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Systems of social tourism in the European Union: A critical review
Current Issues In Tourism
Abstract
Recently, the European Commission (EC) has placed a focus on social tourism issues within Europe. The underlying logic of this intervention is that social tourism aims for social equity, aiding access to tourism to provide fair tourism for all citizens and contributing towards sustainability of the European tourism industry. By linking social tourism to sustainable development, the EC sets priorities for future policies to foster mobility within the community. Yet, most European countries have different approaches, priorities and diverse ideological interpretations of the role of the state in tourism provision. Consequently, systems and practices vary strongly between nations and seem to put the ideal of a common approach a very distant prospect. This paper outlines the context of these approaches to social tourism to highlight these challenges and to propose initiatives for the future integration of the European social tourism sector. It presents a comparative analysis of social tourism systems in seven European countries with important social tourism structures. The paper assesses different interpretations of social tourism, examining development and employment issues. In addition, the paper assesses the links with the commercial tourism sector and provides recommendations for future development in the social tourism sector and consequences for European policy.
... One of the factors contributing to the growth of senior tourism is social tourism, which is specifically oriented towards disadvantaged and low-income groups [40]. Social tourism provides a series of stimuli that are not only economic, but that also pertain to socio-labour, welfare, and social inclusion, and thereby contribute decisively to the sustainability of destinations [41]. ...
... In this way, the creation and conservation of protected natural areas now forms part of noteworthy regional strategies for attracting tourists towards a sustainable development environment [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. These paragraphs introduce the following hypotheses. ...
... The interest of senior tourists in improving their health by visiting the Villuerca-Ibores-Jara Geopark explains the success of public policies aimed more at disadvantaged and low-income groups [40]. The study of the health, therapeutic and environmental motivations of senior tourists provide sufficient information for public authorities to continue promoting social tourism through programmes that stimulate welfare, socio-labour and social inclusion aspects. ...
In recent years geoparks, helped by governmental policies, have become tourist destinations especially among senior visitors. The paper aimed to analyse whether geoparks contribute to improving the health of tourists older than 65 years and what were their main motives to visit geoparks. The data were collected from 398 senior tourists who visited the Villuerca- Ibores-Jara Geopark (Spain) in 2023, presenting our results using SmartPLS version 4. The results showed that senior tourists are very interested in visiting this geopark for psychotherapeutic reasons, given its high environmental and geological interest. In addition, they consider geoparks as spaces where they can socialise, which is beneficial considering the isolation that many often experience during the year. These findings are highly relevant for public authorities to protect, maintain and promote geoparks among senior tourists.
... Social tourism institutions were developed along commercial lines to create cheap, practical and basic holiday opportunities. The third type incorporates mostly Mediterranean countries whose social tourism systems grew out of trades unions, cooperatives and employees' clubs, which effectively invested in accommodation structures and travel businesses to provide non-profit holiday opportunities for members (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). ...
... Such a broad characterisation of the differences in social tourism systems can do little more than provide a gloss on what is in effect a hugely diverse array of activities and policies, targeting a wide range of needs and users (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). Yet, this indicates how social tourism systems are intrinsically connected with the socio-political modes of governance, approaches to welfare, distributive justice and rights that prevail in different countries, warranting attention to these issues. ...
... Our relational approach also contributes to knowledge on social tourism, examining a key European programme within the context recent socio-economic and political history to understand the complex dynamics involved in the operation of the scheme. Most research on social tourism has focused on the benefits derived to users, rather than the policy context or economic sustainability dimensions (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011;Cisneros-Martínez, McCabe, & Fernández Morales, 2018). It is apparent that within the Malaga region, the main stakeholders agree that the fundamentals of the scheme contribute to a more sustainable visitor economy as argued for in the literature (e.g., McCabe & Qiao, 2020), but that the financial pressures are placing severe stresses on the effective functioning of the system. ...
Social tourism initiatives often have economic as well as objectives, particularly national schemes such as the Spanish IMSERSO programme, designed to stimulate off-season tourism in mass coastal tourism destinations. Yet, there is little evidence of how such schemes responded to crises or that explores the effects on the tourism industry actors responsible for programme delivery. This article applies a relational political economy approach to assess the contested discourses surrounding the governance of the scheme. We examine the evolution of the IMSERSO programme longitudinally following the global financial crisis and up until the COVID-19 pandemic to assess the relational dynamics at play social tourism governance on destination stakeholders, outlining implications for social tourism policies internationally.
... S promocijo dostopa do turizma za družbeno ranljive skupine socialni turizem krepi potencial za ustvarjanje prihodkov turističnega gospodarstva ter omogoča razvoj zunajsezonskega turizma. Na ta način spodbuja in ustvarja tudi dolgoročnejše zaposlitvene priložnosti v turističnem sektorju (Diekmann in McCabe, 2013). ...
... Druga pomembna značilnost programov socialnega turizma oziroma kriterij, glede na katerega lahko programe socialnega turizma ločimo od komercialnih turističnih programov, pa so javnofinančna sredstva, s katerimi se tovrstni programi financirajo. Tudi glede na ta kriterij lahko turistične bone uvrstimo med programe socialnega turizma, saj brez (vsaj delno) zagotovljenih javnofinančnih sredstev program turističnih bonov ne bi mogel obstajati (Diekmann in McCabe, 2013;Minnaert idr., 2013b). Turistične bone torej lahko razumemo kot ukrep socialno-ekonomske politike države, ki je spodbudil in omogočil vključevanje v turizem kar najširšemu delu družbe, vključno z ranljivimi skupinami, katerih dostop do počitnic je pogosto povezan s pomanjkanjem razpoložljivih finančnih sredstev, zato da bi s povečano turistično potrošnjo pomagal okrevati in vsaj delno odpraviti poslovno škodo, ki so jo utrpeli turistični ponudniki, katerih poslovanje je bilo v času zdravstvene krize povsem ustavljeno. ...
... Zato turistične bone lahko razumemo tudi kot primer dobre prakse stimulativnega modela socialnega turizma (Minnaert idr., 2013b), katerega osnovni cilj je stimulirati potrošnjo v času močno zmanjšanega turističnega povpraševanja. Tovrstni finančni mehanizem zagotavljanja javnofinančnih sredstev, iz katerih se neposredno (so)financira individualno turistično potrošnjo, ter stimuliranje domačega turističnega povpraševanja in potrošnje pa sta v okviru raziskovanja socialnega turizma prepoznana kot dve osrednji značilnosti programov socialnega turizma (Diekmann in McCabe, 2013;McCabe idr., 2012). Ne glede na to, ali program turističnih bonov razumemo v okviru inkluzivnih ali stimulativnih pobud socialnega turizma, pa je že zaradi višine vloženih javnofinančnih sredstev in socialno-ekonomskih koristi, ki jih prinaša vključenim ponudnikom turističnih storitev in tudi upravičencem turističnega bona, gotovo vreden naše raziskovalne pozornosti. ...
... Jednak większość państw członkowskich wspólnoty w realizacji owego prawa do turystyki kieruje się różnymi podejściami, a nawet definicjami samej turystyki społecznej, uznaje rozmaite priorytety i różnie definiuje role i zaangażowanie władzy publicznej oraz kwestie rozwoju tej gałęzi turystyki, w tym kryteriów uznawania jej produktów i wyłaniania ich wykonawców, jak też lokalnego zatrudnienia i innych korzyści przy ich realizacji w obszarach docelowych, co wykazuje analiza porównawcza (zob. Diekmann, McCabe, 2011). W rezultacie krajowe systemy turystyki socjalnej i jej praktyka różnią się na tyle mocno, że perspektywa w miarę koherentnego podejścia do organizacji turystyki społecznej w Europie (nie mówiąc o wspólnym i jednolitym) wydaje się nadal odległa. ...
... Turystyka społeczna jest często przedstawiana jako przeciwieństwo turystyki komercyjnej (Diekmann, McCabe, 2011). Torelli (2017 w swoich rozważaniach zauważa trzy istotne cechy zjawiska (3S), zgodnie z którymi ten rodzaj turystyki powinien być: społeczny (social), zrównoważony (sustainable) i solidarny (solidarity). ...
... Najczęściej były to opisy rozwiązań podejmowanych w poszczególnych krajach, np. w Rosji (Nazarbaeva, 2020), w Polsce i na Słowacji (Panasiuk, Wszendybyl-Skulska, 2021), w krajach Unii Europejskiej (Diekmann, McCabe, 2011), w Ameryce Południowej (Schenkel, 2013) czy w Chinach (Mao, Liu, 2014). ...
... 'Social tourism encompasses a variety of different that aim to offer holiday experiences to groups that would not otherwise have them' (Minnaert & Schapmans, 2009, p. 44). Social tourism activities are aimed at enabling access to tourism activities to a broader section of society, particularly to economically and otherwise disadvantaged groups (Diekmann & McCabe, 2013;Hazel, 2005;) that also includes senior citizens (Alén et al., 2012;. Social tourism can be defined as 'tourism with an added moral value, of which the primary aim is to benefit either the host or the visitor in the tourism exchange' (Minnaert, Maitland, & Miller, 2011, p. 414). ...
... A number of social tourism programmes across Europe target seniors with the aim of encouraging their participation (European Commission, 2010); however, the fact remains that there are more and more people, seniors among them, who cannot afford a 'one-week annual holiday away from home', which, since 2008, had been one of nine deprivation indicators (Eurostat, 2020). Social tourism programmes are often supported by some kind of public (or charitable) funding and frequently include various programme and infrastructure adjustments and additional services (Diekmann & McCabe, 2013;Gabruč, 2016;Hunter-Jones, 2013;McCabe, 2009;Minnaert, Maitland, & Miller, 2013;). These programmes thus play a very important role in increasing seniors' access to tourism not only because they are subsidised but also because they involve facilities and services that help seniors to overcome travel constraints (Eusébio et al., 2017). ...
... Here, the phenomenon of social tourism could thus be understood as a tool to overcome the financial or other hardships (e.g. health, mobility or disability problems) faced by social tourism users (Diekmann & McCabe, 2013;McCabe et al., 2012) within which seniors present an important group. Travel participation is specifically encouraged through the provision of different financial schemes and specific provisions (e.g. ...
The article examines how tourism constraints for seniors are addressed through social tourism programmes. The research is aimed to (1) identify and (2) classify/categorise various adjustments in social torism programmes for seniors to determine the unique combination of adjustments that characterise social tourism programmes for seniors. Building on the hierarchical leisure constraints model [Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309–320. doi:10.1080/01490409109513147] the analysis intersects the three groups of constraints – intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural – with three strands of uncertainty faced by seniors – travel uncertainty, financial uncertainty and mobility uncertainty and corresponding social support adjustments: personal support mechanisms and instrumental support mechanisms. The proposed model shows that travel social support is of central importance for effectively negotiating the travel constraints in social tourism for seniors.
... established in 1963 as the International Bureau of Social Tourism (BITS), is an international non-profit organization whose mission does focus on social tourism. It includes many activities, as well as accessible, responsible, solidary, fair, and community-based tourism (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). This organization and the purposes of social tourism have been recognized by the UNWTO. ...
... Due to the relevance of social tourism as a "shaper of society", a "driver of economic growth", a "driver of sustainable regional planning and local development", and a "partner in global development programs", other international organizations have also turned their attention to social tourism. The tourism policy of the European Union considers social tourism as an enabler of social integration, sustainability, and economic regeneration, representing the ideals, aims, and objectives of a truly social Europe (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). Diekmann and McCabe (2011) also noted that, from the 2008 European Union Conference, based on the Lisbon Strategy, there is "a significant shift in orientation towards economic position on social tourism which is far removed from the earlier focus on social tourism as workers' rights and for individual and social benefits" (p. ...
... The tourism policy of the European Union considers social tourism as an enabler of social integration, sustainability, and economic regeneration, representing the ideals, aims, and objectives of a truly social Europe (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). Diekmann and McCabe (2011) also noted that, from the 2008 European Union Conference, based on the Lisbon Strategy, there is "a significant shift in orientation towards economic position on social tourism which is far removed from the earlier focus on social tourism as workers' rights and for individual and social benefits" (p. 422). ...
... The idea of social tourism has its roots in the social democratic ideal of a just and fair society, where equality of access to leisure travel is promoted due to its advantages for both individuals and families [1]. Social tourism is defined as travel with a higher moral standard [2]. ...
... In spite of the fact that there are three main social tourism implementation schemes that can be found across Europe, each nation frequently uses two or more combinations, illustrating the difficulties in comparing social tourismrelated concerns. Holiday vouchers can be used to choose commercially operated tourist accommodations in some countries (such as Hungary and Romania), while in other countries (such as France), they can be used to gain access to socially operated tourist facilities [1]. Employees are given valuable tickets known as tourist vouchers to help them pay for their domestic travel-related expenses while on vacation [5]. ...
... This underlying rationale to foster inclusion requires a particular ethical orientation at either the level of government or society (Minnaert et al., 2006). Therefore, a range of systems and mechanisms has been developed at the macro policy level of government to support disadvantaged groups' access to holidays (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). Sustaining these policies is in fact directly connected to the recognition of tourism as a right. ...
... Indeed, Bianchi and Stephenson (2014, p. 35) argued that notions of leisure and (in some countries extending directly to) tourism as social rights and citizenship benefits to be enjoyed by all members of society regardless of income, social class or ethnicity, have been increasingly eroded by the ascendancy of what they call 'market fundamentalism', or the increasing spread of neo-liberalist capitalism systems across the international economic and political world. Furthermore, their analysis concludes that as a consequence, systems of social tourism have shifted from an emphasis on social rights and citizenship to one of sustaining the tourism economy and market, thus making the ideal of 'tourism for all' little more than a dream (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). ...
... The concept of social tourism was first defined by Hunziker (1951, p. 1) who described social tourism as "the relationships and phenomena in the field of tourism resulting from participation in travel by economically weak or otherwise disadvantaged elements in society." A number of scholars (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011;Hunziker, 1951;Lynn et al., 2011;Qiao et al., 2019) contend that tourism should be considered as a basic human right given its positive impacts on subjective well-being. From this perspective, tourism can be described as a form of social care (Lynn et al., 2011) that aims to help those whose economic circumstances ordinarily preclude them from holidaying (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). ...
... A number of scholars (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011;Hunziker, 1951;Lynn et al., 2011;Qiao et al., 2019) contend that tourism should be considered as a basic human right given its positive impacts on subjective well-being. From this perspective, tourism can be described as a form of social care (Lynn et al., 2011) that aims to help those whose economic circumstances ordinarily preclude them from holidaying (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). The benefits of social tourism have been extensively examined in previous research (Ferrer et al., 2016;McCabe, 2009;McCabe et al., 2010;McCabe & Johnson, 2013;Minnaert et al., 2009;Morgan et al., 2015). ...
This research explores Chinese rural migrant workers' perceived value of tourism from a social tourism perspective. The findings are based on 20 semi-structured interviews and highlight the benefits that tourism can bring to Chinese rural migrant workers. Theoretically, the study led to the developed of a six-dimension life work social self-realization emotional epistemic scale that shows Chinese rural migrant workers' perceived value of tourism based on life value, work value, social value, self-realization value, emotional value, and epistemic value. Practically, the research provides useful suggestions for government on policy development and opportunities
for the design of tourism products for Chinese rural migrant workers. This study challenges the existing understanding of perceived value, which has highlighted tourism value from a macro perspective but neglected to look at perceived value on a micro or individual level.
... Cisneros-Martínez, McCabe, & Fernández-Morales, 2018;McCabe, Joldersma, & Li, 2010;Morgan, Pritchard, & Sedgley, 2015;Pyke, Pyke, & Watuwa, 2019) the relationships and partnerships between different stakeholder groups has received relatively little attention. An exception is Diekmann, McCabe, and Minnaert (2011) discussion on social tourism systems in the European Union. The paper explores the demand aspect (beneficiaries and social organisations), supply aspect (tourism and social tourism providers) and intermediary aspect (social tourism organisations) of different social tourism systems across Europe, highlighting that while there are a lot of similarities on the demand side, the supply side and the funding structures for intermediary organisations are often vastly different. ...
... The common aspects in terms of the supply side include transport, accommodation and destination services; however attractions and destination services are included in few networks only. The study showed strong variations in funding structures, ranging between direct public funding, indirect public funding, funding by trade unions and social tourism organisations, or self-funding by charities and fate groups (Diekmann et al., 2011). The paper does not discuss partnership and stakeholder relationships within specific social tourism systems: instead, it provides an overview of the different systems in operation in Europe. ...
... Social tourism is a tourism practice that specifically encourages participation in institutionally funded tourism activities and is predominantly engaged in lowfinance, in-country tourism activities (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011;Minnaert, 2012a). Social tourism aims to offer travel experiences that are accessible to the majority of people to groups that do not belong to such groups, usually for financial or health reasons. ...
This study examines social tourism within higher education institutions in Bali, Indonesia, using an inclusive approach that involved both lecturers and students from public and private universities. Employing a mixed-methods design, the research collected quantitative data through surveys distributed across five universities in Bali Province, while qualitative data was obtained from interviews with participants knowledgeable about inclusive social tourism. The findings reveal that social tourism activities are integrated with the Tri Dharma of Higher Education, emphasizing teaching, research, and community service. These activities blend academic endeavors, such as field research, workshops, seminars, and benchmarking, with tourism experiences like sightseeing and cultural events. The study highlights the benefits of social tourism for the academic community, including increased social capital, improved self-confidence, and enhanced knowledge and skills. Additionally, social tourism fosters collaboration between universities and contributes to the mental and physical well-being of academics, helping to alleviate burnout. The study suggests that higher education institutions should consider policies that leverage social tourism to enhance academic experiences and promote holistic development among faculty and students.
... This marked a democratisation of both culture and tourism which became increasingly evident from the 1990s onwards. Back then, there was a lot of concern about access to tourism, and even attempts to support tourism activity in the form of 'social tourism' (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). Nowadays, of course, the discourse is more likely to relate to attempts to curtail tourism activity, or 'overtourism' (an idea that actually also dates back 30 years -Jansen- Verbeke, 1990;Richards, 2021). ...
This review of tourism and leisure research and education over the last 30 years examines the trends in the work of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education and Research (ATLAS).
... This research also pinpointed the target groups for social tourism and assessed the potential risks associated with the increasing commercialization of social tourism, which may exclude socially vulnerable groups and reduce the number of beneficiaries. The work comprehensively examines multiple aspects of social tourism in Europe (Diekmann and McCabe, 2011). P. Hunter-Johnson conducted a study on the involvement of charities in social tourism. ...
This research is focused on advancing tourism destinations in Kazakhstan amidst the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, with a specific emphasis on encouraging domestic tourism. Over the past year, the Kazakhstani tourism market has exhibited significant potential for the growth of domestic tourism, highlighting the need to explore innovative approaches to counter the widespread disruptions caused by COVID-19 in the global tourism industry. The pandemic has not only resulted in considerable financial losses and damages to the tourism sector worldwide but has also had a profound impact on individuals' stress levels and their overall satisfaction of essential needs. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of domestic tourism trends in recent years, evaluates the current state of the tourism industry in the face of a pandemic, and explores mechanisms that can effectively attract local tourists, encouraging them to explore their own country and contribute to the development of domestic tourism destinations. It is important to note that prior to the pandemic, Kazakhstani tourists predominantly favored outbound travel destinations, resulting in a notably low proportion of local tourists. Nevertheless, this investigation reveals that tourism destinations can be advanced by targeting local tourists, particularly those engaging in social tourism initiatives. One notable strategy for destination promotion is to motivate the local population to explore the diverse offerings within their own country, fostering a sense of pride and excitement about domestic travel experiences. This research thus offers valuable insights into the potential revitalization of the tourism sector in Kazakhstan amidst the ongoing challenges posed by COVID-19.
... In today's times of austerity, many governments have reevaluated their social protection programs and the potential economic benefits of social tourism have received an increased level of attention [39], but it should be borne in mind that many European countries have a firmly defined structure of social tourism, in which way they encourage their own economy and positively affect the socioeconomic status of users of its services. Among them are some of the leading European economies: Belgium, France, Germany, Poland, Great Britain, Spain, but also one Romania [42]. In addition, five European countries: France, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Switzerland, promote social tourism using a voucher scheme. ...
... The threat of mass unemployment in the tourism and hospitality sector brought about by widespread Covid-19 lockdown's affecting the tourism and hospitality industries has highlighted the precariousness of these jobs. Social tourism policy makers and providers tackle these problems as they advocate a responsible approach to employment (Cisneros-Martínez et al. 2018) with permanent and decent working contracts and conditions (Minnaert et al. 2009;Diekmann & McCabe 2011) and to destination management, whereby demand is more evenly distributed throughout the season. Unfortunately, to date not many researchers have looked into the employment aspects of social tourism, but there is an urgent need to tackle these issues as working conditions are deteriorating in the tourism sector (Baum 2015). ...
... Regarding the importance of financing mechanisms, Diekmann and McCabe (2013) state that social tourism would be impossible without a public, private or charitable organization that implements it. The other two factors (demand and supply) in Hall and Brown's (2012) Political conditions, the state's economy, ideologies or basically the size of each group create differences in demand (Hall & Brown, 2012). ...
In European countries, social tourism is a well-known tourism strategy implemented to provide a better life by involving disadvantaged groups in social activities. Tourism, which is a need of developed societies, continues its development by spreading to social strata that are large and have limited economic power. This phenomenon has been identified as “Social Tourism”, which is a type of institutionalized private tourism that gained importance rapidly after the Second World War. Social tourism; It covers the participation of the masses with relatively insufficient economic power in tourism with some special precautions and aids and all the relations created by this. Social tourism has an important place in today's tourism policies. Among the special purposes of social tourism are the transportation of tourism to large masses and the benefit of these masses from all kinds of opportunities such as vacation, rest and entertainment. Social tourism environment in Turkey has positive and negative features. In terms of natural opportunities, there are wide opportunities for social tourism as well as for traditional tourism.
... Currently, the focus of social tourism has shifted considerably towards social inclusion and cohesion [4,38], especially within Europe, where both Western and Eastern countries have fostered the idea of social tourism as an obligation a state owes its citizenry and its society in order to fulfil the right to tourism espoused in charters such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [39]. This is why social tourism has become a flagship tourism policy in the European Union, since it best represents the ideals, aims and objectives of a truly social Europe [40]. ...
Holiday vouchers are a tool that have been used for 40 years to encourage employees' access to vacation and have been highlighted during the recent pandemic, when governments used them to support the tourism industry. Using a naturalistic inquiry that combined focus groups with workers from travel agencies and semi-structured interviews with tourists, we analysed the influence of the Romanian holiday voucher scheme on the tourist behaviour of employees in order to establish the holiday vouchers' usefulness as a tool in social tourism or for the development of the tourism industry. An overwhelming share of the interviewees considered the granting of holiday vouchers beneficial. First and foremost, holiday vouchers enabled some people with blue-collar jobs to have their first holiday in decades. Secondly, vouchers influenced tourist behaviour mainly in terms of destination choice, services purchased and holiday frequency and/or duration. Moreover, for the past couple of years when there were major events with impacts on the entire economy worldwide, holiday vouchers proved to be a lifesaver for the Romanian tourism industry.
... Social tourism provides social equality and fair tourism access for all citizens. Contributing to the sustainability of the European tourism industry is one of the reasons for this intervention (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). In addition, there are various researches on the subject of social tourism which are of interest to academics (Ferrer, Sanz, Ferrandis, McCabe, & Garcia, 2015;McCabe & Johnson, 2013;Minnaert, 2014;Minnaert, Maitland, & Miller, 2009;Morgan, Pritchard, & Sedgley, 2015). ...
Günümüzde sadece ürünler değil, hizmetler, kişiler, ülkeler gibi kentler de markalaşmaktadır.
Kentler için markalaşma, küresel bir gereklilik olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Dünyanın her tarafında
kentler markalaşmaya uygun konuma gelmek için, benzer nitelikteki diğer kentlerle her alanda rekabet
içerisindedir. Bu anlamda markalaşma, kentin ekonomik ve kültürel açıdan güçlenmesini ve çekicilik
kazanmasını sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Isparta kentinin markalaşması konusunda, yerel
halkın, çeşitli kurum ve kuruluşların algılarını ve görüşlerini incelemektir. Isparta’nın markalaşmış bir
kent olabilmesi için sahip olması veya öne çıkarılması gereken niteliklerinin tespit edilmesi amacıyla
çalışmada yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verileri halkın yoğun olarak
görüldüğü alanlarda ve çeşitli kurum ve kuruluşlar ziyaret edilerek toplanmıştır. 400 katılımcı ile yüz
yüze görüşme yapılarak araştırma soruları yöneltilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, marka kent
olma yolunda ilerleyen Isparta’nın turizm açısından zengin bir potansiyeli olduğunu, gelenek ve
göreneklerine bağlı bir şehir olduğunu, turizmde popülerliğinin artmakta olduğunu ancak tanıtım
faaliyetlerinin yetersiz olduğunu göstermiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, kentin markalaşma
açısından önemli kaynaklara sahip olduğunu ve bu kaynakların değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini
göstermiştir.
... 1518). Social tourism serves to combat inequality, unevenness, and exclusion of people in society with varying social, economic, and cultural backgrounds [30]. Accessible tourism for people with disabilities can be implemented in all components of the sector, such as travel agencies, accommodation, transportation, destinations, and information centers [31] (p. ...
The implementation of inclusive sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the tourism sector must promote opportunities and experiences for people with disabilities. This study explored the tourism experiences of people with disabilities in Indonesia. This phenomenological study reported on data collected through in-depth interviews with participants whose disabilities impact their lived experiences in tourism. Several themes, grounded in lived experiences, emerged from systematic analysis of the data. These include desire for relaxation, unaccommodated needs, inability to travel alone, unheard voices, and lack of empathy and awareness. These findings strengthen theory by conceptualizing the original voices of the tourism experience through past experiences. The results contribute to growing tourism literature on accessible tourism and the sustainable development goals by presenting insights of the tourism experiences of people with disabilities in the Indonesian context and other developing countries. The voices of disability experience in tourism help to improve the understanding of inclusivity as it relates to tourism experiences, and the need to hear the voices of people with disabilities in tourism planning.
... Ultimately, research on gender and sustainable entrepreneurship can underpin social policies at various levels of decision-making (Foss et al., 2019). In the context of this study social policies are understood as the policies encouraging social and economic participation among groups that are either underrepresented or seen as vulnerable in local communities (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). Participation of women in the labour market remains challenging, especially from the perspective of equal opportunities, levels of remuneration and work-life balance (European Commission, 2022). ...
Female entrepreneurship drives tourism development in resource-scarce destinations but little is known about why local women engage in business and what determines their success in a time of a life event crisis. This knowledge is important as it can support policies on regional regeneration and poverty alleviation. This study draws upon the Bourdieu's model of practice with its notions of capital, agents, field, and habitus to examine the experiences of women running tourism enterprises in a destination with the legacy of an anthropogenic environmental disaster, the Aral Sea region. Semi-structured interviews with women entrepreneurs in Uzbekistan (n = 18) and Kazakhstan (n = 15) showcase prevalence of the necessity-based and extrinsic motivations in a time of crisis. Interviews also demonstrate the importance of social capital women entrepreneurs built with such agents of entrepreneurial practice as family, friends, policymakers, employees, and competitors. The original contribution of the study is in revealing how local cultural traditions reinforce various types of capital, strengthen the field of knowledge, and shape habitus of women entrepreneurs in critical times. Another original contribution is in highlighting how the experience of past life event crises has aided in psychological coping of women tourism entrepreneurs during COVID-19.
... Social tourism is often portrayed as the opposite of commercial tourism [53]. It was born out of the need for solidarity and enabling leisure and tourism activities for vulnerable groups as well [54]. ...
The purpose of this article is to present the tourist attractiveness of rural areas as a factor of social tourism in Poland and the Czech Republic. The systematic literature review (SLR) research method was used to verify the aim. An extensive review of the literature has been made which has made it possible to present the importance of tourist attractiveness in the implementation of social tourism on the examples of Poland and the Czech Republic. This article presents a literature review and systematizes the terminology of social tourism. In addition, it shows the expectations and behavior of different groups of customers in the types and forms of social tourism. In the final part of the article the authors presented the opportunities and barriers to the development of social tourism in Poland and the Czech Republic.
... A second post-holiday survey and/or qualitative data collection investigating potential long-term effects of a social holiday would increase the insight of the transformational value of social tourism. Additionally, similar studies in other contexts would enhance understanding of the effectiveness of different social tourism systems, which would enable international comparisons and support recognizing the best practices of social tourism (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). ...
This study explores the effectiveness of social holidays by examining, how the objectives of state-driven Finnish social tourism are met in practice and how the benefits of a social holiday differ between disadvantaged families with children and adult groups. Among both groups, the results of a quantitative survey (N = 796) and six qualitative interviews of four highly experienced holiday instructors foreground benefits related to emotional and mental well-being, participation and activeness, and an opportunity to escape mundane responsibilities and difficult life situations. Our results suggest that in some areas (social interaction, life management, peer support) outcomes of a holiday vary between customer groups, which foregrounds the need to match social tourism objectives and services to their variable needs and motives. Regarding methodological aspects, this study demonstrates that when a respondent directly evaluates the benefits of a holiday, the results may differ from those gained via two-stage quantitative analyses applying general-level scales.
... As far as tourism is concerned, literature only provides very general insights concerning the support that SO can provide to PwSN, such as financial support, provision of tourism facilities, or organization of tourism activities, such as tourism trips (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011;Hunter-Jones, 2011). Regarding recreational and tourism activities, the main activities identified in the literature that are offered by SO are recreation activities, especially participation in sports, arts, socialising, and cultural events (Abraham et al., 2002;Hall & Hewson, 2006;Verdonschot et al., 2009a). ...
Although leisure and tourism are recognised as rights for all people, many people with special needs (PwSN) still have very limited opportunities for participating in these activities. Social organisations (SO) are potential mediators between the tourism industry and this market, especially for reducing barriers to participation. However, there is a lack of research on the role these organisations perform as facilitators of access to leisure and tourism. This paper aims to identify the difficulties faced and strategies adopted by SO when developing recreation and tourism activities, as well as the benefits of these activities for PwSN. A qualitative approach was adopted, namely semi-structured interviews with representatives of Portuguese SO working with PwSN. The findings highlight that Portuguese SO have had a dynamic and proactive behaviour in the development of recreation and tourism activities, contributing to increased access of PwSN to tourism activities, especially for people belonging to socially and economically disadvantaged groups. However, the results also show that SO face several constraints, specifically financial constraints, lack of specialised human resources and the lack of suitable tourism supply (e.g. accommodation, transportation) for this market. The paper ends with strategies that these organisations may adopt to cope with these constraints.
... Jednak większość państw członkowskich wspólnoty w realizacji owego prawa do turystyki kieruje się różnymi podejściami, a nawet definicjami samej turystyki społecznej, uznaje rozmaite priorytety i różnie definiuje role i zaangażowanie władzy publicznej oraz kwestie rozwoju tej gałęzi turystyki, w tym kryteriów uznawania jej produktów i wyłaniania ich wykonawców, jak też lokalnego zatrudnienia i innych korzyści przy ich realizacji w obszarach docelowych, co wykazuje analiza porównawcza (zob. Diekmann, McCabe, 2011). W rezultacie krajowe systemy turystyki socjalnej i jej praktyka różnią się na tyle mocno, że perspektywa w miarę koherentnego podejścia do organizacji turystyki społecznej w Europie (nie mówiąc o wspólnym i jednolitym) wydaje się nadal odległa. ...
Zadaniem rozdziału jest wprowadzenie Czytelnika w problematykę
turystyki socjalnej, zarówno jako zjawiska, narzędzia rozwiązywania
problemów społecznych, jak i obszaru ludzkiej przedsiębiorczości
w organizacji czasu wolnego. W stosunku do pozostałych części
monografii jego celem jest systematyzacja poszczególnych zagadnień,
wskazująca ich miejsce oraz powiązania z pozostałymi wymiarami refleksji
i obszarami analizowanych działań.
... Tourism is a good way to reduce misunderstanding among people from different cultures (Diekmann and McCabe 2011). Through traveling, people have a chance to make connections with the local residents, and vice versa. ...
The project compared various strategies by tourism authorities in different Australian states and different countries in managing the Chinese tourist market. In collaboration with experts in different destinations, this study conducted a media survey of five Australian states and three popular Chinese country destinations on how they attract and manage Chinese visitors.
... Nevertheless, what all the systems have in common is the recognition of the right to a holiday. So, one of the first requirements of social tourism as a field of academic study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of the different systems at European level, and in particular the degree to which they have been able to include all members of societies (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). ...
This chapter aims to share my experience as a tourism researcher with women who are embarking on a career in tourism research now or will do so in future.
The purpose of this book is to serve as a collective mentoring platform where today’s generation of women tourism researchers can share their experiences, observations and advice with future generations.
... Nevertheless, what all the systems have in common is the recognition of the right to a holiday. So, one of the first requirements of social tourism as a field of academic study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of the different systems at European level, and in particular the degree to which they have been able to include all members of societies (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). ...
... reminiscence, nostalgia, etc.), renewing life meanings and purposes (sense of purposes, values of life, self-acceptance, sense of contribution, self-actualisation, life-coherence, self-enhancement, self-reflection, etc.), inspiring novelty (refreshment, learning, personal growth, cultural difference, education, etc.), and enhancing their health and amusement (fun, leisure, escape, relaxation, recovery, therapeutic, interest, humor, etc.) (e.g. Marschall, 2014;Sie et al., 2016;Morgan et al., 2015;Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). Tourism scholarship tends to adopt the universalist stance of well-being, assuming that well-being consists of explicit dimensions and components, which can be generalised across different social and cultural contexts (Huang & Tsai, 2003;Woo et al., 2016). ...
This research explores the entangled relationships between tourism, ageing and well-being in later life. We challenge the universal connotations of old age and “ageing well” and see their relationships with tourism as dynamic processes, in which older people are continuously producing different meanings and fulfilling personal quests over life courses. Using the contextualist and temporal lens, four scenarios of the evolving relationships between tourism and ageing well were identified from the lived experiences and travel histories of 48 Chinese senior travelers. The results demonstrate that how tourism affects ageing well are shaped by senior travellers' early life and travel experiences, the personalised conceptions attached to tourism and well-being, which are indeed complex responses to their personal, social and cultural contexts. This research unveils vivid pictures of Chinese older adults’ leisure lives, and highlights the urgency to develop relevant tourism policies and marketing strategies to cater for their changing needs.
... According to Diekmann & McCabe (2011), the funding system and the amount of the funding are the essential factors that determine the implementation method of social tourism in countries. For example, if the funding scheme is state-funded, and if the budget allocation is high, generally countries have specific social tourism facilities. ...
This study and its conceptual framework are motivated by the awareness of the positive impacts of social tourism on social inclusion. The aim of the research is to explore the potential of social tourism for creating an inclusive tourism form through investigating alternative camp in Turkey. The camp was examined as an ethnographic case study with qualitative research methods. Data were gathered by conducting semi-structured interviews and participant observations lasting over a year. In addition, the secondary data were collected in the form of organizational and other types of documents. As a result, the study develops an inclusive social tourism management model that proposes three components: (1) sustainable financial support, (2) a strong volunteer structure, (3) an aspirational goal.
... Fig. 1 also indicates less emphasis on the supply side of social tourism research, represented by the node of 'associations'. This has previously been highlighted as a gap in knowledge, since provisions of services often combine travel, tourism and hospitality sector providers with social, health and education organizations (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). This is contrasted with relatively stronger linkages between the term 'community', not in terms of relationships between social tourists and host communities, but the everyday life contexts of social tourists, which can be linked to quality of life issues, both as a motivating factor for social tourism as well as a beneficial outcome. ...
This article reviews the literature on social tourism for the first time. Social tourism has been in existence since the development of modern tourism but remains a niche research area. Partially, this is because social tourism constitutes part of public welfare policy and directed towards supporting participation in tourism activities by people whose financial or other circumstances prevent them from doing so. This literature review takes a conceptual approach to examine the theoretical underpinnings of social tourism. It combines a bibliometric analysis with an analytic review approach that assesses the key themes and evolution of published research articles in the field and develops a tourism as welfare model that identifies directions for the future development of research in this field.
... The tourism product offered is again standard, the same for disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged groups. (Minnaert et al., 2011: 405) Social tourism systems vary greatly from one country to another, depending on the level of welfare and policy provision of the state and willingness to provide access to participation (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). The choice of social tourism policies and stakeholders involved depends to a large extent on the historical and socio-cultural background of a country or region. ...
With an ageing population and the increasing prevalence of age-related constraints, social tourism providers and policy-makers face significant challenges in providing holidays for seniors. Based on a large database from a research project in Wallonia (Belgium) implemented from 2015 till 2018, the study identifies the different types of holiday arrangements and activities associated with the benefits of holidays, largely in terms of wellbeing. It then examines whether they are age-related or not, and if so how, and how they can inform social tourism policies that target seniors. Data from the sample of 4144 respondents show a variety of age-related significant associations , with thresholds at retirement and after the age of 70. The study examines these associations in the context of various social theories of ageing and sets out the implications for social tourism policy-makers and providers.
... The threat of mass unemployment in the tourism and hospitality sector brought about by widespread Covid-19 lockdown's affecting the tourism and hospitality industries has highlighted the precariousness of these jobs. Social tourism policy makers and providers tackle these problems as they advocate a responsible approach to employment (Cisneros-Martínez et al. 2018) with permanent and decent working contracts and conditions (Minnaert et al. 2009;Diekmann & McCabe 2011) and to destination management, whereby demand is more evenly distributed throughout the season. Unfortunately, to date not many researchers have looked into the employment aspects of social tourism, but there is an urgent need to tackle these issues as working conditions are deteriorating in the tourism sector (Baum 2015). ...
Integrating case studies from around the world, chapters showcase the latest research on social tourism and its potential role in tackling the challenges posed by modern, mass tourism development that can lead to sustainable alternatives and social equity in participation. Contributors explore tourism activities that are directed towards positive social and personal outcomes for people who would not be able to access leisure or holiday travel without such interventions and illustrate the social imperative of tourism as a force for good.
... There are also many facets to the tourism phenomenon which is much greater than the tourism industry perspective that Butcher champions. As the comment, from one commentator above noted, there is a whole social tourism system that ensures that access to holidays and leisure is not limited by ability to pay and has its own organisations, infrastructures and processes (see Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). Higgins-Desbiolles (2006) drew attention to this and other initiatives she designated as "tourism as a social force" in an effort to ensure that a narrow view of "tourism as an industry" did not overshadow and undermine these important efforts for ethics, equity and sustainability. ...
COVID-19 is widely recognised as a challenge or even a game-changer for travel and tourism. It has also been a catalyst to serious debate in the “tourism academy,” as revealed by a discussion on TRINET Tourism Information Network via email in May 2020. The catalyst to this debate was an email by academic Jim Butcher announcing his work entitled “the war on tourism,” published in an online magazine. Presenting a binary between industry recovery and reform, Butcher’s article denounced a body of tourism work he portrayed as hostile to the industry and as using COVID-19 as an opportunity to attack it. He argued that this resulted in harm to tourism businesses, tourism workers and ordinary tourists. These TRINET discussions worked to present a binary in schools of thought, divided by being either for the tourism industry or against it. This analysis explains how advocates of industry rapid recovery stand opposed to wider efforts to reform tourism to be more ethical, responsible and sustainable. The struggle concerns both the proper role of tourism and tourism academics. Outcomes from this debate have repercussions for the development of the discipline, the education of tourism students and the future of tourism practices.
... Suhtautuminen sosiaaliseen matkailuun riippuu pitkälti ympäröivästä yhteiskunnasta (esim. Diekmann & McCabe, 2011;Hjalager, 2006). Esimerkiksi Skandinaviassa ajatellaan yleisesti matkailun olevan perusoikeus, jolloin katsotaan, että valtion on perusteltua tukea niitä, joilla ei muuten ole mahdollisuutta matkailuun (Minnaert ym., 2006, s. 8). ...
The purpose of this literature review is to explore how social entrepreneurship research is conducted in the field of tourism and to consider the possibilities, limitations and challenges, which are included in it in urban, northern environment. Social entrepreneurship in tourism can be attached to a larger context of the inclusion and possibilities of inclusion, which are in tourism research discussed in terms of social and inclusive tourism. The impact of social entrepre-neurship is namely on the social: communities and societies. It aims in producing meaningful influence besides economic benefit to the society. In this review, we first explore how social entrepreneurship is discussed in the field of tourism research. We also reflect what kind of viewpoints the discussions offer to social entrepreneurship in tourism in the northern, urban context. Based on the review, the central terms of social entrepreneurship in tourism are value creation, social innovations and sustainability. The aim of the social enterprises in tourism is especially to develop the living conditions of the community through, for instance, creating jobs, increasing the employability of those at risk of exclusion and supporting communities in the periphery. The social enterprises are studied very little in the context of urban north since the studies focus on rural destinations.
... Also, the role of therapeutic intervention policies for individuals with disabilities in the context of rehabilitation deserves further study, so as to better understand and stimulate the potential of concerted action of all those involved in decision-making processes, either in tourism, social or health sectors. According to Diekmann and McCabe (2011), a strong European policy for social tourism could be the answer, through the implementation of an inclusive system, beyond the economic framework mainstream. We subscribe to Minnaert, Maitland, and Miller's (2006, 2009 contention that social tourism will not provide benefits spontaneously, since welfare agents need to be aware of their role in the process and to know exactly how they may encourage the desired outcomes. ...
... Participants A sample of 31,799 French-speaking seniors was selected from the database of a health insurance company in Belgium, a social tourism provider and intermediary (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011). This health insurance company is the largest in Belgium (holding 41.1% of the Belgian market share in 2016). ...
... While supporters of the scheme argue that government is responsible for providing low-priced accommodation as part of its social tourism programme, because of Iranians' low purchasing power and the shortage of budget travel accommodation in many domestic destinations, opponents believe that the provision of government-led accommodation establishments has been detrimental to the conventional lodging sector and the hospitality economy generally. Despite the growing body of research on social tourism issues, the focus has primarily been on the European context (Diekmann & McCabe, 2011;Diekmann et al., 2018;McCabe et al., 2012;Minnaert et al., 2009), while significant research gaps remain on the developing countries' context. This is particularly important for countries such as Iran where there is substantial domestic tourism and emerging social tourism schemes (Ghaderi, 2011;. ...
Despite the growing body of research on social tourism practices, significant gaps remain about such initiatives in developing countries. The tourism products offered in social tourism are varied and are aligned with national contexts. Using school-stay as seasonal and low-priced tourist accommodation has long been a unique government-sponsored social tourism scheme in Iran to trigger traveling among disadvantaged and low-income individuals. Against this backdrop, this study sought to critically examine the effects of this long-running policy on the Iranian tourism industry and more particularly on the hospitality sector. Drawing on the documentary research and in-depth interviews with key informants, findings revealed that while such an initiative facilitates traveling among unprivileged and low-come individuals, improves travel spatial distribution, and manages over-crowdedness in peak seasons, it discourages investments in the hospitality sector, negatively affects local economic development and provides inadequate and low-quality hospitality services. Overall, the findings of this study contribute to the literature on social tourism practices in developing countries. It also highlights the implications of public sector intervention in the management and promotion of social tourism as an economic driver for domestic tourism and the hospitality industry.
Purpose
The academic background of tourism marketing dates back to the 1960s. There had been a slight increase in its capacity until the early 1990s. However, since then, it has boomed, reaching thousands of scientific journal articles and tens of scientific books published only in English each year. Therefore, this study aims to present how tourism marketing has progressed academically within the past 60 years over four waves and how this progress may move forward as the next wave.
Design/methodology/approach
A bibliometric analysis grounds this study, which characterizes the past and present of tourism marketing research and anticipates the future. Content analysis, such as word clouds and social network analysis, was adopted to identify topic clusters and their connections. A total of 9,239 articles published between 1969 and 2024 were extracted from Scopus. Software packages such as VOSviewer were used to determine connections within topics.
Findings
The authors have assessed the findings broadly. Four waves were from the late 1960s to the first quarter of 2000. In spite of the limited size of papers at the early stage, the last wave saw a boom and a diversified number and category of subjects studied. In each wave, new subjects were added to broaden the picture.
Research limitations/implications
The discussion of findings is based only on those scientific papers published in English since 1969 but excludes the whole list of textbooks. Subsequent research should also consider all papers and textbooks released in different languages to have the broadest picture assessment worldwide.
Practical implications
The study conveys various suggestions for industry practitioners and policymakers to focus on carefully assessing trends in marketing tourism services and how these may be shaped shortly. This may help practitioners and policymakers redesign their services and marketing strategies in light of future developments.
Originality/value
This study continues a recent study published by Kozak (2023) that has been elaborated, particularly from the industry perspective. The current study examines the academic profile of all subjects investigated in the case of tourism marketing, but mainly in an academic sense. Accordingly, this paper outlines the facts and trends researchers may follow throughout the research frame published in the past six decades.
Purpose
Drawing on the dynamic capability view (DCV), this research determines the suitable configurations of resilience strategies for sustainable tourism supply chain performance amidst “extreme” disruptive events affecting the entire supply chain.
Design/methodology/approach
This research applies a multi-study and multi-method approach. Study 1 utilizes in-depth interviews to identify a list of tourism supply chain sustainability risks and resilience strategies. Study 2, using quality function deployment (QFD) technique, determines the most important resilience strategies corresponding to highly significant risks. Study 3, on the other hand, adopts a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to determine the best recipe of resilience strategies and risks to make the tourism supply chain performance sustainable.
Findings
The findings reveal that sustainable tourism performance during an extreme disruptive event (e.g. COVID-19 health crisis) depends on the combined effect of tourism resilience strategies and risks instead of their individual effect.
Practical implications
The research findings offer significant managerial implications. Managers may experiment with multiple causal conditions of risks and resilience strategies to engender the expected outcome.
Originality/value
This research extends current knowledge on tourism supply chain and offers insights for managers to mitigate the risks and ensures sustainable performance in the context of extreme disruptive events.
Cultural tourism or "cultural tourism" in Maringkik as one of the strategies to reduce regional and economic development inequality, where this tourism is managed by community groups that collaborate with the government, as well as institutions outside the government. Community-based social tourism can be a tool for nature conservation and reducing cultural assimilation. This research is an activity that focuses on examining and analyzing the traditions and culture of the Maringkik people from the perspective of community tourism development. This problem is studied with the aim of increasing the knowledge of the Maringkik community regarding the management of tourism potential and its contribution to the development of new knowledge on alternative forms of tourism. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative using a participant approach, where data collection uses surveys and qualitative methods. The survey was conducted by means of interviews with the community and village structures of Maringkik Island using the old method. The data is tabulated and processed then described. To evaluate the characteristics of “cultural tourism”, a survey is designed for tourism facility providers that will be formed by the community and providers. A survey was also conducted to determine the population and economic level of the community. With surveys and qualitative studies, data related to the potential for traditional and cultural tourism owned by the Maringkik people can be mapped quite comprehensively. The results of this study are that the tourism potential in Maringkik is related to two things, firstly discovering the traditions and culture of the local community, secondly, the tourism potential in Maringkik cannot be separated from the beach and the gills.
Tourism as a right was officially stated in the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (1999) and it would be granted normative status once the Framework Convention on Tourism Ethics (2020) is legally binding. As such, the importance of the rights discourse in tourism has been largely acknowledged and its status is increasingly being reinforced. The rights discourse of tourism is particularly important as the world is facing at the Fourth industrial revolution, which can lead to a societal transformation like previous industrial revolutions. However, the position of tourism as a right has still been confronted with an ambivalent conjuncture and it still requires the relevant etudes to provide diverse perspectives for its justification or its discursive construction within a philosophical approach. By applying a Foucauldian discourse analysis for a close reading of international statements and demonstrating the relevance and applicability of biopolitics to the rights discourse in tourism, this article argues that a fuller understanding of the discourses and arguments made regarding a right to tourism is possible through a deeper consideration of biopolitics and that its legitimation needs to take place within the realm of biopolitical production.
The chapter aims at studying the inclusion of these groups in a consumer market, especially in the tourism industry, and it is a continuation of a master study carried out by one of the authors of the text in the Graduate Program in Tourism at the University of São Paulo. To this end, the authors focus their attention on the NGO Eternamente SOU, a reference in welcoming LGBT+ elderly people in Brazil, and on the life stories of its participants, recently published in the book Os Brilhos das Velhices LGBT+ and as a supporting text, the book Introduction to Elderly LGBTI+.
Starzenie się populacji jest wyzwaniem przed jakim staje coraz więcej krajów świata. Z jednej strony jest to proces wyraźnie pozytywny, ponieważ udało się wyeliminować lub ograniczyć część ryzyk, które miały bezpośredni wpływ na poziom i jakość życia, ale też jego długość. Z drugiej strony przed społeczeństwami pojawiają się nowe problemy związane z koniecznością zabezpieczenia rosnących i zróżnicowanych potrzeb coraz liczniejszej subpopulacji osób starszych. Stąd też w monografii podjęto rozważania w ujęciu interdyscyplinarnym nad perspektywami rozwoju srebrnej gospodarki w Polsce.
Książka obejmuje 19 rozdziałów o zróżnicowanej tematyce i charakterze naukowym. Zawiera opracowania badawcze, koncepcyjne, analityczne i syntetyczne, w tym diagnostyczne i prognostyczne, opierające się na źródłach wtórnych i własnych badaniach empirycznych 28 autorów na następujące tematy:
1. zmiany demograficzne a gospodarka i społeczeństwo, w tym:
- srebrne finanse z perspektywy ekonomicznej i menedżerskiej
- komplementarność usług prywatnych i publicznych na lokalnym rynku
- zatrudnianie osób starszych i ich oczekiwania wobec pracodawców
- prawa seniorów vs. modele rodziny i opieki instytucjonalnej
2. funkcjonowanie srebrnego rynku, w tym:
- reklama jako środek komunikacji marketingowej adresowanej do seniorów
- prognoza zmian struktury konsumpcji gospodarstw domowych seniorów dla lat 2025-2050
- krytyczna ocena skutków gospodarczych rosnącej populacji osób starszych
3. zdrowie, ochrona zdrowia i profilaktyka, w tym:
- potrzeby, wyzwania i perspektywy dostępu do usług e-zdrowia
- wyzwania stojące przed sektorem ochrony zdrowia
- wiedza osób w wieku podeszłym na temat szczepień ochronnych
- organizacyjne, legislacyjne i prawne uwarunkowania wykorzystania telerozwiązań
4. kultura, turystyka i przestrzeń miejska, w tym:
- stymulanty i destymulanty uczestnictwa seniorów w kulturze
- turystyka z perspektywy polityki społeczno-gospodarczej UE i Polski
- miejska polityka senioralna na przykładzie Gminy Szczecin
- nowości dedykowane osobom starszym w obszarze edukacji i środowiska
5. innowacje, w tym:
- zachowania seniorów w świetle postępującej cyfryzacji usług finansowych
- postawy osób starszych wobec innowacji na rynku FMCG
- innowacje społeczne
- subiektywny wymiar cyfrowego wykluczenia.
We live in a dynamic and constantly evolving environment. The need
for science to solve increasingly complex tasks that require analysis
with the participation of various specialists, from different points
of view, gives rise to the need for the development of the so-called
multi- and interdisciplinary research. The progress of science requires
crossing the boundaries of disciplines, at their "crossing" often
new ideas and important discoveries arise. Interdisciplinarity as
well as a comprehensive or holistic approach are of particular importance
in the development of economics and finance as well
as management. Without comprehensive research, in which various
sciences participate with their specific methods and conceptual apparatus,
it is currently impossible to obtain scientific achievements.
Nowadays, there are more and more examples of issues whose
analysis and solution require the participation of — apart from economists
— specialists from other sciences. In economics and finance,
also inmanagement, everything is connected with everything,
everything influences everything. The main purpose of these considerations
is an attempt to present the interdisciplinary approach
on the example of silver (senior) finances. We intend to formulate
an initial concept of a new research trend on the border of economics,
finance and management as well as other disciplines, including
using the 'resilience' category.
This book analyses social tourism across the world, exploring the theoretical foundations of this type of tourism with examples of practical implementations. Part II is composed of case studies discussing the historical evolution of the concept and implementation of social tourism in different parts of the world. This discussion also results in the identification of challenges and opportunities for the development of social tourism in these contexts. Part III of the book reflects on tourism experiences lived by different target groups of social tourism, such as seniors, disabled children, and low-income families. Part IV of the book is devoted to practical challenges of social tourism and policy implications. The book has 13 chapters, in addition to an introduction and a conclusion.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the European Union tourism policy has been increasingly focused on initiatives in the field of social tourism, which are one of the ways of achieving sustainable development in the European tourism economy. Most of the research projects that have so far been conducted in the field have focused on the benefits for its participants (subjective one: Children and youths, seniors, disabled people, people (families) with low incomes and/or unemployed, big families). However, there is a lack of research on the analysis of the place of social aspects of tourism in the general socioeconomic policy of the state and, in a detailed aspect, in the sectoral policy represented by tourism policy, as well as its potential impact on the development of the national economy and meeting tourism needs of the society. The authors tried to fill this research gap in this study. The aim of the study is to differentiate the issues related to the social aspects of tourism policy from the entire socioeconomic policy pursued in the European Union and selected member states (Poland and Slovakia). The article is of a theoretical-analytical-conceptual nature. Empirical research, due to the nature of its issues, was conducted with the use of qualitative research methods. The results of the conducted research showed that activities in the field of social tourism policy are conditioned by organizational solutions for the entities that undertake them, as well as economic ones, especially in the field of financing. Moreover, they made it possible to propose the concept of a model social tourism policy with an indication of its place in the European policy on the basis of the past and future EU financial perspectives.
Holidays are widely viewed as a special time, devoted to personal development and recreation. As tourism consumption becomes more widespread in developed countries, however, holidays are becoming subsumed into everyday life. The extent to which people are able to devote time to holidays is strongly influenced by economic, social and cultural structures. An international comparison of holiday time entitlement and consumption indicates that holidays are accepted as a social right in the `holiday time surplus' nations of Europe, but are not so firmly grounded in the liberal `holiday time deficit' societies such as the USA and Japan.
Interest in travel constraints and access to tourism facilities by people with disabilities has been largely brought about in the UK with the introduction of the Disability Discrimination Act in 1995. This article explores the impact of this legislation in terms of a wider debate on government ideas of social inclusion. In this setting, attention is given to the reactions of service providers to the disability legislation and of the needs of tourists. The article draws together the findings from a range of recent surveys of both providers and users.
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The growing frequency of vacation travel in the developed world has ensured that tourism is seen as an essential element of the quality of life. A cross-comparative analysis of tourism consumption indicates substantial differences in tourism consumption and the structural position of vacations as a social right between nations. Higher levels of vacation entitlement and consumption in Europe can be linked to corporatist or social democratic welfare regimes that recognize tourism consumption as a social right. In the United States and Japan, however, more liberal welfare regimes are linked to lower vacation entitlements and greater inequalities in distribution of income and/or leisure time. The resulting differences in vacation time availability are reflected in time-intensive tourism consumption patterns in Europe, and money-intensive consumption patterns in the United States and Japan. With increasing liberalization, however, there are signs that these international differences are beginning to narrow.
The concept of welfare is a somewhat neglected area within tourism studies, despite the continued growth of interest in key issues such as ethics, tourist safety, employee's well-being, human rights, ethnocentrism, cultural sensitivity and behaviour codes, green consumerism, and the perceptions of management of 'sustainability'. This book provides an explanation, definition and a critique of welfare and a welfare approach covering these issues. Chapters cover the welfare of tourists, employees in the tourism industry, residents in tourism destinations, animals as tourist attractions and the natural environment.
Social Tourism for low-income groups forms part of social policy in several countries of mainland Europe, but little research evidence of its benefits exists. This study empirically examines these benefits in terms of increases in social and family capital. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with participating families and their support workers, in a semi-longitudinal research design. Social Tourism was found to increase family capital in the short term, and social capital—in terms of social networks, related pro-active behavior and self-esteem—in the medium term. These increases can be seen as beneficial for the participants and to wider society. Consequently it is suggested that Social Tourism may be a cost-effective addition to social policy.
The 1995 Disability Discrimination Act has focussed attention on the tourism industry in the UK. More specifically, national tourism agencies are promoting the Act within the context of the economic potential of disabled tourist. This paper, based on a pilot study of disabled people, argues that the needs of the disabled are far more complex than is currently being debated. It also argues for research on the disabled tourist to be part of wider studies of disability that encompass the social model of disability. The findings from the survey also point to close similarities with other studies of marginal tourists, at least in terms of the meanings attached to holidays.
Analysis of the welfare – physical, economic, social, etc. – of all those involved in tourism (tourists, employees, local residents, animals and the environment in which it takes place) is proposed as a means of illuminating tourism's nature and impacts. The paper argues that the welfare of one set of participants may be compromised by efforts to increase that of others and illustrates this with an examination of the contrasting welfare of tourists and non-tourists; the welfare of tourism employees, especially those who migrate to take up work, versus that of other residents; and the (dis)benefits that accrue to animals and nature when included in the tourism product.
Much of the literature on social exclusion ignores its ‘spatial’ or ‘mobility’ related aspects. This paper seeks to rectify this by examining the mobile processes and infrastructures of travel and transport that engender and reinforce social exclusion in contemporary societies. To the extent to which this issue is addressed, it is mainly organized around the notion of ‘access’ to activities, values and goods. This paper examines this discourse in some detail. It is argued that there are many dimensions of such access, that improving access is a complex matter because of the range of human activities that might need to be ‘accessed’, that in order to know what is to be accessed the changing nature of travel and communications requires examination, and that some dimensions of access are only revealed through changes in the infrastructure that ‘uncover’ previously hidden social exclusions. Claims about access and socio-spatial exclusion routinely make assumptions about what it is to participate effectively in society. We turn this question around, also asking how mobilities of different forms constitute societal values and sets of relations, participation in which may become important for social inclusion. This paper draws upon an extensive range of library, desk and field research to deal with crucial issues relating to the nature of a fair, just and mobile society.
This study aims to evaluate the stated reasons for a holiday amongst low income families and other groups who experience barriers to participation in tourism. The paper also analyses how socially excluded groups benefit from the opportunity to experience a holiday through financial assistance. The paper presents findings from application data to three national UK charities providing financial support for different groups. The research examines the situational circumstances of these applicants and adds knowledge on motivational needs for leisure travel. The paper concludes for the need for more detailed measures of the benefits of tourism and calls for wider links to be made between leisure travel experience and social policy agendas.
The purpose of this report is to look at the impact of youth on tourism and the tourist industry, not just as travellers but also as employees. Alan Jefferson, International Marketing Director and Deputy Chief Executive of the British Tourist Authority, considers demographic trends which have implications for tourism and demonstrates the importance of the youth segment for the UK's incoming tourist industry. In Europe the proportion of young people is declining and more must be encouraged to pursue higher education as the demand for professional workers increases.
This paper argues that in the current neo-liberal era, the discourse of tourism as an “industry” has overshadowed other conceptualisations of the tourism phenomenon. An argument is developed that this discourse serves the needs and agendas of leaders in the tourism business sector. However, the author desires to revive an earlier understanding of tourism that predates the neoliberal era. Tourism is in fact a powerful social force that can achieve many important ends when its capacities are unfettered from the market fundamentalism of neoliberalism and instead are harnessed to meet human development imperatives and the wider public good. Examining the human rights aspects of tourism, investigating phenomena such as “social tourism”, exploring a few “non-western” perspectives of tourism and outlining some of the tantalising promise that tourism holds, this paper attempts to revive and reinforce a wider vision of tourism's role in societies and the global community. It is argued that it is critical for tourism academics, planners and leaders to support such a vision if tourism is to avoid facing increasing opposition and criticism in a likely future of insecurity and scarcity.
This paper reports the empirical findings of a qualitative study undertaken to investigate factors which may inhibit tourism participation for young people experiencing problems related to cancer. Participation in leisure activities has long been recognised as playing an important role in the personal development of young people, contributing to identity and self-concept. Holiday-taking represents one expression of leisure participation yet is not an activity universally enjoyed. Socio-economic factors are commonly recognised as inhibiting full participation. The contribution of ill health has been less so considered.To address this, 25 informants, accessed through the Young Oncology Unit (YOU) at Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK, a specialist cancer hospital covering the northwest of England, were questioned about the key barriers inhibiting travel post-diagnosis. Key barriers identified included fear of being unable to cope on holiday, a lack of confidence and self-belief. Such barriers were found to be consistent with the intrinsic, environmental and interactive barriers identified in Smith's (Ann. Tourism Res. 14 (1987) 376) earlier study of disabled tourists. The paper concludes by considering the implications the research poses for the Tourism Industry.
Although provision of holidays for families in need has been mainstreamed within the social care policies of many countries in the rest of Europe, social tourism has yet to be adopted in the United Kingdom. This article reports on a scoping study of research and policy in this area. While there is limited robust research on the impact of holidays, emerging evidence supports a range of claims for benefits to children and families. The article concludes that both political emphasis on social inclusion and pan-European initiatives on Tourism For All currently provide an opportunity for the provision of holidays for families in need to be placed firmly on the social care agenda.
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