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A Review of Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin
Abstract and Figures
There is a growing interest in herbal medicine. Scientific studies have demonstrated the beneficial pharmacological effects of curcumin. Curcumin is a bright yellow spice, derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. It has been proven that curcumin is a highly pleiotropic molecule which can be a modulator of intracellular signaling pathways that control cell growth, inflammation, and apoptosis. Curcumin might be a potential candidate for the prevention and/or treatment of some diseases due to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory activities and an excellent safety profile. We present an updated concise review of currently available animal and clinical studies demonstrating the therapeutic effect of curcumin.
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... It has a long history of use in Chinese, Indian and Middle Eastern medicine (as reviewed in). 9 Curcumin is particularly well known fot its anti-inflammatory activity and has been reported to be a potent inhibitor of various inflammation activation pathways, including TNF-dependent NF-κB activation. 9 Additionally, curcumin down regulates COX-2 expression and inhibits 5-LOX activity, as well as downregulating the production of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-γ. ...
... It has a long history of use in Chinese, Indian and Middle Eastern medicine (as reviewed in). 9 Curcumin is particularly well known fot its anti-inflammatory activity and has been reported to be a potent inhibitor of various inflammation activation pathways, including TNF-dependent NF-κB activation. 9 Additionally, curcumin down regulates COX-2 expression and inhibits 5-LOX activity, as well as downregulating the production of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-γ. 10,11 Additionally, curcumin has been reported to inhibit the growth of several panels of bacterial pathogens. ...
... These compounds were selected for this study as they have been reported to be effective in treating inflammation, as well as against some pathogenic diseases. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] However, to the best of our knowledge, none of these previous studies has tested these compounds for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. All of the compounds were effective inhibitors of P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae growth, with clinically relevant potency. ...
Background: Curcumin, lupeol and piperine are plant compounds that have been reported to be effective against numerous medical conditions, including inflammation and against pathogenic infections. However, these compounds are yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disc diffusion and liquid dilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against a panel of bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases. Interactions between the pure plant compounds and conventional antibiotics were studied and classified using the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration (∑FIC). The toxicity of the individual samples and the combinations was assessed using the Artemia lethality assay (ALA) assay. Results: Curcumin, lupeol and piperine (in 3% DMSO) displayed clinically relevant antibacterial activity against P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae when tested alone, but were ineffective against A. baylyi and P. aeruginosa. However, the inhibitory effects were potentiated against A. baylyi and P. aeruginosa by several plant compound-antibiotic combinations. None of the individual components (nor the combinations) were toxic in the ALA assay. Conclusion: The antibacterial activity of curcumin, lupeol and piperine against some triggers of autoimmune diseases and their lack of toxicity indicates that these compounds may provide leads in the development of new therapies to prevent and treat the autoimmune diseases rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.
... In nonpolar solvents, curcumin is mainly represented in the enol form, which is maintained by the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond, and in polar solvents curcumin passes into the diketo form [62][63][64]. Fig. 9 shows the structural formulas of the main diarylheptanoids and structural transitions in keto-enol tautomerism of the curcumin molecules [65]. ...
... The retention of C-NPs in the circulatory system and brain can be extended by PLGA encapsulation [28]. Furthermore, MMP-9 expression has been proven to cause EBI after SAH with its role in the formation of cerebral edemas [29]. C-NPs have been shown to preserve the BBB through MMP-9 suppression [30,31]. ...
Neurotrauma, stroke, and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are symptomatically diverse and etiologically complex central nervous system pathologies. Despite numerous therapeutic modalities that are available to minimize neurologic damage and secondary injury, the prognosis can still be dismal and unpredictable. Nanoparticle (NP) technology allows for deliberate, modular, and minimally invasive drug delivery. This literature review encompasses pertinent information on the impact and versatility of nanoparticle therapeutics when treating neurotrauma, stroke, and SAH. Currently, notable treatments such as Perfluorooctyl-Bromide (PFOB), PLGA nanoparticles, and ischemic relief-based NPs are promising new techniques for the management of these complex pathologies.
... Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes (T2DM), is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and associated complications, such as neuropathy, cardiovascular, and renal damage. Curcumin, with its multifaceted bioactive properties, has been extensively investigated for its potential to manage diabetes and its complications through mechanisms including improved lipid metabolism, reduced inflammation, antioxidant effects, and prevention of cell death [131][132][133]. ...
Herbal medicine, particularly in developing regions, remains highly popular due to its cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and minimal risk of adverse effects. Curcuma longa L., commonly known as turmeric, exemplifies such herbal remedies with its extensive history of culinary and medicinal applications across Asia for thousands of years. Traditionally utilized as a dye, flavoring, and in cultural rituals, turmeric has also been employed to treat a spectrum of medical conditions, including inflammatory, bacterial, and fungal infections, jaundice, tumors, and ulcers. Building on this longstanding use, contemporary biochemical and clinical research has identified curcumin-the primary active compound in turmeric-as possessing significant therapeutic potential. This review hypothesizes that curcumin's antioxidant properties are pivotal in preventing and treating chronic inflammatory diseases, which are often precursors to more severe conditions, such as cancer, and neurological disorders, like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, while curcumin demonstrates a favorable safety profile, its anticoagulant effects warrant cautious application. This article synthesizes recent studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying curcumin's actions and evaluates its therapeutic efficacy in various human illnesses, including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, peptic ulcers, COVID-19, psoriasis, vitiligo, and depression. By integrating diverse research findings, this review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on curcumin's role in modern medicine and its potential as a multifaceted therapeutic agent.
... The application of color science to dentistry has made it possible to measure tooth color objectively, with the most commonly used color space today being CIELAB [5] (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage). In fact, many researchers in different countries have reported L*, a*, and b* values for teeth measured in vivo using instrumental techniques such as spectrophotometers, colorimeters, and digital image analysis. ...
... The turmeric plant contains Curcumin (which is the active ingredient in turmeric), which has an important role as an antioxidant, anti-free radical, and antiinflammatory (Patel, et al., 2020). Curcumin is among a large group of phenolic compounds that have an important role as an antioxidant, anti-free radical, anti-inflammatory and antitumour (Noorafshan, & Ashkani-Esfahani, 2013). The use of nano-curcumin resulted in an improvement in the biological activity of curcumin inside the cells. ...
This experiment was conducted in the poultry fields of the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture / Al-Qasim Green University from 11/1/2023 until 1/30/2024 for a period of 13 weeks. The experiment was conducted using 20 male broiler mothers and was randomly distributed into four treatments. Each treatment consisted of five replicates, one rooster for each replicate. The experimental treatments were as follows: the first treatment was control without dosing and addition, the second treatment was a dose of 20 mg/day, the third treatment was a dose of 25 mg/day, and the fourth treatment was a dose of 30 mg/day. The study aims to know the changes that occur in the testicular tissue of male broiler breeders when dosed with nano-curcumin on a daily basis. The results of this experiment showed an improvement in some components of testicular tissue for patients dosed with nano-cumin. We conclude from the results of the experiment that nano-curcumin can improve the testicular tissue characteristics of male broiler breeders Ross308.
A myriad of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data provide compelling evidence for the antidiabetic potential of plant polyphenols. One of the primary explanations for this is the ability of polyphenols to target multiple factors that contribute to diabetes. Insulin resistance, insulin signaling, oxidative stress, obesity, hypertension, and inflammation play critical roles in the onset and progression of diabetes. Being a multifactorial disease, diabetes, therefore, requires therapeutic molecules with multi-targeting capabilities. This makes us recognize the importance of polyphenols in the treatment of diabetes. Several polyphenols are known to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase, ameliorate insulin resistance, increase glucose uptake, protect the β-cells, increase antioxidant properties of blood plasma, inhibit pro-inflammatory agents, possess cardioprotective and neuroprotective activities in complications of diabetes mellitus. This review highlights the ‘one drug, multi-target and multi-therapeutic’ aspects of polyphenols for diabetes treatment with recent in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence. We aim to unveil the diverse molecular targets of polyphenols in the context of diabetes management, showcasing their potential as a safe and natural alternative to conventional diabetes medications, making them a promising candidate for holistic and integrative diabetes treatment, and exemplifying the paradigm shift from one drug, one target to one drug, multi-target.
Graphical abstract
Plant-derived phenolic compounds are recognized to provide several health benefits for humans, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant proprieties. Their bioavailability in the human body has a significant impact on these outcomes. Their bioaccessibility and bioavailability are highly dependent on the structure and manner in which phenolics enter into the organism, through a complex food matrix, for instance, or as pure isolates. Furthermore, the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds in the body is greatly impacted by interactions with a broad range of other macromolecules (such as proteins, lipids, dietary fibers, and polysaccharides) in food or during digestion. Encapsulation is a process that can improve bioaccessibility and bioavailability by guaranteeing coating of the active ingredients, controlled release, and targeted distribution to specific parts of the digestive system. However, this field has not yet received enough attention, due to the complex mechanisms through which phenolics act in the body. This review attempts to shed light on the results of research that has been performed on the potential and therapeutic benefits of encapsulated polyphenols in both health and disease.
Zerdaçalın ana fenolik bileşeni olan kurkumin; antiinflamatuvar, anti-tümör, antioksidan ve anti-mikrobiyal etkileri sebebiyle kanser, gastrointestinal ve kardiyovasküler sistem hastalıkları gibi birçok hastalıkta terapötik olarak kullanılmaktadır. Kurkuminin antioksidan ve antiinflamatuvar özellikleri nedeniyle egzersiz sonrası toparlanmanın geliştirilmesinde de etkili olabileceği bildirilmiştir. Antioksidan etkisi incelendiğinde, kurkumin kullanımının reaktif oksijen türlerinin (Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS) temizlenme aktivitesini arttırdığı ve egzersiz sonrası oksidatif stres belirteçlerinin artışında azalma sağladığı, ayrıca yüksek biyoyararlanıma sahip olan Theracurmin formunun kullanılmasının oksidatif stresi azaltmada daha etkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Kurkuminin antiinflamatuvar yanıttaki rolü değerlendirildiğinde ise, 3-7 gün arasında ve 180-500 mg/gün dozlarda kurkumin kullanımının interlökin-8 (IL-8) ve Tümör Nekroz Faktörü-alfa (TNF-a) gibi temel inflamatuvar belirteçlerde azalma sağladığı görülmektedir. Antioksidan ve antiinflamatuvar etkileri sayesinde kurkumin kullanımının egzersiz sonrası kreatin kinaz düzeylerini azaltarak, histamin ve prostaglandin üretimini inhibe ederek kas hasarını azalttığı saptanmıştır. Gecikmiş kas ağrısını (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness, DOMS) iyileştirdiği ve toparlanma sürecine fayda sağlayarak bir sonraki performansı arttırmada da etkili olabileceği gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak kurkuminin toparlanma üzerinde etkili olabildiği, özellikle 5 g kurkuminin akut ya da ardışık günlerde ve karabiber ana aktif bileşeni olan piperin ile birlikte ya da Theracurmin gibi yüksek biyoyararlanıma sahip formlarda kullanımının toparlanmayı hızlandırabildiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca toparlanmayı iyileştiren dozlarda bir yan etkisi bulunmamaktadır. Kurkuminin egzersiz sonrası toparlanmanın hızlandırılmasında etkili bir takviye olabileceği düşünülmektedir ancak ideal doz ve kullanım sürelerinin toparlanmaya etkilerini araştıran daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) an Organophosphate insecticide was evaluated for its potential to produce reproductive toxicity in rats following oral exposure. In the present study mice were given CPF at the dose level of 10 mg/kg body weight by Gavage method for 14 and 21 days. Morphological alterations of ovary were examined under LM. Its oxidative stress levels were also evaluated by Lipid peroxidation levels and hormonal changes (FSH) were also measured to evaluate the fertility rate in case of CPF induced toxicity mice. Bioremediation was done to the toxicity induced mice using extracted curcumin at 100 mg/kg body weight for 7 days. In control group, the germinal epithelium was continuous with prominent and well defined different stages of graffian follicles. While in chlorpyrifos treated group ruptured germinal epithelium with multiple nuclei were observed. Degenerated ovum was observed in matured graffian follicles. Rudimentary cells were observed in corpus leutium. Many vacuolated spaces were observed in ovarian cortex which is unusual. Significant increase in serum LPO levels and decrease in FSH levels were also observed. After treating the toxic mice with the curcumin restoration of all the parameters to the normal status was observed.
The effects of H2O2, Fe2+ and Fe3+ on curcumin-induced clastogenicity were evaluated in CHO cells. Curcumin combined with H2O2 did not increase the chromosomal aberrations more than expected based on a simple additive effect. In contrast, the combination of curcumin-Fe significantly decreased the total number of chromosomal aberrations and the number of abnormal metaphases. The clastogenicity of curcumin may be related to its pro-oxidant properties and its ability to generate free radicals.
Addition of curcumin in concentrations of 1.4 x 10-5 M, 2.8 x 10-5 M and 5.6 x 10-5 M to the organ bath, resulted in significant inhibitions in the normal uterine contractions of non-pregnant rats in the diestrus stage. The recorded decline in the frequency of uterine contractions were 32%, 47% and 67%, while the inhibitions were 50%, 67% and 76% for the amplitude respectively. The reductions in area under the curve (AUC) of contractions were 67%, 71% and 86% for the added concentrations. Pretreatment with curcumin revealed inhibitory effects on the uterine response to oxytocin (10- 11 M) amounting to 77%, 78% and 72% in AUC with respect to that obtained post-addition of oxytocin alone. These results indicate that the tocolytic potential of curcumin may involve oxytocin receptor-dependent pathway.
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Background: Pancreatic cancer is virtually always lethal, and the only FDA-approved therapies–gemcitabine and erlotinib–produce objective responses in less than 10% of patients. Curcumin (diferuloyl methane) is a plant-derived dietary ingredient that suppresses NF-κB and numerous other pathways relevant to pancreatic cancer and has potent preclinical anti-tumor activity. Herein, we evaluated the safety and potential antitumor activity of curcumin against advanced pancreatic cancer, and its impact on biologic correlates. Methods: Patients received 8 grams of curcumin by mouth daily for two months and were then restaged. Maintenance therapy was continued at the same dose and schedule until disease progression. Results: Twenty-five patients were enrolled as of the date of analysis, with 21 evaluable for response. Circulating curcumin was detectable, albeit at low steady-state levels (about 31 ng/ml), suggesting poor oral bioavailability. To date, two patients have had prolonged stable disease (8 and 12+ months). Interestingly, one patient had a brief, but marked tumor regression (73%) (accompanied by significant increases (4–35-fold) in serum cytokine (interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) levels). No toxicities have been observed. Curcumin down-regulated expression of NF-κB, COX-2 and phosphorylated STAT3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients (most of whom had baseline levels considerably higher than those found in healthy volunteers)although the decrease did not reach statistical significance for p65. Curcumin was determined in patient plasma samples after enzymatic digestion with glucuronidase enzyme. While there was considerable variation in plasma curcumin levels from patient to patient, drug levels peaked at 22–41 ng/ml and remained relatively constant over the entire 4 week experimental period. Conclusions: We conclude that oral curcumin is well tolerated and, despite its limited absorption, has biologic activity in patients with pancreatic cancer.
[Table: see text]
No significant financial relationships to disclose.
The cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) are key enzymes of prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis. Nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit the enzymatic activity of both COX-1 and COX-2. Selective COX-2 inhibitors have been developed that appear to have 50% less gastrointestinal toxicity than traditional nonselective NSAIDs. Experimental evidence suggests that the COX pathway is involved in tumor promotion. Evidence to support this comes from both clinical and laboratory findings suggesting that chronic NSAID use reduces the relative risk for developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Although the precise mechanism or mechanisms by which these drugs affect tumor progression is not completely understood, it is likely that part of their anti-tumor effect is due to inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme. COX-2 levels are increased in CRC as well as in several other solid malignancies. COX-2-derived bioactive lipid products promote tumor-associated neovascularization, inhibit cell death, and stimulate cell proliferation and motility. Additionally, treatment with COX-2-selective inhibitors reduces polyp burden in animal models of intestinal neoplasia and in humans with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Ongoing human clinical trails are underway to test the efficacy of COX-2-selective inhibitors in a number of human cancers.
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This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief.
Due to highly unethical practices, which include serial self plagiarism, data manipulation and falsification of results found across multiple papers in Acta Biomaterialia. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.