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Innovation and Competitiveness: A Review
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Increasing interest has been shown by governments in maintaining the competitiveness of their economies by the use of policies designed to encourage advances in science and technohgy, and the adoption of new tachniques by industry. This paper is the result of a literature review and a sumvey of researchers on the concepts of innovation and competitiveness, the relationships between them and the efficiency ofpolicies to promote them. Those policies an considered in the context of alternative economic perspectives, as is the (rather limited) empirical euidence available. Conclusions are drawn on the current stab of the art of innovation policy research.
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... Observou-se nessa pesquisa o desempenho como um conjunto de características ou capacidades de comportamento e rendimento na atuação de um indivíduo ou grupo na execução de tarefas, julgadas diante de expectativas preestabelecidas (CATELLI, 1999), e a competitividade, entendida como a habilidade de uma empresa em aumentar seu tamanho, fatia de mercado e lucratividade por meio da formulação e implementação de estratégias que lhe permitam conservar, de forma duradoura, uma posição sustentável no mercado (CLARK; GUY, 1998;ECIB, 1994). ...
É recente a história da acreditação hospitalar no Brasil, e nesse sentido pesquisas são realizadas a fim de avaliar os efeitos da acreditação no desempenho e na competitividade de organizações hospitalares brasileiras, sendo também essa uma preocupação com entidades hospitalares instaladas no Estado do Pará. Diante disso, este estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma discussão sobre a melhoria do desempenho e da competitividade hospitalar a partir da acreditação. Metodologicamente, este estudo constitui-se como uma pesquisa de natureza bibliográfica, exploratória e descritiva. Como resultados, observou-se que o processo de acreditação, se bem implementado na organização hospitalar, pode contribuir para o melhoramento dos serviços prestados, notadamente os resultados operacionais e a qualidade dos serviços prestados aos pacientes, com efeitos financeiros, conferindo competitividade às organizações privadas e maior reconhecimento e credibilidade às instituições públicas.
... Following the typology given in the survey, innovation being pursued by firms is of four types: product innovation, process innovation, organisational innovation and marketing innovation. We hypothesise innovation as a function of a firm's performance (Lee et al., 2019;Walker et al., 2015), quality of labour (Huiban & Bouhsina, 1998), knowledge (Fischer, 2001;Nonaka & Takeuchi, 2001), competitiveness (Clark & Guy, 1998), infrastructure (Karlsson, 1997), social capital (Landry et al., 2002), firm's quality and the firm's characteristics (Frenkel et al., 2001;Madison et al., 2022). Table A2 describes the outcome variables used in the analysis. ...
Small firms choose to innovate even in a challenging environment. Unlike stylised facts, innovation by small and medium firms in South Asia is not just technology-based but is rather human resource oriented. Using microdata from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, we find that learning, research and development, and formal training impact innovation the most. We use a mix of frequentist statistics and machine learning algorithms. Learning is the core factor valid for all streams of innovation. Combining the learning with the other two causes a discernible increase in the chance to innovate. Any improvement in learning in the firm will make strides in innovation. However, to sustain this, there is a need for policies that combine innovation with research and development and with training. An innovation ecosystem that fosters these combinations through collaborations will be impactful. Learning is the tipping point of innovation to have new products and processes, an adaptive organisation and a new marketing strategy.
... Az innováció olyan tudáskombinációkat foglal magában, amelyek új termékeket, folyamatokat, input és output piacokat eredményeznek, vagy olyan szervezeteket, amelyek nemcsak m szaki innovációkat, hanem szervezeti és vezetési innovációkat, új piacokat, új beszerzési forrásokat, pénzügyi innovációkat és új kombinációkat is tartalmaznak. Clark és Guy [5] megemlítette, hogy az innováció kritikus tényez a vállalat versenyképességének növelésében, ami általában a vállalat azon képességére vonatkozik, hogy növelje méretét, piaci részesedését és jövedelmez ségét a vállalat szintjén [6]. A szakirodalom különféle innováció típusokat különböztet meg: ...
The aim of this literature research is to identify research trends, methods and frameworks used in New Product Development.
... Further, Winborg and Landstrom (2001) mentioned regularly used bootstrap approaches in SMEs and stated that empirical analysis of bootstrap financing is limited. Some have focused on theoretical perspectives (Clark, 1998;Sporn, 2001;Etzkowitz, 2004), while others have engaged in bootstrap financing factors (Rothaermel et al., 2007;Markuerkiaga et al., 2014). According to Irwin and Scott (2010), external financing methods such as debit and equity are widely covered in entrepreneurial financing academic papers; the least preference is given to financial bootstrapping. ...
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are considered the lifeblood of the country's economic performance. Indeed, financial constraint is one of the critical indicators for the failure of SMEs. The Bootstrap financing methods act as a strategic tool to overcome the challenges in SMEs. However, still, there is a void in how it works under crises in developing countries like Sri Lanka. Therefore, this research aims to examine the influence of using bootstrap financial methods on the business performance of Sri Lankan SMEs during crises. A quantitative study utilizes the survey strategy with SMEs through various databases by collecting data from 425 SMEs in Sri Lanka. The study reveals that delaying payment, minimizing the accounts receivable, minimizing investment and private owner funding bootstrap financing methods are influence the business performance of SMEs. Research also indicates that age, gender, education, and experience significantly affect bootstrap financial methods. Accordingly, the study suggests that the SME sector managers and owners should adopt boot-strap financing methods to influences the performance of the organization with the intension of overcoming the financial constraints of the SMEs in all situations. The study emphasizes the importance of SMEs in Sri Lanka's economy, offering insights vital for policymakers, and stockholders by understanding bootstrap financing's effectiveness informs interventions, supporting SMEs during crises, fostering job creation, entrepreneurship, and sustainable economic development after financial crisis faced by Sri Lanka.
... Desde entonces, la competitividad ha demostrado ser un concepto en evolución y comúnmente se vincula con otros términos como productividad, eficiencia y rentabilidad (Assaf & Tsionas, 2018;Knežević Cvelbar et al., 2016). Ahora bien, cuando se busca determinar el nivel de competitividad de un espacio geográfico, se debe considerar lo señalado por diversos autores, que la competitividad de las naciones se basa en la competitividad de sus empresas (Clark & Guy, 1998;Papadakis, 1994). ...
Pages: 34-46 Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue proponer un modelo conceptual de competitividad de las empresas turísticas que rescata el concepto y modelo teórico de competitividad vigentes e integra la posición del sector turístico empresarial peruano sobre su aplicabilidad. Para ello, se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo basado en la metodología investigación-acción participativa y se recolectó datos a través de entrevistas a profundidad y un taller grupal con la participación de gestores y líderes de turismo del sector público y privado. El estudio logró integrar las perspectivas y conocimiento de los participantes a la teoría existente. Como resultado, se identificó que la responsabilidad social y ambiental es una nueva dimensión indispensable para el logro de la competitividad de las empresas. Además, se identificó los factores que favorecen u obstaculizan la competitividad de las empresas turísticas peruanas y los actores que podrían colaborar con promoverla. Palabras-clave: empresas turísticas, competitividad, modelo conceptual, perspectiva público-privada, responsabilidad social empresarial. The competitiveness of peruvian tourism companies: integrating the perspective of the private and public sectors into the theory Abstract: The objective of this study was to develop a concept and model of tourism companies' competitiveness applicable to the Peruvian context, starting from a theoretical reference and including the perspective of managers and leaders in the public and private sectors. Through the application of qualitative research methods (workshop and in-depth interviews) and a participatory action research approach, this study succeeded in integrating the perspectives of different actors into the theory. Furthermore, this study identified the factors that favor or hinder the peruvian tourism companies' capacity to reach competitiveness and the actors that could promote it.
... The pivotal contribution of innovation to the enhancement and progress of nations' economies is of paramount importance. This is because through innovation, countries can introduce products and services to the market that address societal needs or facilitate people's lives, enabling them to establish a foothold in markets through differentiation and diversification (Porter, 1990;Clark and Guy, 2010;Drucker, 2002;Vukoszavlyev, 2019: 88). Within this context, countries consistently monitor their own innovation performances. ...
Purpose - The influence of the innovation input dimen-sion on the innovation output dimension has been meas-ured based on the values of the GII criteria of the coun-tries specified in the Global Innovation Index (GII) re-ports. Methodology/Approach/Design- The effects of the in-novation input dimension on the innovation output di-mension has been measured using a structural equation model with the relevant values indicated in the GII re-ports for the years 2008 to 2022 for each country. Findings Firstly, It has been ascertained that the input dimension of the innovation has a notable and construc-tive effect on the output dimension. Secondly, it has been observed that the criteria contributing the most to the relational structure are 'institutions', 'human capital and research', 'infrastructure', and 'market sophistica-tion'. Originality/Value- The assessment of this study sug-gests a potential contribution to the field of innovation. Additionally, significant revelations have been obtained regarding the augmentation of the global interplay be-tween the innovation input and output of various coun-tries, precisely determining the specific innovation input criteria that require refinement.
This chapter aims to assess the competitiveness of EU regions under climate change. Firstly, it presents the methodological basis for building the Regional Climate Change Competitiveness Index (RCCCI) and the results for selected EU regions from Portugal, Italy, the Netherlands, Ireland, Finland, Estonia, Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Hungary. Next the results for five climatic zones (north, north-central, south-central, northwest and Mediterranean) are described. Finally, the chapter details the results of the robustness analysis of the regional climate change competitiveness index.
Amaç: Bu çalışma, seçilmiş ülkelerin özelliklerini göz önünde bulundurarak, verimlilik ve küresel rekabeti temsil eden çeşitli değişken grupları arasındaki ilişkileri analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Verimlilik ve rekabet arasındaki ilişkilerin derinlemesine incelenmesi, farklı ülkelerin ekonomik ve endüstriyel performanslarını anlamamıza ve karşılaştırmamıza olanak tanımaktadır. Yöntem: Küresel Rekabet Endeksi ve Verimlilik arasında olduğu varsayılan ilişki kanonik korelasyon analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Kanonik korelasyon analizi, çok değişkenli istatistiksel analiz yöntemlerinden biridir. İki veya daha fazla sayıda değişken kümesi arasında olması muhtemel maksimum lişkiyi hesaplamak için kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklem grubunu oluşturan 63 ülke için 2022 yılına ait veriler kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Kanonik korelasyon analizi sonucunda, küresel rekabet endeksi ve verimlilik değişken kümeleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü bir ilişki elde edilmiştir. Bu bulgu, verimlilikteki değişimlerin küresel rekabeti etkileyebileceğini ve pozitif dışsallıkların ülkelerin küresel arenada liderliklerini güçlendirebileceğini göstermektedir. Verimlilik değişkenleri içerisinde en etkili olan değişken Lojistik Performans Endeksi değişkeni olurken, Küresel rekabeti temsil eden değişkenler arasında ise en etkili olan değişken Altyapı değişkeni olmuştur. Bulgular, ülkelerin lojistik performanslarını artırmak ve ekonomik büyümeyi desteklemek amacıyla altyapı, teknoloji ve lojistik reformlarına yoğunlaştığını göstermektedir. Özgünlük: Bu çalışmanın özgünlüğü ve önemi, daha önce literatürde kullanılmamış bir istatistiksel analiz yönteminin, IMD tarafından yayınlanan Küresel Rekabet Endeksi değişkenleri ile verimlilik değişkenlerini aynı anda ele almasıdır. Bu yaklaşım, rekabet ve verimlilik ilişkilerinin daha derinlemesine anlaşılmasına ve geleceğe yönelik stratejik öngörülerin geliştirilmesine olanak tanımaktadır.
Ülke ekonomilerinin gelişmesi açısından önemli bir yere sahip olan rekabetçilik ve inovasyon 1970’lerden itibaren üzerinde çok durulmaya başlanan konular haline gelmiştir. Ekonomik performansın iyileşmesi için rekabetçi bir ekonomiye sahip olmak gerekir. Rekabetçiliği de güçlendiren en önemli etkenlerden biri inovasyon olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada verilerine ulaşılabilen Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İş birliği Örgütü (OECD) ülkelerinin rekabet ve inovasyon alanındaki performanslarının analiz edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Söz konusu alanlardaki performansı etkilediği düşünülen kriterler; Küresel Rekabet Endeksi (Global Competitiveness Index-KRE), yenilik belirleyicileri olarak da Ar-Ge harcamaları, toplam patent sayısı, işgücü verimliği ve araştırmacı sayısı şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV) yöntemi olan EDAS (Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution) metodunun kullanıldığı çalışmada en güncel verilere ulaşılabilen yıl olan 2022 yılı verileri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen ampirik bulgulara göre en iyi performansa sahip ülkenin Japonya olduğu ve bunu Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) ve Kore’nin izlediği tespit edilmiştir. Rekabet ve inovasyon konularının bir arada incelenmesi ve OECD ülkeleri özelinde EDAS metodu performans analizi yapılması yönüyle çalışmanın literatürdeki boşluğu dolduracağı düşünülmektedir.
This study investigated the influence of competitive strategies on organizational performance of Mombasa Maize Millers in Mombasa County. The study employed descriptive research design. The target population was management staff of Mombasa Maize Millers in Mombasa County Head Office. The study adopted stratified and simple random sampling technique to derive the sample size of 96 respondents using Yamane statistical formula. Data was collected by use of semi-structured questionnaires whereas secondary data was collected from company annual reports, published journals and existing researches. Collected data was checked for correctness and analysed quantitatively by use of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 tool. Descriptive analysis was determined by use of mean and standard deviation while regression analysis was determined by model summary, ANOVA and regression coefficients. Correlation analysis was also computed to determine the nature of relationship between the variables. The study findings indicated that cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, focus strategy and innovation strategy have a significant influence on organizational performance. The study concluded that the firm has standardized its products to tap on the benefits of economies of scale. The company critically looked on the costs of inputs and distribution systems to ensure they are reasonable and the company developed strict cost control policy and controlled its overheads with strictness to ensure they were low. The company produced variety of product brands in different sizes and continuously invested in new product development to differentiate its market offerings from the competitors. The study concluded that the company offered products that served a particular type of customers' needs and preferences and that the company offers low cost products option to specific customers who are in the low income bracket. The study recommended that the company management should endeavor on product standardization which favors mass production hence reaps economies of scale benefits. This strategy would make it possible for the company to be a cost leader in the market. The company should nurture innovation culture in its employees. This would make it an innovation hub which would result in high quality products. This move would make the company stand out in the midst of its competitors.
Technology's contribution to economic growth and competitiveness has been the subject of vigorous debate in recent years. This book demonstrates the importance of a historical perspective in understanding the role of technological innovation in the economy. The authors examine key episodes and institutions in the development of the U.S. research system and in the development of the research systems of other industrial economies. They argue that the large potential contributions of economics to the understanding of technology and economic growth have been constrained by the narrow theoretical framework employed within neoclassical economies. A richer framework, they believe, will support a more fruitful dialogue among economists, policymakers, and managers on the organization of public and private institutions for innovation. David Mowery is Associate Professor of Business and Public Policy at the School of Business Administration, University of California, Berkeley. Nathan S. Rosenberg is Fairleigh Dickinson Professor of Economics at Stanford University. He is the author of Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics (CUP, 1983).
With technology constantly advancing, new opportunities are often created that become the driving force of an organization. How do managers integrate and manage emerging technologies? The answer to this question is a key determinant of competitive advantage. This presentation offers a framework for managing emerging technologies
What does international competition mean for competitive strategy? While there is an ample literature on the problems of becoming a multinational, the specific strategic needs of established multinationals requires closer examination in light of the increasingly competitive international environment. We need to distinguish between multidomestic industries and global industries. If American firms are to catch up with the Japanese, they must strive to achieve global platforms rather than engage in competition on a country–by–country basis. A global strategy requires that a firm rebalance the configuration and coordination of its activities so that comparative as well as competitive advantage is achieved. The increasing globalization of international competition requires strategic responses that overcome country parochialism. © 1986, The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
Cet article tend à montrer que, contrairement aux enseignements de la théorie économique classique, le libre échange favorise la croissance des nations industrialisées déjà développées et peut exercer un effet restrictif sur la croissance des pays moins développés auxquels on demande de se spécialiser dans l’exportation de produits primaires.
Ce type de spécialisation est incompatible avec un niveau de vie élevé pour la simple raison qu’un faible pourcentage seulement de la main-d’œuvre peut être employé de manière efficace dans des activités basées sur les ressources naturelles.
With the publication of his best-selling books "Competitive Strategy (1980) and "Competitive Advantage (1985), Michael E. Porter of the Harvard Business School established himself as the world's leading authority on competitive advantage. Now, at a time when economic performance rather than military might will be the index of national strength, Porter builds on the seminal ideas of his earlier works to explore what makes a nation's firms and industries competitive in global markets and propels a whole nation's economy. In so doing, he presents a brilliant new paradigm which, in addition to its practical applications, may well supplant the 200-year-old concept of "comparative advantage" in economic analysis of international competitiveness. To write this important new work, Porter and his associates conducted in-country research in ten leading nations, closely studying the patterns of industry success as well as the company strategies and national policies that achieved it. The nations are Britain, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The three leading industrial powers are included, as well as other nations intentionally varied in size, government policy toward industry, social philosophy, and geography. Porter's research identifies the fundamental determinants of national competitive advantage in an industry, and how they work together as a system. He explains the important phenomenon of "clustering," in which related groups of successful firms and industries emerge in one nation to gain leading positions in the world market. Among the over 100 industries examined are the German chemical and printing industries, Swisstextile equipment and pharmaceuticals, Swedish mining equipment and truck manufacturing, Italian fabric and home appliances, and American computer software and movies. Building on his theory of national advantage in industries and clusters, Porter identifies the stages of competitive development through which entire national economies advance and decline. Porter's finding are rich in implications for both firms and governments. He describes how a company can tap and extend its nation's advantages in international competition. He provides a blueprint for government policy to enhance national competitive advantage and also outlines the agendas in the years ahead for the nations studied. This is a work which will become the standard for all further discussions of global competition and the sources of the new wealth of nations.
Research on efficient innovation management was focused on intra-organisational topics until at least the beginning of the 1980s. Then the research on industrial procurement and on industrial marketing began to show that it is not meaningful to study isolated players in homogeneous markets, because ‘[f]irms are not islands but are linked together in patterns of co-operation and affiliation’ (Richardson, 1972:895). The interweavement of actors demands an analysis of dyadic relationships and complex networks. This insight holds true not only in respect to the mere procurement and distribution of products but also in regard to innovation management.
We are grateful to Sharon Boardman for help in preparing this paper, and to Andrew James who has collaborated with us in the development of the ideas on complex adaptive policy making.
What does international competition mean for competitive strategy? While there is an ample literature on the problems of becoming a multinational, the specific strategic needs of established multinationals requires closer examination in light of the increasingly competitive international environment. We need to distinguish between multidomestic industries and global industries. If American firms are to catch up with the Japanese, they must strive to achieve global platforms rather than engage in competition on a country-by-country basis. A global strategy requires that a firm rebalance the configuration and coordination of its activities so that comparative as well as competitive advantage is achieved. The increasing globalization of international competition requires strategic responses that overcome country parochialism.