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Empathic Action and Family Resilience: A Narrative Examination of the Benefits of Helping Others
Abstract
Empathy is identified as a protective factor that has been helpful for children considered at high risk for poor mental health and social functioning due to experiencing stressful circumstances such as family violence, substance abuse of a parent, or poverty. Yet, little is known about its relevance to a family's ability to overcome adversity. This study examined the narratives of 20 resilient families who maintained family functioning despite experiencing a multitude of risk factors including poverty, death of a child, significant health problems, or substance abuse problems. Narrative analysis was used to identify the ways families situated empathic actions within their stories of resilience. Findings suggest families developed increased compassion for others as a result of their own experiences with loss, trauma, or stress and discussed how helping others increased their ability to cope with the challenges they faced. Future research and practice implications are outlined and support the usefulness of strengths-based concepts and interventions.
... The growth resulting from stressful, traumatic situations develops with increasing helping behavior, compassion, self-sacrifice, commitment, and empathy in the individual. Some studies indicate that concepts of resilience and empathy mutually affect each other (9,(14)(15)(16)(17). Empathy is among the factors affecting resilience. ...
... Basım and Çetin (28) conducted the Turkish validity and reliability study of the RSA developed by Friborg et al. (29) in 2003. This scale includes six subscales, which are 'perception of self" (1,7,13,19,28,31), 'perception of future' (2,8,14,20), 'structured style' (3,9,15,21), 'social competence' (4,10,16,22,25,29), 'family cohesion' (5,11,17,23,26,32), and 'social resources' (6,12,18,24,27,30,33) (28,29). This is a 5-Likert type scale. ...
... Considering that much has been studied in the literature (1,3,10-13, 21,22,24-26, 30-36); nurses are expected to be empathic and resilient. Upon examining the literature, the risk and protective factors related to resilience for sustaining, maintaining and improving psychological resilience have been defined, and in many studies, the resilience level, the factors affecting resilience and the results of resilience have been investigated (1,3,(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). However, there were few studies which the relationship between resilience and empathy were investigated (23)(24)(25). ...
Objective: Resilience associated with empathy and increases nurses’ job satisfaction and reduces burnout. This study aimed to determine the relationship between resilience and empathic tendencies of nurses working in the psychiatry service. Methods: This study is descriptive and correlational. The study was conducted with 101 nurses working in a psychiatric state hospital between May 2017 and June 2017. Study data were collected using an information form, Resilience Scale for Adults, and Empathic Tendency Scale. Statistical analysis was conducted using frequency, mean, and Pearson’s and Spearmen’s correlation analyses. Results: Nurses’ resilience and empathic tendencies were above the median (126.8416.09) and 70.037.89), respectively. A highly linear relationship was found between resilience and social resources subscales. A positive, weak-moderate level, linear relationship was found between the scores of resilience and empathic tendency scales. A linear relationship was found between empathic tendency and perception of future, social competence, and social resources. No linear relationship was found between structured style, perception of self, or family cohesion. Multiple linear regression analysis found that the social competence subscale was the variable that predicted the Empathic Tendency Scale score. Conclusion: The study detected that nurses with higher social support were more resilient, and social competence, a subscale of resilience, was effective in the nurses’ empathic tendencies. It is recommended to improve nurses’ social competences and support systems through practices that will improve the quality of the interaction between the patient and nurse, and nurses’ empathy and resilience, which have significant effects on the patients’ recovery time.
... Family resilience refers to the process by which family units are able to sustain or even improve family functioning despite the presence of multiple risks factors. Family strengths such as spirituality, appraisal, and emotional support have been found to enhance the process of resilience in families facing adversity (Lietz 2011;Lietz 2006;Lietz and Strength 2011;Walsh 2006). ...
... There is a wide range of studies that identify abilities and skills of foster parents that serve as strengths. Skills or characteristics often mentioned include patience, consistency, tolerance, empathy and understanding, and flexibility (Brown 2008;Coakley et al. 2007;Ivanova and Brown 2011;Lietz 2011). The ability to make connections with children, to be forgiving, organized, and to communicate clearly are also salient in the literature (Brown 2008;Ivanova and Brown 2011). ...
... Conversely, the presence of empathy can allow for accurate understanding of the experiences of foster children, birth parents, foster parents, and workers in a way that could advance the complicated work of child welfare (Lietz 2011). ...
Foster parents play a crucial role in providing safe and stable homes to maltreated children placed in out-of-home care and in doing so are tasked with many challenges. Understanding how foster parents are able to overcome the challenges inherent to fostering, to continue to foster children long term, and to maintain a healthy level of family functioning provides insight into key retention and recruitment efforts. Twenty foster families, all of whom had fostered over 5 years and rated as healthy functioning on the Family Assessment Device, participated in in-depth interviews to discuss the strengths their families relied on that allowed them to demonstrate resiliency. Empathy emerged as an essential foundation in the resiliency process. Foster families demonstrated empathy in three specific ways. First, was with the children they fostered, second was with the biological families of the children, and third was with the child welfare workers. Foster parents also attributed the empathy their children (fostered, adopted, and biological) demonstrated to the experience of being a foster family. The findings from this study have implications for both the child welfare workforce and foster families.
... Recent theoretical conceptualizations of family resilience have been systemic, with risk and protective factors within a family viewed on relational and collective levels, including multiple systems like the family, friends, and community (Gilligan, 2004;Hartling, 2008;Lietz, 2011). Bronfenbrenner's (1986) ecological model provides an intersystemic framework, as it focuses on the dynamic, interactional processes of the family on the micro-, meso-, exo-, and macrolevel. ...
... Given the explorative nature of this study, a qualitative research approach was used, with the family as the unit of analysis. The focus was on narratives, description, meaning, and interpretation (Lietz, 2011). ...
... Whatever the participants' status in relation to the children, all emphasized the importance of their relationship with their children and how this has an impact on family resilience. Individual resilience theory substantiates this identified theme and indicates that the quality of the parent-child relationship influences the child's ability to be resilient (Hartling, 2008) and that a supportive adult, such as a grandparent, can substitute for the parents in this regard (Bhana & Bachoo, 2011;Lietz, 2011;Simon, Murphy, & Smith, 2005). ...
The aim of this qualitative study was to identify resources of family resilience that help families cope with child sexual abuse. Data were collected from a purposeful sample of parents representing nine poor families living in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The narratives of the participants were analyzed thematically. The results indicate that the families, despite adverse situations, utilized internal and external resilience resources. Internal resources were the parents' relationship with their children, their own emotional functioning and attitudes, the children's ability to cope with the abuse, boundaries in the family, insight into their children's emotional needs, and sibling relationships. External family resources were the support of extended family members, friends, and a local community-based nonprofit organization working with child sexual abuse and schools. The empowering role of the identified resources for family resilience should be enhanced in interventions, while future studies could further explore these aspects in families confronted with child sexual abuse.
... Although personal characteristics of resilience can include social competence, autonomy, and a sense of purpose, it is not seen as an innate trait as much as it is the capacity to grow. External aspects, such as the relationships surrounding an individual, could also help with the resilience process, as resiliency increases when there are strong family and communal relationships (Legault et al., 2006;Lietz, 2011). Another element found to have a possible impact on resilience is selfcompassion, as treating oneself with care and understanding, as well as accepting imperfections, could increase resiliency in adolescents (Neff and McGehee, 2010). ...
... Similar to the research, within these two films, resilience is seen as a value that requires self-efficacy (Gilligan, 2006), strong relationships (Legault et al., 2006;Lietz, 2011), and compassion (Neff and McGehee, 2010). Although compassion was not placed as a theme, both films have shown that it is required to balance transparency and imperfection. ...
Popular culture characters and narratives can influence people’s understanding of moral actions, and thus guide their behaviors accordingly. Films have proven to be strong anchors in people’s understanding of morality. We examine the perception of resilience as a moral characteristic in examining not just how people become resilient (thereby focusing on impact and action) but also to study “resilience” as a discourse and discussion in society as a moral message. We argue that popular culture narratives, particularly Disney films, help reinforce moral meanings of resilience. By conducting a discourse analysis of two films- Encanto and Coco and particularly focusing on resilience, we aim to contribute to a deepened understanding of Disney’s role in producing morality through diverse narratives and characters who serve as role models.
... Accelerators and buffers influence these shifts, such as Islamic caring, encompassing faith, patience, gratitude, sincerity, virtuous actions and community ties. Integrating Islamic principles as the community influencing factors into family resilience training aims to expedite phase transitions, reinforcing families both structurally and emotionally (Lietz 2011;Slemp et al. 2020). Despite resilience's potential decline amid adaptation, Islamic caring serves as both an accelerator and a safeguard, which is evident in its role in slowing down resilience erosion post-disaster. ...
The study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal impact of ISTIFAR programme (Islamic-Based Training for Family Resilience) to the family state of coping, resilience and disaster preparedness on longitudinal observation. A quasi-experimental design was employed with pre- and post-test intervention group only. The sample size was 63 families that survived the earthquake, which sampled using purposive sampling. The sampling criteria were disaster survivor, head of household, Muslim and mentally healthy. The variable was pre- and post-observation of coping, family resilience and disaster preparedness, with confounding factor of stress. The interview performed by structured questionnaire. The data analysed with Mann–Whitney U test and ordinal regression (α < 0.05). The result was a statistical difference between the observation of 6 months prior and follow-up but a slight decline in all variables mean. In detail, coping (p = 0.000), family resilience (p = 0.000) and the disaster preparedness (p = 0.023). There was no statistical correlation between the coping, family resilience and the disaster preparedness towards pandemic stress (p = 0.747). Islamic-Based Training for Family Resilience positively impact coping, resilience and disaster preparedness, albeit slight declines over 6 months, but no evident correlation with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic stress.
Contribution
This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by highlighting the effectiveness of authentic disaster preparedness facilitated through ISTIFAR among vulnerable families. It suggests that enhancing resilience, particularly concerning disaster preparedness and, notably, amids the COVID-19 pandemic, can be achieved through authentic local methodologies. The grounded approach proves beneficial, indicating that interventions within communities should not be universally applicable but tailored to leverage local community wisdom.
... No. I mean look, I feel like the more I can share, the more people can benefit from it, so I'm good, yep, feel free to ask me anything, it's fine. (Jill) Participating in altruistic behaviours such as helping others by contributing to research can create a 'sequence of helping and healing' (Gibson, 2019: 54); often leading to survivors drawing a sense of purpose and meaning from their traumatic experiences (Lietz, 2011). These findings also fit with a feminist narrative that encompasses the empowerment of survivors through participation in research. ...
Purpose: Existing literature identifies the agency used by survivors of domestic violence when they participate in research. However, some human research ethics committees act as gatekeepers on research into survivors’ lived experience due to their perceived vulnerability. This article explores factors that influence survivors’ decision-making when they participate in research interviews.
Methods: Sixteen survivors of intimate partner strangulation participated in interviews about their lived experience. The analysis of the interview transcripts was guided by the research question: What factors influence the agency that survivors of domestic violence draw on when making decisions about participating in research interviews?
Results: The findings revealed four processes through which the self-efficacy of participants became apparent – cognitive, motivational, affective and selection processes. Self-efficacy underpins a person's agentic behaviours, particularly their decision-making.
Conclusion: This article highlights how survivors of intimate partner strangulation, notwithstanding their lived experience of extreme violence, exercise self-efficacy. Knowledge in this area is valuable because it indicates survivors who have left the abusive relationship and have engaged in support can make informed decisions about their participation in research interviews. Such understandings can provide researchers with an increased awareness about the wellbeing of participants during interviews and human research ethics committees can be confident that research participants, who may be considered ‘vulnerable’, have the ability to assess their capacity to engage in research, if the caveats of having left the abusive relationship and having sought support are satisfied.
... To determine levels of empathy, researchers utilized the Empathy Assessment Index (EAI) which derives from Segal's (2011) Social Empathy Model, specifically, we use a 17-item five-factor battery of questions from Lietz et al. (2011). The 17 questions are self-reported items measured on a six-point Likert scale ranging from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (6). ...
p>In this quantitative study, the relationship between levels of empathy and perceptions of advocacy competencies among a national sample of professional school counselors are examined. Results of this study indicate there is a statistically significant relationship between school counselor’s level of empathy according to the Empathy Assessment Index (EAI) and level of advocacy according to the Advocacy Competencies Self-Assessment (ACSA). Professional implications as well as implications for training future school counselors are explored.</p
... A reasonable profit outlines acknowledgement of schizophrenia patients to make a future plan for a successful treatment. Community resilience implies that people have connected with each other, socially organized in which communities have ability to meet their needs with regards to help schizophrenia patients adhere to their treatment regimens [45][46][47] . ...
Addressing medication adherence among schizophrenic patients has been a complicated process that requires multifactorial solutions. Some aspects of non-adherence were caused by sociocultural issues, financial problems, stigma, care fragmentation, and poor insight. Medication non-adherence can lead to exacerbation of symptoms, higher rates of relapse and increased use of health services. Medication and psychotherapies were known to be an effective treatment for schizophrenia, but these did not resolve the underlying causes of the illness. Involving the community support systems, in addition to medical treatment can improve adherence to treatment. At this stage, there is little available information on the topic of the community-based models for supporting medication adherence in schizophrenic patients. The objective of this study was to explore a community resilience model as a new way of optimizing medication adherence among schizophrenic patients. A systematic review was written based on 99 data sources: Science Direct, Google Scholar, Proquest Health and Medical Complete, Proquest Psychology Journals and Proquest Science Journals from 2006 to 2019. There were only 15 articles eligible to be reviewed. The essential components of the community resilience model have been shown as an effective method for supporting medication adherence in several studies. Engaging communities to support each other, coping with emotional, social and the pressures of daily life can foster greater community resilience. The underlying principles for community resilience are focused on getting stronger, helping others, being socially organized, keeping connected, learning to reflect and share ideas, being locally interdependent and reasonably profitable. These findings could potentially inform the development of the community resilience model for optimizing medication adherence among schizophrenic patients.
... There exists substantial scholarship claiming that compassion is positively associated with psychological health and well being, largely through its fundamentally constructive impact on regulation of emotional states (Lietz, 2011;Moore et al., 2015;Stellar et al., 2015). It has been linked to increased life satisfaction, self esteem, confidence, curiosity and optimism as well as decreased depression, anxiety and rumination (Gilbert, 2009b;Neff, 2003b). ...
This article explores the potential of compassion focused therapy for developing self compassion as a resource for young people coping with hardship. Theoretical and research perspectives that point to the therapeutic potential of compassion, in particular self compassion, are presented. Compassion focused therapy (CFT) is introduced as a well delineated and empirically supported approach that may facilitate the development of self compassion. An illustration is offered which demonstrates the contribution of compassion focused-therapy based interventions to the coping of a 15 year old boy experiencing post-divorce paternal disengagement. The complexity related to practitioner readiness to utilize CFT is discussed, as well as that associated with the utilization of compassion promoting interventions with children and adolescents.
... These activities may involve making connections with people they would not have met otherwise. It appears parents perceive that their altruistic actions honor their child or other family members who have shown them support (Lietz 2011). For example, a parent participating in a fundraiser for a camp for children with autism, described her experience doing stand-up comedy with other parents: ...
Parent’s awareness that their child’s development is not proceeding as they expected can create an unanticipated transition from being a parent to becoming the parent of a child with a developmental diagnosis. While many transition theories contribute to our understanding of how parents’ experience change over time, many traditional transition models are not family-centered and do not provide a strengths-based perspective of parents’ experiences during this transition. This paper describes the process of theory derivation to develop a strengths-based theory of parental transformation (STPT). We used the theory of well-being of refugee women experiencing cultural transition to gain insights into parents’ experiences related to their child’s diagnosis. We propose that the STPT addresses a gap in the literature by situating the diagnostic process within a strengths’ based framework that aligns with contemporary perspectives regarding disability. The STPT emphasizes understanding parents’ experiences and needs in ways that promote personal growth to support the parent and child.
... Penulis menemukan beberapa studi tentang peran, fungsi ataupun karakter keluarga dalam menghadapi peristiwa traumatis, diantaranya penguatan keluarga dan resiliensi komunitas pada kehilangan traumatis dan bencana (Walsh, 2007); proses keluarga, coping dan resiliensi akibat trauma perang pada penyintas (Chaitin, 2003;Kimhi dkk, 2012); resiliensi keluarga dan empati (Lietz, 2011); adaptasi keluarga pada penyintas perang (Fox dkk, 2012); alur resiliensi dan penguatan individu, keluarga dan komunitas dengan pendekatan sistem (Landau, Mittal & Wieling;Betancourt & Khan, 2008). ...
The family is the smallest institution in society. A generation is forming from a family. That is why, the building of a family must strong to produce a formidable generation. Family toughness is determined by the foundation of the family builder. Resilience is often defined as endurance. Resilience is generally defined as the ability to overcome adversity, or to thrive despite challenges and difficulties in life. The concept of resilience is becoming increasingly popular in research on the ways people, families and communities recover from trauma, such as trauma from disasters, wars, or the loss of family members. A study of family resilience becomes important because the family is where people grow and develop. In addition, the family is the site of the main activity of the person so that the family become a quality determination of a person facing the future. To understand the process of family resilience, a multi system review is necessary in view of family conditions. The ecological perspective put forward by Urie Bronfenbrenner builds a model of interrelated relationships between families and between families and the social context.
... Three of the families in this study contributed to training of new foster parents, one served as a foster parent advocate, and all discussed informal ways that they have mentored new foster parents. Opportunities like these indicate positive growth and coping, which contributed in building confidence and connection across the family unit, as they then reach out empathically to help others (see also, Lietz, 2011;Walsh, 2006). As families find themselves in the helping others phase, practitioners can encourage their efforts to move from receiving social support to giving to others, which, in turn, can yield greater meaning and purpose from the sacrifices and growth they have experienced. ...
Families who foster offer essential care for children and youth when their own parents are unable to provide for their safety and well-being. Foster caregivers face many challenges including increased workload, emotional distress, and the difficulties associated with health and mental health problems that are more common in children in foster care. Despite these stressors, many families are able to sustain fostering while maintaining or enhancing functioning of their unit. This qualitative study applied an adaptational process model of family resilience that emerged in previous studies to examine narratives of persistent, long-term, and multiple fostering experiences. Data corroborated previous research in two ways. Family resilience was again described as a transactional process of coping and adaptation that evolves over time. This process was cultivated through the activation of 10 family strengths that are important in different ways, during varied phases.
... A number of studies conducted in various countries have shown that role, function or character of family in dealing with traumatic incident, including family reinforcement and community resilience on traumatic loss and disaster (Walsh, 2007); family process, coping and resilience due to war trauma among survivors (Chaitin, 2003;Kimhi et al, 2012); family resilience (Lietz, 2011); family adaptation among war survivors (Fox et al, 2012); resilience plot and reinforcement for individual, family and community with sistem approach (Landau, Mittal & Wieling ;Betancourt & Khan, 2008). ...
Aceh is one of provinces in Indonesia which had traumatic events such as armed and politic conflict for decades until the Tsunami disaster in 2004. The impact is structural damage to the socio-culturaland society wellbeing. Most studies of the conflict are reviewed from patologic perspective which managed individually, however some studies showed that experience in life may produce positive effect called resilience. Family resilience can occur in various contexts, but in the conflict context are still understudy, especially in Indonesia. The aim of this research was to identify determinant of family reselience in Aceh. The research used qualitative approach with case study method. Depth interview was conducted on three families with elligibility criteria i.e. had violence both personally and family member during conflict period 1998-2005, aged over 25 years, staying together with family and living in North Aceh. The result showed that factors affecting family resilience in conflict region consisted of religiosity, flexibility coping, social support, optimism and family structure. Furthermore, individual resilience in family contributed to family resilience in facing challenges and difficulties due to conflict.
... Teachers described the present bereaved children as having higher rates of prosocial behaviors, compared to nonbereaved children. This finding is consistent with research showing that individuals having stressful experiences like earthquake, death of a child and substance addiction have increased levels of helping other individuals (Lietz, 2011;Rao et al., 2011). It is possible that their losses may have increased these children's ability to understand and respond to others. ...
This study endeavors to compare resilience and peer relationships of children who lost their fathers in a major mining accident in Soma with those who did not. Teachers rated 51 preschoolers whose fathers died, and 53 preschoolers whose fathers were alive. On the negative side, bereaved children had lower resilience and higher exclusion; on the positive side bereaved children had lower peer victimization and higher prosocial behavior. Death of fathers is associated with lower resilience and more exclusion among young children, but others treat them better as well.
... Studies of the development of Clients' hope arises from social workers' compassion: African-American youths' perspectives on surmounting the obstacles of disadvantage 6 lower-income youth have recognized that moral disengagement is associated with the onset of antisocial behavior in low-income youth, and conversely, compassion is associated with the development of prosocial behavior (Hyde, Shaw & Moilanen, 2010). Resilience in families stressed by poverty also is associated with responding to suffering with compassion for others (Lietz, 2011). Training in meditation can increase the likelihood that persons will engage in compassionate behavior towards those who are suffering (Condon, Debordes, Miller, & DeSteno, 2011). ...
While social workers strive to build disadvantaged African American youths' resilience by improving services, rarely are those youths' perspectives included in research. In a previous evaluation of an after-school program, disadvantaged African American youths prioritized instructors' compassion and said compassion engendered hope. This study explores their connection between compassion and hope more deeply. Focusing on Snyder's hope theory, this study examines the connection between compassion and hope as individual traits (using standardized scales) and as relational, action-based experiences (using qualitative analysis of interview data). Instructor actions that youths identified as compassionate and as engendering hope were encouragement, problem solving, responsive empathy, and affirming that good choices could bring about good futures. Youths built their hope by internalizing their instructors' compassion.
This study aims to find out how the picture of a mother's resilience towards her child who is a Covid-19 patient in the city of Salatiga. This research is a type of qualitative research with purposive sampling. The number of research participants involved in this study were three mothers with an age range of 25-60 years and whose children were diagnosed with Covid-19. The results of the study found that the three participants had a different picture of resilience. The first participant (SM) showed that he managed to fulfill the seven resilience aspects). While in the second participant (SA) only four aspects of resilience were met, namely emotion regulation, self-efficacy, impulse control, and problem-analyzing ability. Then the third party (IP) fulfills six aspects, namely emotion regulation, optimism, empathy, self-efficacy, impulse control, and control. This study also found other supporting aspects of resilience besides those described by Reivich & Shatte (2002), in the form of aspects of social support (family and close people) and religion.
Children and young people in residential care may have experienced or may experience various difficult, life-threatening events, such as neglect, abuse, or violence and maltreatment known as adversities. Despite this, some of them are able to function and even prosper and this has been attributed to the development of resilience. In this qualitative empirical study, we focus on the under-researched area of how young people in care reflect on and cope with such adversities. The exploratory research comprised of semi-structured interviews with young people in two different care settings – re-education centres and children’s homes. The results showed that the sample of 34 young people had experienced 73 adversities prior to leaving residential care and that half of them were not able to resolve some of these adversities. It was found that methods for dealing with adversity change during time spent in care and that a combination of various individual strategies, adaptation and accepting support are effective. The findings also indicate that the development of resilience may vary according to type of residential care setting specifically, whether these facilities allow the development of multiple individual strategies for dealing with adversities, or whether they provide social support. The article discusses implications for future research and practice in residential care.
Children in kinship care families are increasing in number. These children can be vulnerable due to adverse experiences before the placement and exposure to risk factors associated with social isolation in kinship care families. However, the well-being of children in kinship care families and associated factors are understudied. This study investigates child health and psychological well-being among kinship care families and associated factors: caregiving stress and social engagement of kinship caregivers. Data from 1623 kinship care families in the 1999 and 2002 National Survey of America's Families were analyzed to examine whether caregiving stress and child well-being are related and whether social engagement moderates this relationship. Kinship family type was also examined as a potential moderator. Findings reveal that caregiving stress is related to children's higher levels of behavioral problems, but is not significantly related to children's health. Social engagement is found to be a significant moderator; specifically, kinship caregiver weekly engagement in volunteer activities buffers the negative effects of caregiving stress on children's behavior for younger children (aged 6–11). Informal kinship families are found to be a more protective caregiving environment for older children (aged 12–17) to adjust the negative effects of caregiving stress. The significant findings are expected to contribute to field practices with kinship care families and to child welfare research on child well-being and social support among kinship care families.
In 1995, Ann Burack Weiss published a paper in Social Work describing how her personal and professional experiences in family chronic illness caretaking, the enormous gap between practitioner biomedical education and the real-life challenges that families and caretakers faced, and their often overlooked strengths, inspired her to collect chronicles of family caretaking. In The Caregiver’s Tale: Loss and Renewal in Memoirs of Family Life (2003), she recommends selected memoirs educating practitioners about family lived experiences with chronic illness. Her book is used in the field of medical humanities to help physicians’ empathically connect to patients’ illness experiences through narratives and other creative arts (Charon, 2008). In a volume on family systems and health, McDaniel, Hepworth, and Doherty (2003) asked contributors to present their frameworks and practice in light of a personal experience of facing family chronic illness that informed their work. Other writers have depicted efforts to move beyond “technocratic” medical models of illness and cure to offer “humanistic” biopsychosocial or “holistic” perspectives emphasizing cultural and spiritual worldviews of illness and wellness (Davis-Floyd, 2001; Walsh, 2006).
The purpose of this chapter is to define family resilience in the context of high-risk situations. First, the literature is reviewed to describe the development of the construct of family resilience. Second, research regarding family risk factors is synthesized providing information regarding some of the most challenging difficulties families face. Finally, the process of family resilience is presented by means of a typology that was developed through in-depth qualitative interviews with families who maintained and in some cases improved functioning despite their experience with multiple risk factors. The phases and corresponding family strengths are described, offering implications for clinical practice with families facing a variety of stressors.
The parents’ significance in family resilience. A qualitative metasynthesis
The article identifies the conceptions of family resilience while questioning the role associated to the parent in this process. Further, the synthesis work takes stock about the investigated contexts of family resilience, but also on the intended purpose of the trilingual publications examined. The results lead to the discussion of the quality of parenting and the context of intervention around family education. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the main reflections and findings of the study on the place of the parent in the family resilience.
This paper considers the concept of resilience and how the natural qualities supportive of resilience in children and families can best be nurtured. It argues that there is an emerging crisis in bureaucratised child protection systems that alienates and undermines both social workers and clients, and that runs counter to the spirit of resilience-led practice. Responding to this crisis requires a new emphasis on relationships, strengths and the clients' social context in child and family social work. It also requires practitioners and students to reflect carefully on the nature of helping. The paper explores some of the implications of these ideas for social work practice, education and policy.
We investigated the relationship between parents' empathic responses prior to their children undergoing cancer treatment procedures and children's pain/distress during the procedures. We hypothesized: (1) parents' empathic distress would be positively associated with children's pain/distress, (2) parents' empathic concern would be negatively associated with children's pain/distress; and (3) parents' enduring dispositions and social support would be associated with their empathic responses. Parents completed: (1) measures of dispositions and perceived social support several weeks before their children underwent the procedures, and (2) state measures of empathic distress and empathic concern just before the procedures. Empathic distress was positively associated with children's pain; empathic concern was negatively associated with children's pain/distress. Predictions about dispositions and social support were also substantially confirmed.
Family resilience can be defined as the ability of a family to respond positively to an adverse situation and emerge from the situation feeling strengthened, more resourceful, and more confident than its prior state. This article presents a succinct literature review on family resilience, including its dimensions, working models, and the individual and family characteristics that contribute to family resilience. Borrowing largely from solution-focused principles and techniques, numerous practical applications of a resilience orientation to family-related assessment and treatment are described. The article concludes with a call for additional research and training in the area of family resilience.
The purpose of this article is to briefly review the most influential existing literature on conceptualizing and measuring empathy. In addition, we consider a second, highly salient body of literature emerging from the relatively new field of social cognitive neuroscience, which uses brain imaging to help identify the physiological components of emotional and cognitive processes. We believe that social cognitive neuroscience can assist social work in clarifying concrete, consistent ways of defining and measuring empathy as a neurological phenomenon. Finally, we assess some of the most recent social work-related empirical intervention-based research on empathy. Combining all these research traditions leads to a compelling possibility: a unified, consistent, and robust way to define and measure the empathic responses that help form the foundation of just and beneficent social structures.
Building on Judith Jordan's earlier work on relational re- silience, this paper challenges the commonly held view that resilience is a unique form of individual "toughness" endowed to a lucky few and suggests that resilience can be strengthened in all people through partici- pation in growth-fostering relationships. The author reviews the research describing individual, internal characteristics associated with resilience and explores the relational aspects of these characteristics. A case exam- ple illustrates that efforts promoting relational development help people grow through and beyond experiences of hardship and adversity. In ad- dition, the author proposes specific ways resilience can be strengthened through engagement in relationships that enhance one's intellectual devel- opment, sense of worth, sense of competence, sense of empowerment, and, most importantly, sense of connection.
Gathers evidence from biology and psychology bearing on the issue of whether altruism is part of human nature. The traditional views of both evolutionary biology and psychology left little room for altruism. Current variants of the Darwinian model—group selection, kin selection, reciprocal altruism, and inclusive fitness—point to the acquisition of altruistic as well as egoistic structures in humans. Psychological research is also compatible with this view. There may be a general human tendency to help others in distress that has properties analogous to egoistic motivation and yet comes into play independently of egoistic motivation. The theory of inclusive fitness also requires that mediators of altruistic action be selected (rather than altruistic action itself), because this would provide the necessary flexibility. Evidence is presented suggesting that empathy may fit the evolutionary requirements of such a mediator: It is reliably aroused in humans in response to misfortune in others, it predisposes the individual toward helping action and yet is amenable to perceptual and cognitive control, and it appears to have a neural base that may have been present early in human evolution. (80 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
recently, we have begun to explore . . . [the] process of emotional contagion / people's conscious analyses give them a great deal of information about their social encounters / [people] can also focus their attention on their moment-to-moment emotional reactions to others, during their social encounters / this stream of reactions comes to them via their fleeting observations of others' faces, voices, postures, and instrumental behaviors / further, as they nonconsciously and automatically mimic their companions' fleeting expressions of emotion, people also may come to feel as their partners feel / by attending to the stream of tiny moment-to-moment reactions, people can gain a great deal of information on their own and their partners' emotional landscapes
begin by defining emotion and emotional contagion and discussing several mechanisms that we believe might account for this phenomenon / review the evidence from a variety of disciplines that "primitive emotional contagion" exists / examine the role of individual differences in emotional contagion / outline some of the broad research questions researchers might profitably investigate (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This article presents a social work model of empathy that reflects the latest interdisciplinary research findings on empathy. The model reflects the social work commitment to social justice. The three model components are: 1) the affective response to another’s emotions and actions; 2) the cognitive processing of one’s affective response and the other person’s perspective; and 3) the conscious decision-making to take empathic action. Mirrored affective responses are involuntary, while cognitive processing and conscious decision-making are voluntary. The affective component requires healthy, neural pathways to function appropriately and accurately. The cognitive aspects of perspective-taking, self-awareness, and emotion regulation can be practiced and cultivated, particularly through the use of mindfulness techniques. Empathic action requires that we move beyond affective responses and cognitive processing toward utilizing social work values and knowledge to inform our actions. By introducing the proposed model of empathy, we hope it will serve as a catalyst for discussion and future research and development of the model.
Key Words: Empathy, Social Empathy, Social Cognitive Neuroscience
This study applied the construct of resilience to family systems by looking at ways families are able to maintain high functioning despite facing difficult experiences. A mixed methods study tested relationships between the variables of risk, family strengths, and family functioning. Quantitative findings suggested that the variable of family strengths predicted higher levels of family functioning than the level of family risk. A subsample of 6 families participated in in-depth family interviews. Narrative analysis uncovered the presence of 10 family strengths as well as a process through which these strengths were important in the experience of family resilience. This article presents a model of the process. The quantitative and qualitative research supports the usefulness of identifying and building upon family strengths.
Theories of empathy suggest that an accurate understanding of another's emotions should depend on affective, motor, and/or higher cognitive brain regions, but until recently no experimental method has been available to directly test these possibilities. Here, we present a functional imaging paradigm that allowed us to address this issue. We found that empathically accurate, as compared with inaccurate, judgments depended on (i) structures within the human mirror neuron system thought to be involved in shared sensorimotor representations, and (ii) regions implicated in mental state attribution, the superior temporal sulcus and medial prefrontal cortex. These data demonstrate that activity in these 2 sets of brain regions tracks with the accuracy of attributions made about another's internal emotional state. Taken together, these results provide both an experimental approach and theoretical insights for studying empathy and its dysfunction.
This paper presents a critical appraisal of resilience, a construct connoting the maintenance of positive adaptation by individuals despite experiences of significant adversity. As empirical research on resilience has burgeoned in recent years, criticisms have been levied at work in this area. These critiques have generally focused on ambiguities in definitions and central terminology; heterogeneity in risks experienced and competence achieved by individuals viewed as resilient; instability of the phenomenon of resilience; and concerns regarding the usefulness of resilience as a theoretical construct. We address each identified criticism in turn, proposing solutions for those we view as legitimate and clarifying misunderstandings surrounding those we believe to be less valid. We conclude that work on resilience possesses substantial potential for augmenting the understanding of processes affecting at-risk individuals. Realization of the potential embodied by this construct, however, will remain constrained without continued scientific attention to some of the serious conceptual and methodological pitfalls that have been noted by skeptics and proponents alike.
The defining features of developmental psychopathology concepts include attention to the understanding of causal processes, appreciation of the role of developmental mechanisms, and consideration of continuities and discontinuities between normality and psychopathology. Accomplishments with respect to these issues are reviewed in relation to attachment disorders, antisocial behavior, autism, depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and intellectual development. Major research challenges remain in relation to measurement issues, comorbidity, gender differences, cognitive processing, nature-nurture interplay, heterotypic continuity, continuities between normal variations and disorders, developmental programming, and therapeutic mechanisms in effective treatments.
A brief interview to measure stress coping capabilities was developed and tested in 4 samples of African American and White adolescents in low-income neighborhoods of 2 large U.S. cities. The Social Competence Interview (SCI) is a 10-min social stressor that assesses physiological and social-emotional responses to a recurring real-life problem. A new behavioral coding system using audiotapes permits reliable and valid assessment of components of social competence, including Interpersonal Skills (expressiveness, empathy), Goal-Oriented Strivings in coping (self defense, social acceptance, competitiveness, stimulation-pleasure, approval, self improvement), and Social Impact (high vs. low affiliation/control). High SCI expressiveness and self-defensive striving create a critical-aggressive social impact, which is correlated with increased hostility and anger.
This article presents an overview of a family resilience framework developed for clinical practice, and describes its advantages. Drawing together findings from studies of individual resilience and research on effective family functioning, key processes in family resilience are outlined in three domains: family belief systems, organizational patterns, and communication/problem-solving. Clinical practice applications are described briefly to suggest the broad utility of this conceptual framework for intervention and prevention efforts to strengthen families facing serious life challenges.
This article presents the core principles and value of a family and community resilience-oriented approach to recovery from traumatic loss when catastrophic events occur. In contrast to individually based, symptom-focused approaches to trauma recovery, this multisystemic practice approach contextualizes the distress in the traumatic experience and taps strengths and resources in relational networks to foster healing and posttraumatic growth. The intertwining of trauma and traumatic losses is discussed. Key family and social processes in risk and resilience in traumatic loss situations are outlined. Case illustrations, model programs, and intervention guidelines are described in situations of community violence and major disasters to suggest ways to foster family and community resilience.
Empathy is a concept central to psychiatry, psychotherapy and clinical psychology. The construct of empathy involves not only the affective experience of the other person's actual or inferred emotional state but also some minimal recognition and understanding of another's emotional state. It is proposed, in the light of multiple levels of analysis including social psychology, cognitive neuroscience and clinical neuropsychology, a model of empathy that involves both bottom-up and top-down information processing underpinned by parallel and distributed computational mechanisms. The predictive validity of this model is explored with reference to clinical conditions. As many psychiatric conditions are associated with deficits or even lack of empathy, we discuss a limited number of these disorders including psychopathy/antisocial personality disorders, borderline and narcissistic personality disorders, autistic spectrum disorders, and alexithymia. We argue that future clinical investigations of empathy disorders can only be informative if behavioral, dispositional and biological factors are combined.
Emotions have ubiquitous effects in human affairs. Vivian Gornick, in Fierce Attachments,^ recounts a typ-ical exchange with her mother. Gor-nick always begins these encounters with high hopes. "Somehow," de-spite her best intentions, the conver-sations always spiral downward: Today is promising, tremendously prom-ising I go to meet my mother. I'm flying. Flying! I want to give her some of this shiningness bursting in me, siphon into her my immense happiness at being alive. Just because she is my oldest inti-mate and at this moment I love every-body, even her. "Oh, Ma! What a day I've had," I say. "Tell me," she says. "Do you have the rent this month?" "Ma, listen ..." I say. "That review you wrote for the Times," she says. "Ifs for sure they'll pay you?" "Ma, stop it. Let me tell you what I've been feeling," I say. "Why aren't you wearing something warmer?" she cries. "It's nearly winter." The space inside begins to shimmer. The walls collapse inward. I feel breath-less. Swallow slowly, I say to myself, slowly. To my mother I say, "You do know how to say the right thing at the right time. Ifs remarkable, this gift of yours. It quite takes my breath away." But she doesn't get it. She doesn't loiow I'm being ironic. Nor does she Elaine Hatfield is a Professor of Psychology and Richard L. Rapson is a Professor of History at the Uni-versity of Hawaii. John T. Ca-cioppo is a Professor of Psychology at the Ohio State University. Ad-dress correspondence to Elaine Hatfield, 2430 Campus Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822; BITNET: psych@uhunix; INTERNET: psych@uhunix.uhcc.hawaii.edu. know she's wiping me out. She doesn't know I take her anxiety personally, feel annihilated by her depression. How can she know this? She doesn't even know I'm there. Were I to tell her that it's death to me, her not knowing I'm there, she would stare at me out of her eyes crowd-ing up with puzzled desolation, this young girl of seventy-seven, and she would cry angrily, "You don't under-stand! You have never understood!" (pp. 103-104)
Narrative inquiry refers to a subset of qualitative research designs in which stories are used to describe human action. The term narrative has been employed by qualitative researchers with a variety of meanings. In the context of narrative inquiry, narrative refers to a discourse form in which events and happenings are configured into a temporal unity by means of a plot. Bruner (1985) designates two types of cognition: paradigmatic, which operates by recognizing elements as members of a category; and narrative, which operates by combining elements into an emplotted story. Narrative inquiries divide into two distinct groups based on Bruner's types of cognition. Paradigmatic‐type narrative inquiry gathers stories for its data and uses paradigmatic analytic procedures to produce taxonomies and categories out of the common elements across the database. Narrative‐type narrative inquiry gathers events and happenings as its data and uses narrative analytic procedures to produce explanatory stories.
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Family resilience is becoming an increasingly visible concept in the family field. This article discusses resilience as a family level construct and offers several ideas about how viewing families as resilient may affect clinical work. These include a focus on strengths, recognizing resilience as a developmental pathway, a search for commonalties among diverse paths of resilience, and an emphasis on helping families identify and develop a useful family schema. A case study utilizing these ideas is presented and discussed.
In order to create an environment that encourages resiliency, care givers must first understand some of the specific attributes that make up the resilient child. While not intended as an exhaustive list, one could say that a resilient child will have an accurate self-awareness, possess effective problem-solving skills, be able to communicate well, will demonstrate empathy toward others, and have hope for the future. Resilience is the capacity to deal successfully with the obstacles in the road that confront us while maintaining a straight and true path toward life's goals. Resilient persons possess self-awareness. They are aware of their strengths and limitations and have empathy for others. This article highlights strategies to foster a self-awareness that supports the development of resilience.
This article presents an overview of a family resilience framework developed for clinical practice, and describes its advantages. Drawing together findings from studies of individual resilience and research on effective family functioning, key processes in family resilience are outlined in three domains: family belief systems, organizational patterns, and communication/problem-solving. Clinical practice applications are described briefly to suggest the broad utility of this conceptual framework for intervention and prevention efforts to strengthen families facing serious life challenges.
Based on in-depth interviews with 42 parents (25 mothers, 17 fathers) in 26 families who had had a child treated for cancer within the previous 3 years, resiliency factors that helped the family recover were identified. The resiliency factors included internal family rapid mobilization and reorganization; social support from the health care team, extended family, the community, and the workplace; and changes in appraisal to make the situation more comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful.
Aim. This paper reviews literature on narrative analysis and illustrates the meaning-making function of stories of chronic illness through analysis and discussion of two case studies from a study of acute episodes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Background. Individuals living with COPD experience acute exacerbations characterized by extreme dyspnea, but there has been little research to provide understanding of these events from the perspectives of individuals with COPD, family caregivers, and nurses. Narrative analysis – considered in the context of the aims of qualitative research – illuminates how these people make sense of acute exacerbation events by telling stories.
Design and methods. In an ethnographic study, 10 patient–family nurse units in two Canadian general hospitals participated in interviews concerning acute episodes of COPD. Narrative analysis enabled identification of several story forms and their functions.
Results. Examples were found of a story told twice with different meanings, and of a patient's ‘death story’ used to communicate distrust of the nurse's ability to recognize the seriousness of distress and implications for its potential course. These examples are presented, and interpreted with respect to issues of meaning.
Conclusions. The analysis indicates that stories told by patients in the context of nurse–client interactions inform understanding of the individual's acute exacerbation events beyond the biophysical.
How do children and adolescents “make it“ when their development is threatened by poverty, neglect, maltreatment, war, violence,
or exposure to oppression, racism, and discrimination? What protects them when their parents are disabled by substance abuse,
mental illness, or serious physical illness? How do we explain the phenomenon of resilience-children succeeding in spite of
serious challenges to their development-and put this knowledge to work for the benefit of all children and society? The scientific
study of resilience emerged about 30 years ago when a group of pioneering researchers began to notice the phenomenon of positive
adaptation among subgroups of children who were considered “at risk” for developing later psychopathology (Masten, 2001).
This investigation examined longitudinal relationships among childhood risk and protective factors and academic, social, and mental health outcomes in late adolescence. Data were drawn from the Chicago Longitudinal Study, a research project that has tracked a cohort of 1539 impoverished inner-city youth from birth to young adulthood. An ecological model containing information on child characteristics, family processes, early childhood intervention program participation, and middle childhood indicators of competence and problems was used to predict depression, juvenile delinquency, and high school or GED completion during late adolescence or young adulthood. Multivariate negative binomial and logistic regression analyses were used to show that cumulative family risk from birth to age 12 significantly predicted increases in juvenile court petitions and decreases in high school or GED completion. Early childhood intervention in preschool had the widest ranging protective effects on all three adolescent outcomes. The probability of high school or GED completion was significantly increased by preschool intervention, by parent(s) participating in the child's early elementary school experiences, by satisfactory elementary school grades, and by the child's ability to be task oriented. Being female, participating in preschool intervention, displaying shy or anxious behavior, and having higher grades in middle school predicted lower rates of juvenile court involvement while acting out behavior in middle school increased court involvement rates. Preschool intervention, peer social skills, early classroom adjustment, and shy or anxious behavior in middle school were protective factors against adolescent depression while being female and having higher grades in early elementary school were associated with higher rates of adolescent depression. Implications for social work practice and future research were discussed.
The strengths perspective in social work practice continues to develop conceptually. The strengths-based approach to case management with people with severe mental illness is well established. More recently, there have been developments in strengths-based practice with other client groups and the emergence of strengths orientations in work with communities. To augment these developments, converging lines of thinking, research, and practice in areas such as developmental resilience, healing and wellness, and constructionist narrative and story have provided interesting supports and challenges to the strengths perspective. This article reviews some current thinking and research about using a strengths orientation and assesses conceptual endorsements and criticisms of the strengths perspective.
An organizational framework for conceptualizing resilience in children.
To propose a framework based on relevant literature that clarifies, differentiates, organizes, and elaborates on pertinent factors associated with resilience in children.
Relevant literature from developmental psychology, child, psychiatry, and nursing.
Salient factors affecting resilience in children originate internally or externally to the individual. Internal factors include biological and psychological factors; external factors are reflected in the nature and quality of relationships established within or outside the family group. The influence and importance of each factor, however, may vary in individual situations. The framework can guide research efforts and facilitate interventions for practice.
Exploring caring using narrative methodology: an analysis of the approach
The investigation of caring in nursing practice and the need to explicate what it is nurses do when they care present a challenge for nurse researchers. This is due largely to the complex and nebulous nature of caring as a concept and the contextual elements that influence its perceived meaning. Consequently, the use of qualitative methods in the exploration of caring is the method of choice, with researchers employing a variety of such approaches. In particular, the use of stories as a primary way of making sense of an experience has gained attention in the literature and the narrative method is being seen increasingly as a valid means of tapping into the patient experience. However, the use of narratives is complex with a diversity of approaches often being presented. This paper discusses the use of narratives in the exploration of caring, focusing specifically on an approach developed by Donald Polkinghorne. Issues associated with the collection and analysis of narrative data using this approach are examined.
The study of resilience in development has overturned many negative assumptions and deficit-focused models about children growing up under the threat of disadvantage and adversity. The most surprising conclusion emerging from studies of these children is the ordinariness of resilience. An examination of converging findings from variable-focused and person-focused investigations of these phenomena suggests that resilience is common and that it usually arises from the normative functions of human adaptational systems, with the greatest threats to human development being those that compromise these protective systems. The conclusion that resilience is made of ordinary rather than extraordinary processes offers a more positive outlook on human development and adaptation, as well as direction for policy and practice aimed at enhancing the development of children at risk for problems and psychopathology.
Families, as social systems, can be considered "resilient" in ways that parallel descriptions of individual resilience. In this article, the conceptualization of family-level outcomes as a prerequisite for assessing family competence, and hence their resilience, is presented relative to the unique functions that families perform for their members and for society. The risk and protective processes that give rise to resilience in families are discussed in terms of family stress and coping theory, with a particular emphasis on the family's subjective appraisal of their sources of stress and their ability to manage them. An effort is made to distinguish two perspectives on resilience: exposure to significant risk as a prerequisite for being considered resilient versus promotion of strengths for all families in which life in general is viewed as risky. Implications for practitioners and policy makers in working with families to promote their resilience are discussed.
The authors trace the contribution of narrative studies to the study of resilience. Narrative studies infiltrated the mental health field more slowly than they did the medical and social sciences, despite its long reliance on "talking therapies. " With the development of the Adult Attachment Interview, however narrative studies began to come into their own in developmental psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis. Narrative studies are an especially apt tool in resilience studies. The authors discuss their use in this context, considering also some theoretical questions about the nature of narrative and its implications for psychotherapy.
Evolutionary theory postulates that altruistic behavior evolved for the return-benefits it bears the performer. For return-benefits to play a motivational role, however, they need to be experienced by the organism. Motivational analyses should restrict themselves, therefore, to the altruistic impulse and its knowable consequences. Empathy is an ideal candidate mechanism to underlie so-called directed altruism, i.e., altruism in response to anothers's pain, need, or distress. Evidence is accumulating that this mechanism is phylogenetically ancient, probably as old as mammals and birds. Perception of the emotional state of another automatically activates shared representations causing a matching emotional state in the observer. With increasing cognition, state-matching evolved into more complex forms, including concern for the other and perspective-taking. Empathy-induced altruism derives its strength from the emotional stake it offers the self in the other's welfare. The dynamics of the empathy mechanism agree with predictions from kin selection and reciprocal altruism theory.
Family resilience is the successful coping of family members under adversity that enables them to flourish with warmth, support, and cohesion. An increasingly important realm of family nursing practice is to identify, enhance, and promote family resiliency. Based on a review of family research and conceptual literature, prominent factors of resilient families include: positive outlook, spirituality, family member accord, flexibility, family communication, financial management, family time, shared recreation, routines and rituals, and support networks. A family resilience orientation, based on the conviction that all families have inherent strengths and the potential for growth, provides the family nurse with an opportunity to facilitate family protective and recovery factors and to secure extrafamilial resources to help foster resilience.
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