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Mycorrhizal inoculation effect in Acacia mangium grown in an acid oxisol amended with gypsum
Journal of Plant Nutrition
Abstract
Glomus aggregatum and Acacia mangium were interacted in an acid manganese (Mn)‐rich oxisol unamended or amended with hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2] or gypsum (CaSO4) at soil phosphorus (P) concentrations considered optimal for mycorrhizal host growth. Vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAMF) colonization as well as VAMF function was significantly curtailed if soil was unamended with gypsum or lime. The highest mycorrhizal inoculation effect (MIE) was observed in the soil treated with gypsum at the rate of 0.32 g of calcium (Ca)/kg followed by the limed soil. Higher concentrations of gypsum deleteriously affected VAMF infectivity and effectivity. The first increment of gypsum compensated for part of the VAMF colonization and for all of the mycorrhizal inoculation effect that was lost due to low pH. The better MIE observed in the gypsum treated soil compared to that which was amended with lime suggests that the sensitivity of the acacia‐VAMF association to soil acidity was more a function of Ca inadequacy than it was of pH or associated increases in Mn concentration.
... In Acacia mangium Willd., Habte and Soedarjo (1995) reported that this species can form effective symbiotic relationships with AMF, improving nutrient uptake and plant growth. However, in lateritic soils with excess iron, Ghosh and Verma (2006) observed that A. mangium Willd. ...
Purpose
Manganese (Mn) is crucial in low concentrations but can become toxic in soils and sediments, affecting plants and animals. Understanding how plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) tolerate Mn is crucial for the application of these microorganisms in the remediation of contaminated soils. Despite recognized benefits in various plant species, assessing plant-AMF interaction effectiveness in mitigating Mn toxicity is crucial for undocumented plants.
Methods
Acacia mangium Willd. plants were inoculated with an AMF native to a Mn mining area and grown in soil with increasing Mn levels (0, 200, and 400 mg kg⁻¹) to evaluate the effects of inoculation on plant growth and plant-AMF association strategies to reduce Mn toxicity.
Results
Inoculation with AMF resulted in beneficial effects, minimizing Mn toxicity and enhancing plant growth, despite reduced mycorrhizal colonization and AMF spore levels in the soil. Non-inoculated plants exposed to 400 mg kg⁻¹ of Mn exhibited significant reductions in shoot dry mass (64.9%), number of leaves (25%), and root length (24%) compared to AMF-inoculated plants. Mn concentration was higher in the roots of AMF-inoculated plants at all Mn levels, indicating a restriction in Mn transport to the shoot, thus minimizing damage and promoting plant growth. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy identified Mn, potassium, phosphorus, iron and calcium in AMF spores, suggesting their protective role against Mn phytotoxicity and adaptability of this species of microorganism under stress conditions.
Conclusion
The native AMF inoculation reduces toxicity and improves the growth of A. mangium Willd. under high levels of Mn in the soil.
... • Gypsum applied to sandy soils can depress phosphorus, copper, and zinc transport (Zhu and Alva 1994). • Gypsum can have negative effects on mycorrhizal inoculation of roots (Habte and Soedarjo 1995), which may account for reported negative effects of gypsum on tree seedling establishment and survival (Bakker et al. 1999;Singh et al. 1997). ...
... • Gypsum applied to sandy soils can depress phosphorus, copper, and zinc transport (Zhu and Alva 1994). • Gypsum can have negative effects on mycorrhizal inoculation of roots (Habte and Soedarjo 1995), which may account for reported negative effects of gypsum on tree seedling establishment and survival (Bakker et al. 1999;Singh et al. 1997). ...
... Soybean and peanut were known to have the ability to tolerate the acidic soil with Al saturation of 20-30% (Arya 1990;Yost 2000;Zheng 2010). The chemical properties of acidic soil also inhibit the growth and role of Rhizobium, and mycorrhiza and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Habte and Soedarjo 1995;Habte and Soedarjo 1996). Therefore, application of chemical fertilizers alone has not been enough to support the legume growth. ...
Harsono A, Pratiwi H. 2017. The increase of Ultisol productivity based on intercropping cassava with peanut and soybean. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 157-163. The research aimed to determine the productivity and economic benefits of intercropping cassava with peanut and soybean on Ultisol dryland. Field experiment covering 2 ha land was conducted at Ultisol in East Lampung during 2011 growing season. A split plot design was used in this research involving four farmers as replications. Each farmer applied two fertilizer packages for the main plot, i.e., (A) ½ dose of recommended NPK + organic fertilizer + biofertilizer, and (B) the recommended dose of NPK. The sub-plot was intercropping system, i.e., (i) the farmer’s monoculture cassava technological package, (ii) the improved farmer’s monoculture cassava technological package, (iii) intercropping cassava + peanut, and (iv) intercropping cassava + peanut +/ soybean. The results indicated that improvement of plant spacing and NPK fertilization could increase the productivity of the farmer’s monoculture cassava technological model by 54-85% of fresh roots. The productivity could be further increased by intercropping cassava with peanut, or intercropping cassava + peanut/+ soybean. The LER of intercropping cassava + peanut was 3.30 when the technological farmer’s monoculture cassava was used as the control in the LER calculation and was 1.78 when the improved technological monoculture cassava was used as the control in the LER calculation. In addition, the LER of intercropping cassava + peanut +/soybean was 3.70 and 1.98, respectively, when the calculation of LER considered, respectively, the farmer’s monoculture cassava and improved monoculture cassava as the control. The intercropping system significantly increased the net income of monoculture system up to 210% and the higher income was generated by intercropping cassava + peanut +/soybean. The use of organic and biological fertilizer reduced the NPK fertilizer requirement by 50% and significantly increased the benefit-cost ratio.
... Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in A. mangium has been previously reported in Sierra Leone (Bakarr and Janos, 1996). Growth of this species has been shown to improve with the inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi (Habte and Soedarjo, 1995). Along with Dipterocapaceae, these species are also important in Central Kalimantan. ...
Arbuscular mycorrhizas improve the growth and nutrient uptake of plants and are formed in 80% of all land plants. Little information is available on the status of arbuscular mycorrhizas in tropical soils. The objective of this study was to clarify mycorrhizal colonization of tree species grown in tropical peat soils. Seedlings of 22 tree species in 14 families grown in a peat swamp forest of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia were collected in 2000 and 2001. Roots were stained with 0.05% aniline blue and arbuscules, vesicles and internal hyphae were observed under a compound microscope. Seventeen of 22 species showed arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization was observed for the first time in roots of Shorea teysmanniana, Shorea balangeran, Shorea uliginosa (Dipterocarpaceae), Calophyllum sclerophyllum, Calophyllum soulattri (Guttiferae), Cratoxylum arborescens (Guttiferae), Tetramerista glabra (Tetrameristaceae), Palaquium gutta (Sapotaceae), Melastoma melabathricum (Melastomataceae), Gonystylus bancanus (Thymelaeaceae), Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae) and Campnosperma auriculatum (Anacardiaceae). C. soulattri, C. arborescens, G. bancanus, Acacia mangium, M. melabathricum and H. brasiliensis showed a percentage mycorrhizal colonization of 50% or higher. No arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization was found in Hopea mengarawan (Dipterocarpaceae), Koompassia malacensis (Caesalpiniaceae), Tristaniopsis whiteana (Myrtaceae), Combretocapus rotundatus (Rhizophoraceae) and Dyera costulata (Apocynaceae). It is suggested that inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can improve the early growth of some tree species grown in peat swamp forests and this will be expected as a key technology to rehabilitate disturbed peatlands.
Para avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com bradyrhizobium e fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em dois substratos usados para a formação de mudas de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth), no crescimento, nodulação, colonização micorrízica e teores e acúmulos de macro e micronutrientes, foi realizado um experimento em casa de vegetação na Embrapa Agrobiologia, utilizando um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial completo 4 X 2 com 5 repetições. Os tratamentos foram: Testemunha sem inoculação; inoculação com rizóbio; inoculação com micorriza; inoculação com rizóbio + micorriza e dois substratos com diferentes conteúdos de composto orgânico em sua composição. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros de crescimento, nutrição, nodulação e colonização das mudas aos 79 dias após o plantio. As mudas colonizadas isoladas (R) e/ou em conjunto (R+M) beneficiaram a formação das mudas do sabiá em todos os parâmetros de crescimento estudados em relação aos outros tratamentos microbiológicos (Test. e M); aumentaram os teores de N e o acúmulo de N, K, Mg, Cu, Mn e Fe. A inoculação com micorriza também estimulou a nodulação no sabiá. Os resultados finais indicam que, em relação as variáveis estudadas, deve-se optar pelo substrato com menor teor de composto orgânico para a produção de mudas dessa espécie que é muito indicada para utilização em campo pelas unidades de pesquisas da Embrapa.
Para avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com Bradyrhizobium, fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e níveis de fósforo em mudas de Acacia mangium Willd, plantadas em um solo espodossolo humilúvico de restinga degradada, adubado com cinco níveis de fósforo e duas fontes fosfatadas, no crescimento, nodulação, colonização micorrízica e teores e acúmulos de macro e micronutrientes, foi realizado um experimento em vasos plásticos, utilizando um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial completo 2 X 4 X 5 com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram: duas fontes de fósforo (fosfato de rocha e super triplo); quatro tratamentos microbiológicos (testemunha não inoculada; rizóbio; micorriza; e rizóbio + micorriza); e cinco níveis de fósforo (0; 15; 30; 60 e 120 mg.kg-1). Avaliaram-se as mudas aos 59 dias após o plantio. As mudas colonizadas apresentaram, em média, aumentos significativos em relação as não colonizadas, na maioria dos parâmetros estudados. Foram observadas em alguns parâmetros (principalmente os de crescimento), diferenças estatísticas entre fontes de fósforo. As doses de fósforo também influenciaram de maneira positiva incrementos em muitos parâmetros analisados. Os resultados mostram a importância da associação de plantas fixadoras de nitrogênio com FMA, juntamente com o fornecimento de fósforo no processo de recuperação de solos arenosos em restinga degradada.
Mediante el seguimiento de cultivos experimentales en suelos ácidos de los Llanos Orientales, durante un periodo de cinco años consecutivos (1997-2001), se evaluaron las poblaciones nativas de hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (MA) asociados con dos variedades de maíz: ICA- Sikuani V-110 y la variedad regional criolla Clavito, analizando su comportamiento bajo distintos tratamientos con abono orgánico (gallinaza), abono verde (Caupí) y testigo sin aplicación de materiales orgánicos, para un total de seis tratamientos. De 7.924 esporas analizadas se aislaron veinticuatro morfotipos identificados morfológica y molecularmente. Se determinó la relación de las condiciones del suelo (pH, los contenidos de materia orgánica, P, K, Al+++ y % saturación Al) con el comportamiento de las poblaciones de MA. Con la aplicación del Análisis de Regresión Múltiple (Stepwise), se obtuvieron coeficientes significativos (P≤ 0.001 y R2 ≥ 83) para todas las variables y se seleccionaron como variables predictivas principales el pH y la materia orgánica del suelo, que presentaron coeficientes significativos para cinco y cuatro de los siete modelos establecidos, respectivamente. La técnica molecular empleada basada en la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR), con el uso de primers específicos, permitió la identificación confirmatoria de las esporas aisladas de los géneros Glomus, Entrophospora y Gigaspora. Además, mediante el uso de esta metodología se logró identificar la presencia del género Glomusen raíces de maíz altamente colonizadas.
Four soils, ranging in texture from loamy sand to clay, were fertilized differently and equilibrated moist for several days. Soil solutions were then separated by column‐displacement, by simple centrifugation, and by immiscible displacement with CCl 4 via centrifugation. The ionic compositions of soil solutions were unaffected by the method used to obtain the solutions.
A simplified method of clearing and staining large numbers of plant roots for vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal assay is presented. Equipment needed for handling multiple samples is described, and two formulations for the different chemical solutions are presented. Because one formulation contains phenol, its use should be limited to basic studies for which adequate laboratory exhaust hoods are available and great clarity of fungal structures is required. The second staining formulation, utilizing lactic acid instead of phenol, is less toxic, requires less elaborate laboratory facilities, and has proven to be completely satisfactory for VA assays.
The effects of lime additions on phosphate adsorption and availability in acid soils from both New Zealand and Fiji were examined. In addition, the effects of both lime and phosphate additions on sulphate adsorption and S mineralization were studied.
Liming caused decreases in phosphate adsorption in some soils, increases in others and had no significant influence on adsorption in still others. Decreased adsorption was explained in terms of the surface charge on soil colloids becoming more negative following liming. Where phosphate adsorption was increased, this was attributed to polymerization of exchangeable Al, and Al associated with organic matter, to from hydroxy-Al species as the pH was raised. The hydroxy-Al represents new, highly active, adsorption surfaces in limed soils. The effects of liming on phosphate adsorption and extractability were not great and the major agronomic effect of liming was to alleviate Al toxicity and allow the plants to make effective use of available soil phosphate.
Additions of both lime and phosphate reduced the sulphate adsorption capacity of all the soils and therefore their ability to retain sulphate against leaching. Additions of lime and phosphate, however, also resulted in net mineralization of soil organic S and the accumulation of sulphate in the soil. Thus, avoidance of overliming and timing of lime and phosphate applications to avoid leaching will result in maximum benefit to the S nutrition of crops.
Aluminium toxicity has been known to severely reduce root growth and nodulation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and consequently the yield. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of lime, gypsum, and their combinations in reducing aluminium phytotoxicity in groundnut. Plants were grown on a highly weathered soil (Typic Paleudult) treated with lime, gypsum, and combinations of lime and gypsum at 75%: 25%, 50%: 50% and 25%: 75%, respectively, at an equivalent rate of 1.0 ton Ca ha−1. Soil samples were taken at mid-flowering and harvest while soil leachates were collected at 20 day intervals throughout the experiment. The application of gypsum and a 25%: 75% combination of lime and gypsum (LG 25%: 75%) increased the number of nodules, pods, and yield of groundnut. Leachates from these treatments were observed to accumulate higher amounts of aluminium, potassium, magnesium and calcium ions. At harvest, both treatments produced a significant reduction in soil exchangeable aluminium and potassium. However, a reduction in soil exchangeable magnesium was only observed in the gypsum treatment. Rapid displacement of aluminium, potassium and magnesium cations in the leachate occurred within 40 and 60 days under simulated tropical rain. The study suggested that the application of gypsum and the lime:gypsum combination at 25%: 75% improved the yield of groundnut grown on an acid soil more than the application of lime alone. Basal application of potassium and magnesium fertilizers after 1.5 months of gypsum treatment is recommended to reduce losses of these nutrients through leaching.
Species of plants distinctly differing in their dependence on vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) symbiosis were grown in potted soil at soil solution P levels ranging from 0.003 to 0.6 mg L. Vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization levels generally decreased with increase in soil solution P concentrations, the degree of decrease being more pronounced with decrease in VAM dependency of host species. Mycorrhizal inoculation effect (MIE) disappeared at a much lower soil solution P concentration in the marginally to moderately VAM dependent Sesbania species compared to MIE noted in Leucaena leucocephala, a very highly VAM‐dependent species. Under nonmycorrhizal condition, the former species exhibited lower external and higher internal P requirement for dry matter production compared to the latter species.
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants nodulated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Nitragin strain 61A118, were grown with or without the vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe in pot cultures in soil high (40.4 μg/g) in available Mn. Leaves of the nonVAM plants showed severe symptoms of Mn toxicity and had toxic (314 μg/g) concentrations of Mn in the foliage. NonVAM plants had significantly lower dry weights and nodule mass than VAM plants. Concentrations of Mn in the VAM plants were significantly (P
S ummary
Assessment of infection is an essential part of many studies involving VA mycorrhiza. A summary is given of the range of techniques that have been used. We calculated the standard error of four methods of assessment based on observations of stained root samples either randomly arranged in a petri dish or mounted on microscope slides. The methods are based on presence or absence of infection at root/grid intersect points, on a visual estimate of percentage cortex occupied by fungus or on estimates of length, or presence or absence of infection in root pieces mounted on slides. The number of replicate observations required for a given standard error % infection can be read from the curves provided. The advantages of the different methods of assessment are discussed and reasons given why they all probably overestimate the true values.
Phosphorus sorption isotherms were constructed for soils which varied in mineralogy, texture, and past history of phosphate fertilization. Equilibrating conditions were: 25C, 0.01 M CaCl 2 , and 6 days. Effects of heavy phosphate fertilization of soils with high phosphate sorption capacities were evident in phosphate sorption isotherms 10 years later. The sorption curves were used as a basis for fertilizing soils in pots so that phosphate in soil solutions varied from about 0.01 to 1.8 ppm P. Millet ( Pennesitum typhoides , var. Gahi‐1), was grown for 4 weeks. Yields approached 95% maximum when phosphate in soil solutions was adjusted to 0.2 ppm. The phosphate concentrations at which near maximum yields were attained were little influenced by soil texture or past fertilizer treatments, but absolute yields of millet growing in the sandy Norfolk soil (low phosphate buffering capacity) was greatest if the soil had been previously phosphate fertilized.
The development of rapid and reliable techniques for evaluating the effectiveness of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi is crucial in optimizing conditions for enhancing the benefits of the fungi in crop production. In this study we have proposed and tested such a technique. It is based on the monitoring of P status of subleaflets of indicator plant (Leucaena leucocephala) grown in sand‐soil mixture optimized for VAM activity. Individual subleaflets (pinnules) are regularly removed from the plant, dried and their P contents determined colorimetrically. P contents monitored by this technique were linearly related to shoot P contents (r = 0.97). The technique was useful for evaluating the influence of propagule density on VAM activity, for separating soils into categories of VAM effectiveness and for assessing the effects of soil biotic factors on VAM activity. The technique is a simple but powerful tool for selecting host‐endophyte combinations and for creating environmental conditions favorable for the vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal association.
The level of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection in the roots of Leucaena grown in a sand-soil mixture in the
greenhouse increased rapidly with time and reached a peak value of 84% at 30 days from planting. The pattern of immobile nutrient
uptake and accumulation closely paralleled that of the development of infection, particularly during the first 10–30 days
after planting. Significant changes in dry matter yield were also observed only after a significant portion of the root length
was colonized byGlomus aggregatum. The development of VAM infection was not accompanied by growth depression at any of the sampling periods. However, VAM roots
had very high levels of Cu which was not translocated to shoots. It is hypothesized that such a diversion of Cu by the endophyte
from the host could cause growth depression under conditions where the soil volume is supplied with sub-optimal levels of
Cu.
Although reliable germination of Endogone spores has previously been difficult to achieve, it was possible to obtain greater than 90% yields of germinated E. mosseae Nicolson & Gerdemann spores on distilled water agar. Zinc and manganese, at the concentrations present in many commercially available agars could completely inhibit spore germination. Spores from freshly harvested sporocarps germinated slowly and this was improved by storing the sporocarps at 6° for several weeks. The germination of some spore sources was improved by the addition to the agar of nicotinic acid or thiamine HCl.
The influence of inorganic N on the development of mycorrhizal symbiosis inLeucaena leucocephala(Lam.) de Wit was studied in an Oxisol subjected to simulated erosion. The plants were grown in pots containing soil samples inoculated with the VAM fungusGlomus aqgregatumand amended with 0, 25, 50 or 100 ppm N. The extent of VAM colonization of roots increased with increasing levels of N in both eroded and uneroded soils. However, the level of infection was significantly higher in the eroded soil than in the uneroded one. Mycorrhizal activity monitored in terms of P content of leucaena subleaflets increased significantly in the eroded soil when it was amended with 25 ppm N and became similar to that observed in the uneroded soil. Nodule dry matter production and shoot N concentration increased significantly with N application upto 50 ppm. Above this level of N, nodule dry weight declined while N concentration did not change. Application of 25 ppm N to the eroded soil also significantly increased shoot and root dry weights while no change was observed in the uneroded soil. A further increase in N level did not improve yield. The results illustraste the potential benefits of starter N in the establishment of mycorrhizal and nodulatedLeucaena leucocephalain eroded soils
The effect of soil acidity on spore germination, germ tube growth and root colonization of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi was examined using a Florida Ultisol. Soil samples were treated with 0, 4, 8 and 12 meq Ca/MgCO3/100 g soil and each lime level received 0, 240, and 720 ppm P as superphosphate. Corn (Zea mays L.) was planted in the soil treatments, inoculated with eitherGlomus mosseae orGigaspora margarita spores and grown for 31 days. Acid soil inhibits mycorrhizal formation byG. mosseae through its strong fungistatic effect against the spores. The dolomitic lime increased mycorrhizal formation by both fungal species.G. margarita is much less sensitive to acidic conditions thanG. mosseae. Al ions are a very important component of the fungistatic property against the VAM symbiosis. VAM fungus adaptation may be important for plants growing on infertile acid soils if soil inoculation with these fungi is to contribute significantly to low-input technology for tropical agricultural systems.
Major constraints for plant growth on acid mineral soils are toxic concentrations of mineral elements like Al, of H+, and/or low mineral nutrient availability either as a result of solubility (e.g. P and Mo), low reserves, and impaired uptake (e.g. Mg2+) at high H+ concentrations. Inhibition of root growth particularly by Al leads to more shallow root systems, which may affect the capacity
for mineral nutrient acquisition and increase the risk of drought stress. Of the two principal strategies (tolerance and avoidance)
of plants for adaptation to adverse soil conditions, the strategy of avoidance is more common for adaptation to acid mineral
soils. Examples are (i) root-induced changes in the rhizosphere such as pH increase, (ii) release of chelators for Al, higher
activity of ectoenzymes (acid phosphatases), and (iii) increase in root surface area via mycorrhizae. In order to have a better
understanding of the principles of the mechanisms by which plants adapt to acid mineral soils more attention should thus be
given to conditions at the root-soil interface.
A single solution reagent is described for the determination of phosphorus in sea water. It consists of an acidified solution of ammonium molybdate containing ascorbic acid and a small amount of antimony. This reagent reacts rapidly with phosphate ion yielding a blue-purple compound which contains antimony and phosphorus in a 1:1 atomic ratio. The complex is very stable and obeys Beer's law up to a phosphate concentration of at least 2 μg/ml.The sensitivity of the procedure is comparable with that of the stannous chloride method. The salt error is less than 1 %.RésuméUne méthode spectrophotométrique est décrite pour le dosage du phosphate dans l'eau de mer, an moyen de molybdate d'ammonium, en présence d'acide ascorbique et d'antimoinc. Il se forme rapidement un composé violet bleu, renfermant antimoine et phosphore dans un rapport atomique de 1:1.ZusammenfassungBeschreibung einer Methode zur Bestimmung von Phosphat in Mecrwasser mit Hilfe von Ammoniummolybdat in Gegenwart von Ascorbinsäure und Antimon. Der gebildete blau-violette Komplex wird spektrophotometrisch gemessen.