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The “Short Step” from Love to Hypnosis: A Reconsideration of the Stockholm Syndrome
Abstract
This article discusses key work on the development of the Stockholm syndrome as a psychological explanation for the development of a bond between hostage‐taker and hostage in hijack and siege situations. Within this work, the Stockholm syndrome is explained in part as an unconscious identification, but is also regarded as a conscious coping strategy which can be understood as a form of adaptive behaviour, providing hope for the victim in an otherwise hopeless situation. The author links these paradoxical accounts of intersubjectivity with recent genealogies of trauma, panic disorder and hypnotism which argue that the development of the former is characterized by a tension between accounts of the subject as autonomous and those which imply that the subject’s capacity to merge with or depend upon the other is constitutive of subjectivity. The article engages with recent perspectives associated with the “turn to affect” which posit openness to affect as intrinsically hopeful. The author argues that notions of openness to affect have historically been aligned with hierarchical models which produce some subjects as more susceptible to influence. In conclusion, the article draws on contemporary theories which posit trauma as a mode of collective memory. The author argues that the Stockholm syndrome relies in part for its intelligibility on a particular reading of the violent and traumatic social situations from which it emerged, one which disavows a longer history of violence between the Western “victim” and the post‐colonial other. Finally, the author suggests that the Stockholm syndrome calls up the possibility of modes of empathy and connection which enable a reconsideration of how the development of bonds between people in traumatic contexts can be understood as hopeful.
... Reason returned to the study of traumatic entrapment and the abusers in the mid-1990s with some minimal guidelines provided for identifying the victims (Adorjan, Christensen, Kelly, & Pawluch, 2012). Again, the majority of studies continued to classify these victims under the labels of PTSD, Hostage Response Syndrome, even common depression (Adorjan, Christensen, Kelly, & Pawluch, 2012;Jameson, 2010;Namnyak et al, 2008;Wesselius & DeSarno, 1983). ...
... When looking into the field of narcissistic personality studies, there appear to be virtually no studies on the victims from any other perspective than the trauma inflicted upon them. There seems to be a prevalent attitude through all the major studies that victims acted out of selfpreservation or some kind of emotional bonding that transcended reason and afflicted the victim with a lack of identity outside that of the abuser (Jameson, 2010). These two polarities appear to be the choices when it comes to NVS, yet they all agree the victim was emotionally available and willing to appease the agonist and a type of hypnosis settled over them (Adorjan, Christensen, Kelly, & Pawluch, 2012;Jameson, 2010;Namnyak et al, 2008). ...
... There seems to be a prevalent attitude through all the major studies that victims acted out of selfpreservation or some kind of emotional bonding that transcended reason and afflicted the victim with a lack of identity outside that of the abuser (Jameson, 2010). These two polarities appear to be the choices when it comes to NVS, yet they all agree the victim was emotionally available and willing to appease the agonist and a type of hypnosis settled over them (Adorjan, Christensen, Kelly, & Pawluch, 2012;Jameson, 2010;Namnyak et al, 2008). ...
Narcissistic Victim Syndrome is an area that remains unexplored and without established methods, procedures, or guidelines. Continued work in this area is a push toward understanding and assisting those who have been through traumatic entrapment circumstances in a more meaningful way. The current study forwards a hypothesis that victims of traumatic entrapment that exhibit symptoms of Narcissistic Victim Syndrome will also exhibit symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder. The participants would be recruited from identified scenarios of traumatic entrapment including, but not limited to, victims of hostage trauma, extreme domestic violence (emotional, physical, or both), and traumatic sex trafficking and current measures for Narcissistic Personality Disorder are used to establish a baseline for initial research. This study forwards a hypothesis that victims of traumatic entrapment that exhibit symptoms of Narcissistic Victim Syndrome will also exhibit symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder, and that in circumstances of traumatic entrapment, the victim identifies with, becomes emotionally bonded to, and ultimately becomes engaged in appeasement of the agonist due to the dynamic of paradoxical fulfilment of complementary narcissistic personalities. The proposed research design is put forward to study Narcissistic Victim Syndrome in order (a) to assess the mental health state of and determine correlation, if any, among the victims of narcissists after extreme circumstances of traumatic entrapment and (b) to further assess if there does, indeed, exist a narcissistic component to their personality that would benefit from the emotional appeasement of and emotional bonding with a narcissistic agonist in such circumstances. [Edited for minor grammatical corrections, 2016]
... The term was primarily used to describe the phenomenon of "reciprocal feelings of attachment" that developed between captor and hostages during the six-day ordeal (Ochberg, 2006, p. 145). More specifically, Ochberg's (2006) definition described ( Numerous theoretical explanations for this type of bonding and role reversal have been offered (Jameson, 2010). Missing are explanations grounded in systems theory that (a) integrate both intrapersonal phenomena and interpersonal dynamics and (b) move beyond dyadic understandings to include "thirdness" (Raggatt, 2010, p. 400). ...
... Interviewing victims is a common method of identifying Stockholm syndrome (Jameson, 2010), but Graham et al. (1995) That is, when more reciprocity is experienced along the control dimension of interpersonal behavior, and when more correspondence occurs along the affiliation dimension, persons under conditions of traumatic entrapment show better adjustment. ...
... Reactivity is generally associated with perpetuating the DDT; however, under conditions of traumatic entrapment, both reactive and intentional actions seem to promote positive adaptation in the form of paradoxical bonding and role changes. In other words, self-pity and self-acceptance-that is, the reactive and intentional perpetuation of the DDT-are both adaptive coping strategies under conditions of traumatic entrapment (see Jameson, 2010). Despite the negative consequences associated with traumatic entrapment (Graham et al., 1995;Speckhard et al., 2005aSpeckhard et al., , 2005b, Stockholm syndrome appears to be a functional adaptation to lifethreatening, fear-inducing situations (Strentz, 1980). ...
... The term was primarily used to describe the phenomenon of "reciprocal feelings of attachment" that developed between captor and hostages during the six-day ordeal (Ochberg, 2006, p. 145). More specifically, Ochberg's (2006) definition described ( Numerous theoretical explanations for this type of bonding and role reversal have been offered (Jameson, 2010). Missing are explanations grounded in systems theory that (a) integrate both intrapersonal phenomena and interpersonal dynamics and (b) move beyond dyadic understandings to include "thirdness" (Raggatt, 2010, p. 400). ...
... Interviewing victims is a common method of identifying Stockholm syndrome (Jameson, 2010), but Graham et al. (1995) That is, when more reciprocity is experienced along the control dimension of interpersonal behavior, and when more correspondence occurs along the affiliation dimension, persons under conditions of traumatic entrapment show better adjustment. ...
... Reactivity is generally associated with perpetuating the DDT; however, under conditions of traumatic entrapment, both reactive and intentional actions seem to promote positive adaptation in the form of paradoxical bonding and role changes. In other words, self-pity and self-acceptance-that is, the reactive and intentional perpetuation of the DDT-are both adaptive coping strategies under conditions of traumatic entrapment (see Jameson, 2010). Despite the negative consequences associated with traumatic entrapment (Graham et al., 1995;Speckhard et al., 2005aSpeckhard et al., , 2005b, Stockholm syndrome appears to be a functional adaptation to lifethreatening, fear-inducing situations (Strentz, 1980). ...
Chapter 5 addresses the issue of bullying from a relational perspective: hypothesizing that bullying involves a pathologic triangle, constituted by three intrinsically and simultaneously connected roles (i.e., victim, rescuer, and persecutor), which repeat from one relationship to another and from one generation to another. Chapter 5 outlines how bullying behavior may be better understood as a dysfunctional interaction, in relationship with others and self (e.g., deadly drama triangle), whose dynamics are defined by three positions of victimhood. Empirical investigations on bullying that explore dysfunctional and pathological triadic relational processes are reviewed. Finally, ideas for sensitive and effective interventions at multiple contextual levels that foster or restore emotional and physical well-being following bullying are proffered.
... The term was primarily used to describe the phenomenon of "reciprocal feelings of attachment" that developed between captor and hostages during the six-day ordeal (Ochberg, 2006, p. 145). More specifically, Ochberg's (2006) definition described ( Numerous theoretical explanations for this type of bonding and role reversal have been offered (Jameson, 2010). Missing are explanations grounded in systems theory that (a) integrate both intrapersonal phenomena and interpersonal dynamics and (b) move beyond dyadic understandings to include "thirdness" (Raggatt, 2010, p. 400). ...
... Interviewing victims is a common method of identifying Stockholm syndrome (Jameson, 2010), but Graham et al. (1995) That is, when more reciprocity is experienced along the control dimension of interpersonal behavior, and when more correspondence occurs along the affiliation dimension, persons under conditions of traumatic entrapment show better adjustment. ...
... Reactivity is generally associated with perpetuating the DDT; however, under conditions of traumatic entrapment, both reactive and intentional actions seem to promote positive adaptation in the form of paradoxical bonding and role changes. In other words, self-pity and self-acceptance-that is, the reactive and intentional perpetuation of the DDT-are both adaptive coping strategies under conditions of traumatic entrapment (see Jameson, 2010). Despite the negative consequences associated with traumatic entrapment (Graham et al., 1995;Speckhard et al., 2005aSpeckhard et al., , 2005b, Stockholm syndrome appears to be a functional adaptation to lifethreatening, fear-inducing situations (Strentz, 1980). ...
Chapter 2 provides overviews of relational competence theory (RCT) and the deadly drama triangle (DT) and conceptually links the deadly DT to other relevant theoretical models associated with RCT. Chapter 2 also deconstructs RCT by providing a comprehensive discussion on the theoretical assumptions about relationships, normative models of RCT, and clinical applications of the theory. Finally, Chap. 2 sets the stage for how RCT and deadly DT can assist clinicians and researchers in understanding the associated generational and relational processes and roles evidenced from parentification, parental alienating behavior, bullying, and Stockholm syndrome.
... The term was primarily used to describe the phenomenon of "reciprocal feelings of attachment" that developed between captor and hostages during the six-day ordeal (Ochberg, 2006, p. 145). More specifically, Ochberg's (2006) definition described ( Numerous theoretical explanations for this type of bonding and role reversal have been offered (Jameson, 2010). Missing are explanations grounded in systems theory that (a) integrate both intrapersonal phenomena and interpersonal dynamics and (b) move beyond dyadic understandings to include "thirdness" (Raggatt, 2010, p. 400). ...
... Interviewing victims is a common method of identifying Stockholm syndrome (Jameson, 2010), but Graham et al. (1995) That is, when more reciprocity is experienced along the control dimension of interpersonal behavior, and when more correspondence occurs along the affiliation dimension, persons under conditions of traumatic entrapment show better adjustment. ...
... Reactivity is generally associated with perpetuating the DDT; however, under conditions of traumatic entrapment, both reactive and intentional actions seem to promote positive adaptation in the form of paradoxical bonding and role changes. In other words, self-pity and self-acceptance-that is, the reactive and intentional perpetuation of the DDT-are both adaptive coping strategies under conditions of traumatic entrapment (see Jameson, 2010). Despite the negative consequences associated with traumatic entrapment (Graham et al., 1995;Speckhard et al., 2005aSpeckhard et al., , 2005b, Stockholm syndrome appears to be a functional adaptation to lifethreatening, fear-inducing situations (Strentz, 1980). ...
Chapter 8 provides closing remarks and conclusions about the field of relational psychopathology. In addition, the complexity of defining and diagnosing psychopathology related to the four models is summarized.
The implications of how these models and the related outcomes may be measured and operationalized in the context of pathology and resilience are also considered. Finally, the benefits of deadly drama triangle and relational competence theory and what they offer researchers and scholars (i.e., an alternative way to think about pathology going forward) are discussed.
... The term was primarily used to describe the phenomenon of "reciprocal feelings of attachment" that developed between captor and hostages during the six-day ordeal (Ochberg, 2006, p. 145). More specifically, Ochberg's (2006) definition described ( Numerous theoretical explanations for this type of bonding and role reversal have been offered (Jameson, 2010). Missing are explanations grounded in systems theory that (a) integrate both intrapersonal phenomena and interpersonal dynamics and (b) move beyond dyadic understandings to include "thirdness" (Raggatt, 2010, p. 400). ...
... Interviewing victims is a common method of identifying Stockholm syndrome (Jameson, 2010), but Graham et al. (1995) That is, when more reciprocity is experienced along the control dimension of interpersonal behavior, and when more correspondence occurs along the affiliation dimension, persons under conditions of traumatic entrapment show better adjustment. ...
... Reactivity is generally associated with perpetuating the DDT; however, under conditions of traumatic entrapment, both reactive and intentional actions seem to promote positive adaptation in the form of paradoxical bonding and role changes. In other words, self-pity and self-acceptance-that is, the reactive and intentional perpetuation of the DDT-are both adaptive coping strategies under conditions of traumatic entrapment (see Jameson, 2010). Despite the negative consequences associated with traumatic entrapment (Graham et al., 1995;Speckhard et al., 2005aSpeckhard et al., , 2005b, Stockholm syndrome appears to be a functional adaptation to lifethreatening, fear-inducing situations (Strentz, 1980). ...
Chapter 4 examines an often controversial topic, parental alienation behavior (or commonly described as parental alienation syndrome), and puts forward preliminary evidence for the relational and generational aspects of parental alienating behavior and its possible outcomes. Chapter 4 has four additional aims: (a) to summarize Gardner’s seminal contribution to the parental alienation literature, (b) to explicate recent definitions and characteristics of parental alienation syndrome, (c) to outline the controversies about parental alienation that have accumulated in the literature, and (d) to describe how both relational competence theory and deadly drama triangle can assist clinicians and researchers in understanding antecedents and outcomes of parental alienation behaviors, roles, and processes.
... The term was primarily used to describe the phenomenon of "reciprocal feelings of attachment" that developed between captor and hostages during the six-day ordeal (Ochberg, 2006, p. 145). More specifically, Ochberg's (2006) definition described ( Numerous theoretical explanations for this type of bonding and role reversal have been offered (Jameson, 2010). Missing are explanations grounded in systems theory that (a) integrate both intrapersonal phenomena and interpersonal dynamics and (b) move beyond dyadic understandings to include "thirdness" (Raggatt, 2010, p. 400). ...
... Interviewing victims is a common method of identifying Stockholm syndrome (Jameson, 2010), but Graham et al. (1995) That is, when more reciprocity is experienced along the control dimension of interpersonal behavior, and when more correspondence occurs along the affiliation dimension, persons under conditions of traumatic entrapment show better adjustment. ...
... Reactivity is generally associated with perpetuating the DDT; however, under conditions of traumatic entrapment, both reactive and intentional actions seem to promote positive adaptation in the form of paradoxical bonding and role changes. In other words, self-pity and self-acceptance-that is, the reactive and intentional perpetuation of the DDT-are both adaptive coping strategies under conditions of traumatic entrapment (see Jameson, 2010). Despite the negative consequences associated with traumatic entrapment (Graham et al., 1995;Speckhard et al., 2005aSpeckhard et al., , 2005b, Stockholm syndrome appears to be a functional adaptation to lifethreatening, fear-inducing situations (Strentz, 1980). ...
Chapter 6 describes how Stockholm syndrome and its aftereffects can be better understood and informed by relational competence theory (RCT). This chapter therefore proposes a systemic account of the bonding and role reversal inherent in situations of traumatic entrapment—an account grounded in RCT. This chapter integrates explanatory threads in the existing literature on Stockholm syndrome with the RCT constructs of distance and temporal regulation, as well as their representation in self-identity processes and interpersonal styles. In addition, Chapter 6 outlines how the deadly drama triangle taken together with RCT can be beneficial in understanding the complexities of the intra- and interpersonal dynamics of Stockholm syndrome.
... The term was primarily used to describe the phenomenon of "reciprocal feelings of attachment" that developed between captor and hostages during the six-day ordeal (Ochberg, 2006, p. 145). More specifically, Ochberg's (2006) definition described ( Numerous theoretical explanations for this type of bonding and role reversal have been offered (Jameson, 2010). Missing are explanations grounded in systems theory that (a) integrate both intrapersonal phenomena and interpersonal dynamics and (b) move beyond dyadic understandings to include "thirdness" (Raggatt, 2010, p. 400). ...
... Interviewing victims is a common method of identifying Stockholm syndrome (Jameson, 2010), but Graham et al. (1995) That is, when more reciprocity is experienced along the control dimension of interpersonal behavior, and when more correspondence occurs along the affiliation dimension, persons under conditions of traumatic entrapment show better adjustment. ...
... Reactivity is generally associated with perpetuating the DDT; however, under conditions of traumatic entrapment, both reactive and intentional actions seem to promote positive adaptation in the form of paradoxical bonding and role changes. In other words, self-pity and self-acceptance-that is, the reactive and intentional perpetuation of the DDT-are both adaptive coping strategies under conditions of traumatic entrapment (see Jameson, 2010). Despite the negative consequences associated with traumatic entrapment (Graham et al., 1995;Speckhard et al., 2005aSpeckhard et al., , 2005b, Stockholm syndrome appears to be a functional adaptation to lifethreatening, fear-inducing situations (Strentz, 1980). ...
Chapter 7 offers information on providing care for individuals and their family members with a history related to the four models presented in this book. Chapter 7 discusses the implications of practice behavior, assessment, case conceptualization, and intervention based on relational psychopathology as a manifestation of difficulties in self-regulation. Specifically, this chapter focuses on the clinical tasks of assessment, case conceptualization, and intervention from a systems perspective. Several principles of relational competence theory and the deadly drama triangle undergird this discussion.
... The term was primarily used to describe the phenomenon of "reciprocal feelings of attachment" that developed between captor and hostages during the six-day ordeal (Ochberg, 2006, p. 145). More specifically, Ochberg's (2006) definition described ( Numerous theoretical explanations for this type of bonding and role reversal have been offered (Jameson, 2010). Missing are explanations grounded in systems theory that (a) integrate both intrapersonal phenomena and interpersonal dynamics and (b) move beyond dyadic understandings to include "thirdness" (Raggatt, 2010, p. 400). ...
... Interviewing victims is a common method of identifying Stockholm syndrome (Jameson, 2010), but Graham et al. (1995) That is, when more reciprocity is experienced along the control dimension of interpersonal behavior, and when more correspondence occurs along the affiliation dimension, persons under conditions of traumatic entrapment show better adjustment. ...
... Reactivity is generally associated with perpetuating the DDT; however, under conditions of traumatic entrapment, both reactive and intentional actions seem to promote positive adaptation in the form of paradoxical bonding and role changes. In other words, self-pity and self-acceptance-that is, the reactive and intentional perpetuation of the DDT-are both adaptive coping strategies under conditions of traumatic entrapment (see Jameson, 2010). Despite the negative consequences associated with traumatic entrapment (Graham et al., 1995;Speckhard et al., 2005aSpeckhard et al., , 2005b, Stockholm syndrome appears to be a functional adaptation to lifethreatening, fear-inducing situations (Strentz, 1980). ...
Informed by Chaps. 1 and 2, Chaps. 3–6 now turn to specific models of psychopathology, namely, parentification, parental alienating behavior, bullying, and Stockholm syndrome. More specifically, Chap. 3 introduces the construct of parentification and explores how this construct can lead to a range of roles, relational, and generational outcomes, including psychopathology. This specific chapter explores how relational competence theory (RCT) and other theories can serve as a foundation to explain multiple and divergent outcomes (e.g., pathological and normative) of parentification. In addition, tenets of the DT are used to elucidate roles, responsibilities, and processes related to parentification. Finally, Chap. 3 provides readers with a brief overview of the seminal empirical and clinical literature on outcomes associated with parentification.
... The term was primarily used to describe the phenomenon of "reciprocal feelings of attachment" that developed between captor and hostages during the six-day ordeal (Ochberg, 2006, p. 145). More specifically, Ochberg's (2006) definition described ( Numerous theoretical explanations for this type of bonding and role reversal have been offered (Jameson, 2010). Missing are explanations grounded in systems theory that (a) integrate both intrapersonal phenomena and interpersonal dynamics and (b) move beyond dyadic understandings to include "thirdness" (Raggatt, 2010, p. 400). ...
... Interviewing victims is a common method of identifying Stockholm syndrome (Jameson, 2010), but Graham et al. (1995) That is, when more reciprocity is experienced along the control dimension of interpersonal behavior, and when more correspondence occurs along the affiliation dimension, persons under conditions of traumatic entrapment show better adjustment. ...
... Reactivity is generally associated with perpetuating the DDT; however, under conditions of traumatic entrapment, both reactive and intentional actions seem to promote positive adaptation in the form of paradoxical bonding and role changes. In other words, self-pity and self-acceptance-that is, the reactive and intentional perpetuation of the DDT-are both adaptive coping strategies under conditions of traumatic entrapment (see Jameson, 2010). Despite the negative consequences associated with traumatic entrapment (Graham et al., 1995;Speckhard et al., 2005aSpeckhard et al., , 2005b, Stockholm syndrome appears to be a functional adaptation to lifethreatening, fear-inducing situations (Strentz, 1980). ...
This book explores current relational models of psychopathology that undergird a great many conflicts and destructive outcomes in family and intimate relationships. These models have similar features and can be considered as a group. They are all: (1) generational; (2) relational; and (3) fundamentally reactive processes stemming from existing psychopathology.
... Considered a complex reaction to a terrifying situation, this syndrome varies in all of different situations such as kidnapping cases, hostage-taking situations, and domestic violence cases, making it difficult to create one specific criterion. Patients differ according to the age of persons, sex, location, the number of people involved, types of abuse, and time frame (Jameson, 2010). Three specific central features were developed by the majority of experts: The captive either (a) has negative feelings toward the police or (b) has positive feelings toward the kidnapper, or (c) the kidnappers develop positive feelings toward the hostages (Jameson, 2010). ...
... Patients differ according to the age of persons, sex, location, the number of people involved, types of abuse, and time frame (Jameson, 2010). Three specific central features were developed by the majority of experts: The captive either (a) has negative feelings toward the police or (b) has positive feelings toward the kidnapper, or (c) the kidnappers develop positive feelings toward the hostages (Jameson, 2010). Three factors are necessary to develop the syndrome: (a) The length of the crisis should last for several days, (b) there should be continuous contact between the kidnapper and the hostage, and (c) there should be kindness shown by the hostage takers toward their hostages (Nair, 2015). ...
The objective of this study is to assess the role of the Stockholm syndrome at the level of activation of early maladapative schemas in women that are victims of marital violence. This case-control study, performed between April and August 2016 in three specialized centers for women abuse included 30 women (14 cases and 16 controls). The Stockholm Syndrome Scale (SSS) items converged over a solution of two factors, explaining a total of 85.33% of the variance. The internal consistency of the scale was high, with a high Cronbach’s α found for the full scale (0.936). Having a severe level of fusion, a moderate level of dependence on the partner, and being beaten in a frequency of multiple times per month were associated with higher SSS scores (β = 48.37, β = 58.03, and β = 12.587, respectively). Having a moderate level of fusion and a moderate and severe level of sacrifice were associated with lower SSS scores (β = −56.30, β = −56.53, and β = −55.83, respectively). This study highlighted the correlation between dysfunctional cognitive schemas, developed during childhood and adolescence, and the development of the Stockholm syndrome in female victims of beating into domestic violence.
... This syndrome is often explained as a two-part development: unconscious and conscious actions. Unconsciously, victims begin to identify with their captors after prolonged time spent with them; consciously, it is a coping strategy meant to provide victims with hope in a situation where there is little hope to begin with (Jameson, 2010). Stockholm syndrome provides a way to make sense of a situation that would otherwise be considered by many as incomprehensible, including situations of sexual assault and abuse, verbal or physical harassment, and threats to wellbeing (Adorjan et al., 2012). ...
... Begin to identify with their captors after prolonged time spent with them; consciously, it is a coping strategy meant to provide victims with hope (Jameson, 2010). ...
While it may, at first, appear absurd to associate Stockholm syndrome with situations other than those involving kidnapping or hostage relationships, it is quite tenable to do so. In fact, research has shown that a variety of different psychological issues and forms of captivity are best explained as instances of Stockholm syndrome. Originally, Stockholm syndrome was typified as a disorder resulting from situations involving negative face-to-face contact between captors and captives. The resulting environment is one of extreme fright or terror to victims, rendering them helpless and, over time, totally subservient to their perpetrators. Typification helps to shed light on the connection between abusive athletic coaches and consequential victimisation of young athletes, which can lead to Stockholm syndrome. This correlation supports the view that Stockholm syndrome relates to victimisation of young athletes in a paradoxical, but very real way. This concept paper addresses the potential for domain expansion of Stockholm syndrome into the area of youth athletics. It develops the theory that once youth begin to rationalise the actions of abusive athletic coaches, they begin to sympathise and defend the actions of the abusive coach leading to a pattern of events which can be labelled as indications of Stockholm syndrome.
... Despite a massive increase in publications on political violence and terrorism in recent decades, many have taken note of the relative scarcity of studies on kidnappings by violent political actors (Forest, 2012b;Gilbert, 2020;Kachynova, 2015;Lee, 2013;Pires et al., 2014). The limited amount of kidnapping literature has focused on: predicting the fate of the hostages (Oyewole, 2016;Phillips, 2015;Yun and Roth, 2008); discussing the negotiation and reactive strategies by governmental authorities (Dolnik, 2003;Dolnik and Fitzgerald, 2011;Faure, 2003;Foy, 2015;Kim, 2008); examining the effectiveness of the no-concession policy (Brandt and Sandler, 2009;Poe, 1988); and the effects of victimization (Jameson, 2010;Tade et al., 2020). These studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the eventdynamics of kidnappings and the immediate policy implications for governmental authorities. ...
Despite the common perception viewing kidnappings as means to generate ransom income and to obtain political concessions, it remains unclear why kidnappings are disproportionately employed by some violent insurgent groups but not by the others. Combining data from the Global Terrorism Database and the Big Allied and Dangerous Insurgency Dataset, we empirically examined this question with a theoretical focus on the possible role of insurgents’ performance of state-like functions, which may necessitate the use of kidnappings as an illicit form of ‘policing’ and punishment for social control. Our analyses mainly focused on three aspects of quasi-state activities: extraction; provision of public services; and warring activities. A series of negative binomial regressions were conducted to examine the effects of insurgents’ quasi-state activities on their kidnapping activities over a base model with only group capacity and resource factors. We found that the initial effects of territory-control and membership size disappeared when variables measuring quasi-state activities were included into the model. This suggests that the influence of group capacity and resources on kidnappings may be an indirect one via insurgents’ strategic need for coercive control when contending for quasi-state status.
... This syndrome appears in situations of terror, hostage-taking, captivity, aggression, mistreatment, harassment, threats to well-being, violence (based on gender including sexual abuse, incest, rape), trafficking and abusive in romantic relationships [1,4,7,19,35,39,45,47,53,54]. We realize its existence through the development, in the victim, of positive feelings (empathy for example) towards the aggressor/abductor, the unconscious identification with the kidnapper and the conscious adaptation of the victim to the situation in order to give herself hope in the absence of hope [18,28,29,31,32,34,41,42,45]. In short, it is a pattern of behavior likely to appear in situations of vulnerability or captivity; hence the fact that it can be included in the register of survival and adaptation strategies [2,36,43]. ...
Stockholm syndrome, a paradoxical phenomenon, characteristic of the particular psychological functioning of people in captivity and victims of mistreatment, sexual abuse and gender-based violence, arouses significant interest in psychological sciences. However, the related instrumentation remains limited, due to the fact that there is not a significant number of measurements that can evaluate it. In addition, the current main measure (the scale for identifying "Stockholm Syndrome" reactions in young dating women/Escala para identificar reacciones de sí ndrome de Estocolmo (SISSR) relacionada con violencia de pareja), only exists in the English and Spanish languages; which constitutes a linguistic obstacle for its administration to individuals who speak other languages, such as French. However, the simple translation of the items of a measurement does not guarantee its reliability from a psychometric point of view. In this vein, this study proposes the translation in French and validation of the Spanish version of this measure. It also proposes, as part of testing the predictive validity of the measure, to link the construct of Stockholm syndrome with gender-related ideologies and attitudes. The validation of the French version of the Stockholm syndrome measurement scale was carried out with two samples (N = 836) consisting entirely of women. The exploratory test (EFA) carried out with 400 participants reveals a reliable tri-factorial structure of 16 elements, after the elimination of 33 elements, due to factor loadings lower than .40. The confirmatory analysis of this factorial structure, using the Structural Equation Method (CFA-SEM), carried out on a sample of 436 participants, supports the tri-factorial structure which fits the data better. Tests of factorial invariance of the measurement, depending on marital status (n1 = 215 married women; n2 = 221 concubine) reveal a structural equivalence between the groups. The predictive validity of the measure reveals that Stockholm syndrome is linked to attitudes towards gender-based violence, sexism, feminism, non-justification of the gender system and gender-based social dominance.
... With the massive increase of literature on political violence and terrorism witnessed in recent decades, much research has been conducted on kidnappings by violent political actors. This body of research has focused on the experience of victimization in kidnapping events (Jameson 2010;Tade et al. 2020), event-outcomes and the fate of hostages (Oyewole 2016;Phillips 2015;Yun and Roth 2008), the appropriate negotiation strategies (Dolnik and Fitzegerald 2011;Foy 2015;Obamamoye 2018;Shortland and Keatinge 2017), and the effect of no-concession policy (Brandt and Sandler 2009;Brandt et al. 2016). These studies have significantly advanced our understanding of the event-dynamics of kidnappings, the consequences and immediate policy implications for government authorities. ...
Kidnapping is a common tactic used by insurgent groups. However, why insurgents commit kidnappings remains insufficiently understood. Based on 1,386 group-year observations of 140 insurgents between 1998 and 2012, we analyze conditions driving the within-group temporal changes in their involvement (1 vs 0) versus event-frequency in kidnappings. We find that changes in specific quasi-state activities (i.e., extraction and provision of public services), which may rely on kidnappings for coercive enforcement and social control, predict kidnapping “involvement” only. Meanwhile, general resource and capacity conditions (i.e., territory-control, criminal networks and combat-lethality) influence changes in both kidnapping involvement and event-frequency.
... Taj skup simptoma naziva se Stockholmski sindrom i proizlazi iz potpune bespomoćnosti i ugrože-nosti, praćen je lojalnošću žrtve prema nasilniku, opravdavanjem njegovih postupka i odustajanjem od bijega iz takve situacije. Neki autori navode da se ovakvi, naizgled nelogični postupci, mogu razmatrati kao manje ili više svjesna strategija suočavanja, adaptivna u takvoj bezizlaznoj situaciji, i pruža barem neki oblik nade ili kontrole ( Jameson, 2010). Psihološki procesi u osnovi ovog sindroma uključuju umanjivanje značaja događaja, potiskivanje ljutnje, ovisnost o nasilniku, preuzimanje nekih stavova nasilnika, ali i mentalne probleme poput depresije, apatije ili posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja. ...
Knjiga predstavlja jedinstven uspjeli pokušaj objedinjavanja različitih koncepata koji se bave kontrolom kako vlastitoga ponašanja i osjećanja, tako i doživljaja izvora i mogućnosti kontrole događaja koji se zbivaju oko nas. Budući da se koncepti kontrole javljaju u najrazličitijim granama psihologije kao što su psihologija ličnosti, kognitivna psihologija, psihologija emocija, motivacije i učenja, razvojna psihologija, psihologija rada, pa i klinička psihologija, ovaj poduhvat autora zaista je hvalevrijedan znanstveni poduhvat. Premda nam se može činiti kako je o konceptu mjesta ili lokusa kontrole sve već davno poznato i istraženo, autor nam pokazuje koliko smo u krivu i koliki su još brojni metodološki problemi vezani uz taj koncept.
... 5 The bibliography in this regard is very extensive. See, for example, Chesnay (2013), Demarest (2009), Goetting (2007, Graham et al. (1994), Jameson (2010), Montero (2001), Namnyak et al. (2008), Rawlings and Graham ( 2007), Speckhard et al. (2005). 6 Metaphorically, I will refer to the parties involved using the terms 'hostage' and 'captor'. ...
The explanation of the worldwide spread and long-term maintenance of economic asymmetries and centralized and hierarchical political structures is a major concern for sociological and humanistic disciplines. This problem may be formulated as a paradox when exploited and victimized groups overtly support the social order that subdues them. Archaeology is able to address this problem from a broad and long-term perspective. The aim of this paper is to discuss the implications of public, lethal physical violence in the context of class societies. These are characterized by economic exploitation, centralization of political power, labour specialization and heavy restrictions of vital and cognitive perspectives for most of the population. It is suggested that key social relations under these conditions could be similar to the hostage-captor bond. Henceforth, inferences based on social and psychobio-logical reasoning are suggested in order to solve the aforementioned social paradox.
... Hence, Afrocentric reciprocity is perceived as an organising force of society (Mauss, 1969), motivated by an unconscious identification with indigenous norms and values as well as by the need to develop a conscious coping strategy in the form of adaptive behaviour by employees (Jameson, 2010). ...
In view of the limited consideration for Afrocentric perspectives in organisational ethics literature, we examine Employee-Centred Corporate Social Responsibility (EC-CSR) from the perspective of Afrocentric employees' social expectations. We posit that Afrocentric employees' social expectations and the organisational practices for addressing these expectations differ from conventional conceptualisation. By focusing specifically upon the psychological attributes evolving from the fulfilment of employees' social expectations, we argue that Afrocentric socio-cultural factors could influence perceived organisational support and perceived employee cynicism. We further draw upon social exchange theory to explore rational reciprocity (i.e. attitude and behaviour) evolving from the fulfilment and breach of employees' social expectations at work. Contrary to the rational norm of reciprocity, we identify a reciprocity norm within which the breach of employees' social expectations could in fact engender positive reciprocity rooted in esan reciprocity ideology-an ideology that emerged from the ethical tradition of the Yoruba people from Nigeria, West Africa. Overall, our paper elucidates the implications of Afrocentric peculiarities for employees' social exchange within the African workplace, thus extending the present understanding in this regard.
... It is used as a presupposition of Stockholm syndrome. Stockholm syndrome is an idea that describes followers' rationalisation of the inefficiency of leadership or governance despite the challenges being experienced by the followers through the actions of the leaders (see Jameson, 2010). In other words, it is a situation where the oppressed support and defend their oppressors. ...
In linguistics, most studies on rhetoric are approached from the perspective of persuasive ideologies of social actors such as community, religious, and political leaders with a concentration on their speeches and the impacts of the speeches on their followers and society at large. As a result, music as a form of persuasion and political strategy has been under-researched. This paper investigates the rhetoric embedded in politically-motivated musical renditions in the post-2015 elections in Nigeria and identifies ideologies of persuasion, pragmatic choice(s), and implications of the narratives on the Nigerian political landscape. Mey’s pragmatic acts serve as the theoretical base. Two popular and viral musical renditions in (Nigerian pidgin) English from social media were selected for the study. Analysis of the selected songs which critiqued the leadership style of President Muhammadu Buhari from two opposing angles was carried out. Both songs exhibited the Pragmemic activity of (in)direct speech acts as well as conversational and psychological acts through their rhythm and lyrics adapted from Harry Song’s popular ‘Reggae Blues’ and re-titled as ‘The (Change/Truth) Blues’. Musical political rhetoric relies on co-texts conveyed through verifiable information, (satiric) visuals, history, antecedents, and socio-political realities and sentiments as strategies of persuasion. The pragmatic acts employed include narrating, condemning, accusing and counter-accusing, blaming, justifying, (partial) veiling, threatening, hoping, and praying. The study reveals the political consciousness and conflicting perceptions of some Nigeria citizens in governance and makes a case for ‘truth awareness’ among the governed. Citizens’ active participation and better access to information about the political leadership of the day is, therefore, advocated. All these are invaluable for the reposing of trust in the government and also engender citizens’ active participation.
... Hope defies easy categorization; it may be used to bolster the most reactionary of projects, to acquiesce to the status quo and defer action until some distant future, or it may compel involvement in the most radically progressive movements. Many commentators have criticized hope, or certain manifestations of hope, as utopian and a-political (Braun, 2005;Crapanzano, 2003;Fromm, 1968;Jameson, 2010;Zournazi, 2002). Such critiques point out that hope can make invisible negative affects and political realities. ...
Acts of resistance recognize the world’s becoming. In this article, I attend to hope and resistance through the experiences of land-based social movements in the Philippines. Many of the stories shared by those involved do not immediately appear to be hopeful, infused as they are with loss. For, despite decades of struggle, many participants have lost, or never gained access to, their land. Yet, hope weaves its way through, binds and even underpins, the experiences shared. In this paper, I consider some of the contradictions and issues associated with land reform in the Philippines and some of the complexities of hope and being hopeful for these participants. I find hope to be a way of being and becoming now that insists on contingency and openness in ways often radically different from a simple optimism. Hope helped those involved remain in the struggle, bound the participants to each other and to land, nurtured their belief in their organizing efforts, and encouraged them to understand themselves, and their lives, differently. Hope became a way of being, relationally, in the world. I conclude by considering the possibilities for building an affective politics based on a recognition that the emotional and the political, feeling and action, are entirely entwined.
... Stockholm syndrome is a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity 1 In the second phase of the knot psychotherapy, it might be very beneficial for the victim to forgive his/her abuser, but with the awareness that the abuser is still negative and dangerous. ...
Aim is to discuss the Stockholm syndrome, describe Stockholm like syndrome and suggest the knot psychotherapy for these patients. The goal of the knot psychotherapy for patients with Stockholm (like) syndrome is to develop realistic optimism and healthy coping mechanisms. It is very important that the victim develops healthy negative emotions and thoughts towards the abuser.
... Corroborating Julich, althoughNamnyak et al. (2008)suggested contradictory application and methodological issues with the Stockholm syndrome, they found the published literature argues that " young people may be particularly susceptible to developing 'Stockholm syndrome' as they develop positive feelings toward the adults to whom they are dependent on for protection and provision of basic needs " (p. 7).Jameson (2010)echoed this notion by applying Freudian psychodynamics to the process and concludes " particularly women and the young " are more vulnerable to developing empathetic bonds to another person, even if that person is their trafficker. Jameson wrote, " The Stockholm syndrome produces the capacity for bonding with the aggressor as both a seductive threat to the autonomy of the subject and as an adaptive strategy " (p. ...
Research on the sexual trafficking of juveniles has increased. However, there has been no theoretical model developed incorporating variables into a systemic, interactive analysis of the issue. Utilizing Parsonian functionalism as its foundation, the authors developed such a model. The model is based on sociological, criminological, and psychological theories and concepts with a particular emphasis on the role of environmental design in trafficking. Unique to this study, the authors propose that a symbiotic relationship exists between the adolescent brain and trafficker as psychopath as contextualized in the Stockholm syndrome. We offer research and policy implications based on the model.
... The relationship between the hostages and hostage-takers did not cease at the end of siege but persisted for years after the actual incident. Moreover, the female member of staff formed an intimate relationship with one of the hostage takers (Jameson, 2010). ...
INTRODUCTION: This article focuses on the problem of risk instrumentalism in social work and the way it can erode the relationship-based nature of practice and with it, the kinds of critical reflexivity required for remedial interventions to keep children safe.METHOD: By exploring the relationship between the process of grooming and the condition known as Stockholm syndrome, the article seeks to address this problem by offering some concepts to inform a critical understanding of case dynamics in the sexual abuse of children which can explain the reluctance of victim-survivors to disclose.FINDINGS: Beginning with an overview of the development of actuarial risk assessment (ARA) tools the article examines the grooming process in child sexual abuse contexts raising the question: “Is grooming a facilitator of Stockholm syndrome?” and seeks to answer it by examining the precursors and psychological responses that constitute both grooming and Stockholm syndrome.CONCLUSION: The article identifies the underlying concepts that enable an understanding of the dynamics of child sexual abuse, but also identifies the propensity of practitioners to be exposed to some of the features of Stockholm syndrome.
Fifty years ago, the infamous bank robbery and ensuing hostage crisis that took place in a Stockholm bank gave rise to the so-called ‘Stockholm syndrome’. Though never recognized as a valid medical diagnosis, the (allegedly) pathological relationship between kidnapper and hostage has become an omnipresent media phenomenon that inspires movies and television series to this day. However, this forced bond was not always seen as problematic. The years between 1860 and 1910 witnessed the rise of kidnappings in the Mediterranean world (Southern Italy, Greece, the Ottoman Balkan region, and Morocco) involving English, American, and European hostages. Today, we know about these incidents from autobiographical narratives by the former captives. They painted a surprisingly favourable picture of their captors – and found enthusiastic audiences for their stories. Looking at the interplay of feelings, coercion, and empowerment, the article opens up a new perspective on the history of emotions that brings both victims and perpetrators into the picture.
Nandini Sahu’s narratorial oeuvre vociferously yet delicately contributes towards the study of the female psyche and the body from a nuanced feminine perspective. That Elusive Orgasm of an Incest Victim, for instance, charts the anatomy of the psychological trauma of the victim, Jhumpa. This paper attempts to course through the inexpressible, unintelligible, and indescribable vestibules of trauma responses evident and resident in the tangible and intangible portions of the female body. It explores the traditional and pluralistic models of trauma that seek to delve into the problematics of the linguistic representation of the experience of the traumatised consciousness. The paper asserts the potential of the voice of Sahu’s Jhumpa as a critical document in pluralistic critical trauma studies given its narrative from a cultural physio-psychoanalytical perspective.
This article presents a qualitative exploration of racialized public servants’ lived experiences with workplace racial discrimination in British Columbia, Canada. Specifically, introducing the concept of the quiet purge as the theoretical framework that is used to make sense of data, this study examines experiences of participants with racist pressures at work that had the effect of side-lining and pushing them out to the peripheries of publicly funded workplaces. After detailing a variety of strategies used to recruit 25 non-White participants who worked in the public service and took part in this study, findings would be presented as cultural denigration, accent-mediated dehumanization, emotional fatiguing and precarity-breeding work assignment. In analyzing these findings, this article will conceptualize these racist pressures as the quiet purge, or stratifying mechanisms that were designed to peripheralize and marginalize racialized participants in their respective workplaces. Subsequently, the article will briefly discuss my observations of intersectionality and conclude that, considering the fact that some of the experiences that were recounted by participants describe incidents that were glaringly, unambiguously and blatantly racist – struggles that are often seen as the hallmarks of earlier times – workplace racial discrimination in Canada is alive and requires urgent research and policy attention.
The paper considers the learning of former abductees in Nigeria who enrolled on the New Foundation School University Preparatory (NFSUP) programme at the American University of Nigeria (AUN). The research question is: Can action learning enable a holistic evaluation of the student learning experiences of former terrorist abductees on a university preparatory programme at the AUN? The methodology employed is based on the praxeology of action learning, combined with grounded theory. Literature relating to abduction, stigmatisation and exclusion are considered along with coverage of the Boko Haram abduction of Chibok school girls in Nigeria. Findings show action learning enables student engagement, promotes confidence, encourages social and emotional learning and provides a forum for feedback from NFSUP students. This paper could also be relevant for preparatory and transformational courses in a wider community that includes refugees, internally displaced persons, child soldiers, teenage victims of trafficking and sexual grooming. Action learning probably enables a more holistic evaluation of student learning than Course Experience Questionnaires. A hybrid of both approaches should be considered by educational institutions as an assessment tool.
The author explains how Trump reinvented his business failures through reality television by inflating his successes and minimizing his failures. The author then shows how the reality television show itself reflects the rituals of neoliberal capitalism, namely, identification with the boss despite the unequal conditions. Finally, the author maintains that those struggling with layoffs use this entertainment to vicariously compare themselves with others. Echoing the needs of the soul and the theological image of God as judge, this media spectacle invites audiences to identify with individual winners rather than taking collective responsibility for systemic inequality.
The Stockholm syndrome is a term used to describe a paradoxical psychological experience in which an affective bond between hostages and their captors is developed. However, currently there is no unification of criteria with respect to its diagnosis and characteristics and even its denomination of “syndrome”. The objective of the present study was to review and summarize the existing international literature of the Stockholm syndrome. Databases (PUBMED, Google Scholar, Academic Onefile, and EBSCO) were systematically searched. After analyzing the 23 articles selected, it could be considered that the expansion of the term to different cases or groups is an important indicator that it is a universal instinctive response of survival, although the lack of empirical studies could lead to the conclusion that many of the characteristics of the term are due to an information bias.
One organizational phenomenon in which emotions undoubtedly emerge is that of abusive supervision. To date, however, very little research has examined emotional responses associated with perceptions of abuse by supervisors. If subordinates believe that responsibility for abuse does not fall on the abusive supervisors but on the organization itself, they might think the abuse is uncontrollable or unintentional on the part of the supervisors. This attribution shift may result in feelings of sympathy toward the supervisor. In this chapter, we suggest that such responses are likely to occur when subordinates are under no-escape conditions. This circumstance can lead subordinates to forgive their supervisor and retaliate against their organization.
Stockholm syndrome, or captor-bonding, is a psychological crisis response to which women are considered especially susceptible. The term was coined in connection with a 1973 hostage situation in Stockholm, Sweden. I argue that the syndrome originally indicated a crisis of state authority. The conception of Stockholm syndrome projected a crisis of the legitimate state onto the women hostages and reinforced connections between state protection, masculinity and physical force. Crisis narratives specifically targeted the women's agency, and the state's protector status was restored by gendering dependency and victimhood. The particular circumstances of the original Stockholm incident were a prerequisite for the syndrome's appearance and continue to inform common understandings and scholarly writing on the syndrome. When crisis discourse appropriates the Stockholm syndrome, a unitary perspective and gendered foundations of state power are reinforced. Possibilities of divergent perspectives and counter-discourses, which are critical to feminist interventions into crisis narratives, are thereby diminished.
Nurses are in a unique position to treat survivors of human trafficking and are most likely to encounter patients who have been involved in the sex trade. In particular, psychiatric-mental health nurses can be effective because they are educated to think of clients holistically and can provide both short-term medical intervention and long-term psychotherapy. Additionally, they can recognize and refer these individuals for medical treatment. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of sex trafficking and what psychiatric-mental health nurses can do to treat survivors.
Welcome to the first launch issue of Subjectivity, previously the International Journal of Critical Psychology. Subjectivity is an international, transdisciplinary journal that will explore the social, cultural, historical and material processes, dynamics and structures of human experience. As topic, problem and resource, notions of subjectivity are relevant to many disciplines, including cultural studies, sociology, social theory, science and technology studies, geography, anthropology, gender and feminist studies and psychology. The journal will bring together scholars from across the social sciences and the humanities in a collaborative project to identify the processes by which subjectivities are produced, explore subjectivity as a locus of social change, and examine how emerging subjectivities remake our social worlds. Our aim, then, is a re-prioritization of subjectivity as a primary category of social, cultural, psychological, historical and political analysis.
Diacritics 28.4 (1998) 54-67
For Teresa Brennan
While waiting to leave Vienna in May of 1938, Sigmund Freud writes a letter to his son Ernst. "Two prospects," he says, "keep me going in these grim times: to rejoin you all and -- to die in freedom." Almost sixty years later, Cathy Caruth comments upon this letter, emphasizing that the last four words--"to die in freedom"--were written in English. It is here, Caruth suggests,
And she concludes: "In this departure, in the leave-taking of our hearing, we are first fully addressed by Freud's text, in ways we perhaps cannot yet fully understand" [UE 24].
In this text I argue that Caruth's understanding of trauma as "deeply tied to our own historical realities" [UE 12] offers a possibility to think anew our involvement in each other's histories, as we examine what we mean by history, writing, and community. My reading depends in particular on the insistent recurrence of figures of "entanglement" in Caruth's text, which I take to be Caruth's own "translation of the concept -- of the experience of trauma" [UE 7]. That is, Caruth's "entanglement" is the trace of an unclaimed experience and has a function analogous to "departure" in Freud's text and to "falling" in Paul de Man's, both analyzed by Caruth in Unclaimed Experience. As such, "entanglement" and its variations, being "inextricably bound up" or "inextricably tied," are not representations of trauma. They rather suggest a different, aporetic understanding of the relation between history and reference, experience and writing.
I will try to show that Caruth's notion of trauma as unclaimed experience, together with our entanglement in each other's histories, chart a history of the modern subject as a history of implication. This subject is recognized by its inextricable ties to what cannot be experienced or subjectivized fully. And this unfinished becoming, surviving and being with others, is the form of its being and its history. The subject in or of trauma is thus, for Caruth, culturally and politically a diasporic subject, en route toward subjectivity.
Freud -- the one who wants to die in freedom -- is running away from a genocide, just ahead of it, so to speak. The diaspora toward which he is going is a place where one simultaneously speaks English and another language. As such, this diaspora is both a site of translation and a destination of resettlement: neither a paradise nor a melting pot, but a situation or a space which is not yet and which still waits to be thought. So we follow Freud, a Jew, who wants to die in freedom and is about to embark on a journey from Vienna to London, where he will rejoin his family. London, for Freud, is a place where language, freedom, and death somehow come together, where they will meet in the future. It is a substitute home. A substitute because Freud departs toward it. And a home because it offers shelter. Moreover, since London is also the place of Freud's death, his departure towards it is not a simple forward movement but also what Caruth would call a return -- a return to inanimate matter.
If Freud's return/departure speaks to "us" "today," as Caruth suggests, this is not only because of the literal or figurative itinerary Freud covers but also because there are other departures that themselves inform the way we hear Freud. Indeed, Freud's desire for freedom, a desire, as Caruth says at one point, to bring "his voice to another place" [UE 23], invokes the fundamental American myth of freedom. The phrase "to die in freedom" unwittingly carries with it a certain reminder. Namely, that the English language...
'Stockholm syndrome' is a term used to describe the positive bond some kidnap victims develop with their captor. High-profile cases are reported by the media although the diagnosis is not described in any international classification system. Here we review the evidence base on 'Stockholm syndrome'.
Databases (PubMED, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL) were systematically searched. We compared features of cases widely reported in the English language media to identify common themes which may form a recognizable syndrome.
We identified 12 papers that met inclusion criteria. The existing literature consists mostly of case reports; furthermore there is ambiguity in the use of the term. No validated diagnostic criteria have been described. Four common features were found between the five cases studied.
There is little published academic research on 'Stockholm syndrome' although study of media reports reveals similarities between well publicized cases. This may be due to reporting and publication bias.
The Hostage Identification Syndrome (HIS) is often referred to as blindly being in the hostage's favor. In fact, the relationship between captor and captive develops as a two-way interchange. It may be directed toward either of the participants. This article examines seven factors that influence the HIS: face-to-face contact, timing of violence, language, sophistication, cultural value structure, stereotypes, and time. Each factor is considered in terms of its role and contribution toward development or nondevelopment of the syndrome.
This article will consider the vitalist turn within sociology and social theory in the context of the emergence of the psychological sciences at the turn of the last century. One aspect of the revitalization of social theory characteristic of this "turn" has been a renewed interest in the problems of affect, sensation and perception. The centrality of affect and perception is often framed through the writings of a number of key 19th- and early 20th-century philosophers, sociologists and psychologists, including Gabriel Tarde, Henri Bergson, William James and George Simmel. This article will consider the complex forgettings and elisions which arguably are characteristic of this revival through an interrogation of the "problem of personality" that was formulated by William James, the 19th-century pragmatist philosopher and psychologist. This problem was framed through James's interest in matters psychic, spiritual and psychopathological. The concept of "suggestibility" that formed the backdrop to James's writings on mysticism and the psychological is one that has largely been forgotten, lost or dissolved into something else in recent work that tries to revive something of the traditions that once took "suggestibility" as a serious object of study. Although the importance of suggestion to contemporary social theory has been argued by a few commentators, its importance for breaking down the separation between the psychological and the social has not been given adequate attention. The reinvention of psychological matter for social theory is proposed as an important component of vitalism, if it is to effect the transformations in rethinking the social which have been firmly placed on the sociological and cultural agenda.
The experience of the political hostage is examined, with particular attention to methods used for coping with the threat of death and the strain of captivity. Several relevant concepts and findings from the behavioral sciences are discussed, including physiological stress, psychological coping mechanisms, “Stockholm syndrome,” and delayed medical effects of traumatization. Although the suffering endured by victims of terrorism is not unique, the context and the implications of such victimization are singular. These victims are symbols of the state and may become dehumanized pawns in a drama calculated to provoke outrage. It is important to recognize and understand the victims’ true situation and attune public policy accordingly.
The Age of the Crowd is at one level an historical account of the development of mass psychology, and at another an analysis of its implications for prevalent political and social life. It was the prophecy of Gustave Le Bon in 1895 that the twentieth century would be 'l'âge des foules' that gave Serge Moscovici the title for his book, and it presents a systematic exposition of Le Bon's ideas and those of Gabriel Tarde, demonstrating convincingly their influence on the theories of collective psychology advanced by Sigmund Freud. These theories are re-examined by Professor Moscovici in a fascinating commentary on political life: Hitler, Mussolini, Lenin, Stalin and Trotsky all in some way applied them in their leadership styles with consequences that are all too familiar. The scenario painted by this volume is a disturbing one. Serge Moscovici's acute analyses of mass phenomena raise fundamental questions concerning the foundations of democracy.
This review article explores the politics of hope and optimism made possible by a re-thinking of touch as a movement towards the not-yet-known, embodied through an engagement with the improvisational character of Argentine tango. Tango discloses the relational and enactive qualities of corporeality, moving us to ask not what bodies are, but rather what can bodies do; what can bodies become? The article engages with the moves to a Spinozist conception of affect developed by Massumi and Deleuze and Guattari, to consider the extent to which touch as affective symbiosis can form the basis of a democracy-yet-to- come. The article asks whether such concepts could and indeed should form the basis of a politics of re-invention, and what might be some of the problems and limitations with aligning affect principally with movement and change. The article situates the discussion within arguments that currently traverse the psychological and biological sciences, and concludes that more cautious reflection on the kinds of ontological turn that are forming the foundation of such processual models is needed.
In the late 19th century, a comprehensive semantics of crowds emerged in European social theory, dominated in particular by Gustave Le Bon and Gabriel Tarde. This article extracts two essential, but widely neglected, sociological arguments from this semantics. First, the idea that irrationality is intrinsic to society and, second, the claim that individuality is plastic rather than constitutive. By following the destiny of this semantics in its American reception, the article demonstrates how American scholars soon transformed the conception of crowds. Most importantly, the theoretical cornerstone of the European semantics, the notion of suggestion, was severely challenged in the USA. It is argued that this rejection of the suggestion doctrine paved the way for a distinctive American approach to crowds and collective behaviour in which the early European emphasis on irrationality was ignored and crowds were analysed as rational entities. This may have relieved the discomfort of irrationality but it is also entirely disposed of what were in fact crucial sociological insights. The article recalls the semantics of crowds in order to evoke an early branch of social theory that still contains a provocative gesture.
This article considers recent arguments on ‘dialogism’ within the discipline in order to reflect upon the coherency of the institutional position of critical psychology and the conventionalized responses which tend to characterize this position. The main focus of the article explores how arguments about the dialogical self radically reconfigure psychopathology, bringing understandings more in line with those produced across a range of social and cultural practices which ‘make up’ our lives. This shift is explored through considering arguments within science studies and cultural studies of psychiatric culture which are exploring the new forms of subjectivity and psychology being produced within ‘flexible capitalism’. The article concludes with an argument which outlines the urgent need for critical psychologists and those interested in criticality to engage with the ‘psychological’ through frameworks which do not simply reinstate an ‘anti-essentialist’ mantra.
Hostage situations differ greatly – in the aims and goals of the hostage-takers, the frequency and intensity of maltreatment, the type and quality of conditions, the duration of captivity, and the processes by which they are ultimately resolved and concluded. Although there is a paucity of research-based data about hostage reactions, clinical management, and outcome, there are general descriptive accounts in the medical and popular literature. A number of key texts are highlighted in the references, and examples of different conditions are briefly summarised in Box 1.
This article interrogates the contemporary emergence of affect as critical object and perspective through which to understand the social world and our place within it. Emphasising the unexpected, the singular or the quirky over the generally applicable, the turn to affect builds on important work in cultural studies on the pitfalls of writing the body out of theory. More importantly for this article, the contemporary interest in affect evidences a dissatisfaction with poststructuralist approaches to power, framed as hegemonic in their negativity and insistence of social structures rather than interpersonal relationships as formative of the subject. The article focuses on the recent contributions of Brain Massumi and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick in particular, unpacking their celebration of the difference that affect makes. The author's critique of the affective turn focuses on both the illusion of choice that it offers the cultural critic, and its rewriting of the recent history of cultural theory to position affect as ‘the new cutting edge’. While affect may constitute a valuable critical focus in context, it frequently emerges through a circular logic designed to persuade ‘paranoid theorists’ into a more productive frame of mind - for who would not prefer affective freedom to social determinism? Yet it remains unclear what role affect may have once this rhetoric has worked its persuasive magic. In addition, and more worryingly, affective rewriting flattens out poststructuralist inquiry by ignoring the counter-hegemonic contributions of postcolonial and feminist theorists, only thereby positioning affect as ‘the answer’ to contemporary problems of cultural theory.
[examines] various passages in [George H.] Mead's work, including essays and lectures written prior to America's entry into World War I / [using poststructuralist analysis of the subject and deconstructive techniques of reading, the author calls attention] to certain sorts of fundamental difficulties or aporias that mark his texts from beginning to end / [shows] that all the incoherences [examined] stem from Mead's determination to defeat the imitation-suggestion paradigm / [focuses] primarily on a single figure or concept in Mead's writings, that of the human voice / [shows] that crucial aspects of Mead's arguments with respect to the voice have been elided or simplified (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Psychic trauma is one of the most frequently invoked ideas in the behavioral sciences and the humanities today. Yet bitter disputes have marked the discussion of trauma ever since it first became an issue in the 1870s, growing even more heated in recent years following official recognition of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In a book that is bound to ignite controversy, Ruth Leys investigates the history of the concept of trauma. She explores the emergence of multiple personality disorder, Freud's approaches to trauma, medical responses to shellshock and combat fatigue, Sándor Ferenczi's revisions of psychoanalysis, and the mutually reinforcing, often problematic work of certain contemporary neurobiological and postmodernist theorists. Leys argues that the concept of trauma has always been fundamentally unstable, oscillating uncontrollably between two competing models, each of which tends at its limit to collapse into the other. A powerfully argued work of intellectual history, Trauma will rewrite the terms of future discussion of its subject.
This article will contribute to a growing body of writing which is considering the importance of suggestion as a neglected aspect of contemporary technologies of the self. Gabriel Tarde's writings foreground this importance, which was largely repudiated by the anti-mimetic turn that characterized the social sciences at the turn of the last century. The article will discuss the context of this refusal of suggestion, through exploring how early mass and social psychology translated and re-distributed Tarde's concepts of invention and imitation. The significance of this re-distribution is discussed in relation to the question of what suggestion could and might become if it is not inserted into a contrast between will and compliance.
This article, based on an analysis of unstructured interviews, identifies that the emotional bond between survivors of child sexual abuse and the people who perpetrated the abuse against them is similar to that of the powerful bi-directional relationship central to Stockholm Syndrome as described by Graham (1994). Aspects of Stockholm Syndrome could be identified in the responses of adult survivors of child sexual abuse, which appeared to impact on their ability to criminally report offenders. An emotional bond, which has enabled the sexual abuse of children, has served to protect the offender long after the abuse has ceased. The implications of Stockholm Syndrome could offer valuable insights to those working in the field of child sexual abuse.
Carr Turns on Abusive and Controlling " Huntley', Independent
- T Judd
Judd, T. (2003) 'Carr Turns on " Abusive and Controlling " Huntley', Independent, 5 December, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/carr-turns-on-abusive-and-controlling-huntley-575618.html (accessed 21 October 2009).
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- F Ochberg
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