No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Five Versions of One Code of Ethics: The Case Study of the Israel Broadcasting Authority
Abstract
In this article we trace the evolution of the Israel Broadcasting Authority's (IBA) code of ethics through 5 permutations between 1972 and 1998. We question whether the code is the outcome of a search for ethical and professional guidelines or a means of protecting the IBA from external pressures. Since 1972 the code has become more detailed, reflecting ethical, organizational, and political sensitivities. We conclude that the result of these changes has been the crystallization and implementation of normative ethical guidelines for Israeli public broadcasting.
... The IBA ethical and professional code was initially authored by the journalist Nakdimon Rogel, and revised and updated several times by Rogel and attorney Amit Schejter(Limor & Gabel, 2002). ...
The present discussion compares two interviewing styles, represented by two campaign interviews conducted before the 2021 general elections in Israel. Drawing on a socio-pragmatic analysis of discursive patterns, the political interview is conceptualized as a dialogic interaction, whereby participants reciprocally position themselves explicitly and implicitly vis-à-vis each other. A complex network of interactional and social roles is constructed, and is dynamically negotiated in discourse through challenge and solidarity. The comparison between the interviews indicates that interviewing styles vary from moderate negotiations of the boundaries set by normative expectations to full-fledged attempts at blurring them. It is shown that interviewing styles depend, to a large extent, on differences in the participants’ cultural background and perceptions of their interactional and social roles. The interviewer strategically accommodates the interviewees’ interactional preferences that are revealed from the outset, and at the same time challenges them at the content level. It is argued that the gap between the symmetrical format and normative expectations encourages complex, second-order positioning, whereas the asymmetrical one ensures a relatively safe enactment of the participants’ roles, but encourages challenging meta-talk of first-order expectations. It is further contended that interviewing norms in the Israeli context are more flexible than previously described.
... The IBA ethical and professional code was initially authored by the journalist Nakdimon Rogel, and revised and updated several times by Rogel and attorney Amit Schejter(Limor & Gabel, 2002). ...
This chapter presents an introduction to the book. It is divide into three parts. The first part defines political interviews as an organized media genre, followed by a discussion of the diversified forms of political interviews and their venues. This part especially details the in-depth broadcast media, concluding with a short discussion on the importance of analyzing broadcast political interviews as an important means for political information in a society. The second part of this chapter focuses on a proposed model consisting of eight elements or factors that need to be considered in studying political interviews. These include the participants, the interviewers’ questions and interviewees’ replies, the questions/replies sequences, the social/political atmosphere at the time of the interview, media organization, the setting of the interview session, as well as the general social culture and specific political culture in which the interview takes place. These elements are detailed one-by-one in a form of a model, suggesting questions that should be addressed regarding each element in future studies of broadcast interviews. Finally, the chapter details the structure of the book and briefly describes each chapter’s contributions.
... Por seu caráter normativo, os códigos deontológicos frequentemente funcionam como material de pesquisa e investigação das condutas esperadas ou prescritas na categoria dos jornalistas. São referenciais os estudos de Brajnovic (1978), Bruun (1979, Erbolato (1982), Elliot-Boyle (1985-1986, Meyer (1987), Hulteng (1990), Merrill (1991), Harris (1992), Goodwin (1993), Boeyink (1994), Laitila (1995), Villanueva (1996), Karam (1997), Christians (1998), Aznar (1999), Son (2002), Bertrand (2002), Limor (2002), Tófoli (2008) e Bykov et al. (2015. ...
Privacy is no longer what it used to be. The cultural transformations arising from the latest technological advances has helped to redefine the contours of the intimacy. Cameras everywhere, increasingly popular mobile devices capable of capturing any movement, and systems for monitoring, tracking and mass surveillance make "to be alone" almost impossible these days. At the same time, billions of people expose themselves on social networks and the media tightens the noose to satisfy the right to information. In this context of dissolution of the intimate life, we evaluate how privacy is stressed in twenty deontological codes of journalism. We analyze how the subject is managed, what depth and what recommendations are given to professionals to attend this right. The results point to superficiality, outdatedness and insufficiency of the codes to deal with the issue.
Press freedom in Malaysia is bound under several regulations and restrictions ever since Malaysia granted independence in 1957. Due to this, a few media and press laws were also inadvertently inherited from the draconian colonial law or introduced in controlling any extremist actions during emergency periods and also used in silencing any political rivals. Based on the report compiled by Reporters without Borders (RSF), Malaysia jumped 22 places to 101st of the World Press Freedom Index in 2020, better than all of our South East Asian neighbouring countries. The success of Malaysia freedom movement triggered by the reformation of a few media institutions, laws and practices throughout the year. The enhancement of Malaysia press freedom assisted in the development of the country and led the nation in becoming more progressive and transparent alongside other developing nations worldwide. In this research, few case studies were conducted at one of a privately-owned media organization headquarters in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is aimed to analyse the ethical issues about business ethics involving informal interviewing methods performed towards internal staff. The case recorded will then be categorized into four different setups. Each case from each category analysed will discuss, in detail, the business ethic concept and ethical principles. In this study, the discussion aims to strengthen moral values and business ethics that has implemented in the media industry sector in Malaysia.
This study explores perceptions of freedom of the press by those who practice it: journalists and media organizations. References to freedom of the press in codes of ethics worldwide were analyzed according to the respective characteristics of organizations and the political-economic status of each country considered. The findings show that the concern journalists express about their freedom is not necessarily related to with the level of freedom of the press prevailing in their respective countries. Moreover, the codes of developing countries primarily display concern about the most fundamental freedoms of all.
Most discussions of engineering ethics dismiss the idea of codes of ethics from the outset. Codes are described as self-serving, unrealistic, inconsistent, mere guides for novices, too vague, or unnecessary. This article does not do that . Instead, it argues that a code of professional ethics is central to advising individual engineers how to conduct themselves, to judging their conduct, and ultimately to understanding engineering as a profession. The article begins with a case now commonly discussed in engineering ethics (the Challenger disaster), finding its general argument in a detailed analysis of a particular choice. While the analysis should be applicable to all professions, that claim is not argued in this article.
In this volume a group of distinguished legal and political theorists and experts on journalism discuss how to reconcile our values concerning freedom of the press with the enormous power of the media - especially television - to shape opinions and values. The policy issues treated concern primarily the extent of justifiable government regulation of the media and the justification for regulating television differently from newspapers. The volume contains some highly original and groundbreaking analyses of philosophical issues surrounding the First Amendment of the US Bill of Rights. This is a book for anyone seriously interested in the rights to free speech and expression in technologically advanced societies.
Public broadcasting was the single most important social, cultural, and journalistic institution of the twentieth century. In the 15 years preceding the publication of this book, it had been assaulted politically, ideologically, technologically, and was everywhere in retreat. This book considers the idea of public service broadcasting and examines in detail the assault made upon it, with specific emphasis on global developments and events in the United Kingdom, Japan, Europe, and the United States. It argues that public service broadcasting has been a vital and democratically significant institution now experiencing a terminal decline brought about by changes in political, economic, and technological circumstances. Based on years of research and extensive contact with leading public broadcasters around the world, the book examines the idea of public service broadcasting and how for the most part it has vainly (and often ineffectually) struggled to survive. It concludes that public broadcasting is, as was once said of Weimar, a corpse on leave. Its likely disappearance constitutes an indication of a real and deep-seated crisis within liberal democracy.
Analysis of structural and attitudinal aspects of professionalization, and of the organizational settings in which many professional occupations exist, suggests that there is generally an inverse relationship between professionalization and bureaucratization, although there is considerable variation within the relationship. The data further suggest that the structural and attitudinal aspects of professionalization do not necessarily vary together. The organizations in which professionals work also differ in their degrees of bureaucratization. It is suggested that the presence of professionals in an organization affects the structure of the organization, while at the same time, the organizational structure can affect the professionalization process.
Insights from First Amendment considerations and from developmental psychology are utilized in suggesting that whatever value codes of ethics may hold for the mass media, they represent serious difficulties in inculcating substantial ethical values in individual journalists and in the profession as a whole. Evidence from developmental psychology suggests that codes are probably of some limited value to the neophyte working in the media. Codes also help assure non‐journalists that the industry really is concerned about ethics. However, codes probably should be relegated to a framed wall hanging for any journalists who have advanced beyond their internships. Confusion reigns because codes are often founded on moralistic rather than moral‐philosophical bases, and there is a blurring between general precepts and specific practices covered in codes. As individual professionals mature intellectually and ethically, they should transcend socially‐approved conventions codified by “regulators,”; and begin to become social catalysts in their own rights, according to this essay.
There are over 30 national codes of ethics for journalism in force in Europe at the moment. The number of codes is greater than that of press councils — there are at present 20 functioning councils in Europe. Most of the codes have been established by the journalists' associations, and revised during the 1990s. Several completely new codes have been recently created in the new Central and Eastern European democracies. This article reports on a study of 31 codes (representing 29 countries). The most common functions of the European codes is to show accountability to the public and the sources, and to protect the professional integrity of journalists from external interference. On a general level the codes are similar — 13 main themes are present in almost all of them. On the level of individual principles there are, however, several differences. Among 61 ethical principles compared, only 24 are present in more than half of the codes. The most common principles stress the truthfulness of information, the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of race, sex, etc., fair means in gathering the information, integrity of the source and the journalist, and freedom of expression and comment. The differences and similarities between the national codes do not seem to follow any geographical, lingual or other traditional dividing lines.
This literature review of professionalism was prepared by San Jose State University graduate student Marianne Allison as a research committee project of the Mass Communication and Society Division, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. The project was prepared under the guidance of Professor Diana Stover Tillinghast. It reviews the literature on two approaches to professionalism in general and of the professionalism of journalists in particular: the “structural‐functionalist approach”; and the “power approach.”; Traditional and recent discussions of the nature of professionalism in occupational sociology are presented. Studies of the professionalism of journalists both in the United States and cross‐culturally are critiqued. The paper suggests several areas of fruitful research, and contains an extensive bibliography.
This paper is concerned with information: its role in social change, its inequitable distribution, and the role of the media--particularly the broadcast media--in redistributing it. The evidence cited is largely from the Western Himsphere (North and South) and from the field of family planning communications. (JP)
In industrialized societies, professionals have long been valued and set apart from other workers because of their specialized knowledge and skill. But has their role in these societies declined? Of what significance are they today? In this concise synthesis of the major debates about the professions since World War II, Eliot Freidson explores several broad questions about professionalism todayâwhat it is, what its future is likely to be, and its value to public policy. Freidson argues that because professionalism is based on specialized knowledge, it is distinct from either bureaucratic or market-based forms of work. He predicts a rebirth of the professions during which practitioners lose some of their independence and become more accountable to standards of a professional elite. And, defending professionalism as a desirable method of providing complex, discretionary services to the public, Freidson argues that market-based or bureaucratic methods would impoverish the quality of service to consumers, and suggests ways the virtues of professionalism can be reinforced. The most accessible survey available of almost fifty years of theory and research by the scholar whose own work helped define the field, this book will appeal to the growing international body of scholars concerned with studying and theorizing about the professions.
Professionalization and bureaucratization. American Sociological Re-view
- R Hall
Hall, R. (1968). Professionalization and bureaucratization. American Sociological Re-view, 33, 92–104.
Public service broadcasting before the commercial deluge
- J Blumler
Blumler, J. (1992). Public service broadcasting before the commercial deluge. In J. Blumler (Ed.), Television and the public interest (pp. 7–21). London: Sage. Brennan, B. (1996). Codes of ethics: Who needs them? In V. Alia, B. Brennan, & B. Hoffmaster (Eds.), Deadlines and diversity: Journalism ethics in a changing world (pp. 112–120). Halifax, Nova Scotia: Fernwood. Broadcasting Research Unit. (1986). The public service idea in British broadcasting.
The press council: A self-regulatory mechanism for the press
- N K Trikha
Trikha, N. K. (1986). The press council: A self-regulatory mechanism for the press. Bom-bay, India: Somaiya Publications.
The crisis in Australian public broadcasting Sydney: University of Technology Media ethics and accountability systems The case against mass media codes of ethics
- Australian Center
- Independent Journalism
Australian Center for Independent Journalism. (1996). The crisis in Australian public broadcasting. Sydney: University of Technology. Retrieved August 31, 2001 from http://acij.uts.edu.au/old_acij/ACIJ/Crisis/crisis.html Bertrand, C. J. (2000). Media ethics and accountability systems. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Black, J., & Barney, R. (1985). The case against mass media codes of ethics. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 1, 27–36.
Media ethics codes are important and too often they are facades that imply ethical behavior
- C Reuss
Reuss, C. (1996). Media ethics codes are important and too often they are facades that imply ethical behavior. In D. Gordon, J. Kittross, & C. Reuss (Eds.), Contro-versies in media ethics (pp. 63–79). White Plains, NY: Longman.
Tadrich Le-Ovdei Hahadashot Ve-Hareportaja [Guidelines for broadcasting news and current affairs
- N Rogel
Rogel, N. (1972). Tadrich Le-Ovdei Hahadashot Ve-Hareportaja [Guidelines for broad-casting news and current affairs]. Jerusalem: Israel Broadcasting Authority. (Mimeographed).
Tadrich Hadashot Ve-Aktualia [Guidelines for broadcasting news and current affairs
- N Rogel
Rogel, N. (1979). Tadrich Hadashot Ve-Aktualia [Guidelines for broadcasting news and current affairs]. Jerusalem: Israel Broadcasting Authority. (Mimeographed).
Reforma Ba-Shidur Ha-Tziburi
- Y Ezrahi
Ezrahi, Y. (1997). Reforma Ba-Shidur Ha-Tziburi [Reform in the public broadcasting]. Jerusalem: Israeli Democracy Institute (Position Paper No. 1).
Four theories of the press Urbana: Uni-versity of Illinois Press. (Originally published in 1956) Press councils in Europe
- F Siebert
- T Peterson
- W Schramm
- P Sonninen
- T Laitila
Siebert, F., Peterson, T., & Schramm, W. (1963). Four theories of the press. Urbana: Uni-versity of Illinois Press. (Originally published in 1956) Sonninen, P., & Laitila, T. (1995). Press councils in Europe. In K. Nordenstreng (Ed.), Reports on media ethics in Europe (pp. 3–22). Tampere, Finland: Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Tampere.
Press councils and ethical codes are dangerous control mechanisms
- J C Merrill
Merrill, J. C. (1991b). Press councils and ethical codes are dangerous control mechanisms. In E. Dennis & J. C. Merrill (Eds.), Media debates (pp. 161–164). New York: Longman.
Media accountability systems in Israel: You'll never know it's there
- Y Limor
Limor, Y. (2002). Media accountability systems in Israel: You'll never know it's there. In C. J. Bertrand (Ed.), An arsenal for democracy: Media accountability systems (pp. 379–392). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Television from service to business: European tendencies and the Italian case
- G Richeri
Richeri, G. (1986). Television from service to business: European tendencies and the Italian case. In P. Drummond & R. Paterson (Eds.), Television in transition (pp. 21–35).
The structure of professionalism
- J Cullen
Cullen, J. (1978). The structure of professionalism. New York: Petrocelli.
Electronic media ethics
- V Limburg
Limburg, V. (1994). Electronic media ethics. Boston: Focal Press.
Attributes to professions
- E Greenwood
Greenwood, E. (1957). Attributes to professions. Social Work, 2, 45–55.
Press ethics in Denmark
- H N Kruuse
Kruuse, H. N. (1994). Press ethics in Denmark. In H. Kruuse, M. Berlins, & C. Grellier, (Eds.), Les droits et les devoirs des journalistes dans les douz pays de l'Union Europeenne. Paris: Centre de Formation et de Perfectionment des Jour-nalists. Retrieved September 27, 1997 from http:/www.djh.dk/personale/ helle_nissen_kruuse/Press%20Ethics.dk.html Ladinsky, J. (1981). The professions. In M. Smith & A. Wertheimer (Eds.), Phar-macy practice: Social and behavioral aspects (pp. 1–11). New York: Williams & Wilkins.
The press as a moral arbiter. The Quill
- R Cunningham
Cunningham, R. (1988, November). The press as a moral arbiter. The Quill, p. 16.
Breaking the broadcasting monopoly
- A Rolland
- H Ostbye
Rolland, A., & Ostbye, H. (1986). Breaking the broadcasting monopoly. In D.
The imperative of freedom
- J C Merrill
Merrill, J. C. (1974). The imperative of freedom. New York: Hastings House.
Mismach Nakdi: Tadrich Hadashot Ve-Aktualia [Guidelines for broadcasting news and current affairs
- N Rogel
- A Schejter
Rogel, N. (1998). Tadrich Nakdi: Tadrich Hadashot Ve-Aktualia [Guidelines for broad-casting news and current affairs]. Jerusalem: Israel Broadcasting Authority.
Journalists: Sharks with a conscience
- D Carr
Carr, D. (1995). Journalists: Sharks with a conscience. Retrieved April 25, 1998 from Minnesota News Council's Web site, http://www.mtn.org/~newscncl/ spring95/Carr.html Caspi, D., & Limor, Y. (1999). The in/outsiders: The media in Israel. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Codes of ethics: Who needs them?
- B Brennan
The in/outsiders: The media in Israel
- D Caspi
- Y Limor
Four theories of the press
- F Siebert
- T Peterson
- W Schramm
The "monkey trial" in the land of the Bible: Modern techniques of religious censorship-the case study of Israel
- Y Limor
- H Nossek
Journalists are essentially unethical
- J C Merrill
Mass media in the information age
- T Pasqua
Press councils in Europe
- P Sonninen
- T Laitila