... (Dagnall & Drinkwater, et al., 2015, p. 6text inserted within square brackets added for clarity) Reports of a delusional thinking style, in conjunction with observed associations between conspiratorial beliefs and personality characteristics such as schizotypy and paranoia (Darwin, Neave, & Holmes, 2011;Barron & Morgan et al., 2014;Bruder & Haffke et al., 2013;van der Temple & Alcock, 2015), therefore support a model that explicitly incorporates the role of cognitive processes independently identified [such as apophenia, inference-observation confusion, confirmation bias, inferential confusion, cognitive dissonance, associative shifting, biased assimilation, conjunction effect fallacy, etc.] to underlie the formation of delusions. (Irwin, Dagnall, & Drinkwater, 2015, p. 2;also see O'Conner, 2009;Franceschi, 2008;Blain, Grazioplene, Ma, & DeYoung, 2020;Blain & Longnecker et al., 2020;Brotherton & French, 2014;Töröf & Kéri, 2022;Conrad, 1958;Whitson & Galinsky, 2008;Brugger, 2001;Charles, 2008;Waldman, 2014;Kumareswaran, 2014;Pylik, Soll, & Mehl, 2020;Nilsson, Erlandsson, & Västfjäll, 2019;van Prooijen, Douglas, & De Inocencio, 2018;van Prooijen & Douglas, 2018;Walker & Turpin et al., 2019;Farnam Street, 2022;Jones, 2018 text inserted within square brackets added for clarity) Stupidity most often includes the embrace of conspiracy theories. As examined in footnote 1 herein, pp. ...