irrigated conditions in 2013, depending on the hybrid, while in 2014, the decrease varied between 70 and 86%. The TR0/ABS decrease was 7-17% in 2013, depending on the hybrid, and 6-12% in 2014, both in rainfed and irrigated conditions. The principal component analysis confirmed the effect of the combination of increased temperatures and high irradiation on hybrids, sorting them exclusively according to the time of measurement. All investigated parameters highly fluctuated between hybrids but without observable trends for the morning and afternoon conditions, as well as for irrigation. Plants' reaction to the combination of increased temperatures and high irradiation manifested as a change in their photosynthetic efficiency, i.e., the photosynthetic apparatus' functioning was impaired.
... The tribe Athroismeae was originally described by Panero & Funk (2002) to accommodate the genera Ath roisma DC., Blepharispermum Wight ex DC. and Leu coblepharis Arn., previously members of the Inuleae, but had since then been classified in a broadly delimited tribe Heliantheae, as the Athroisma group (Kim & Jansen 1995). Over the years, the limits of the tribe have greatly changed, as more genera have been found to belong there (Wagstaff & Breitwieser 2002;Panero 2005;Anderberg 2009;Pruski 2014;Bentley & al. 2015;Bengtson & al. 2017). ...
Apodocephala is a small genus of nine species of shrubs and trees endemic to Madagascar and currently
classified in the tribe Astereae (Asteraceae). However, its present tribal position has been questioned, as it lacks some
of the salient morphological features of that tribe. This study includes for the first time DNA sequences from Apodocephala
(two species including the type of the generic name) to test its phylogenetic position. Phylogenetic analyses
based on sequence data from nuclear ribosomal (ETS and ITS) and plastid (ndhF and trnL–trnF) DNA regions,
using Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony methods, strongly reject the placement of Apodocephala in the
Astereae. Our results, instead, support its position as sister to the Malagasy monospecific genus Lowryanthus within
the tribe Athroismeae. Morphological comparison of these sister genera reveal similarities in cypsela morphology,
and the inclusion of Apodocephala in the subtribe Lowryanthinae is proposed here. The tribe Athroismeae is now
represented by ten genera (Anisochaeta, Anisopappus, Apodocephala, Artemisiopsis, Athroisma, Blepharispermum,
Centipeda, Leucoblepharis, Lowryanthus and Symphyllocarpus), six of which occur in Madagascar. The Malagasy
Athroismeae occur in all Malagasy terrestrial ecosystems (rainforests, deciduous dry forests, thicket spiny forests and
savannas) and are likely the result of multiple independent colonization events mostly from mainland Africa.
... Cynareae is one of the largest tribes of the 43 described in the family [9] and the subfamily Carduoideae. [10 ] Most of them are commonly known as thistles the best known genera are Carduus, Cirsium, Centaurea, Cousinia, Jurinea, and Saussurea [11]. It is one of the clans with a wide spread in central and northern Iraq [6,7]. ...
In this study, 8 monoterpenes compounds (α-pinene, Camphor, Cineole, Limonene, Linalool, Myrcene, Sabinen and Terpinene) were identified in volatile oils or essential oils (EO s ) from leaves and flowerheads, and total carotenoids from the flowerheads of 7 Cynareae taxa (Asteraceae) growing in Iraq were studied. Linalool is the main ingredient in all leaves of the studied species (ranging 12.3 - 13.4%), while the proportion of myrcine ranged (15.0-26.8%) in the flowerheads in the rest of the studied species Cineole in both plant parts exhibited the lowest amounts in all studied species. the flowerheads showed higher EOS contents than the leaves. In all species studied Centaurea Hyalolipids showed the highest EO s content compared to the other studied species. Centaurea benedicta showed the highest carotenoid content (15.96 mg/L) while Centaurea bruguieriana exhibited the lowest (8.88 mg/L).
Phytomelanin is the dark and highly inert substance found in the fruit walls of the Heliantheae alliance clade within Asteroideae (Asteraceae). Phytomelanin deposition pattern in the cypselar wall was studied in two taxa of the Bahieae— Bahia pedata A. Gray and Palafoxia arida B. L. Turner. The pericarp anatomy studies have revealed that the phytomelanin deposits in the schizogenous space between the hypodermis and fiber layer. Our findings reveal that phytomelanin deposition is associated with fiber and has also brought out a new pattern of phytomelanin deposition between inner (fibrous zone) and outer sclerified layers (hypodermal) in the schizogenous space. The study recorded a first‐time report of a second layer of phytomelanin outer to the sclerified hypodermal cells at maturity. Our observations point to phytomelanin precursors being synthesized as pliable fluid substances associated with fiber cells and solidifies later in the intercellular space. The study also recorded the first report for the occurrence of tracheoidal cells in the pericarp wall of the Bahieae within the Heliantheae alliance. Our study has provided insights to decipher evolutionary patterns and the significance of phytomelanin in the phytomelanic fruit clade (PFC), and it could help to resolve long‐standing debates on deposition patterns and the site of synthesis of phytomelanin.
This study aimed to analyze palynologically succulent species: Asphodelaceae: Haworthia chloracantha Haw., Haworthia cymbiformis (Haw.) Duval, Haworthia limifolia (=Haworthiopsis limifolia) Marloth and Asteraceae: Othonna capensis LH Bailey and Senecio peregrinus Griseb. Closed buds were preserved in acetic acid, the acetolyzed grains were arranged on microscope slides, and 50 pollen grains of each species were photographed. Using light optical microscopy, measurements were made of each grain in the polar and equatorial views, in micrometers (µm). For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the anthers were macerated on microscope slides to release the grains, which were metallized with gold-palladium and photographed. In Asphodelaceae, the grains are monads, monosulcate, medium to large in size, elliptical in scope, bilaterally symmetric, heteropolar, with foveolate, ornamentation microreticulate, perforated, mean exine thickness 1.98-1.42-2.21 micrometers. In Asteraceae, the grains are monads, tricolporate, medium in size, circular to subcircular in scope, radially symmetric, isopolar, oblate-spheroidal and prolate-spheroidal in shape, with perforated echinate ornamentation, average exine thickness 4.08-4.41 micrometers. The pattern of the grains of Haworthia are in line with literature of Asphodelaceae, although the verrucate exine was not observed in this study. For Othonna and Senecio, the echinate ornamentation and thicker exine are in line with the pattern of the Asteraceae.
Aster yaoshanensis sp. nov., a new species of the family Asteraceae is here described and illustrated. The species is presently known only from rock crevices of mountain valleys in Dayaoshan National Nature Reserve, Guangxi autonomous region, China. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences and complete plastome data have shown that this new species is a member of genus Aster with high support. Morphologically, it mostly resembles A. jishouensis, but it can be easily distinguished from the latter by bract indumentum (glabrous except margin ciliate vs. villous especially on veins abaxially, glabrous adaxially) and color (green vs. purple), shorter corolla (3.2–3.5 mm vs. 4.5–5.3 mm), bract stalk (obvious, ca.1.2 mm vs. sessile), and different distribution (Guangxi vs. Hunan). The detailed description, distribution map, and photos are provided. This study further elucidates the species identification, phylogeny and characteristic evolution of Aster.
Convergent morphological evolution is widespread in flowering plants, and understanding this phenomenon relies on well-resolved phylogenies. Nuclear phylogenetic reconstruction using transcriptome datasets has been successful in various angiosperm groups, but it is limited to taxa with available fresh materials. Asteraceae are one of the two largest angiosperm families and important for both ecosystems and human livelihood, having multiple examples of convergent evolution. Nuclear Asteraceae phylogenies have resolved relationships among most subfamilies and many tribes, but many phylogenetic and evolutionary questions regarding subtribes and genera remain due to limited sampling. Here we increased the sampling for Asteraceae phylogenetic reconstruction using transcriptomes and genome skimming datasets and produced nuclear phylogenetic trees with 706 species representing two thirds of the recognized subtribes. Ancestral character reconstruction supports multiple convergent evolutionary events in Asteraceae, with gains and losses of bilateral floral symmetry correlated to the diversification of some subfamilies and smaller groups, respectively. The presence of the calyx-related pappus might have been especially important for the success of some subtribes and genera. Molecular evolutionary analyses supporting likely contribution of duplications of MADS-box and TCP floral regulatory genes to floral morphological innovations, including the capitulum inflorescence and bilaterally symmetric flowers, potentially promoting the diversification of Asteraceae. Subsequent divergences and reductions of CYC2 gene expression are related to the gain and loss of zygomorphic flowers. The phylogenomic work with greater taxon sampling by including GS datasets reveals the feasibility of expanded evolutionary analyses using DNA samples in understanding convergent evolution.
Background: Several plant species belonging to the Asteraceae family are widely used as sources of traditional medicines. The current study was aimed at providing a systematic review of ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Asteraceae species used as sources of traditional medicines in Zimbabwe. Methods: Information related to the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Asteraceae species was systematically collected using relevant keywords from online databases such as BioMed Central, Web of Science, Springerlink, Google Scholar, Scielo, PubMed, Science Direct, ACS Publications, Scopus and JSTOR, books, dissertations, theses, scientific reports and herbarium specimens. Results: This study showed that 50 species are traditionally used to manage human and animal diseases in Zimbabwe. These species are used as traditional medicines against 51 medical conditions, mainly used in the treatment of gastro-intestinal problems (34 use reports) and respiratory problems (28 use reports). Aspilia pluriseta, Baccharoides adoensis, Bidens pilosa, Brachylaena discolor var. rotundata, Dicoma anomala, Erythrocephalum zambesianum, Gymnanthemum amygdalinum, G. coloratum, Helichrysum caespititium, Inula glomerata, Laggera crispata, Linzia glabra, Lopholaena coriifolia, Schkuhria pinnata, Senecio coronatus, S. latifolius and Tagetes minuta have the highest number of medicinal uses. Majority of the documented species are characterized by flavonoids (46.0%), terpenoids (44.0%), tannins (40.0%), alkaloids (34.0%), saponins (26.0%), essential oils (24.0%) and glycosides (20.0%). Conclusions: Further phytochemical and pharmacological studies would be of great interest for assessment of ethnopharmacological properties of Asteraceae species used as sources of traditional medicines. Keywords: Asteraceae, Compositae, herbal medicine, indigenous knowledge, natural compounds, Zimbabwe
Background: Artemisia selengensis, a perennial herb of the genus Artemisiain the family Asteraceae, has both edible and medicinal values. There are few studies on the chloroplast genome of Artemisia selengensis, and the phylogeographic classification is vague, which makes phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary studies very difficult.
Results: The chloroplast genomes of 10 Artemisia selengensisin this study were highly conserved in terms of gene content, gene order, and gene intron number. The genome lengths ranged from 151,148 to 151,257 bp and were typical of a quadripartite structure with a total GC content of approximately 37.5%. The chloroplast genomes of all species encode 133 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Due to the contraction and expansion of the inverted repeats (IR), the overlap of ycf1and ndhF genes occurred at the inverted repeats B (IRB) and short single copy sequence (SSC) boundaries. According to a codon use study, the frequent base in the chloroplast genome of Artemisia selengensis' third codon position was A/T. The number of SSR repeats was 42-44, most of which were single nucleotide A/T repeats. Sequence alignment analysis of the chloroplast genome showed that variable regions were mainly distributed in single copy regions, nucleotide diversity values of 0 to 0.009 were calculated by sliding window analysis, eight mutation hotspot regions were detected, and coding regions were more conserved than non-coding regions. Analysis of non-synonymous substitution (Ka) and synonymous substitution (Ks) revealed that accD, rps12, petB, and atpF genes were affected by positive selection and no genes were affected by neutral selection. Based on the findings of the phylogenetic analysis, Artemisia selengensis was sister to the genus Chrysanthemumand formed a monophyletic group with other Artemisia genera.
Conclusions: In this research, the present study systematically compared the chloroplast genomic features of Artemisia selengensis and provided important information for the study of the chloroplast genome of Artemisia selengensis and the evolutionary relationships among Asteraceae species.
The Asteraceae is one of the most taxonomically complex, medicinally and economically important family among the angiosperms. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the leaf anatomical features to correctly identify the Asteraceae species of Hainan Island. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate various micro epidermal traits. Leaf micromorphology of all the species was characterized, visualized and compared using UPGMA Cluster analysis (CA), chord diagram and ridgeline plot. Generally, the trichomes were divided into two main categories, glandular trichomes (GTs) and non-glandular trichomes (NGTs). The GTs was further classified into capitate, subsessile and sessile capitate. The NGTs were classified into long falcate, short conical, lipidote and filiform. The stomata were mostly anomocytic and anisocytic sometimes mixed with tetracytic type. However, there are varied assortments of trichomes and stomata with transitions among them especially in their type, frequency and number of cells. The trichomes and stomata can be successfully used for the delimitation of the 2 genera within the family. The statistical analysis can help in better understanding of the results that characterized, visualized and compared the leaf anatomical traits of the Asteraceae taxa. Overall, these traits collectively have a significant taxonomic potential to identify and define species boundaries at the tribe and generic levels and can be used as an additional tool for regrouping taxa within Asteraceae.
Nowadays, phytotherapy is considered by many scientists as the ancestor and the basis of the actual medicine. This old discipline rely in the pharmacological properties of plants to treat various diseases and conditions and supported human beings in all aspect throughout their evolution which allowed several civilizations to develop several remedies, for example to treat wounds, problems related to gastrointestinal transit and even poison. The different plant species that compose Asteraceae family contribute in several sectors, especially in gastronomy, cosmetics and medicine. Indeed, Centaurea is considered an important genus in this family and several phytocompounds contained in Centaurea species are considered nowadays a reference for pharmaceutical industries to develop new drugs with fewer side effects. However, several mechanisms remain ambiguous for scientific community to clearly explain the pharmacological properties of secondary metabolites of plants in order to fully exploit this natural resource. The objective of this book is to summarize and valorize the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of some Centaurea species previously studied.
La tribu Mutisieae fue reconocida y descrita por Cassini (1817, 1819), su circunscripción inicial incluyó únicamente especies que tenían flores con corolas bilabiadas y ramas del estilo papilosas, redondeadas en el ápice. Asimismo, propuso una cercana relación de Mutisieae con las Nassauviées (Nassauvieae), Lactucées (Cichorieae) y Carlinées (Cardueae). Años después, Bentham (1873) integró a Nassauvieae en Mutisieae, incrementando con ello el número de subtribus y las características morfológicas para reconocer al grupo, ya que, además de especies con corolas bilabiadas, incluyó diversos taxones con corolas radiadas y tubulares, iniciando así los problemas de circunscripción que acompañaron a esta tribu a lo largo del siglo XX. Cabrera (1977) fue el primero en proponer que Mutisieae era un grupo polifilético debido a la heterogeneidad de los caracteres morfológicos que presentaban sus miembros, la cual, era más evidente en las subtribus Barnadesiinae, Gochnatiinae y Mutisiinae, mientras que en Nassauvieae, la morfología era uniforme y su área de distribución también estaba bien definida, razón por la cual, consideró que dicha subtribu era el único grupo monofilético. En diversos estudios filogenéticos (Cronquist, 1955; Bremer, 1987; Karis et al., 1992), Mutisieae siempre se recuperó como un grupo polifilético y basal en Asteraceae, de ahí que Bremer (1987) y Karis et al. (1992) plantearan la necesidad de segregarlo en grupos más pequeños que solían recuperarse como monofiléticos. Esto se logró finalmente con ayuda de filogenias moleculares (Panero y Funk, 2002, 2008; Funk et al., 2005, 2009b). Actualmente, Mutisieae s.s. se reconoce como un grupo monofilético, relacionado con Nassauvieae y Onoserideae (Panero y Funk, 2008). Diversidad. Tribu con 14 géneros y alrededor de 200 especies a nivel mundial (Katinas et al., 2009). En México se conocen cuatro géneros y 16 especies (Redonda-Martínez, 2018). Para la región de estudio se registran dos géneros y 10 especies. Distribución. Principalmente en Sudamérica, algunos géneros en Centro y Norteamérica, las Antillas, Asia, África y Australia.
From ancient time, plants have been utilized as a great source of medicinal products for several types of diseases and disorders. Traditional knowledge is an important source for the development of new drugs. Several studies revealed that traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is being practised among several tribes throughout the world. Many researchers have been evaluated the authenticity of this information. Family Asteraceae got an important place among this medicinal heritage. This is one of the widely distributed families and large numbers of plants have been utilized in various skin-related problems. This chapter highlights the ethnopharmacological properties of this family.
The Purpose of the research: The study aimed to document the Asteraceae species in the study area. The study also examined the species diversity and medicinally important plants. Data, Materials, and Methodology: The work is based on fresh materials collected during thirty-six field visits to Paba Upazila of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh was carried out from November 2018 to October 2019 to cover the seasonal variations. Plant parts with either flower or fruits collected using traditional herbarium techniques to make voucher specimens for documentation. The results: The result shows in all, 44 species under 35 genera of the family Asteraceae were reported, out of which 40 (90.90%) were used medicinal applications for the treatment of more than 59 diseases. Major findings: The findings of the study that 25% of species were very common, 43.18% were common, 25% species were rare and 6.82% species were very rare in the study area. Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) Robinson is the only climbing species. Blumea laciniata (Roxb.) DC. and Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. has been reported for the first time in Paba Upazila of Rajshahi. The present study will help in identifying the major Asteraceae species for further investigation and also beneficial to develop the herbal drug development.
Ortiz, S.: Reinstatement of the genus Macledium Cass. (Asteraceae, Mutisieae): morphological and phylogenetic arguments. ‐ Taxon 50: 733–744. 2001. ‐ISSN 0040‐0262.
Studies of the genus Dicoma Cass. (Asteraceae , tribe Mutisieae) indicate that this taxon as currently defined is paraphyletic, and in fact comprises three groups showing marked morphological and anatomical differences. One of these groups is differentiated from Dicoma s.str. by a large number of characters relating to morphology and anatomy of phyllaries, corolla, anthers, style, cypsela, and testa. It is proposed that these species should be considered as a separate genus, for which the name Macledium Cass. has nomenclatural priority. A brief nomenclatural synopsis is presented, including synonyms and nomenclatural types for each taxon in this genus of 20 species.
The new genus Ianthopappus Roque & D. J. N. Hind (Compositae, Mutisieae) is described, and a new combination, Ianthopappus corymbosus (Lessing) Roque & D. J. N. Hind, is made. The single species is easily distinguished by its subshrubby habit, discolorous leaves with actinodromous venation, corymbiform inflorescences, and a 3-seriate pappus with ca. 130 free, purple setae. Comparison is made between Ianthopappus and other members of the Mutisieae that possess apiculate to acuminate apical anther appendages and are placed in a more narrowly defined subtribe Gochnatiinae. Ianthopappus is distributed in southern South America from Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, and northern Argentina.
Results of phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences from Heliantheae s.l. (sensu lato) lead us to conclude that Pelucha should be placed taxonomically in Helenieae s.s (sensu stricto) rather than in Plucheeae or Inuleae s.l. The sister-group relationship between Pelucha and a clade comprising Psathyrotes and Trichoptilium inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA trees is in accord with morphological characteristics shared by the three genera and with their common restriction to desert environments of western North America. The shrubby habit of Pelucha is unusual in the otherwise mostly-herbaceous Helenieae s.s. and is conceivably the result of evolution on islands in the Gulf of California. In a revised subtribal classification of Helenieae s.s., two new subtribes are erected: Psathyrotinae, for the group comprising Pelucha, Psathyrotes, and Trichoptilium, and Plateileminae, for Plateilema. Gaillardiinae is delimited to comprise Balduina, Gaillardia, and Helenium s.s., Marshalliinae is retained for Marshallia, and Riddelliinae is reinstated for Amblyolepis, Baileya, Hymenoxys sensu Bierner, Psilostrophe, and Tetraneuris.
The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of 18S-26S nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) has proven to be a useful source of characters for phylogenetic studies in many angiosperm families. The two spacers of this region, ITS-1 and ITS-2 (each <300 bp), can be readily amplified by PCR and sequenced using universal primers, even from DNAs of herbarium specimens. Despite high copy numbers of both spacers, the near uniformity of ITS paralogues, attributed to rapid concerted evolution, allows direct sequencing of pooled PCR products in many species. Divergent paralogues, where detected, require cloning, but may offer a means of obtaining multiple estimates of organismal relationships and of determining placement of the root in a phylogeny independent of outgroup considerations. In reported studies, variation between ITS sequences is mostly attributable to point mutations. A relatively minor proportion of sites is affected by insertions or deletions (indels) among sequences that are similar enough to have retained sufficient signal for phylogenetic analysis. Within these limits, sequence alignment is generally unambiguous except in small regions of apparently lower structural constraint. Phylogenetic analyses of combined data sets from both spacers, where examined, yield trees with greater resolution and internal support than analyses based on either spacer alone. This beneficial effect of simultaneous analysis is not surprising based on the low number of useful characters in each spacer. This effect also suggests high complementarity of spacer data, in accord with similarity in size, sequence variability, and G + C content of ITS-1 and ITS-2 in most investigated groups of closely related angiosperms. Nonindependent evolution of ITS sites involved in intraspacer RNA base-pairing may occur, given possible functional constraints, but preliminary secondary structure analyses of ITS-2 in Calycadenia (Asteraceae) show no definite evidence of compensatory spacer mutations. As expected, levels of ITS sequence variation suitable for phylogenetic analysis are found at various taxonomic levels within families, depending on the lineage. The apparent rates of ITS molecular evolution are roughly correlated with plant life-form, as with chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) data, but reasons for this observation are unclear. ITS characters have improved our understanding of angiosperm phylogeny in several groups by (1) corroborating earlier unexpected findings, (2) resolving conflicts between other data sets, (3) improving resolution of species relationships, or (4) providing direct evidence of reticulate evolution. Hybridization or sorting of ancestral polymorphism in a lineage can complicate interpretation of trees based on any type of evolutionary evidence, including ITS or cpDNA sequences, particularly in the absence of at least one independent phylogenetic data set from the same organisms. The need for phylogenetic markers from the nuclear genome, to complement the rapidly growing body of cpDNA data, makes the ITS region a particularly valuable resource for plant systematists.
A key is provided for the six known species of Stifftia including two newly described, S. hatschbachii and S. racemosa. Homogamous heads with actinomorphic corollas in Stifftia are considered as ultimately derived from members of the subtribe Mutisiinae having zygomorphic corollas, and the genus is not considered directly related to other genera with actinomorphic corollas such as Gochnatia of the subtribe Gochnatiinae. For purposes of the study the subtribe Gochnatiinae is not distinguished from the Mutisiinae.
Gochnatia is one of the largest genera of the tribe Mutisieae (Asteraceae) and has been traditionally characterized by its homogamous capitula with isomorphic corollas. A morphological study of Gochnatia and associated genera, i.e., Actinoseris, Chucoa, Cnicothamnus, Cyclolepis, Hyalis, Ianthopappus, Nouelia, Pleiotaxis, and Wunderlichia, was carried out to evaluate the circumscription of Gochnatia and its sections, and the affinities of this complex of genera. The characters studied involve habit, leaf features (consistency, pubescence type, shape, margin, and venation), types of capitulescenee, involucre features (shape, size, phyllary series, pubescence, and shape), paleae, floret features (morphology, sex, number, color of corolla, anthers, style shapes, achenial pubescence, and pappus). Analysis of these features revealed: (1) although Gochnatia is highly variable in most of the characters studied, it can be defined by this suite of features: isomorphic to subdimorphic corollas, apiculate anther appendages, and smooth style branches; (2) sections of Gochnatia needed to be re-evaluated. As result of this, two sections, i.e., sect. Discoseris and sect. Pentaphorus, are confirmed; two sections are proposed, i.e., sect. Glomerata sect. nov. and sect. Rotundifolia sect. nov.; three sections are redefined, i.e., sect. Hedraiophyllum, sect. Leucomeris, and sect. Gochnatia, while sect. Anastraphioides is formally published; and (3) the combination of apiculate anther appendages and smooth style branches is unique to Actinoseris, Cnicothamnus, Cyclolepis, Gochnatia, Hyalis, Ianthopappus, and Nouelia within the Mutisieae. This group of genera is recognized here as the Gochnatia complex, with Gochnatia as the basal genus of this complex. Chucoa, Pleiotaxis, and Wunderlichia do not belong to the Gochnatia complex.
Roque, N. & Pirani, J. R.: Reinstatement of the name Richterago Kuntze and recircumscription of the genus to include species formerly treated as Actinoseris (Endl.) Cabrera ( Compositae, Mutisieae ). – Taxon 50: 1155–1160. 2001. – ISSN 0040–0262.
Morphological studies of Actinoseris (Endl.) Cabrera and Gochnatia Kunth indicate that the species currently included in Gochnatia sect. Discoseris Cabrera should be transferred to Actinoseris. With this new circumscription, Richterago Kuntze is the correct generic name, having priority over Actinoseris. This paper presents a morphological description of Richterago and a nomenclatural treatment with seven new combinations.
A parsimony analysis of 57 angiosperm rbcL sequences was conducted to test the monophyly of the Asteridae and to identify major lineages within the Asteridae. Three major clades, the Caryophyllidae, the Rosidae plus Dilleniidae, and the Asteridae sensu lato, emerge from an unresolved radiation in the "higher" dicots. The Asteridae sens. lat. include the Ericales, Cornales, and Apiales in addition to the Asteridae sens. str. Two major lineages within the Asteridae sens. lat. are identified: the Dipsacales, Apiales, Asterales, and Campanulales in one, and the Gentianales, Scrophulariales, Lamiales, Boraginales, and Solanales in the other. This analysis demonstrates the utility of molecular phylogenies to help place problematic taxa, such as the Menyanthaceae, Oleaceae, and Callitrichaceae, within the Asteridae. Implications from this phylogenetic analysis and evidence from the fossil record lead to the suggestion that the origin and diversification of the major higher-dicot lineages occurred during a relatively short period of time about 80-95 million years ago.
A revision of the genus Corymbium L. (Asteraceae; Vernonieae) is presented in which nine species, four subspecies and five varieties are recognized. C. elsiae Weitz and C. laxum subsp. bolusii Weitz are described as new taxa and several new combinations are made. Full descriptions, synonymy, distribution data, maps, illustrations, and a key to the species are provided. Remarks on diagnostic features, ecology and a brief historical review are given.
A revision of Oldenburgia Lessing (Asteraceae — Mutisieae) has been undertaken; four species are recognized. A key to the species is provided and a distribution map for each species is given.
More than a quarter of a century has passed since the publication of Zuckerkandl and Pauling’s (1965) seminal article on the evolutionary implications of macromolecular sequence data. Two fundamental suggestions were made in that article: first, Zuckerkandl and Pauling pointed out that molecular change (nucleotide or amino acid substitutions) might occur at a rate that is proportional to clock time (the molecular clock hypothesis); and second, they noted that the topology of evolutionary branchings (phylogenies) could be deduced from the pattern of molecular change. These two related suggestions form the theoretical underpinnings of the science of molecular evolution.
The idea that some organisms possess adaptive features that make them more likely to speciate and/or less likely to go extinct than closely related groups, suggests that large phylogenetic trees should be unbalanced (more species should occur in the group possessing the adaptive features than in the sister group lacking such features). Several methods have been used to document this type of adaptive radiation. One problem with these attempts is that evolutionary biologists may overlook balanced phylogenies while focusing on a few impressively unbalanced ones. To overcome this potential bias, we sampled published large phylogenies without regard to tree shape. These were used to test whether or not such trees are consistently unbalanced. We used recently developed null models to demonstrate that the shapes of large phylogenetic trees: 1) are similar among angiosperms, insects, and tetrapods; 2) differ from those expected due to random selection of a phylogeny from the pool of all trees of similar size; and 3) are significantly more unbalanced than expected if species diverge at random, therefore, conforming to one prediction of adaptive radiation. This represents an important first step in documenting whether adaptive radiation has been a general feature of evolution.
Karis, P. O., Eldenäs, P. & Källersjö, M.: New evidence for the systematic position of Gundelia L. with notes on delimitation of Arctoteae ( Asteraceae ). – Taxon 50: 105–114. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.
The systematic position of the thistle‐like Gundelia of Asteraceae‐Arctoteae is investigated by using sequences from the chloroplast gene ndhF in a parsimony jackknife analysis. Unexpectedly, the analysis indicates strong support for placing Gundelia with tribe Lactuceae, rather than with tribe Arctoteae. Gundelia's morphology is discussed in light of this new grouping. Another clade, although weakly supported, is formed by representatives of Arctoteae, including the two South African genera Eremothamnus and Hoplophyllum. The latter two form a sister group with 100 % support.
Robinson, H.: Notes on the tribes Eremothamneae, Gundelieae, and Moquinieae, with comparisons of their pollen. – Taxon 43: 33‐44. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.
The new tribe Moquinieae is established, and scanning electron micrographs of pollen are presented of Hoplophyllum of the Eremothamneae, Gundelia of the Gundelieae, and Pseudostifftia of the Moquinieae.
Asteraceae are the largest family of dicotyledonous plants and have long been known for their taxonomic complexity. The ubiquitous parallelisms in morphology within the family have made phylogenetic reconstruction and tribal circumscription an area of long debate. In this study we explored the utility of using two relatively short non-coding chloroplast DNA sequences, the trnL intron and trnL/trnF intergenic spacer, to resolve phylogenetic relationships among the tribes. The results of the phylogenetic analysis produced trees that are topologically congruent with prior phylogenetic hypotheses based on both morphological and molecular data sets. The Asteroideae are a monophyletic group, but the Cichorioideae are paraphyletic. The primary clades of the Cichorioideae are the Mutisieae-Cardueae, Liabeae-Vernonieae, and of the Asteroideae, the Inuleae-Plucheeae, Astereae-Anthemideae, Senecioneae-Gnaphalieae, and the helianthoid clade (Helenieae, Heliantheae s. str., and Eupatorieae). The Inuleae-Plucheeae clade is sister to the remainder of the Asteroideae, and the paraphyly of the Inuleae s.l. (Gnaphalieae, Inuleae s. str., and Plucheeae) is firmly supported by our analysis. Our study illustrates the utility of the trnL intron and trnL/F intergenic spacer for resolving relationships among tribes of the Asteraceae. Using approximately 874 bp, we were able to produce a phylogeny of comparable resolution to phylogenies based on well-known coding regions such as rbcL and ndhF. For phylogenetic inference at the family level the trnL intron and trnL/F spacer provide similar levels of resolution to longer coding sequences (e.g., rbcL, ndhF), while having the advantage of being much easier to amplify and sequence due to their short lengths and universal primers. The numerous insertions and deletions commonly found in this region are easily aligned and are phylogenetically informative, thus adding considerably to the information content per base pair sequenced.
This study reports a phylogenetic analysis of the genus Dicoma and the related genera Achyrothalamus, Erythrocephalum, Pasaccardoa, and Pleiotaxis (Mutisieae, Asteraceae), which share a series of morphological characters of the corolla, ray floret epidermis, anther appendages, and style branches. A matrix of 77 morphological and anatomical characters was used for the analysis. The genera Gochnatia and Oldenburgia were used as outgroups. The topology of the resulting consensus cladogram suggests that the genus Dicoma appears paraphyletic. A clade including Dicoma and Pasaccardoa appears monophyletic with subgroups clearly defined by a large number of synapomorphies. These findings indicate that maintenance of Pasaccardoa as an independent genus implies a need to divide Dicoma into several genera. The genera Pleiotaxis, Achyrothalamus, and Erythrocephalum form a monophyletic group. Issues relating to the geographical origin of Dicoma (probably Madagasear or southern Africa), and to the evolution of the different species groups, are briefly discussed.
The genera Pluchea, Brachylaena, and Tarchonanthus were originally placed in the Vernonieae by Cassini, but have since been assigned to other tribes. Pluchea has most often been assigned to the Inuleae (subfam. Asteroideae). Brachylaena and Tarchonanthus have been assigned to six different tribes, including the Inuleae, in both the subfam. Lactucoideae and Asteroideae. The primary reason for this diversity of tribal assignments has been the anomalous morphology of these latter two genera. Both are unisexual, dioecious, woody shrubs or trees with filiform florets. In addition, distribution is restricted to Africa, Madagascar and associated islands. Chloroplast DNA variation was examined for these three problematical genera and compared to 64 genera in 15 tribes. Complete restriction site maps were constructed for 11 enzymes; a total of 944 mutations were found, 339 of which were phylogenetically informative. The data were used to construct phylogenetic trees using both Wagner and Dollo parsimony and the resulting monophyletic groups were evaluated using the bootstrap method. Pluchea placed within the Inuleae s.l. (subfam. Asteroideae) in all equally parsimonious trees. Brachylaena and Tarchonanthus formed a distinct monophyletic lineage at or near the base of the subfam. Lactucoideae. These two genera did not group consistently with any currently accepted tribe and are thus recognized as a new tribe, the Tarchonantheae (Cassini) Keeley & Jansen.
We present a cladistic analysis of 53 taxa from Asteraceae using 72 characters of mainly morphological data. Results reveal subfamily Cichorioideae is paraphyletic. The Mutisieae constitute a basal grade that contains monophyletic groups with Mutisia and Cardueae sensu lato. The Arctotideae, Liabeae, Vernonieae, and Lactuceae form a clade together with subfamily Asteroideae. Our results show some inconsistencies with those from cladistic analyses of molecular data.
Chaptalia hintonii Bullock, endemic to Mexico, has floral characters that indicate affinities to the genus Gerbera. A new nomenclatural combination, Gerbera hintonii (Bullock) Katinas, is proposed, and a redescription and illustration of the species is presented. The differences between Chaptalia and Gerbera, and the relationships between G. hintonii and the allied sections of Gerbera, are discussed.
The ancestral prototype of the Compositae is considered to have been an opposite-leaved herb, with few, many-flowered heads, leafy, severalseriate involucre, chaffy receptacle, pistillate, fertile, yellow rays, perfect, yellow disk-flowers with the midvein of the lobes developed, a chaffy pappus of 5 members, connate, tailless anthers, and without well differentiated stigmatic lines on the style-branches. No presently existing genus combines all these features, but if such a plant existed it would be placed in the Heliantheae. The genus Wyethia, although it has alternate leaves, perhaps comes as near as any existing genus to the hypothetical prototype. The traditional 13 tribes of the Compositae, save only the Helenieae, represent natural groups, defined by the usual association of several independently variable features. The Helenieae, which have been distinguished from the Heliantheae solely by th absence of chaff from the receptacle, are an artificial assemblage of several subtribes of the Heliantheae which have separately lost the receptacular chaff. Each of the other radiate tribes appears to be derived separately from the Heliantheae, except for the Calenduleae, which are an offshoot of the Senecioneae. The three discoid tribes, plus the Mutisieae, stand apart as a group from the radiate tribes, although there is an obvious relationship between the Arctotideae and the Cynareae and a more doubtful one between the Senecioneae and Vernonieae. The Cichorieae are allied to the Mutisieae and apparently also to the Heliantheae. None of the discoid, bilabiate, or ligulate tribes can be considered ancestral to any of the others. They are related instead through a common ancestor which, even though probably discoid, could only with difficulty if at ail be excluded from the Heliantheae. The evolutionary tendencies operating in the inflorescence of the Compositae can mostly be grouped under the headings of aggregation and reduction. These represent merely a continuation of the trends which led to the development of the Compositae from their more generalized sympetalous ancestors. Natural selection appears to be insufficient as the sole explanation for these tendencies, which sometimes proceed beyond the limit of survival-value. The Compositae are a wholly natural group, probably eventually related to the Rubiales, although the evidence of relationship is not conclusive. Attempts to explain the resemblance of the Compositae to both the Rubiales and the Campanales, either by assuming a close relationship between the latter two groups, or by invoking an ancient polyploidy followed by a rapid differentiation of lines leading to the present day families of angiosperms, are not considered acceptable at this time. The lack of any real connecting links, and the necessity to consider the resemblance to the Campanulaceae as purely fortuitous, suggest the need for some reserve in accepting the derivation of the Compositae from the Rubiales.
— We studied sequence variation in 16S rDNA in 204 individuals from 37 populations of the land snail Candidula unifasciata (Poiret 1801) across the core species range in France, Switzerland, and Germany. Phylogeographic, nested clade, and coalescence analyses were used to elucidate the species evolutionary history. The study revealed the presence of two major evolutionary lineages that evolved in separate refuges in southeast France as result of previous fragmentation during the Pleistocene. Applying a recent extension of the nested clade analysis (Templeton 2001), we inferred that range expansions along river valleys in independent corridors to the north led eventually to a secondary contact zone of the major clades around the Geneva Basin. There is evidence supporting the idea that the formation of the secondary contact zone and the colonization of Germany might be postglacial events. The phylogeographic history inferred for C. unifasciata differs from general biogeographic patterns of postglacial colonization previously identified for other taxa, and it might represent a common model for species with restricted dispersal.
The palaeotropical genus Athroisma (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) is revised for the first time, and its general morphology is described. Twelve species and two subspecies distributed in East Tropical Africa, Madagascar, and in Asia from north-eastern India to the Sunda Islands are recognized. Four new species are described (A. inevilabile and A. pusillum from East Africa, and A. pinnalifidum and A. psilocarpum from Madagascar). One species is reduced to subspecies rank (A. gracile ssp. psyllioides). Some species have conflicting character patterns which intergrade. Thus, the delimitation of species is discussed, and a hypothesis of introgressive hybridization in the genus is formulated. Distribution patterns in East Africa are examined in relation to introgression in three species complexes, connected to A. gracile. In two of the cases, the character distribution is explained by a single dispersal event and subsequent introgressive hybridization. A hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships within the genus is presented, based on a cladistic analysis of 36 morphological characters. The stability of the single most parsimonious cladogram is tested (decay, skewness and random character weighting), and found to be low except for three nodes. An analysis with putative hybrid groups included is also presented. A key to all taxa is supplied as well as nomenclatural consideration, descriptions, drawings and distribution maps. Chromosome counts of three species are reported (2n=20).
The style of the Asteraceae varies in the direction of its branching. In examples studied in the subfamily Asteroideae the disk flowers or flowers of homogamous heads have style branches diverging radially to the center of the head. In that subfamily, the style branches in the ray flowers are usually tangentially directed in the Heliantheae, Inuleae and Senecioneae, and are radially directed in the Astereae and Anthemideae. In examples studied in the subfamily Cichorioideae, the Lactuceae and Vernonieae have tangential style branches in all flowers, Carduus of the Cardueae has styles all radial, they vary in the Liabeae, and they have a Helianthean pattern in Haplocarpha of the Arctoteae. It seems significant that tribes with basically different style orientations in the ray and disk flowers of the same head are usually tribes where many members have sterile gynoecia in either the rays or the disk.
Eriksson, T.: The systematic position of the Blepharispermum group (Asteraceae, Heliantheae). ‐ Taxon 40: 33–39. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.
The three genera Athroisma, Blepharispermum and Leucoblepharis have previously been placed in the Inuleae. They constitute a monophyletic group whose inclusion in the Inuleae is rejected, on the basis of morphological evidence, and who instead belong to the Ecliptinae within the Heliantheae.