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Towards a revised definition of client collaboration: The knowledge-power-politics triad
Abstract
Client collaboration has long since been a core principle in social work practice. Despite its wide reference in the profession's practical and theoretical discourse, no single, clearly delineated definition of it can be found in the literature. This article presents a proposed framework for defining and assessing client collaboration, which rests upon three key concepts — sharing of knowledge, sharing of power, and political context.
... The second, asserts that consumers' ability to genuinely influence decisions made with regard to interventions with them challenges existing power structures and enhances the realization of consumers' rights in terms of equality and self-determination. Consumer involvement is often interpreted as ranging between "genuine" or "manipulative", based on service-providers' and other decision-makers' motivations for inclusion; or as "deceptive", "actual" or "counter-collaborative", based on the types of relationships they enable between service-providers and consumers in terms of sharing knowledge and power (Levin 2012;Simmons and Birchall 2005). ...
... Actual involvement includes the exposure to knowledge required for developing effective, well informed, authentic partnerships with consumers. At the same time, transference of knowledge and information becomes a venue for enhancing equitable relationships only when set in a context of mutual trust, respect, and collaboration (Levin 2012). Both consumer involvement and service transparency can manifest themselves on several levels; from micro interactions between service providers and consumers, to broader forms of engaging consumers in the making of policies that guide the services provided to them (Carr 2007). ...
... Though transparency and involvement are strongly linked to each other, they represent different aspects of the formal relationship between services and their consumers. While transparency deals with the issue of information and knowledge essential for consolidating beneficial helping relationships, it does not cover the full meaning of consumers' potential involvement in decision-making processes (Levin 2012). Choosing to deal with involvement solely through venues of increased transparency in reform documents, may very much hinder broader change in power relations and consumer empowerment, presented as cardinal to the English reform. ...
Consumer involvement and service transparency have, in recent years, become inherent components of policy guiding the provision of public mental health and social care services. The current study wished to deepen insights on these issues, as they unfold in public services reforms in Israel and England, through an examination of key policy documents describing reforms in both countries. The results of this research show the often tacit ways policy can “talk the inclusive talk”, but only limitedly “walk the inclusive walk”, offering some interesting observations regarding the linkage between involvement and transparency in mental health and social care services.
... The second axis is the level of participation. The rich literature on participation suggests participatory practices might become ritualistic or tokenistic (Arnstein, 1969;Braithwaite et al., 2007;Croft & Beresford, 1992;Dean, 2017;Levin, 2012). Thus, participation scholars have suggested various measures to assess the level of participation in participatory practices. ...
... Thus, participation scholars have suggested various measures to assess the level of participation in participatory practices. These include: the extent to which the people involved represent the broader user population, particularly when it comes to marginalised groups (Croft & Beresford, 1992); the mode of communication and the extent to which the participation process enables an in-depth and deliberative discourse (Arnstein, 1969;Croft & Beresford, 1992;Fung, 2006;Levin, 2012); and the level of shared decision authority in the decision-making process (Croft & Beresford, 1992;Healy, 2017). ...
This article examines the regulation–participation nexus in social care services. Participatory forms of social care regulation have been expanding over the past 20 years, but the literature on this trend remains scarce. To fill this gap, we developed an analytical framework for classifying participatory regulation methods. This framework is based on two axes, one drawn from the literature on regulation (the regulatory tasks), and the other from the literature on service user participation (the levels of participation). Using this framework and combining a systematic review of the literature with a case study of the Care Quality Commission in England, we identified and classified 12 participatory methods in three main regulatory tasks (monitoring, standard setting and enforcement). Our classification shows most of the participatory methods are concentrated in monitoring tasks, less in standard setting and least of all in regulatory enforcement. It also highlights the uniqueness of the goals and logics of participation in the regulatory context and the tendency towards the instrumental aspect of information gathering rather than the political aspect of participation. The article concludes by explaining our findings and suggesting future directions in developing the research agenda on the regulatory‐participation nexus.
... For the purpose of our study, we adjusted the theoretical typology proposed by Levin (2012), contending that influential and inclusive involvement can be defined as the combination between mutually shared power to influence decisions and shared knowledge needed in order to make beneficial decisions, and is shaped by political contexts that promote its legitimacy and sustainability. This typology suggests that unilateral power to make decisions, be it in the hands of city policymakers or citizens, is counter-collaborative. ...
... Returning to the Knowledge-Power-Politics triad (Levin, 2012) that provided the rationale for the execution of the present study, our findings indicate that while this theoretical framework is useful for drawing attention to the places where diversity, mutual legitimation, epistemic transactions, and power relations intersect, its treatment of political context as background to the collaborative policymaking process is deficient. Our findings bring to the forefront of analyses of public involvement the specific cultures and traditions wherein such interactions take place. ...
... Another perspective that is drawing growing interest among researchers of SUI addresses its organisational contexts. Studies of public and non-governmental social services show that high levels of organisational bureaucracy and hierarchy, together with a lack of flexibility in social services, withhold meaningful partnerships between service-users and providers (Hardina, 2011;Levin, 2012;Strier & Binyamin, 2014). It has also been established that managers' participative worldviews, their expectations and encouragement of their subordinates to include service-users in decision-making play a significant role in workers becoming more inclusive (Hardina, 2011; What is known about this topic? ...
... Secondly, there are similar costs and challenges in applying both praxes: Both require time, mutual trust building and transparency in addition to renouncing full control over outcomes; as well as an ability to face vagueness, pressure and expectations on the parts of both partners and stakeholders (Katan & Prager, 1986;Linski, 2014;Trice & Beyer, 1993). A third resemblance relates to participation levels: In both cases, participation moves along a sequential or hierarchic order ranging from non-involvement/deceptive collaboration, wherein users/employees have no substantial influential power, to maximal control of service users/employees over decisions (Itzhaky & York, 1994;Levin, 2012). This typological resemblance yields an insight about the possibility that participative processes in different levels of the organisation might not only resemble each other but also be correlated. ...
Service-users' inclusion (SUI) in decision-making regarding services provided by public social services has numerous benefits for both users and providers. However, studies show a gap between the evolution of inclusive discourse and policy, and the implementation of SUI in social services’ daily practice. Focusing on the organisational context, the present study is the first to empirically test the relationship between social workers’ perception of the services’ participative organisational culture (POC), their actual participation in organisational decision-making (SWAP) and their inclusive praxes with service-users (SUI). Data were collected between January and March of 2019 via an online survey of 317 Israeli social workers from 173 public departments of social services. Findings show that social workers who find the organisational culture at their workplace to be more participative, do in fact take a significantly greater part in decision-making at the organisational level, and include service-users more in decision-making throughout the intervention. Furthermore, SWAP mediates the connection between services’ POC and SUI. Findings suggest that establishing a POC is not enough to increase users’ inclusion, as social workers’ active participation in decision-making is vital for their ability to include their marginalised users.
... 7 The frameworks in which these conceptualizations coexist are made up of social structures, cultural norms and on the most immediately relevant level, of health and social care organizations and systems. 8 This contextual and perceptual complexity offers social workers inclined to partake in shared decision-making processes with service users several potential opportunities to do so, albeit accompanied by a diverse range of challenges and tensions. 9 It is plausible to say that today most scholars and practitioners working on the subject of shared decision making in social work agree upon two principle components which distinguish it from other forms of social work practice and from partnerships in other professional fields. ...
... 9 In correspondence with the results of these studies, theoretical writing promotes the understanding that shared decision making is a process abundant with professional choices and uncertainties. 2 Indeed, most models providing a typology of partnerships and collaborations between service providers and service users present them as ranging between potentially beneficial and empowering, representing equal power of decision or complete power of decision placed in the hands of service users, and being manipulative, placating and counter participatory. 8,26 A question remains regarding the relationship between social workers' involvement in shared decision making with service users, the ethical or moral standards they uphold as most relevant to their practice, their attitudes towards the unique populations which use their services, and organizational policies concerning shared decision making. The study described hereby wished to provide a response to this conundrum, examining the links displayed between levels of shared decision making with service users, professional moral identities and their behavioural indices, attitudes towards poverty and service users who deal with it, and organizational dictations of the use of shared decision making among a sample of Israeli social workers. ...
Objective:
Partnerships between service users and social workers are complex in nature and can be driven by both personal and contextual circumstances. This study sought to explore the relationship between social workers' involvement in shared decision making with service users, their attitudes towards service users in poverty, moral standards and health and social care organizations' policies towards shared decision making.
Methods:
Based on the responses of 225 licensed social workers from health and social care agencies in the public, private and third sectors in Israel, path analysis was used to test a hypothesized model.
Results:
Structural attributions for poverty contributed to attitudes towards people who live in poverty, which led to shared decision making. Also, organizational support in shared decision making, and professional moral identity, contributed to ethical behaviour which led to shared decision making.
Conclusion:
The results of this analysis revealed that shared decision making may be a scion of branched roots planted in the relationship between ethics, organizations and Stigma.
... In their review of the literature on the working relationship between instructional designers and faculty, Chen & Carliner (2020) found these relationships commonly characterized as a collaboration despite a lack of clarity on the specific elements of what makes the relationship collaborative. One exception is that collaborations are commonly conceptualized to only exist when there is shared interdependence between two stakeholders (D'Amour, et al., 2005;Lawson, 2004;Levin, 2012). In other words, two or more stakeholders will find themselves in a collaboration when each party is unable to achieve an identified goal or task independently. ...
Using a multiple case study approach, we interviewed 14 instructional designers working at different universities to explore the approaches and strategies they utilized when experiencing conflict with faculty. While past practitioner-based research has identified strategies instructional designers employ to cultivate effective and productive collaborations with faculty, there are no similar publications examining how practitioners in the field handle conflict with faculty during these collaborations. Based on an analysis of the interview data, we uncovered conflict prevention and management strategies used by instructional designers that synchronizes with three phases of a typical faculty collaboration timelines: (1) at the outset of the collaboration (2) during the collaboration; and (3) post collaboration. Results suggest an interconnectedness across the approaches and strategies. This article concludes with a discussion of our findings including future research and implications.
... Úgy tűnik, hogy összességében nem csökken ezeknek a szakmáknak a szerepe azzal, hogy az érdekelt felek széles skáláját bevonták a munkába, és nyitottak a ritkábban bevontak szélesebb köre felé. Levin (2012), miközben a szociális munkások és a kliensek közötti információ-és hatalommegosztás szükségességéről beszél, megteremti azt a keretet is, amelyet minden szociális munkás és kliens közötti kapcsolatra lehet alkalmazni. Az együttműködést egyszerre tekintették nehéznek és transzformatívnak. ...
Ez a tanulmány hat szakma – szociális munkások, jogászok, ápolók, orvosok, pszichológusok és népegészségügyi szakemberek – szempontjait hasonlítja össze egy prototipikus alacsony jövedelmű városi közösség egészségügyi és szociális körülményeinek javítása kapcsán. Azt vizsgálja, hogy miképpen határozza meg és kíséri figyelemmel a kutató csoport azt a folyamatot, amely a „közösség” részvételével keres megoldásokat az ebben a hipotetikus környezetben felmerülő problémákra, még úgy is, hogy e kérdés előzetesen nem szerepelt a kutatási tervekben. Az adatokból kirajzolódott a kutatók által kifejlesztett 5 komponensű – ki, miért, mikor, milyen módon és milyen szinten (angolul who, why, when, ways and what level)” –a W elnevezésű, úgynevezett “egyéni részvételi keret”. A közösség típusa, szintje és jelentésének összetettsége és sokrétűsége miatt kritikus kérdések felvetésére került sor a szakmák - közösség kapcsolatairól és a közösségfejlesztő szakemberek szerepéről. Végül is a közösségi részvételt bonyolult és transzformatív jellemzőkkel határozták meg. A közösségi szakembereknek az egyéni részvétel öt W-keretére irányuló figyelme a szakemberek és a közösség közötti pozitív együttműködés maximalizálását eredményezheti.
... In their review of the literature on the working relationship between instructional designers and faculty, Chen & Carliner (2020) found these relationships commonly characterized as a collaboration despite a lack of clarity on the specific elements of what makes the relationship collaborative. One exception is that collaborations are commonly conceptualized to only exist when there is shared interdependence between two stakeholders (D'Amour, et al. 2005;Lawson, 2004;Levin, 2012). In other words, two or more stakeholders will find themselves in a collaboration when each party is unable to achieve an identified goal or task independently. ...
... For these professions overall, their role did not seem to diminish by including a wide variety of stakeholders and opening it up to wider, and often less included group of constituents. Levin (2012) speaks to the necessity of and provides a framework for the sharing of information and power between social workers and clients, which could apply to all professional-client relationships. Collaboration was identified as both difficult and transformative at the same time. ...
This paper compares the perspectives of six professions -social workers, lawyers, nurses, physicians, psychologists and public health professionals- on ways to improve the health and social conditions of a prototypical low-income urban community. It examines how the cohort defined and deliberated on the process of involving “the community” in addressing issues facing a hypothetical neighborhood, even when the question was not part of the research guidelines. A framework for constituency participation emerged from the data and was further developed to include 5 components: “who, why, when, ways and what level.” The type, level, and meaning of community was complex and multi-faceted, raising critical questions about professional-community relationships and the role of community development practitioners. Ultimately, community participation was identified as both difficult and transformative at the same time. Attention by community practitioners to the “five Ws framework for constituency participation“ may maximize positive outcomes for collaboration between professionals and community.
... In addition, user participation is viewed as a challenge due to staff attitudes (Laitila et al., 2011;Matscheck & Piuva, 2021;Schön et al., 2018) and users not being trusted as collaboration partners (Jones et al., 2021). Designations of user participation in policy lack consensus on how user participation should be implemented in practice (Leung et al., 2020;Levin, 2012;Nykänen, 2020). In recent years, shared decision making (SDM) has been described as a main approach to ensure user participation, and users' preferences and values in care planning (Adams & Grieder, 2014) in social services as well as in psychiatric care (Knutsson & Schön, 2020;Nykänen, 2020;Stovell et al., 2016). ...
Integrated treatment is recommended for users with a comorbidity of mental illness and substance misuse. However, due to a divided support system, coordinated individual care planning (CIP) and user participation are emphasised to provide users with the necessary support. One way of increasing user participation is through shared decision making. However, the challenges are evident why coordination and user participation are not used in practice as intended. To contribute with knowledge to bridge the gap between the intended CIP process and practice, this study examined the problems and solutions perceived by staff. Future workshops were conducted with 17 staff members from social services and health care. Problems and solutions were identified within three main areas: organisation and staff knowledge, coordination among staff, and staff attitudes and user participation. The problems are in agreement with previous research, but this study contributes with knowledge regarding solutions. Overall, the solutions expressed relate to improving collaboration between providers and users and having more resources to conduct this work. However, the study also assents to the question if CIP is the best way to coordinate support or if integrated treatment should be the future.
... In the field of social work, there are voices claiming that there is a need for SDM to be promoted as a way to further client participation in policy practice (23). Levin (23,24) had commented that while social work professionals view SDM as representing ideas of hope, change, identity and choice, they also express frustration that the rhetoric of client participation is strongly challenged by the clients' characteristics such as their degree of knowledge and responsibility and assertiveness as well as by the challenges resulting from the disparity between the principles of SDM and the professional frameworks where they are to be implemented. ...
While the strategy of Shared Decision Making (SDM) originated in the medical field and was later adopted into the mental health arena, little attention has been paid to practice in the broader fields of the allied health and social care professions. These professions are grounded in the recognition of a need for practice that reflects the partnership and collaboration of the professional and the service user working together to further the health and well-being of the user. A pilot training module was developed to introduce and support students in their journey from exposure to the co-production ideology and the SDM strategy into clinical practice in the allied health and social care professions. The aim of the present article is to describe the students' experiences while learning about SDM and their use of this knowledge in their field practice in Israel. The students' experiences highlighted the complexity of integrating SDM into practice both at the individual student level as well as the macro environment. Moreover, it pointed to the need to further develop this co-production paradigm and the SDM strategy into the education of the allied health and social care professions.
... Some of the acknowledged difficulties in implementing user participation are a discrepancy between policy and practice (Eriksson, 2015;Laitila et al., 2011) and staff attitudes (Laitila et al., 2011;Schön et al., 2018). In policies the designations and definitions of user participation lack consensus on how user participation should be implemented in practice and what it entails (Leung et al., 2020;Levin, 2012;Nykänen, 2020). The understanding of user participation may vary depending on if users, politicians, chiefs, or staff are asked (Eriksson, 2015;Rutter et al., 2004;Thompson, 2007). ...
Purpose: This study aims to construct a theoretical framework that explains how users with comorbidity of substance use and mental illness/neuropsychiatric disorders portray user participation in social work encounters.
Methods: To construct this framework a constructivist grounded theory approach was used with semi-structured qualitative interviews with 12 users.
Results: The main concern of the participants was the low trust in the social services and perceiving that this lack of trust is mutual. Establishing mutual trust is a social process that cuts through the whole framework. In the framework, prerequisites for participation are explained. The prerequisites are users being motivated and having the willingness to stop using drugs and receiving support, making use of user and staff knowledge and decision-making abilities and accessing help and support.
Conclusion: Unlike previous frameworks, the model describes participation as a social process and does not explain participation at different levels of power. The results suggest that staff need to be aware of low trust perceptions and work on establishing mutual trust. In addition, the staff need to see each user as an individual and consider how the user would prefer to be involved in decision-making.
... Moreover, "choice" per se, from a consumerist stance, is generally not something that policy makers, as well as street-level workers in the Ministry of Social Services, would consider central to service delivery. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that the idea of clients' participation in decision making is increasingly gaining the attention of the Ministry, as a professional, rather than consumerist, approach (Levin 2012;Levin and Weiss-Gal 2009), though recent research suggests that the idea of participation is still far from integrated into social workers' professional practices (Alfandari 2015). ...
This chapter analyses the processes of privatization dominating the Israeli education system. The chapter distinguishes three main categories of privatization in education: privatization of funding, which involves the growing share of private resources infiltrating state schools through parental payments and donations; privatization of provision, including the establishment of private schools and the transfer of pedagogical and management roles in state schools to private entities; and finally the commercialization of education, namely the introduction of market-oriented practices and norms such as competition and choice into public education. The chapter highlights another process that further dilutes the distinction between public and private education in Israel by restricting non-state schools, limiting their ability to select their students and gain financial advantage compared to state schools.
... Moreover, "choice" per se, from a consumerist stance, is generally not something that policy makers, as well as street-level workers in the Ministry of Social Services, would consider central to service delivery. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that the idea of clients' participation in decision making is increasingly gaining the attention of the Ministry, as a professional, rather than consumerist, approach (Levin 2012;Levin and Weiss-Gal 2009), though recent research suggests that the idea of participation is still far from integrated into social workers' professional practices (Alfandari 2015). ...
This chapter demonstrates changes in state responsibility for the integration of Jewish immigrants from 1989 to 2017. It shows that the dynamic is not linear, and includes both an increase and a decrease in state responsibility. Specifically, during the 1990s the state decreased its responsibility for the funding and production of services for most immigrants, but at the same time it increased its responsibility for the funding and provision of services for the weaker immigrants. From the mid-2000s, as integration services for most immigrants continued to erode, the state increased the funding and guidance provided to the wealthy and skilled immigrants. Shpaizman argues that this nonlinear dynamic is explained by the combination of the Zionist idea of gathering the exiles and the neoliberal perception of immigration as means of economic growth.
... In addition, in recent years, inspectors have made greater use of unannounced visits to homes that are not part of their regular caseload, to minimise the risk of capture of the regular inspector. However, the YPA has made only partial use of the input of service users in the inspection process, either by developing reliable avenues for complaints or by bolstering the participation of users in the inspection process itself (Levin, 2012). ...
With the ongoing privatisation and marketisation of social welfare, the regulatory functions of governments have become much more important, necessitating careful attention. Yet there is little scholarly work on the goals and nature of regulating privatised social welfare services. To fill this gap, this study examined the regulatory process used by the Israeli Youth Protection Authority (YPA) to regulate homes for at-risk youth. Based on 24 semi-structured interviews with inspectors and staff, the article highlights the YPA's distinctive learning-based and collaborative approach to regulating social welfare services. This approach puts the capacity-building of professional skills, rather than compliance, at the centre of the regulatory mission and leaves room for professional discretion to the homes and the inspectors. The article outlines the distinctive features of this approach, considering its advantages and shortcomings in comparison with the more legalistic and audit-based approaches currently dominating the field of social care inspection.
... The socialisation process means that words such as collaboration and partnership risk becoming "Humpty Dumpty" terms (Powell & Glendinning, 2002, p. 2) because when something is called collaboration an inherent good is assumed. Similar assertions have been made about terms such as "interdisciplinary teamwork" (Temkin-Greener, 1983), "community" and "participation" (Fawcett & Hanlon, 2009), "patient empowerment" (Salmon & Hall, 2003), "client collaboration" (Levin, 2010), "patient-centredness" (Salmon, 2010) and "harmonisation" (Windholz, 2012). ...
The purpose of this research was to explore the concept of collaboration within a specific healthcare context and to include the perspectives of healthcare users, a position largely lacking in previous studies. In applying a critical theoretical approach, the focus was on, as an exemplar, mothers with newborn babies who had spent more than 48 hr in a special care nursery. Semistructured interviews were undertaken with child health nurses, midwives and mothers. The three key theoretical findings on collaboration generated in the study point to layers of meanings around identity, knowledge and institutions of care. Findings from the interview data analysis were further examined through the lens of key policy documents. The research outcomes indicate that the concept of collaboration serves an important function in healthcare in obscuring the complexities and ambiguities that characterise the care continuum. The study concludes the need for a more critical approach to the assumptions that underlie the language of collaboration and the implications for practice in healthcare.
לעובדים סוציאליים תפקיד מפתח בפיקוח על שירותי רווחה. מטרת המחקר הייתה לבחון כיצד עובדים סוציאליים המתפקדים כמפקחים או כמפוקחים בשירותים אלו תופסים את מטרות הפיקוח ואת מערכת היחסים ביניהם. המחקר מבוסס על 24 ראיונות עם מפקחים, מפוקחים ובעלי תפקידים נוספים המעורבים בפיקוח על מעונות לבני נוער בסיכון של רשות חסות הנוער. המחקר מעלה שברשות חסות הנוער התפתח דפוס ייחודי של פיקוח, ואנו מכנים אותו גישה מבוססת-למידה
לפיקוח. זוהי גישה פיקוחית מקצועית, אשר שמה במרכז את הבטחת רווחתם של החוסים, ואשר מאפשרת מידה של שיקול דעת מקצועי למעונות ולמפקחים. גישה זו מבוססת על ההנחה שהדרך הטובה ביותר להבטחת שלומם וקידומם של החוסים היא פיתוח היכולות המקצועיות של המעונות באמצעות ייעוץ וחניכה, תוך שילוב של תפקידי הבקרה בתפקיד זה. בשונה מהגישה הלגליסטית- בקָרתית, הגישה מבוססת-הלמידה אינה נסמכת על ריחוק ופורמליות אלא על יחסי אמון, פתיחות
ודיאלוג בין מפקחים ומפוקחים. המאמר עומד על קשרי הגומלין בין תהליך הפיקוח ומטרותיו לבין הרקע המקצועי של המפקחים כעובדים סוציאליים. הדיון המסכם מנתח את החוזקות והחולשות של הגישה המקצועית מבוססת-הלמידה לעומת הגישה הלגליסטית-בקרתית ועומד על המסקנות של ניתוח זה לפרקטיקה של הפיקוח על שירותי הרווחה האישיים.
רקע: עבודה סוציאלית עם מבקשי מקלט מאריתריאה, החיים בישראל למעלה מעשור ללא מעמד
וזכויות, הינה תחום חדש בפרקטיקה המקצועית. על רקע היעדר נגישותם של שירותי הרווחה
הציבוריים למבקשי המקלט, התפתח התחום בעיקר מחוץ לממסד.
מטרת המאמר: לבחון ולתאר את המאפיינים והאתגרים הייחודיים לפרקטיקת העבודה הסוציאלית
עם מבקשי מקלט מאריתריאה.
שיטת המחקר: מחקר איכותני שנערך בגישת התאוריה המעוגנת בשדה ההבנייתית, וכלל 12 ראיונות
עומק חצי-מובנים עם עובדות סוציאליות העובדות בשירותים ייעודיים למבקשי מקלט.
ממצאים: פרקטיקת העבודה הסוציאלית עם מבקשי מקלט בישראל עודנה נמצאת בתהליכי
התהוות, הכוללים פעולות "חלוציות" של פיתוח וביסוס מענים "יש מאין" על רקע משאבים מועטים.
ניתוח הראיונות העלה חמישה מאפיינים ואתגרים מרכזיים בעבודה עם מבקשי המקלט: ארעיות
קבועה, טראומה מתמשכת והשלכותיה, העצמת יחסי הכוח, תחום פוליטי במיוחד ובלתי פורמליות.
מסקנות והשלכות לפרקטיקה: לצד קווי דמיון בין פרקטיקת העבודה עם מבקשי המקלט ופרקטיקת
העבודה עם אוכלוסיות נוספות במצבי הדרה, הממצאים מציגים אתגרים ייחודיים בסיוע למבקשי
המקלט. אתגרים אלה נובעים מהממד הפוליטי בתפיסת אוכלוסייה זו וביחס אליה, הכולל מדיניות
שמדירה את הפונים מנגישות לזכויות, לצד חוויית טראומה מתמשכת שלהם במהלך החיים בישראל,
ולאור יחס חברתי שלילי כלפי מבקשי המקלט והמסייעים להם. בהתבסס על עבודה סוציאלית אנטי-
דכאנית מוצעות השלכות להכשרה, להדרכה ולפרקטיקה עם מבקשי המקלט בישראל, תוך הדגשת
חשיבות השילוב בין רמות המיקרו והמקרו
In recent years, many western welfare states have undergone reforms in their social services. These reforms are intended to influence the work of social workers in the public sector, and depend largely upon workers' ability and willingness to implement them. The research presented in this article addresses the reform in Israeli Departments of Social Services through the perspective of the social workers tasked with its implementation. Drawing on recent developments of the Knowledge-Power-Politics Triad model, the relationship between aspects of social workers' support for the reform and their perceived and actual involvement in reform policy making, general attitude towards change, and professional inclinations was examined. Our sample consisted of 180 social workers employed in departments currently implementing the reform. The study's results emphasise the vital role employee participation plays in forming support for reforms' goals, and at the same time expose the complex interplay between developing a 'sense' of participation and participation's actual realisation. They offer several insights into the way social workers' support for reform is constructed, and not less so, regarding aspects of examining such support.
Despite critical social work’s (CSW) growing popularity, its praxes and associated policies have thus far remained largely discursive. This situation can be attributed to several factors, including social workers’ attitudes, training, and education and the nature of the systems and organizations employing them. In this article, we contend that besides these viable inhibiting factors, CSW has yet to become a widely used praxis as a result of some of its intrinsic characteristics and the encounter between them and the social work profession. The main part of this article offers guiding principles for promoting critical social work action (CSWA). These principles, which are largely based upon and inspired by fundamentals of Paulo Freire’s genuine pedagogical action, include dialectic practice and policy-making; impatient patience; exemption from neutrality; redefining rationality; humanization, liberation, and transformation; and the formulation of alternatives to silence.
This chapter discusses the privatization of social services in Israel and examines its implications for recipients and providers, and the public at large. After providing an overview of the privatization of social services in Israel, it offers lessons and dilemmas from the Israeli case that might be of interest internationally. The chapter concludes by revisiting the consequences of the privatization of social services and looks to the future of privatization in this field through the vision of a “regulatory welfare state,” according to which welfare state values are maintained in the new structure via regulatory means.
Over the past decades, social policies in Israel have been characterised by a growing trend towards involving social service
clients in decision-making processes. Drawing on interviews with seventy-seven social workers from various backgrounds employed
in a range of organisations and positions, the current study sought to illuminate the contested nature of shared decision
making (SDM), the practice and policy dilemmas it generates, and the readiness of the Israeli policy context to support its
implementation. Findings from interviews are described as they relate to questions regarding participants’ definition of SDM,
major dilemmas and challenges they identify in the process of using SDM, ways of coping with such issues and their perspectives
on policies promoting SDM. Their discussion delineates some of the key lessons of the study, raises critical questions about
potential contradictions between the call for SDM in social worker–client relationships and the ethos of policy maker–social
worker relationships, and uses Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH) to ask, in light of participants’ accounts, how suitable
the policy platform of Israeli social work is for supporting an effective and reflexive approach to SDM.
This paper discusses the various traits that modern corporate leaders of the 21st century that have adopted a different approach towards leadership and have guided their company to newer heights. Amongst the leaders discussed in this research paper is, Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg and Larry Page. The purpose of this paper is to explore the decisions and choices that these revolutionary leaders have made and what made them different. At the end of this paper, we will learn of what are the good ideologies or practices we can take from them.
Abstract- The struggle to replace fossil fuel with clean bio-energy has come to an end. The possibility of electric batteries opens a new era for the transportation sector. This revolution is causing a great impact on the automobile sector by replacing fossil fuel with hybrid batteries. As such, there is a huge marketing potential for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations as the popularity of electric vehicles continues to grow. Aside from the potential revenue of owning one, planning and strategic management plays an important part. This research attempts to prove the flexibility of owning and managing an electric vehicle charging station, as with the current pace of the technology revolution it is believed to be a potential major field and a worthy investment.
Keywords: charging, batteries, hybrid, clean, energy.
Shared decision-making (SDM), a representation of shared knowledge and power between social workers and their clients, is gaining popularity and prevalence in social services around the world. In many senses, SDM reflects values traditionally associated with social work and service provision, such as equality and anti-discrimination. In the complex context of social problem-solving, however, the relationship between SDM, social workers and their clients is multi-faceted and deserves particular attention. The current study examined SDM and the dilemmas it entails through interviews conducted in 2012 with 77 Israeli social workers and policy makers whose responses were analysed according to the guiding principles of descriptive phenomenological content analysis and dialogical commonality. Participants' responses represent notions of hope, change, identity and choice. Findings are discussed in correspondence with current and recent trends in Israeli social services, and the social work profession in Israel.
Parent involvement is a complex term that is difficult to measure and evaluate. This workshop addresses involvement from a historical perspective and reviews current measures of participation used in child welfare. These measures are then organized by key domains and serve as a framework for measure development in differential response. This workshop emphasizes the need for involvement to be meaningful in order to promote multi-level change to address the historical challenges experienced by birth parents.
This paper seeks to further discourse concerning the implications of critical social work for direct practice with families and children. It presents and discusses a hypothetical example of how a social worker in a social care agency in Israel can incorporate critical social work notions into an official social work report. The paper begins by presenting key concepts in critical social work, their manifestations in practice and their implications for official social work reports. It then presents a mock report informed by critical social work ideas and discusses its structure and contents. The mock report provides an example of how abstract notions central to critical social work can be actualized. The paper thus offers practitioners the opportunity for a richer discourse on the contribution of critical social work to direct practice with families and children.
In the fast-moving world of development policy, buzzwords play an important part in framing solutions. Today's development orthodoxies are captured in a seductive mix of such words, among which 'participation', 'empowerment' and 'poverty reduction' take a prominent place. This paper takes a critical look at how these three terms have come to be used in international development policy, exploring how different configurations of words frame and justify particular kinds of development interventions. It analyses their use in the context of two contemporary development policy instruments, the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPS) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS). We show how words that once spoke of politics and power have come to be reconfigured in the service of today's onesize-fits-all development recipes, spun into an apoliticised form that everyone can agree with. As such, we contend, their use in development policy may offer little hope of the world free of poverty that they are used to evoke.
The goal of improving consumer welfare can subtly or dramatically shape the research process, the methods used, and the theories developed. This article introduces the participatory action research paradigm, which is based upon the goal of helping people and employs methodologies that are different from traditional consumer research. Exemplars of action research are analyzed to reveal applications for researchers who want to engage in transformative consumer research. The obstacles and opportunities for doing action research are examined. (c) 2008 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc..
This paper examines the concepts of client or citizen participation in community work and of effectiveness in social work and other related fields. It surveys and summarizes the literature in these two fields, focusing on how the two key concepts are empirically measured. After examining the literature on the effects of citizen participation on community work intervention, the paper puts forward an operative model for both researchers and practitioners to measure how the participation of clients can make community work more effective and productive.
When community members are allowed to participate in the planning and implementation process of a program, they are empowering themselves and their community. The CHAMP Family Program uses a collaborative programming approach with a focus on building the capacities of community members to deliver a family-based HIV prevention program. The CHAMP Program has a Collaborative Board that oversees all aspects of the research project. Using an empowerment framework, this article explores Community Board members' perspectives on their experience in working on CHAMP. Recommendations to researchers in the form of ten key ingredients for community collaboration are presented. The key points primarily focus on building trust with the community, recognizing community strengths, developing skills, building intragroup relations, and involving the community as partners from the beginning to the end.
When community members are allowed to participate in the planning and implementation process of a program, they are empowering themselves and their community. The CHAMP Family Program uses a collaborative programming approach with a focus on building the capacities of community members to deliver a family-based HIV prevention program. The CHAMP Program has a Collaborative Board that oversees all aspects of the research project. Using an empowerment framework, this article explores Community Board members' perspectives on their experience in working on CHAMP. Recommendations to researchers in the form of ten key ingredients for community collaboration are presented. The key points primarily focus on building trust with the community, recognizing community strengths, developing skills, building intragroup relations, and involving the community as partners from the beginning to the end.
Citizen participation is the active involvement of individuals in changing problematic conditions in communities and influencing policies and programs that affect the quality of their lives Neighborhood organizations in poor communities often rely on volunteers to accomplish their goals. Therefore, social workers must understand how engaging residents in volunteer activities in their neighborhood benefits them individually and collectively. This study examined the relationship between resident involvement in neighborhood organizations and volunteers' self-efficacy, collective efficacy, and sense of community by surveying members and participants of four neighborhood organizations in poor communities in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Results demonstrated that volunteers involved in the organization's everyday activities and in decision making received the most benefits, including increased self-efficacy (leadership, policy control, neighborhood policy control, and knowledge and skills), organizational collective efficacy, and sense of community. Involvement in the everyday activities alone increased volunteers' self-efficacy and organizational collective efficacy. Implications for social work practice and strategies for developing the volunteer capacity of community-based organizations are discussed.
• Summary: This article considers the implications for social work and social care education, policy and practice of including the viewpoints and knowledges of service users. The development of policy and practice for user involvement is critically discussed and the role of service users and their organizations in the construction of social work explored.
• Findings: Disabled people’s and service users’ organizations have developed their own knowledges, theories and models, based on their first-hand experience. This paper examines the implications of such users’ knowledge for social work and social care theory, policy and practice. It draws on discussions and developments in the disabled people’s and other movements whose members are the subjects of social work theory and practice. It is informed by the authors’ work and experience as service users, educators and practising social workers, as well as writers, activists and researchers in this field.
• Applications: The article examines the progress that has been made in involving service users in social work education, theory building, research, practice development and standard setting. It explores some of the practical and philosophical issues involved in developing a more inclusive and socially constructed social work and suggests that this may offer a route to restoring social work to its core values.
Client participation is a central value of social work, and it is generally assumed that inter vention involving clients will be more effective than that in which they are not involved. This article presents a study in which this assumption was tested empirically by questioning 200 senior workers in Israeli community centers as to the techniques of client participation they used in their work and the outputs in their centers. The assumption that client participation leads to effectiveness, at least in community social work, seems to be supported and suggests that community center staff should be trained and motivated toward working with their clients.
This article presents a study which attempts to clarify the meaning of participation by separating participation into distinct types and relating each type to evaluation of the environment. The study was a simulation of the process of designing dormitory rooms which contrasted three types of participation, while controlling for quality of the design: (1) Self-Planning (SP)-generating alternative designs and choosing one; (2) Choice (C)-Choosing a design from two alternative designs generated by others; (3) No Participation (NP). Type of participation was significantly related to participants' reports of how much they would like living in the room. SP subjects and C subjects liked the rooms significantly more than the NP subjects, while SP and C subjects did not differ significantly from each other. SP and C subjects reported that participation made them feel significantly more creative, responsible, and helpful, and less anonymous than NP subjects. Attitudes about the architects were significantly affected by type of participation. The role of individual difference characteristics in participation was explored.
This article argues that in a complex socio-political world social work ethics needs to re-cast the moral identity of the social worker in terms of virtue ethics. We review virtue theory's Aristotelian foundations and criticisms of Kantian and utilitarian theory and show how they apply to social work. Subsequently we offer an account of a virtue-based social work that questions the validity of several models of practice currently fashionable.
Virtue theory emphasises the priority of the individual moral agent who has acquired virtues commensurate with the pursuit of a revisable conception of the good life - the well-being of all in a defined community. The virtues are the acquired inner qualities of humans - character - the possession of which, if applied in due measure, will typically contribute to the realisation of the good life or 'eudaimonia'. The role of the virtuous social worker is shown to be one that necessitates appropriate application of intellectual and practical virtues such as justice, reflection, perception, judgement, bravery, prudence, liberality and temperance. This ‘self-flourishing’ worker, in bringing together the capacity for theoretical and practical action makes possible a hermeneutic or interpretive praxis best appraised in dialogue with fellow-practitioners and clients.
With a social work remit increasingly routinised by accountability, quality control, and risk management there is an emphasis on regulation and duties. This has produced a culture of following approved or typical processes resulting in defensive forms of social work wholly uncongenial to the development of human qualities likely to promote social workers’ engagement in critique and revision of what counts as best practice. In sum, our core proposition is that social work practice and education to fit an unpredictable, non-linear world should develop means by which professionals nurture the virtues would reflexively enhancing of social work itself.
So far, service users have not been systematically involved in social work theorizing. However, disabled people's movements, mental health service users/survivors and other service users have developed their own knowledges based on direct experience and they have generated their own conceptual frameworks and bodies of theory. There are fundamental problems in social work seeking to interpret service user knowledges. Their development and interpretation require the direct involvement of service users and their organizations in social work theorizing. There are strong practical, philosophical and political arguments for involving the knowledges and theories of service users and their organizations in the process of social work theory-building. This paper considers an inclusive approach to social work theorizing. While highlighting the importance of service users and their organizations being effectively included in social work theorizing, it also argues the need for them to have support and opportunities to develop their own prior and separate discussions about theory, including social work theory.
The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control”, and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens' power in determining the plan and/or program.
This article begins with a survey of some influential classifications of welfare states based on different dimensions of social policy. Advantages and shortcomings are pointed out in relation to each classification reviewed. It is argued that none of these single-dimension classifications is in fact adequate to understand past and current developments in European social policy. An alternative classification, which combines elements of the ones reviewed above into a two-dimension approach, is proposed. This two-dimension classification is then related to past developments and current debates in European welfare states. The strength of this approach is its ability to reflect social policy developments in terms of both the expansion/contraction of state welfare and the convergence/divergence of European social policies.
This article points to a current research direction in poverty studies, which explores the knowledge of people living in poverty. The article examines three studies from the USA, Europe and Israel which give voice to the ‘life knowledge’ of people living in poverty regarding different aspects of their lives. Through these examples, the article examines the potential contribution of ‘life knowledge’, possessed by people who are welfare-reliant, to the body of knowledge concerning welfare policy. Knowledge of this sort challenges standard preconceptions about the ways in which people cope with hardship and about the ways in which assistance might be given. The article discusses the ways in which ‘life knowledge’ can be recognised as such and investigated, and how it might contribute to the formation of public policy.
Garry Hornby, lecturer in special education at Hull University, suggests a model for parent participation in special education. The model focuses on meeting parents' needs and on using their contributions in order to offer guidelines to teachers on ways of working with parents.
What is “power”? Most people have an intuitive notion of what it means. But scientists have not yet formulated a statement of the concept of power that is rigorous enough to be of use in the systematic study of this important social phenomenon. Power is here defined in terms of a relation between people, and is expressed in simple symbolic notation. From this definition is developed a statement of power comparability, or the relative degree of power held by two or more persons. With these concepts it is possible for example, to rank members of the United States Senate according to their “power” over legislation on foreign policy and on tax and fiscal policy.
Participatory Action Research (PAR) approaches and methods have seen an explosion of recent interest in the social and environmental sciences. PAR involves collaborative research, education and action which is oriented towards social change, representing a major epistemological challenge to mainstream research traditions. It has recently been the subject of heated critique and debate and rapid theoretical and methodological development.
This book captures these developments, exploring the justification, theorisation, practice and implications of PAR. It offers a critical introduction to understanding and working with PAR in different social, spatial and institutional contexts. The authors engage with PAR’s radical potential, while maintaining a critical awareness of its challenges and dangers. The book is divided into three parts. The first part explores the intellectual, ethical and pragmatic contexts of PAR; the development and diversity of approaches to PAR; recent poststructuralist perspectives on PAR as a form of power; the ethic of participation; and issues of safety and well-being. Part two is a critical exploration of the politics, places and practices of PAR. Contributors draw on diverse research experiences with differently situated groups and issues including environmentally sustainable practices, family livelihoods, sexual health, gendered experiences of employment, and specific communities such as people with disabilities, migrant groups, and young people. The principles, dilemmas and strategies associated with participatory approaches and methods including diagramming, cartographies, art, theatre, photovoice, video and geographical information systems are also discussed. Part three reflects on how effective PAR is, including the analysis of its products and processes, participatory learning, representation and dissemination, institutional benefits and challenges, and working between research, action, activism and change.
The authors find that a spatial perspective and an attention to scale offer helpful means of negotiating the potentials and paradoxes of PAR. This approach responds to critiques of PAR by highlighting how the spatial politics of practising participation can be mobilised to create more effective and just research processes and outcomes. The book adds significant weight to the recent critical reappraisal of PAR, suggesting why, when, where and how we might take forward PAR’s commitment to enabling collaborative social transformation. It will be particularly useful to researchers and students of Human Geography, Development Studies and Sociology.
Incl. bibliographical references, biographical data on the authors
Incluye índice Incluye bibliografía Obra sobre educación profesional, realizando propuestas sobre la manera de desarrollar la responsabilidad, auto-actualización, habilidades de aprendizaje, y efectividad, enfatizando el desempeño del ejercicio profesional en corporaciones.
Social work is facing fundamental changes and challenges. Neo-liberalism, globalization, corporate management and the mixed economy of welfare have transformed the profession by undermining former certainties of practice. 'Clients' have added their own voice to the need for new models of service delivery. Social Work engages with the dilemmas and opportunities emanating from the contested nature of practice. Using a broad range of theories, this book outlines the knowledge, skills and values that enable practitioners to respond more effectively to the demands of working in fluid and constantly changing contexts. Underpining the approach that it takes is the idea that 'clients' are citizens with social and human rights which have to be respected. This provides the intellectual basis for a practice rooted in the ideas of citizenship, solidarity and reciprocity, thus reformulating the relationship between 'clients' and society.This important new textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the dilemmas and tensions that practitioners are compelled to resolve in their daily work. It will be invaluable for students taking courses in social work, social welfare and applied sociology as well as nursing and health professionals, social work practitioners and policymakers.
Two major developments have been associated with the reorientation of United Kingdom health and social care policy and provision in recent years, placing a new emphasis on: quality and 'outcome' measures; and service user (and public and patient) involvement. These issues have become central to health and social care, representing expressions of the shift in political and ideological interest in public policy. However, these two strands of development have tended to be treated as discrete discourses and have developed separately in policy. Nevertheless, it can hardly be assumed that what policy makers, service planners, providers and purchasers would value and prioritise as good quality would necessarily coincide with what service users would want. Developing effective partnership working needs to go beyond considerations of organisations and professional groupings, and fully involve service users as one of the key stakeholders. This paper describes the findings of three projects undertaken by Shaping Our Lives. These studies confirmed that service-user concepts of outcomes and quality may differ significantly from those currently employed; moreover, service users are able to offer a complex and sophisticated model of what outcome measures might look like if they were centrally involved in their definition and application. Nevertheless, service users currently have little impact in defining and influencing quality outcomes. The projects also highlight the importance of networking and knowledge sharing for service users and user organisations in their ability to influence policy definitions of quality, and a number of the barriers and obstacles which undermine this process. The paper concludes with two proposals which, considered together, offer the basis for taking forward effective and inclusive partnerships and developing measures for quality consistent with the rights and preferences of service users themselves. They are an essential complement to broader efforts and strategies to develop effective partnerships in health and social care.
Ethics and decision making for social workers
- M G Meacham
Meacham, M. G. (2007) 'Ethics and decision making for social workers', Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, vol. 4, no. 3 [online]. Available at: http://www.socialworker. com/jswve/content/view/70/54/.
Social Work Treatment: Interlocking Theoretical Approaches
- F J Turner
Turner, F. J. (1996) Social Work Treatment: Interlocking Theoretical Approaches, Free Press, New York.
The Paternalism of Partnership: A Postcolonial Reading of Identity in Development Aid Legislators and Interpreters: On Modernity, Post-modernity, and IntellectualsService users' knowledges and social work theory: conflict or collaboration
- M E Baaz
- Z Bauman
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Ethics in Social Work, Statement of Principles,Conception of power', in Encyclopaedia of Government and Politics
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International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) (2004) Ethics in Social Work, Statement of Principles, IFSW, Bern. Isaac, J. (2004) 'Conception of power', in Encyclopaedia of Government and Politics, 2nd edn, eds M. Hawkesworth & M. Kogan, Routledge, London, pp. 56– 69.
From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America
- R Smith
- Palgrave Power
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- W Trattner
Smith, R. (2008) Social Work and Power, Palgrave MacMillan, Hampshire. Trattner, W. (1999) From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America, Free Press, New York.
The universality of the hermeneutical problem', in Perspectives on Philosophy of Science in Nursing
- H G Gadamer
Gadamer, H. G. (1999) 'The universality of the hermeneutical problem', in Perspectives on Philosophy of Science in Nursing, eds C. Polifroni & M.Welch, Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp. 339 – 346.
The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action Instructor's Manual to Accompany Community Practice: Theories and Skills for Social Workers
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On the concept of political power', in Political Power: A Reader in Theory and Research
- T Parsons
Parsons, T. (1969) 'On the concept of political power', in Political Power: A Reader in Theory and Research, eds R. Bell, D. Edwards & R. Wagner, Free Press, New York, pp. 251 – 284.
Social work and power relations: towards a framework for an integrated practice', in Women, Oppression and Social Work
- M Mcnay
McNay, M. (1992) 'Social work and power relations: towards a framework for an integrated practice', in Women, Oppression and Social Work, eds M. Langan & L. Day, Routledge, London, pp. 48– 66.
Types and Quality of Knowledge in Social Care
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Pawson, R., Boaz, A., Grayson, L., Long, A. & Barnes, C. (2003) Types and Quality of Knowledge in Social Care, Policy Press, Bristol. Reamer, F. G. (2006) Social Work Values and Ethics, Columbia University Press, New York.
Structural Social Work: Ideology, Theory, and Practice When Welfare Disappears: The Case for Economic Human Rights
- B Mullaly
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- K J Neubeck
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Knowledge, morality and hope: Chomsky's social thought
- J Cohen
- J Rogers
Cohen, J. & Rogers, J. (1991) 'Knowledge, morality and hope: Chomsky's social thought', New Left Review, vol. 187, pp. 5 –27.
The Macro Practitioner's Workbook: A Step-by-Step Guide to Effectiveness with Organizations and Communities Action and Knowledge: Breaking the Monopoly with Participatory Action
- R A Ellis
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- M A Rahman
Ellis, R. A., Mallory, K. C., Gould, M. Y. & Shatila, S. L. (2006) The Macro Practitioner's Workbook: A Step-by-Step Guide to Effectiveness with Organizations and Communities, Brooks/Cole, California. Fals-Borda, O. & Rahman, M. A. (1991) Action and Knowledge: Breaking the Monopoly with Participatory Action-Research, Apex, New York.
The Code of Ethics for Social Work The Practice of Macro Social Work
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The Will to Knowledge
- M Foucault
Foucault, M. (1981) The Will to Knowledge, Penguin, London.
Community Work: Methods for Social Change, Ha'kibbutz Ha'Meuchad
- E Sadan
Sadan, E. (2009) Community Work: Methods for Social Change, Ha'kibbutz Ha'Meuchad, Tel Aviv [in Hebrew].
Participation and involvement in social care: an overview', in User Involvement and Participation in Social Care
- S Braye
Braye, S. (2000) 'Participation and involvement in social care: an overview', in User Involvement and Participation in Social Care, eds H. Kemshall & R. Littlechild, Jessica Kingsley, London, pp. 9 – 28.
Repackaging the Welfare State,The responsibility of intellectuals
- P Chatterjee
- Nasw
- Dc Washington
- N Chomsky
- Feb
Chatterjee, P. (1999) Repackaging the Welfare State, NASW, Washington, DC. Chomsky, N. (1967) 'The responsibility of intellectuals', New York Review of Books, 23 Feb.
Conceptions of knowledge and social work education', in Learning and Teaching in Social Work: Towards Reflective Practice
- M Henkel
Henkel, M. (1995) 'Conceptions of knowledge and social work education', in Learning and Teaching in Social Work: Towards Reflective Practice, eds M. Yelloly & M. Henkel, Jessica Kingsley, London, pp. 67– 84.
Introduction', in Access to Social Justice in Israel
- J Gal
- M Ajzenstadt
Gal, J. & Ajzenstadt, M. (2009) 'Introduction', in Access to Social Justice in Israel, eds J. Gal & M. Ajzenstadt, Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel, Jerusalem, pp. 11– 27
The responsibility of intellectuals
- N Chomsky