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Rankings, Ratings, and the Measurement of Values: Evidence for the Superior Validity of Ratings
Abstract
Many value researchers have assumed that rankings of values are more valid than ratings of values because rankings force participants to differentiate more incisively between similarly regarded values (e.g., Rokeach & Ball-Rokeach, 1989). This hypothesis was examined by comparing the predictive validity of value rankings with value ratings on a within-subject basis. To assess predictive validity, participants (a) ranked and rated the importance of 42 values, (b) indicated their attitudes toward 30 controversial issues, and (c) judged the ethical acceptability of 74 behaviors. Eighteen pairs of conceptually related values and attitudes were identified a priori, and the correlations between the conceptually related values and attitudes were determined using rankings and ratings of values. In addition, correlations between the value of honesty and judgements of 18 dishonest behaviors were determined using rankings and ratings of honesty. Thus, a total of 36 value associations were examined. Using a tertile split, participants were divided into groups based on the number of values rated differently, and the 36 correlations were determined for each group. Results indicated that ratings tended to evidence greater validity than rankings within moderate- and low-differentiating participants. In addition, the validity of ratings was greater than rankings overall.
... Both groups see utility in each measurement technique, and both seem to agree that both measurement techniques are mostly accurate. The groups split on the issue of which technique is more accurate when respondents are faced with difficult choices-when they are forced to differentiate between two values that are of roughly equal importance (Krosnick & Alwin, 1988;Maio et al., 1996). This is where the conceptual and empirical divide exists, and this is where we focus our efforts. ...
... Scholarship on value-preference measurement expresses a good deal of concern regarding the reliability of ranking measures because of their length and complexity (which may cause respondents to make mistakes or suffer survey fatigue) and because they may force respondents to differentiate between values of roughly equal importance, behind which there is no systematic preference-all of which may produce an error-prone measure (Braithwaite & Law, 1985;Maio et al., 1996;Schwartz, 1992 ...
... The literature diverges, however, when people are asked to make "hard" value choices (e.g., when two values are of about equal importance or when the respondent has not previously considered the comparison and is forced to make an ad hoc decision). On one hand, a large body of scholarship argues that value rankings are a reliable form of measurement (Jacoby, 2006;Krosnick & Alwin, 1988;Miethe, 1985;Rokeach, 1973;Rokeach & Ball-Rokeach, 1989) while on the other, scholars argue that for various reasons, rankings measures are unreliable (Braithwaite & Law, 1985;Maio et al., 1996;Schwartz, 1992). ...
Value preferences have long been central to research in political science and psychology. Despite their well-established theoretical importance, however, their measurement is still an open question. Early research on values relied heavily on ranking instruments for data collection, but more recent work calls this measurement technique into question. Specifically, it is argued that traditional ranking instruments are (1) too long, (2) too complex, and (3) may force respondents to make ad hoc differentiations between values of similar importance, behind which there is no systematic preference. As a result, the reliability of the measure is called into question, and measurement error remains a concern. In this article, we discuss the method of triads—a technique used to gather rankings data that affords the researcher the opportunity to assess the extent to which random error affects preference rankings. Using the method of triads to collect preference data on five values central to American political culture, we find that Americans' value preferences are clearly structured and driven by systematic preferences, even when psychological theory suggests they may not. We also compare the predictive validity of the data collected with the method of triads against that of the data collected with traditional importance ratings. We show that models of ideology, party identification, presidential approval, and vote-choice fit to “triads” data explain more variance than models fit to ratings data.
... Oba podejścia mają swoich zwolenników, którzy prowadzą zagorzałą dyskusję nad przewagą zalet jednej z nich wobec drugiej (por. Alwin, Krosnick, 1985Feather, 1973;Johnson, Salis, Hovell, 1999;Maio, Roese, Seligman, Katz, 1996;Moore, 1975;Ng, 1982;Ovadia, 2004;Ranin, Grube, 1980;Russell, Gray, 1994 (Cieciuch, 2011(Cieciuch, , 2013aPirnot, Dustin, 1986 (Kopelman, i in., 2003). Biorąc pod uwagę kierunek rozwoju psychologii wartości, jak i dostępne alternatywne sposoby pomiaru ich hierarchii, wydawałoby się, że omawiany kwestionariusz dawno odszedł w zapomnienie. ...
... Również w literaturze poświęconej pomiarowi wartości, w szczególności dotyczącej wspominanej już dyskusji porównującej zastosowanie do tego celu rangowania bądź oceniania, najczęściej stwierdzano brak znaczących różnic w hierarchiach wyników uzyskiwanych za pomocą obu wymienionych metod (Alwin, Krosnick, 1985;Rankin, Grube, 1980;Russell, Gray, 1994). Przy czym część badaczy sugerowała, że w takim razie lepiej stosować pomiar rangowy (Alwin, Krosnick, 1988;Feather, 1973), a część wskazywała jednak na ocenianie (Johnson i in., 1999;Maio i in., 1996;Moore, 1975;Ng, 1982;Schwartz, 1992Schwartz, , 1994 ...
Problematyka podejmowana w niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej dotyczy pomiaru hierarchii wartości w psychologii, a głównym celem rozprawy jest poszerzenie dotychczasowej wiedzy metodologicznej na ten temat. Cel ten zrealizowano poprzez:
1) weryfikację, czy pomiar wartości z wykorzystaniem trzech metod, jakimi były rangowanie, metoda najlepszy-najgorszy i ocenianie, ma wpływ na uzyskane wyniki w postaci hierarchii oraz 2) sprawdzenie, jakie ograniczenia posiadają wymienione sposoby pomiaru ze względu na liczebność losowanych prób, długość hierarchii oraz strukturę populacji, z której losowano próby.
Podstawą teoretyczną pracy są trzy znamienne dla psychologii teorie wartości opracowane przez Allporta i Vernona (1931; Allport i in., 1951), Rokeacha (1972, 1973) oraz – integrująca wymienione podejścia – teoria Schwartza (1992, 2006, 2012; Schwartz, Bilsky, 1987, 1990; Schwartz i in., 2012). Szczególnie istotna dla badań przeprowadzonych
w ramach niniejszej rozprawy była liczba wartości wyodrębnionych przez każdego z autorów oraz zastosowane rozwiązanie metodologiczno-statystyczne umożliwiające przeprowadzenie ich pomiaru.
Postawiony w niniejszej pracy cel badawczy został zrealizowany dwutorowo: klasycznie, w badaniach empirycznych oraz w – jak się okazało niezbędnych – badaniach symulacyjnych, stanowiących novum względem prowadzonych dotychczas badań
w tym obszarze psychologii.
Badaniami empirycznymi objęto grupę 101 dorosłych osób (studentów) w wieku od 18 do 49 lat, przy czym przeważającą większość badanych (79%) stanowiły kobiety. Pomiar dotyczący hierarchii w ramach katalogu 19 wartości Schwartza przeprowadzono na trzy różne sposoby: Portretowym kwestionariuszem wartości (PVQ-R3) oraz dwoma autorskimi kwestionariuszami wykorzystującymi metodę rangowania oraz najlepszy-najgorszy (por. Lee i in., 2008, 2017).
Do zweryfikowania, czy każdy z zastosowanych sposobów pomiaru pozwoli na odwzorowanie zakładanej przez Schwartza kołowej struktury wartości wykorzystano procedurę skalowania wielowymiarowego (MDS). Uzyskane wyniki okazały się satysfakcjonujące dla każdej z metod (Stress 1 < 0,2), co oznacza dobre dopasowanie danych do modelu dwuwymiarowego. Najlepsze dopasowanie uzyskano dla pomiaru przeprowadzonego za pomocą metody rangowania.
Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników można stwierdzić, że dla każdego sposobu pomiaru w badanej próbie otrzymano inną hierarchię wartości. Jednak pomiar
z wykorzystaniem metody rangowania (ω Aranowskiej) oraz najlepszy-najgorszy prowadzi do najbardziej zbliżonych rozwiązań, zarówno na poziomie ujawnionych hierarchii w próbie, jak i pojedynczej osoby badanej. Dodatkowo, na podstawie wyników uzyskanych dla zaproponowanej w ramach niniejszej rozprawy miary średniego przesunięcia w rangach jednej hierarchii względem drugiej (stanowiącej punkt odniesienia), można stwierdzić, że jeżeli nie przekracza ona wartości równej 4, to różnice w uszeregowaniu wartości występujące w porównywanych hierarchiach 19-elementowych nie prowadzą do istotnych różnic między hierarchiami.
Co więcej, na podstawie wyników kolejnej wprowadzonej miary podobieństwa dwóch hierarchii, jaką jest ważony współczynnik korelacji tau Kendalla, można stwierdzić, że pomiar realizowany metodą najlepszy-najgorszy ujawnia w próbie hierarchię najlepiej odzwierciedlającą zróżnicowanie hierarchii osób badanych. Porównywalne wyniki uzyskano również dla pomiaru metodą rangowania z wykorzystaniem rozwiązania zaproponowanego przez Aranowską (1996).
Przeprowadzenie badań symulacyjnych wymagało przyjęcia pewnych założeń (szczegółowo omówionych w Rozdziale V rozprawy), dotyczących między innymi rozkładu hierarchii w populacji, gdyż w literaturze przedmiotu brakuje informacji w tym zakresie.
W celu rozpatrzenie różnych przypadków, przyjęto dziewięć struktur populacji różniących się ze względu na procentowy udział hierarchii zgodnych, neutralnych i niezgodnych z założoną hierarchią wejściową. Dodatkowo w obrębie każdej populacji wygenerowano dane specyficzne dla pomiaru realizowanego za pomocą rangowania, metody najlepszy-najgorszy
i oceniania (skala Likerta) przy zachowaniu tego samego uporządkowania k obiektów (k1 = 6, k2 = 10, k3 = 18, k4 = 19). Następnie z tak przygotowanych 1 000 000 populacji losowano po 1 000 prób n elementowych (n1 = 30, n2 = 100, n3 = 300, n4 = 500).
Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają stwierdzić, że im bardziej jednolita jest struktura populacji ze względu na hierarchię tworzących ją jednostek, tym lepsze otrzymamy oszacowanie hierarchii charakteryzującej populację na podstawie wylosowanej z niej próby
o dowolnej wielkości, niezależnie od długości hierarchii i sposobu jej pomiaru. Okazało się, że pomiar hierarchii sześcioelementowych najlepiej prowadzić metodą najlepszy-najgorszy, dziesięcioelementowych – rangowania (ω Aranowskiej), zaś 18- i 19-elementowych – rangowania (ω Aranowskiej) i oceniania (skala Likerta). Zaobserwowano także, że pomiar
za pomocą metody oceniania (skala Likerta) najsłabiej sprawdza się w przypadku prób losowanych z niejednorodnej (zróżnicowanej) populacji. Dodatkowo potwierdzono, że im większe próby losujemy z populacji o dowolnej strukturze, to – niezależnie od długości estymowanej hierarchii – uzyskujemy lepsze oszacowania.
Podsumowując, porównywane sposoby pomiaru prowadzą do odmiennych hierarchii wartości, które statystycznie nieznacznie różnią się między sobą. Spośród pozostałych uwzględnionych w niniejszej rozprawie metodologicznych czynników, to jest długości hierarchii, wielkości losowanej próby oraz struktury populacji, mogących mieć wpływ na postać otrzymanej hierarchii, każdy z osobna okazał się znaczący. Zaobserwowano też wzajemny wpływ długości hierarchii i sposobu pomiaru, w efekcie którego możliwe było wyznaczenie najlepszych metod do pomiaru hierarchii o określonej ilości atrybutów.
Drugim zaobserwowanym zjawiskiem jest wspólne oddziaływanie wszystkich czterech czynników łącznie na uzyskane uporządkowanie obiektów, co najwyraźniej widać na przykładzie prób losowanych z niejednorodnej (zróżnicowanej) populacji. W przypadku układów 6-elementowych dla wszystkich sposobów pomiaru i dla każdej wielkości losowanej próby oszacowanie hierarchii w takiej populacji było najmniej dokładne. Dla układów
10-elementowych wyniki estymacji na podstawie pomiaru prowadzonego metodą najlpszy-najgorszy zgodnie z pierwszą propozycją Lee z zespołem (2008) uległy poprawie (to znaczy przesunęły się z ostatniego miejsca), gdy losowano małe próby (n1 = 30 i n2 = 100). Natomiast dla układów 18- i 19-elementowych oszacowanie hierarchii w populacji za pomocą wspomnianej metody pomiaru dla każdej wielkości losowanej próby przestało być najmniej dokładne.
W przeprowadzonych analizach nie oceniano jednak zgodności otrzymanych hierarchii w sensie treściowym. Od umiejętności interpretacji psychologa zależy interpretacja merytoryczna wyników otrzymanych za pomocą porównywanych metod.
... Moreover, since ranking does not allow respondents to assign equal importance to different values, it ignores the possibility that people's internal representations of values might not include such fine distinctions. It is therefore possible that individuals report differences between values even when these differences are negligible (Maio et al. 1996), to make comparisons between values that they consider non-comparable (Braithwaite and Law 1985;Schwartz and Cieciuch 2016), or even make random responses in order to meet the task requirements (Ovadia 2004). In addition, ranking poses a statistical challenge: The sum of the ranks for any individual respondent equals a constant, producing a linear dependency among the set of ranked items. ...
... The two techniques produced similar results, indicating satisfactory test-retest reliabilities, and good convergent and construct validity. In contrast, Maio et al. (1996) compared the predictive validity of rated and ranked values. They found that both methods yielded most of the predicted correlations with attitudes, but rated values predicted attitudes better than ranked ones. ...
In this chapter, we focus on methodological issues regarding measuring, priming, and changing values. We discuss how methodological choices such as the number of value types measured, the broadness of the measure, or the context in which the values are measured could affect the priorities of the values reported. We begin with unpacking the definition of values, discussing different aspects of the definition and their implications for research on values and behavior. We then compare the numerous instruments developed to measure values according to theory-based criteria. In the second part of the chapter, we address the challenge of developing short measures of values and discuss advantages and limitations of various approaches. Finally, in the third part of the chapter, we discuss methodological issues regarding the processes of value priming and values change.
... According to Krosnick and Alwin (1988), ranking should be preferred to the rating technique in the field of value surveys because the latter technique tends to provide high and undifferentiated scores; nevertheless, when ties are removed from the data, the rating and ranking techniques provide similar results. Conversely, ranking forces people to make distinctions that they would not otherwise make (Alwin and Krosnick 1985), and the validity of ranking is lessened by these unimportant and/or inconsequential distinctions between similarly regarded items (Maio et al. 1996). ...
... As pointed out in the introduction, not all the preference elicitation techniques are equally viable in all survey contexts (Aloysius et al. 2006;Alwin and Krosnick 1985;Bradburn et al. 2004;Krosnick and Alwin 1988;Maio et al. 1996). When the number of items at hand and the adopted survey technique allow for the use of more than one preference elicitation method, one solution could be to choose the most efficient, that is the one that needs the smallest number of respondents to produce precise and reliable estimates. ...
We compare four common data collection techniques to elicit preferences: the rating of items, the ranking of items, the partitioning of a given amount of points among items, and a reduced form of the technique for comparing items in pairs. University students were randomly assigned a questionnaire employing one of the four techniques. All questionnaires incorporated the same collection of items. The data collected with the four techniques were converted into analogous preference matrices, and analyzed with the Bradley–Terry model. The techniques were evaluated with respect to the fit to the model, the precision and reliability of the item estimates, and the consistency among the produced item sequences. The rating, ranking and budget partitioning techniques performed similarly, whereas the reduced pair comparisons technique performed a little worse. The item sequence produced by the rating technique was very close to the sequence obtained averaging over the three other techniques.
... & Piliavin, 2004). The most systematic and influential approaches to values research include the Rokeach Value Survey (Rokeach, 1973), the Schwartz Value Survey (Schwartz 1992), and the Aspiration Index (Kasser & Ryan, 1993Rokeach, 1973;Schwartz, 1994); however, rating of values have been found to have the highest predictive validity (Maio, Roese, Seligman, & Katz, 1996). A further methodological issue is that values are abstract concepts that not all people consciously reflect on. ...
... Indeed, a strong emphasis on extrinsic values could crowd out pursuits that are likely to lead to greater satisfaction of psychological needs and thereby greater SWB (Kasser, 2002). A number of studies support this explanation (e.g.,Kasser & Ahuvia, 2002;Kasser & Ryan 1993;1996). However, the VO-SWB relation can also be understood in the context of the personenvironment value congruence hypothesis, which states that SWB is enhanced when there is a match between a person's VO and the dominant priorities of the surrounding environment. ...
Master's thesis. Abstract: Protecting the environment and enjoying a high quality of life are two pursuits often viewed as being in conflict with each other, although this assumption is largely based on conventional wisdom rather than science. In the last decade the relationship between them has received increasing attention from researchers, and there has been published a number of studies investigating it. In this article, we investigate the relationship between green behaviour (GB) and subjective well-being (SWB) by reviewing the existing empirical literature on the subject. The
article is divided into two reviews. In the first review we examine studies investigating the relationship between GB and SWB directly and identify variables that may explain the relationship. In the second review we examine studies that investigate relations between each of these variables and GB or SWB. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the overall finding is a positive relationship between GB and SWB, and this relationship is partially mediated by value orientation and mindfulness. Additionally, connection to nature is positively related to both GB and SWB.
... The study asserts that members of the organization have likely been culturally conditioned in the value system of the organization, and are therefore more likely to rate values of the organization higher than the value types that were foreign to the organization (Komin, 1990). However, Maio, Roese, and Seligman (1996) are of the view that the employees may have rated the values identically because they have not devoted sufficient care and thought to differences between the types. ...
... Also the adoption of rating of values will assist in the identification of more values related to human rights. Maio, Roese, and Seligman (1996) have made a convincing case in support of ratings. Furthermore, future studies can explore further the extent to which the values are shared by members beyond just the existence of a consensus. ...
... F I G U R E 1 Schwartz's model of values (Schwartz, 1992(Schwartz, , 2003 Personal values were originally assessed by a ranking system, where respondents were asked to provide their value hierarchy based on the importance each value assumed as a guiding principle in their lives, from the most to the least important (Rokeach, 1973). In contrast, Schwartz has adopted a rating procedure to provide respondents with a less cognitively challenging task and avoid forcing them to assign different importance to values when this requirement does not reflect their value priorities (Maio et al., 1996;Ovadia, 2004). Schwartz has first proposed the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS; Schwartz, 1992), where respondents are presented with a list of 57 single-value items to represent 10 motivationally distinct values. ...
No previous studies have analyzed values as qualities of relational microsystems, such as the romantic couple. Based on Schwartz's Theory of Human Values, this study examines the psychometric properties of the Portrait Couple Values Questionnaire (PCVQ). It measures four couple value dimensions: conservation, openness to change, self-enhancement, and self-transcendence. Five hundred and forty-six Italian respondents (54.1% women), aged 41.52 years (SD = 7.19; range 23–63) and having a couple relationship, have filled in an anonymous online questionnaire. The results show the good psychometric properties of the PCVQ. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis Magnifying Glass Strategy shows good indexes of fit for each value dimension, except for the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) for openness to change, thus confirming that the PCVQ measures the four values with satisfactory internal consistency. The Multidimensional Scaling results, by showing a Stress-1 index of 0.07, confirm the circular structure of values because the four value dimensions are in the position predicted by Schwartz's model. Participants' personal and couple values are highly but not perfectly correlated, suggesting that couple values are a related but distinct construct compared to personal values. This study's contribution lies in introducing an innovative construct into the literature on values and couples, proposing a scale to assess it.
... Moreover, the very definition of values formulated by Rokeach included preferences, so that beliefs that do not express preferences were not considered a part of value domain. A methodological discussion ensued, questioning if explicit ordering of cards, or ranking, was necessary for value measurement, with some concluding that it was (Rankin & Grube, 1980), and others claiming that independent ratings were better measures (Braithwaite & Law, 1985;Maio et al., 1996) or that both had their advantages (Krosnick & Alwin, 1988;Ovadia, 2004). The problem with ranking (and more generally with forced-choice questions) is that respondents are not allowed to choose the same importance for two or more values. ...
Ipsatization, or a correction of variables by their common component, is routinely applied to measures of basic values. Although ipsatization has been criticized, the consequences of non-ipsatization are rarely discussed. We show that the ipsatization of values is intertwined with their definition. A common factor involved in ipsatization was suggested to represent a nuisance variable, a response style, social desirability, or other constructs. A simulation study illustrated that within-individual centering revealed more accurate value scores when the common factor was in the data, with exception of the situation when values were positively intercorrelated. We conclude that in different conditions both applying and failing to apply ipsatization can cause bias. Therefore, no general advice in regard to ipsatization can be provided.
... Most social science studies in this area have dealt with experiments involving a finite set of items exhaustively rated/ranked by respondents (see for instance: Green and Rao 1970;Alwin and Krosnick 1985;Krosnick and Alwin 1988;Peterson and Wilson 1992;Maio et al. 1996;Ovadia 2004;Rossiter 2010, 73-100) . Many researchers argue in favor of ratings because they impose less structure on respondents (Munson and McIntyre 1979) , while some argue that by forcing respondents to normalize their choices, rankings lead to more consistent results (Kohn 1977) , and others find both types of surveys lead to empirically similar orderings (Feather 1973;Rokeach 1973) . ...
In the last decade, the use of simple rating and comparison surveys has proliferated on social and digital media platforms to fuel recommendations. These simple surveys and their extrapolation with machine learning algorithms shed light on user preferences over large and growing pools of items, such as movies, songs and ads. Social scientists have a long history of measuring perceptions, preferences and opinions, often over smaller, discrete item sets with exhaustive rating or ranking surveys. This paper introduces simple surveys for social science application. We ran experiments to compare the predictive accuracy of both individual and aggregate comparative assessments using four types of simple surveys: pairwise comparisons and ratings on 2, 5 and continuous point scales in three distinct contexts: perceived Safety of Google Streetview Images, Likeability of Artwork, and Hilarity of Animal GIFs. Across contexts, we find that continuous scale ratings best predict individual assessments but consume the most time and cognitive effort. Binary choice surveys are quick and perform best to predict aggregate assessments, useful for collective decision tasks, but poorly predict personalized preferences, for which they are currently used by Netflix to recommend movies. Pairwise comparisons, by contrast, perform well to predict personal assessments, but poorly predict aggregate assessments despite being widely used to crowdsource ideas and collective preferences. We demonstrate how findings from these surveys can be visualized in a low-dimensional space that reveals distinct respondent interpretations of questions asked in each context. We conclude by reflecting on differences between sparse, incomplete simple surveys and their traditional survey counterparts in terms of efficiency, information elicited and settings in which knowing less about more may be critical for social science.
... Literatura dotycząca kontrowersji szacowanie-rangowanie jest dość obszerna i daleka od jednoznacznych wyników. Znaleźć można zarówno argumenty na rzecz rangowania, jak i szacowania, chociaż coraz więcej doniesień przechyla szalę na rzecz szacowania (Maio, Roese, Seligman, Katz, 1996). Między innymi z tego powodu, Schwartz, kontynuując tradycję Rokeacha w drugim swoim narzędziu zupełnie zrezygnował z rangowania na rzecz szacowania, o czym będzie jeszcze mowa poniżej. ...
... Rankings using internal reference frames (a Likert score) and forced reference frames (explicit ranks) were considered. Maio et al. [19] discussed the potential differences between the two, highlighting that rankings of ethical acceptability of behaviors using scores were more correlated with a priori predictions than explicit ranks. The investigators argued that explicit rankings may cause participants to make unimportant distinctions that would not have been made otherwise. ...
Agility performance is often quantified using completion time, which provides little information about which factors contribute to or limit an individual’s performance. The objective of this study was to determine how novices and experts working in athletic, clinical, and military environments qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate agility performance. Formalizing expert definitions will inform the development of objective biomechanical metrics, which have the potential to inform strategy development for training and rehabilitation. Thirty-three participants completed a survey which involved scoring 16 athletes on a 7 point Likert scale of not agile to agile. The spread of the scores indicated that even within groups, participants had different opinions about which aspects of technique contributed to high performance. Participant responses were used to link several terms to agility technique. Future work includes quantitatively defining and evaluating these terms.
... Además, los encuestados pudieron haber tendido a evaluar algunos valores organizacionales de manera similar con poca diferencia entre los valores de los datos, proporcionando así menos información. Sin embargo, la investigación reciente muestra que, a pesar de que las personas tienden a considerar varios valores relativamente igual en importancia y consecuentemente la evaluación de ellos de manera similar, esto no afecta a la validez general de los datos recolectados (Maio, Roese, Seligman y Katz, 1997). ...
This study analyzes with a quantitative design the differences in the motivational and organizational valuesof four generations of employees working in the maquiladora industry in Ciudad Juarez. The empiricalstudy used a sample of 1,271 employees in the 2013 year. For the information analysis and identification ofpossible differences the Anova test was used. Since this study is based on analyzing the differences in themotivators between four generations of employees of the study, a factorial analysis and Oblimin rotationwas performed. To confirm these differences t test was used with Bonferroni correction. The results providedifferent elements that other studies have provided. The existence of significant differences between the fourgenerations of employees in the importance given to the motivational and organizational values representsvaluable information that academics and companies could consider.All Rights Reserved © 2015 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Contaduría y Admi-nistración. This is an open access item distributed under the Creative Commons CC License BY-NC-ND4.0.
... Tako, primjerice, prema Brownu (1996) vrijednosti služe kao standardi pomoću kojih vrednujemo svoje aktivnosti i ponašanje drugih. Maio, Roese, Saligman i Katz (1996) vide vrijednosti kao standarde kojima se služimo pri prosudbi drugih ljudi, ponašanja, stavova, objekata ili sebe samih. Slično tome, Roe i Ester (1999) definiraju vrijednosti kao latentne konstrukte koji se odnose na načine na koje ljudi vrednuju aktivnosti i njihove ishode. ...
This article examines the concepts of values and life roles in the context of career development. First, the concepts of values and life roles are explained. The methodological issues of their measurement are discussed next, followed by an overview of the main instruments used in their assessment. Finally, the approaches and trends of the usage of values and roles in career guidance are discussed. It is noted that, the traditional focus on values as a person variable, has been recently shifted to assessment of "cultural" values, which are typical of certain groups of vocational-guidance users.
... Discussions of the issue have revealed the strengths and weaknesses of both methods. Some studies were aimed at assessing whether ranking or rating scales produce similar results and at determining which of the scales is preferable (Maio, Roese, Seligman & Katz, 1996), while others pointed out alternatives (McCarty & Shrum, 2000). Discussion of the studies resulted in the argument that each method might represent personal value systems in a specific way (Ovadia, 2004). ...
There are considerable differences among the value hierarchies revealed by different methods of measurement. The quantitative measure of such a difference can be referred as the Congruence-Discrepancy Index (CODI). The more congruent the results of different methods are, the higher the CODI is. In the present study I compared value hierarchies obtained by the Schwartz Value Survey and an original instrument based on the constant-sum scale in two samples of adolescents (those in special schools for at-risk adolescents and those in ordinary secondary schools). The results show that the CODI for ordinary school students is significantly higher than that for adolescents recruited from special schools. A significant correlation between the CODI and school engagement was revealed for the ordinary school sample. The possibilities of using the CODI in value research are discussed.
... Subjects' responses to simple statements, such as " I worry a lot about my health " or " Do you watch your health pretty carefully or do you take things pretty much as they come " , are taken as indicators of their concern with health [Lau et all 1986]. Several studies compared the outcomes of rank-based measurement of values with those based on separate evaluations with neither proving superior [Rankin, Grube 1980; Krosnik, Alwin 1988; Maio et al.1996]. ...
Most people would agree that health is universally and highly valued. The Rokeach Value Survey is a commonly used measure of human values. The values are ranked to form value hierarchies, called value systems. This method has a number of limitations. In presented study the Juczynski’ Personal Value List was used to rated 10 personal values. Participants were representative sample of 2006 school-boys and -girls in Lodz. Good health was on the second place ranked of 10 values, anywhere 23% of the respondents did not rank “good health” among their five highest personal values. Other groups have responded to the question: What does “being healthy“ mean to you? The health as the instrumental value refers to functioning of the individual. This aspect became apparent more clearly with reference to the health, than to illness. He is keeping an eye on it over the 18-years 60% in defining the health, and only 22% with reference to illness.
... People do not necessarily rank one value over another in action; rather, for most individuals, different values may be equally compelling. Finally, Maio et al. (1996) suggest that rating offers more validity when conducting values research since they found that subjects who were forced to rank values made trivial-and less valid-distinctions between values, which led to smaller empirical relationships with related attitudes. Weber (1990) provides an important progression in the data analysis by introducing quantitative-based membership or weights for each of the 36 values based on five prior works (Weber's initial classification, reported in 1990;Rokeach 1973;Vinson et al. 1977;Weber 1986;and Frederick and Weber 1987). ...
This research investigates managerial value orientations (MVO) using the Rokeach Value Survey to assess the importance managers assign to various values. While prior work and select organizational theory posit that MVO will not change over time, the data are analyzed to determine if the MVO of mid- to upper-level managers, the key decision-makers in most organizations, has remained generally the same or has changed from one generation to another. The results show that the MVO of managers from 1990 is significantly different than the MVO of managers today. The greatest difference lies in the MVO area of competence versus moral values, with more managers emphasizing a moral value orientation than previously. Therefore, the data indicate there is a noticeable shift in MVO over the past 20+ years (late 1980s to early 2010s). The implications of the results reported are discussed, along with suggestions for future managerial values research.
... How likely is the latter? Some scholars have expressed concerns that values are "truisms" and that a choice between two values may hinge on nothing more than a mental coin flip (Maio et al., 1996;Bernard, Maio, and Olson, 2003). Fortunately, this does not seem to major problem with value rankings. ...
Objective: This article examines the short- and long-term effects of the attacks of 9/11 on Americans' value preferences. Method: Using data from 1994, 2002, and 2005, I estimate a rank-ordered logit model where the dependent variable is respondents' rank-ordered preferences on four values central to American political culture. Results: The short-term effects of 9/11 are significant: Americans' were willing to "trade" equality and economic security for social order. In the long term, these effects fade and value preferences swing back to pre-9/11 levels. Conclusion: These findings align nicely with a body of literature that suggests that traumatic public events induce feelings of panic and anxiety, thereby causing people to reorder their fundamental political cognitions. As these feelings fade, however, individuals' fundamental political cognitions revert back toward normal.
... Además, los encuestados pudieron haber tendido a evaluar algunos valores organizacionales de manera similar con poca diferencia entre los valores de los datos, proporcionando así menos información. Sin embargo, la investigación reciente muestra que, a pesar de que las personas tienden a considerar varios valores relativamente igual en importancia y consecuentemente la evaluación de ellos de manera similar, esto no afecta a la validez general de los datos recolectados (Maio, Roese, Seligman y Katz, 1997). ...
Este estudio analiza con un diseño cuantitativo las diferencias en los motivadores y valores organizacionales de 4 generaciones de empleados que trabajan en la industria maquiladora en Ciudad Juárez. El estudio empírico se llevó en una muestra de 1,271 empleados en el año 2013. Para el análisis de la información y determinación de las posibles diferencias se utilizó la prueba Anova. Dado que la investigación se fundamentó en analizar las posibles diferencias en los motivadores entre las 4 generaciones de empleados en el estudio, se realizó un análisis factorial y rotación de Oblimin. Para la confirmación de dichas diferencias se utilizó la prueba t con la corrección de Bonferroni. Los resultados proporcionan elementos diferentes que otros estudios han proporcionado. La existencia de diferencias significativas entre las 4 generaciones de empleados y una gran diferencia en la importancia que dan a los motivadores y valores organizacionales entre los empleados de las generacionesX e Y en comparación a los tradicionalistas y los baby boomers, representa información valiosa que académicos y empresas podrían considerar.
... While researchers have employed various statistical techniques to argue in favour of ranking (Braithwaite and Law, 1985) or rating (Maio et al., 1996), Ovadia (2004) argues that the issue cannot be settled by such techniques alone. The two methods rest on opposing sets of assumptions, but these are ultimately nothing more than tentative approximations of the 'real' structure of human values. ...
This article utilizes comparable survey data to examine the antecedents and correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic work motivation among US and Norwegian high school students. It builds on prior studies of young Americans’ work motivations, as well as cross-national research which has primarily been preoccupied with the work values of adults. Analyses reveal that US respondents, ethnic minority youth in both countries, and young men in both countries, are more motivated by extrinsic work rewards than their respective comparison categories. Intrinsic aspects of work on the other hand are most highly valued by young women, students who do well in school, and students with artistic ambitions. Little evidence is found of parental education influencing work motivation in either context, signalling a break with earlier studies.
... Some scholars have expressed concerns that rankorders may force respondents to choose among values that they believe to be equally important (e.g., Alwin and Krosnick 1985;Maio et al. 1996). Fortunately, this does not appear to be a serious problem, either as a general aspect of value rankings or with the particular rank-orders used in the present study. ...
This article examines the “culture war” hypothesis by focusing on American citizens’ choices among a set of core values. A geometric model is developed to represent differences in the ways that individuals rank-order seven important values: freedom, equality, economic security, social order, morality, individualism, and patriotism. The model is fitted to data on value choices from the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study. The empirical results show that there is an enormous amount of heterogeneity among individual value choices; the model estimates contradict any notion that there is a consensus on fundamental principles within the mass public. Further, the differences break down along political lines, providing strong evidence that there is a culture war generating fundamental divisions within twenty-first century American society.
... The non-differentiation problem may be due to the low concentration of respondents while they answer the questionnaires; hence, the more demanding the questions, the larger the likelihood they will concentrate before answering. Nevertheless, several authors state that rating is superior in validity, certainly in comparison with ranking (Rankin and Grube, 1980;Maio et al., 1996). ...
Surveys concerned with human values, economic utilities, organisational features, customer or citizen satisfaction, or with preferences or choices among a set of items may aim at estimating either a ranking or a scoring of the choice set. In this paper we discuss the statistical and practical properties of five different techniques for data collection of a set of interrelated items; namely the ranking of items, the technique of picking the best/worst item, the partitioning of a fixed total among the items, the rating of each item and the paired comparison of all distinct pairs of items. Then, we discuss the feasibility of the use of each technique if a computer-assisted data-collection mode (e.g. CATI (telephone), CAPI (face-to-face), CAWI (web) or CASI (self-administered)) is adopted. The paper concludes with suggestions for the use of either technique in real survey contexts.
... In this work a study, using a live pouring of three beer types, tested for perceived differences in beers based on differences in colour. Though some consider rating superior to ranking in terms of statistical value 7 , in this study judges ranked beers for various sensory attributes, as well as for many terms popular in the trade (i.e., best to worst brewed, head, etc.). Ranking has the advantage that it is a simple task; because consumers are culturally practised at ranking, it allows participants to re-examine stimuli whose characteristics they may have forgotten 10 . ...
The appearance of beer influences the perception of its flavour. Three separate studies were performed. Two studies using United States residents comparing beers ranked for different attributes showed that differences in colour, head and levels of lacing impacted the perception of a number of other attributes. Rankings for best to worst poured, best to worst handled, best to worst brewed, best to worst head, most to least stable foam, highest to lowest quality foam, best to worst overall flavour, best to worst overall appearance, and most to least likely to buy all showed significant differences in rankings for both colour and levels of head and lacing. A third study using Scottish participants, comparing beers differing only in levels of head and lacing complements the American findings, suggesting that the appearance of a beer greatly influences consumer perception.
... In completing this part of the survey, music teachers were required to select and rank five most important reasons (5 = highest rank and 1 = lowest rank). Asking participants to rank a list of items has been considered a reliable and valid research method for assessing perceived relative importance (e.g., Alwin & Krosnick, 2004;Fuchs & Sox Jr., 2001;Juniper, Bryne, Guyatt, Ferrie, & King, 1999;Maio, Roese, Seligman, & Katz, 1996). Appendix 1, part A, shows items used in this part of the survey. ...
Low enrolment and high attrition rates are pressing issues facing school music in Australia. Based on a sociocognitive perspective, the current study explored music teachers’ perceptions of the extent of, reasons for, and factors influencing continuing enrolment in music. The findings showed that both classroom and instrumental music teachers perceived a general decline in student enrolment in music in high school. However, instrumental teachers perceived that relatively higher percentages of students tended to continue with instrumental music. Music teachers ranked the importance of various cognitive and social factors relevant to students’ continuing and discontinuing participation in music learning in school. Regression analyses showed that parental support and a quality music programme were significant factors predicting teachers’ perceptions of student persistence levels in instrumental and classroom music respectively. The paper ends with a discussion on the development of reformative music pedagogy.
Zusammenfassung
Das Forschungsdesign einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit ist Kernstück und gleichzeitig Navigator, Rechtfertigung sowie Argumentationsgrundlage für die in einer Untersuchung eingeschlagene Vorgehensweise. So soll darin die Nachvollziehbarkeit der verwendeten Analysemethoden, die Auswahl des Forschungsgegenstandes und zudem, sofern es sich um eine quantitativ orientierte Analyse handelt, die Übersetzung theoretischer Konzepte in messbare Indikatoren vorgenommen werden. Aus diesem Grund wird in Abschnitt 3.1 zunächst die hier zugrundeliegende Fallauswahl erläutert.
Zusammenfassung
Die Wahlforschung als solche hat verschiedene Gesichter. Sie beschäftigt sich mit den Fragen, aus welchen Gründen und wie Individuen wählen, welche Kontexte Wahlverhalten beeinflussen und wie stabil Individuen in ihrem Wahlverhalten sind. Sie versucht Prognosen über die Kurz- oder Langlebigkeit von Wahlentscheidungen aufzustellen, stellt Querverbindungen zu anderen Forschungsbereichen her und ist demnach als „multidisziplinär“ zu verstehen.
This purpose of this paper is to outline how values theory can be incorporated into a business ethics curriculum and how academic integrity can be recruited in doing so. The paper presents a pedagogical approach that allows students to reflect on their values, articulate their values stances, and learn how values influence both ethical and unethical behavior. The paper also demonstrates how academic dishonesty is an effective means by which to teach students the pathway from values, to attitudes, to behavior, while also teaching students the long-term ramifications of behaving unethically during their time spent in higher education.
Background:
Values clarification can assist families facing the threat of periviable delivery in navigating the complexity of competing values related to death, disability, and quality of life (QOL).
Objective:
We piloted values clarification exercises to inform resuscitation decision making and qualitatively assess perceptions of QOL.
Methods:
We conducted a mixed-method study of women with threatened periviable delivery (22 0/7-24 6/7 weeks) and their important others (IOs). Participants engaged in three values clarification activities as part of a semi-structured interview-(a) Card sorting nine conditions as an acceptable/unacceptable QOL for a child; (b) Rating/ranking seven common concerns in periviable decision making (scale 0-10, not at all to extremely important); and (c) "Agreed/disagreed" with six statements regarding end-of-life treatment, disability, and QOL. Participants were also asked to define "QOL" and describe their perceptions of a good and poor QOL for their child. Analysis was conducted using SAS version 9.4 and NVivo 12.
Results:
All mild disabilities were an acceptable QOL, while two-thirds of participants considered long-term mechanical ventilation unacceptable. Although pregnant women rated "Impact on Your Physical/Mental Health" (average 5.6) and IOs rated "financial Concerns" the highest (average 6.6), both groups ranked "financial Concerns" as the most important concern (median 5.0 and 6.0, respectively). Most participants agreed that "Any amount of life is better than no life at all" (pregnant women 62.1%; IOs 75.0%) and disagreed that resuscitation would cause "Too much suffering" for their child (pregnant women 71.4%; IOs 80.0%). Half were familiar with the phrase "QOL". Although the majority described a good QOL in terms of emotional well-being (eg "loved", "happy", "supported"), a poor QOL was described in terms of functionality (eg "dependent" and "confined"). Additionally, financial stability emerged as a distinctive theme when IOs discussed poor QOL.
Conclusion:
Our study offers important insights on parental perspectives in periviable decision making and potential values clarification tools for decision support.
In the last decade, the use of simple rating and comparison surveys has proliferated on social and digital media platforms to fuel recommendations. These simple surveys and their extrapolation with machine learning algorithms such as matrix factorization shed light on user preferences over large and growing pools of items such as movies, songs, and ads. Social scientists also have a long history of measuring perceptions, preferences, and opinions, typically often over smaller, discrete item sets with exhaustive rating or ranking surveys. This article introduces simple surveys for social science application. We ran experiments to compare the predictive accuracy of both individual and aggregate comparative assessments using four types of simple surveys—pairwise comparisons (PCs) and ratings on 2, 5, and continuous point scales in three contexts—perceived safety of Google Street View images, likability of artwork, and hilarity of animal GIFs. Across contexts, we find that continuous scale ratings best predict individual assessments but consume the most time and cognitive effort. Binary choice surveys are quick and best predict aggregate assessments, useful for collective decision tasks, but poorly predict personalized preferences, for which they are currently used by Netflix to recommend movies. PCs, by contrast, successfully predict personal assessments but poorly predict aggregate assessments despite being widely used to crowdsource ideas and collective preferences. We also demonstrate how findings from these surveys can be visualized in a low-dimensional space to reveal distinct respondent interpretations of questions asked in each context. We conclude by reflecting on differences between sparse, incomplete “simple surveys” and their traditional survey counterparts in terms of efficiency, information elicited, and settings in which knowing less about more may be critical for social science.
The relationship between values and personality was examined with latent class cluster analysis (LCCA). This innovative method combines data exploration with the confirmation of hypothesized latent structures. In this study it isolated respondents with similar value orientations and adjusted the clusters for their personality traits. This resulted in a descriptive profile of each cluster's values-personality structure. Such profiles are theoretically meaningful with regards to the individual Self, which is espoused in values, and moderated by personality. Personality traits are psychologically superordinate, but unlike values are less cognitively transparent and useful for self-attributions. The study used a test publisher's archival dataset of 1500 respondents to two established measures of values and personality. The LCCA uncovered five latent clusters which were characterized as: Traditionalists, Maximalists, Intellectuals, Climbers, and Followers. The study describes their value-personality profiles and interprets their personal strengths and weaknesses.
Recent years have seen an increased reliance on the Thomson Reuters Journal Impact Factor (JIF) as a method of evaluating the prestige of academic journals. While the JIF has existed for many years, the increased use of technology to track publications and citations has resulted in other methods of measuring prestige, including Google Scholar’s H-index and Elsevier’s Cite Score. It is unclear, however, whether these “objective” methods of evaluation are correlated with the journals’ reputations among scholars. This paper compares objective and subjective evaluations of journals in criminal justice and criminology among a sample of ASC and ACJS members. Our findings indicate that subjective evaluations of experts are more strongly correlated with Google’s H-Index and Elsevier’s Cite Score than with impact factors. We conclude that for criminal justice and criminology scholars, Thomson Reuters’ JIF may not be the best measure of quality.
The form-resistant hypothesis states that alternative ways of measuring the same values should be small if method-specific features are taken into account. However, previous research that compared rating and ranking questionnaires for measuring values has shown mixed results. We suggest that adopting a latent class segmentation approach helps to explain these mixed results by identifying segments with similar item preference structures and segments linked to one format only. Our approach is applied to a Dutch survey on work values. In both ranking and rating mode, we find two similar segments reflecting the intrinsic and extrinsic preference structure, while other segments differed between modes. In line with the modified form-resistant hypothesis, the results suggest the same latent preference structure has guided particular segments in a population to respond similarly to rating and ranking questions.
The postmaterialism thesis contends that newer cultural and social justice issues will supplant traditional, class-based economic concerns as societies become increasingly wealthy. Although macrolevel evidence broadly supports this prediction, individual-level evidence for the theory in the United States has been sparse. Moreover, alternative theories predict that postmaterialism will not travel well to the American context because religious cleavages that divide the major parties will be most salient. We test the postmaterialism thesis at the individual level using unique data that enable us to evaluate citizens' value-preference structures across income levels, as well as the conditional effect of income on the relationship between individuals' ranked value preferences and political attitudes and behavior. Consistent with the theory, greater income strengthens the association between egalitarianism and ideology, partisanship, evaluations of President Obama, and presidential vote choice, and weakens the relationship between moral traditionalism and these same variables. However, income does not moderate the association between economic security and individuals' identities, evaluations, or behavior. Additionally, value-preference hierarchies are quite similar across income groups after controlling for partisanship and ideology. The results lend insight into the nature of value- and income-based cleavages in American politics.
The inquiry aims to clarify the philosophical meaning of personal values, as well as their utility for work psychology and business. Personal values motivate work behaviors, yet management looks at them mechanistically, potentially missing on a complete view of the individuality of their employees. Values are personal insofar as they express our absolute existential freedom. Their socially formed and prescriptive motivational aspects merge with the responsibility to act authentically, constructing our own moral reality. The inquiry distinguishes personal values from emotions, preferences, attitudes, norms, needs, and interests. With expositions on philosophy and social science, it is argued that values and facts are not necessary contradictory. Ultimately, the responsibility of managers nowadays is to facilitate the process where employees’ personal values take a stronger lead in guiding their work behaviors, which could in turn build cooperative and innovative company cultures.
Following societal and policy pressures for responsible innovation, innovators are more and more expected to consider the broader socio-ethical context of their work, and more importantly, to integrate such considerations into their daily practices. This may require the involvement of 'outsiders' in innovation trajectories, including e.g. societal and governmental actors. However, methods on how to functionally organize such integration in light of responsible innovation have only recently started to emerge. We present an approach to do just that, in which we first develop value profiles of the involved actors, and second, design a workshop setting that allows innovators to develop design requirements in collaboration with representatives of parties that are not usually involved in such innovation design practices. Using a case study in automated vehicle development, we positively demonstrate the possibility and utility of our approach. We stress that in this study we wish to demonstrate the functionality of our developed method, and did not search for scientifically valid outcomes regarding this technical field.
The literature on identity development has grown tremendously in recent years; nevertheless, there has been an ongoing debate with respect to the domains that are considered to be relevant to the study of identity, especially in non-Euro-American cultures. The present study, therefore, was an attempt to explore and identify the domains that young Indians ascribe importance to. The sample (N = 169) consisted of students and working professionals, between the ages of 14 and 34, who were classified into three groups: adolescents, young adults, and adults. The Identity Domains Ranking Scale, a list of 12 distinct identity domains, was administered to the sample; mean rankings were used to ascertain the importance ascribed by each of the three groups to the different identity domains. Results indicated similarities across the three age groups with respect to the importance placed on six domains: family, career, moral values, performance, hobbies and interests, and same-sex friendships. Further, developmental trends emerged with respect to the identity domains of career, community, same-sex friendships, moral values, romantic relationships, and physical appearance.
Current and prospective students (n =133) were surveyed about their preferences for a name for a new online series of courses to be launched by a university. Preferences for each of five names were solicited by means of analytical ratings, holistic ratings, and rankings. All three techniques were employed to assure that the most appropriate name for the program was selected, but this also afforded us the opportunity to study several theoretical issues: (a) Do the different methods lead to discrepant decisions at the aggregate level? (b) Is the holistic rating or the analytical rating approach more closely related to the rankings? (c) To what extent is lack of agreement between ratings and rankings due to lack of differentiation in ratings? The authors find that at the aggregate level all three methods suggest the same name for the program; the holistic rating is slightly more highly correlated with the ranking; and the lack of differentiation in ratings is one reason producing inconsistencies between ratings and rankings.
Current and prospective students (n =133) were surveyed about their preferences for a name for a new online series of courses to be launched by a university. Preferences for each of five names were solicited by means of analytical ratings, holistic ratings, and rankings. All three techniques were employed to assure that the most appropriate name for the program was selected, but this also afforded us the opportunity to study several theoretical issues: (a) Do the different methods lead to discrepant decisions at the aggregate level? (b) Is the holistic rating or the analytical rating approach more closely related to the rankings? (c) To what extent is lack of agreement between ratings and rankings due to lack of differentiation in ratings? The authors find that at the aggregate level all three methods suggest the same name for the program; the holistic rating is slightly more highly correlated with the ranking; and the lack of differentiation in ratings is one reason producing inconsistencies between ratings and rankings.
This book explores Chinas global competitiveness in the building of infrastructures with a particular interest in the resource-rich African countries. The book begins with a comprehensive literature review on total quality management (TQM) and national culture, followed by reviews of the construction industries in China and Nigeria. This provides better understanding of the linkages between TQM, based on the International Organization for Standardizations ISO 9000 quality management systems (QMS), and national culture, based on Emeritus Professor Geert Hofstedes national cultural dimensions. Premised on the culture-specificity and bi-directionality relationships between TQM and national culture, this book investigates the construction industries in China and Nigeria including their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) as well as an appraisal of their historical and emerging relationships. In its conceptual approach, this book presents different models in the lead up to its primary theoretical contribution of a quality management assessment model (QMAM) that was adopted during the studys field work. The book also presents relevant lessons relating to cross cultural management and quality performance not only to the Nigerians but also other foreign players in Nigerias construction industry.
Measuring values in sociological research sometimes involves the use of ranking data. A disadvantage of a ranking assignment is that the order in which the items are presented might influence the choice preferences of respondents regardless of the content being measured. The standard procedure to rule out such effects is to randomize the order of items across respondents. However, implementing this design may be impractical and the biasing impact of a response order effect cannot be evaluated. We use a latent choice factor (LCF) model that allows statistically controlling for response order effects. Furthermore, the model adequately deals with the known issue of ipsativity of ranking data. Applying this model to a Dutch survey on work values, we show that a primacy effect accounts for response order bias in item preferences. Our findings demonstrate the usefulness of the LCF model in modeling ranking data while taking into account particular response biases.
The traditional market research paradigm believes that, the more data you measure, the more potential for insight the data will hold. However, this paper takes the counter-intuitive standpoint that 'less is more'. Drawing on the authors' familiarity with neuroscience and behavioural economics, as well as five years' worth of panel behavioural data in three categories and data from 2,769 studies across 1.9 million respondents, the paper argues that, just as it is important to ask the right questions in a survey, it is similarly important to measure 'just enough' but not too much information about brands. We show that measuring too much data is unnecessary and can even be detrimental to the richness of your data. Readers should take away practical guidelines for creating shorter, smarter surveys that still maintain the integrity of their data ... and perhaps even improve it.
A supposed function for the government to provide social welfare is to sustain trust in the government. This rests on the thesis that people's satisfaction with material interest is a basis for their political trust. An alternative view, however, suggests that people's postmaterialist orientation fosters cynicism toward public welfare provision and the government. This view thus proposes that postmaterialist orientation explains away the influence of perceived welfare adequacy on political trust. For a test of this proposition, this study employs survey data from 2,350 Hong Kong Chinese to clarify the relationships among political trust, perceived welfare adequacy, and postmaterialist orientation. Lending support to the proposition, the study shows that the presence of postmaterialist orientation as a predictor greatly reduced the impact of perceived welfare adequacy on political trust. Moreover, postmaterialist orientation was a more important predictor of both perceived welfare adequacy and political trust.
Using data from a nationally representative panel study, I examine change and stability in job values across the young adult years. I find that on average, young people attach lessening importance to various job rewards during the transition to adulthood. In addition, job values become increasingly stable (individual differences are increasingly maintained) during young adulthood, though they continue to change as a function of the rewards received at work. I find no gender differences in the way job rewards shape values, although gender differences in job values exist.
In der beruflichen Praxis fällt immer wieder auf, dass verschiedene Mitarbeiter – obwohl sie über die gleiche Ausbildung bzw. die gleichen Bildungsabschlüsse verfügen – unterschiedliches Verhalten zeigen und unterschiedlich gute Leistungen erbringen. Um die zukünftige Leistung eines potenziellen neuen Mitarbeiters schon bei seiner Bewerbung einschätzen zu können, beschäftigen sich Organisationen damit welche individuellen Verhaltens- und Leistungsdispositionen (Persönlichkeit, Intelligenz, Werte) für arbeitsbezogene Fragestellungen von Bedeutung sind oder worin sich Durchschnitts- und Spitzenkräfte voneinander unterscheiden. Auch stellen sie sich die Frage inwiefern Arbeitsleistung, Motivation oder Arbeitszufriedenheit durch die individuellen Merkmale von Personen erklärt werden können und ob diese Merkmale ausreichend stabil sind, sodass Vorhersagen über künftiges Verhalten möglich sind.
Energy consumption causes global warming, and the associated climate change is one of the major problems facing humanity today. The way we live and how we consume resources, particularly energy, largely depends on what we value. Values are therefore essential psychosocial determinants for the explanation of environmentally significant behaviour. The main objective of this thesis was to examine how altruistic and environmental values explain energy saving behaviour, the mediating role of altruistic and environmental attitudes, and the moral norm in this process. Specifically, we study individuals’ energy saving behaviours in experimental and organizational contexts in order to analyze how the contexts’ characteristics may explain this type of pro-environmental behaviour. The results of the three studies performed indicate that the conjunction of altruistic and environmental values provides an important contribution to explaining energy saving behaviour. The link between altruistic values and moral norm shows the relevance of the moral component of this type of pro-environmental behaviour. The relation of environmental values with energy saving intention follows a different pattern, the process being mediated by environmental attitudes and moral norms. The results also indicate that when the context is characterized by an environmental framework, people performed more energy saving behaviours, or showed a greater intention to do so.
These results theoretically reinforce the role of altruistic and environmental values in the explanation of energy saving behaviour, and give some clues for promoting this type of pro-environmental behaviour.
Objective: Values are typically ranked; however, ratings have desirable administrative and statistical properties. The purpose of the present study was to determine the better format to measure health and lifestyle values: traditional ranking or Likert-type rating. Methods: Psychometric properties of the two survey formats were compared on a sample of 183 first-year university students. Results: The ranking format had higher one-week test-retest reliabilities than did ratings (median .66 vs .60) but consistently lower validities when compared to self-report health behaviors. Conclusion: Results: from the present study suggest that a rating format for health and lifestyle value items should be used.
In this paper, the author examines how the rapid penetration of Social Network Sites (SNSs) into everyday life affects higher education marketing. Among unique features offered by SNSs are unprecedented trackability of students’ interests, immediacy in responses, targeted personalization of marketing efforts, and low institutional financial obligations. Growth in Internet Penetration Rates and strong international SNSs membership suggests further globalization of marketing strategies and inclusion of lower income countries into targeted markets. Concerns associated with the use of SNSs include dearth of fluency in the sites’ content and operation among admission personnel, lack in users’ privacy, and absence of control over the content. The skyrocketing evolution of SNSs surpasses the corresponding research as do applications of SNSs for higher education marketing. As the result, this qualitative study had to draw information from the variety of secondary sources including blogs, web reports, group discussions, comments, forums, videos, etc.
This article considers how one class of individual difference dimensions—social values—has contingent importance in effort, measured as the allocation of time to two selling activities, entrepreneurial and routine selling. Certain valuesof the salesperson, sales manager, and perceived values of the largest volume client influence how much time the salesperson spends on entrepreneurial selling.
A survey examined the relation between 264 Canadian students' value priorities (Rokeach, 1967) and their attitudes toward nuclear weapons and reasoning about the issue of allowing nuclear weapons in Canada. Regression analyses revealed that their attitudes became more favorable toward nuclear weapons as they placed more importance on the value of national security and less importance on peace. Over and above these attitudinal differences, however, they differed in the extent to which they regarded national security and peace as relevant to the issue of nuclear weapons. Hence, these findings were consistent with Kristiansen and Zanna's (1988) value justification hypothesis, which claims that people with different attitudes will attempt to justify them by appeals to different values. In addition, the degree to which subjects displayed integratively complex reasoning about nuclear weapons was a function of their attitudes: Those who opposed or favored nuclear weapons displayed less complex reasoning than those with more neutral attitudes. Finally, the integrative complexity of subjects' reasoning was not a function of the extent to which they deemed national security and peace as highly and equally important values. Possible explanations for this failure to replicate Tetlock's (1986) value pluralism model of ideological reasoning are considered.
Social values are most commonly measured using ranking techniques, but there is a scarcity of systematic comparisons between
rankings and other approaches to measuring values in survey research. On the basis of data from the 1980 General Social Survey,
this article evaluates the comparability of results obtained using rankings and ratings of valued qualities. The comparison
focuses on (1) the ordering of aggregate value preferences and (2) the measurement of individual differences in latent value
preferences. The two methods are judged to be similar with respect to ordering the aggregate preferences of the sample, but
dissimilar with regard to the latent variable structure underlying the measures
In 1968 and 1971, the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) obtained national data for rankings of 18 terminal and 18 instrumental values. In 1974 and 1981, the Institute for Social Research (ISR) obtained additional data for the same 18 terminal values. In a 1985 study, Inglehart compared the 4 sets of terminal value rankings thus obtained and found them to be remarkably stable. These same data also show, however, that Americans underwent dramatic value changes during the same period. The most disturbing finding is that equality, the value previously found to be highly correlated with antiracist and liberal attitudes, decreased more than any other value. This and other value changes contradict well-established NORC, Gallup, and ISR findings showing (a) impressive increases in antiracist attitudes and (b) a "much more variable" and (c) "much lower level of support" for attitudes toward implementation of integration. We propose a theoretical explanation of the three sets of contradictory findings. Moreover, we offer a theoretical explanation of naturally occurring stability and change in American value priorities.
Compared the validity and reliability of 2 value measurement techniques. 296 Ss (161 females and 135 males) in introductory psychology filled out the 2 measurement techniques and an attitude survey. The Rokeach Value Survey instructed Ss to separately rank 2 sets of 18 values in order of importance. A rating version of the Value Survey instructed Ss to rate the same 36 values from 1 to 99. 236 Sreturned 6 weeks later and again filled out both measurement techniques. Results of the multimethod factor analysis indicate very good convergent validity among the 4 measures of a given value (2 techniques × 2 sessions) and very good discriminant validity between measures of different values. Probably due to the ipsative nature of the ranking procedure, the test-retest reliabilities were higher for the ranked measurements than for the rated measurements. The construct validity of both measurement techniques, as determined by multiple regression and analysis of variance, were similar. Despite criticisms of ranking procedures, both the ranked and the rated versions were of equal reliability and validity.
A number of researchers have argued that ranking techniques are more appropriate than rating methods for the measurement of
values in surveys. The form-resistant correlation hypothesis proposes that observed associations among values and between
values and other variables should remain invariant across measurement methods. However, some recent research on parental values
for child qualities suggests that ratings and rankings produce different correlational results. The present study tests the
hypothesis that discrepancies between rating and ranking results are due to the fact that, when responding to rating questions,
some respondents avoid making difficult choices between valued qualities by rating all the qualities as highly and equally
desirable. Consistent with this hypothesis, when nondifferentiating respondents are removed from the analyzed sample, the
substantive results of analyses of rating data resemble the results typically obtained using ranking data. This suggests that
ranking may be the superior method for measuring values.
Personality can be defined from a social standpoint as a more or less consistent system of orientations that influences an individual's decisions and behaviors regarding the allocation of resources to self and others. One of the more robust models for the measurement of an individual's interpersonal utilities is McClintock's social value approach (McClintock, 1972). In the present study, we evaluate the construct of social value by testing the hypothesis that the cognitive processing time of subjects should vary systematically as a function of the type of social value being expressed. Towards this end, the Ring Measure of Social Values ( Liebrand, 1984) was administered to 61 male and 124 female subjects. As predicted, cooperators and competitors were observed to have longer response latencies than altruists and individualists. In addition, a Social Value by Outcome Structure interaction was observed, and explained by assuming that cooperators are more hesitant in making decisions involving negative outcomes for others, whereas competitors are more reluctant to assign positive outcomes to others. These research findings add further evidence regarding the validity to the construct of social value.
The perceived relationship of different health-related activities to a number of goals, including that of staying healthy, was examined by means of a postal questionnaire completed by 403 members of the general public. Other questions concerned subjects' own health behavior, intentions for behavior change, and vulnerability to specific conditions. The results showed that the extent to which subjects would value and engage in different behaviors (smoking, drinking, exercising, eating, and relaxing) was related to how far such behaviors were seen to facilitate the attainment of different goals. However, the value subjects placed on "staying healthy" was at best a partial predictor of their health habits and intentions.
