A new species of Liobagrus (Siluriformes: Amblycipitidae) from Southern China

Abstract

We describe a new species of amblycipitid catfish, Liobagrus aequilabris, from the Xiangjiang, a tributary of the Changjiang (=Yangtze River), in Guangxi province of southern China. Liobagrus aequilabris differs from its congeners by a novel combination of characters that includes: lack of large, retrorse serrations on the posterior edge of the pectoral-fin spine, having upper and lower jaws of equal length, relatively long dorsal (7.5–10.2% SL) and pectoral-fin (9.1–12.1% SL) spines, a relatively long caudal fin (20.1–26.9% SL), and relatively few post-Weberian vertebrae (35–37). This species is only known from the Xiangjiang, but may also be present in the Lijiang, a tributary of the Zhujiang (=Pearl River), due to the presence of the Lingqu canal, which connects the Xiangjiang and Lijiang. New taxon: Liobagrus aequilabris Wright and Ng

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A new species of Liobagrus (Siluriformes: Amblycipitidae) from Southern
China
Author(s): Jeremy J. Wright and Heok Hee Ng
Source: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 157(1):37-43. 2008.
Published By: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
DOI: 10.1635/0097-3157(2008)157[37:ANSOLS]2.0.CO;2
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 157: 37-43 JULY 2008
A new species of Liobagrus (Siluriformes: Amblycipitidae) from Southern China
JEREMY J. WRIGHT
Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA, Email: jjwright@umich.edu
HEOK HEE NG
Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Science Drive 2 #03-01, National University of
Singapore, Singapore 117546, Email: dbsnhh@nus.edu.sg
ABSTRACT.—We describe a new species of amblycipitid catfish, Liobagrus aequilabris, from the Xiangjiang, a tributary of
the Changjiang (=Yangtze River), in Guangxi province of southern China. Liobagrus aequilabris differs from its congeners by a
novel combination of characters that includes: lack of large, retrorse serrations on the posterior edge of the pectoral-fin spine,
having upper and lower jaws of equal length, relatively long dorsal (7.5–10.2% SL) and pectoral-fin (9.1–12.1% SL) spines, a
relatively long caudal fin (20.1–26.9% SL), and relatively few post-Weberian vertebrae (35–37). This species is only known from
the Xiangjiang, but may also be present in the Lijiang, a tributary of the Zhujiang (=Pearl River), due to the presence of the
Lingqu canal, which connects the Xiangjiang and Lijiang.
New taxon: Liobagrus aequilabris Wright and Ng
INTRODUCTION
The family Amblycipitidae is composed of four gen-
era (Amblyceps Blyth 1858, Liobagrus Hilgendorf 1878,
Nahangbagrus Nguyen and Vo in Nguyen 2005, Xiuren-
bagrus Chen and Lundberg 1995) of small-bodied catfish-
es that inhabit rivers and streams in southern and eastern
Asia. The four genera appear to have disjunct distribution
ranges, with Amblyceps being found mainly in India and
the Malay peninsula, Liobagrus in the Changjiang (=Yang-
tze River) basin and streams of southeastern China, Tai-
wan, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula, Nahangbagrus in
the Tuyên Quang province of northern Vietnam, and Xi-
urenbagrus in the Zhujiang (=Pearl River) basin of China
(Chen and Lundberg 1995; Nguyen 2005); Zhao et al.
2004). Little is known of the ecology of any amblycipitid
species, with biological studies of this group being mostly
limited to works on alpha taxonomy and a few phyloge-
netic studies (Chen 1994; Chen and Lundberg 1995).
The genus Liobagrus is diagnosed from its confam-
ilials by having pale fin margins, greater than nine upper
and lower branched caudal-fin rays, adipose fin confluent
with caudal fin, caudal fin truncate or rounded vs. forked or
emarginate, an absence of palatal teeth (Nguyen 2005) and
several osteological characters detailed in Chen and Lund-
berg (1995). It contains 12 currently valid species, with
half of this diversity being found in Mainland China. Five
of these species, L. kingi Tchang 1935, L. marginatoides
(Wu 1930), L. marginatus (Günther 1892), L. nigricauda
Regan 1904, and L. styani Regan 1908, are known from
high elevation streams or lakes in the Changjiang system.
Recently, a series of Liobagrus specimens collected from
the Xiangjiang, a tributary of the Changjiang near Jieshou,
in the Guangxi province of southern China was made avail-
able to HHN by its collector, H. Zhou. This material, now
deposited in the fish collection of the University of Michi-
gan Museum of Zoology, was found to represent an unde-
scribed species of Liobagrus and our study of this material
has revealed additional amblycipitid diversity within the
Changjiang basin. We describe these specimens herein as
Liobagrus aequilabris, new species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Measurements of Liobagrus aequilabris were taken
from 57 specimens. Thirty-three measurements were taken
from the left side of each specimen to the nearest tenth
of a millimeter using dial calipers (Fig.1), and follow the
methods of Taylor (1969) and Hubbs and Lagler (1974).
Additional body form variables follow the truss-geomet-
ric protocol (Strauss and Bookstein 1982; Bookstein et al.
1985). Occiput location was determined using an external
landmark defined by the origin of the jaw adductor muscles
on the skull (Chen and Lundberg 1995), and was confirmed
using lateral radiographs. All proportional measurements
are expressed in percent of standard length. All fin ray and
vertebral counts were made from lateral (dorsal and anal
fins; vertebral elements) or ventral (pectoral and pelvic
fins) radiographs. Fin ray counts follow the methods of
Chen (1994) and Chen and Lundberg (1995), but vertebral
counts differ by including all non-fused vertebral elements
(to the exclusion of the five vertebrae associated with and
ISSN 0097-3157

38 J.J. WRIGHT & H.H. NG
fused within the Weberian apparatus (Chen 1994; Chen
and Lundberg 1995). Notations for fin ray counts are as
follows: upper case Roman numeral = fin spine, lower
case Roman numeral = unbranched rays, Arabic numeral
= branched fin rays. Asterisks after meristic counts indi-
cate values for the holotype. Institutional abbreviations
follow Leviton et al. (1985). The names of localities in
China follow the currently most widely-used translitera-
tion system (Pinyin), while we use the older Wade-Giles
system for localities in Taiwan, because this system contin-
ues to be widely used for Taiwanese localities.
Liobagrus aequilabris, new species
Fig. 2
Holotype.—UMMZ 248544, SL 62 mm, China,
Guangxi province, Xingan prefecture, Xiangjiang at
Jieshou, 25°43'N, 110°45'E; coll. H. Zhou, Nov 2005.
Paratypes.—Collection data for all paratypes same as
for holotype. UMMZ 247579 (34), SL 44–76 mm; UMMZ
246435 (15), SL 44–65 mm; BMNH 2007.12.18.1-2 (2),
SL 72–78 mm; CAS 226023 (2), SL 59–62 mm; UF 169624
(1), SL 71 mm; USNM 392564 (2), SL 66–68 mm.
Diagnosis.—A species of Liobagrus that is disting-
uished from its congeners by the following novel com-
bination of features: posterior edge of the pectoral-fin
spine lacking serrations; upper and lower jaws of equal
length; dorsal-fin spine 7.5–10.2% SL; pectoral-fin spine
9.1–12.1% SL; caudal fin 20.1–26.9% SL; post-Weberian
vertebral elements 35–37.
Liobagrus aequilabris can be distinguished from L.
kingi, L. marginatus, L. mediadiposalis, L. nigricauda, and
L. obesus by the lack of large, retrorse serrations on the
posterior edge of the pectoral-fin spine. It is further distin-
guished from L. kingi, L. marginatus, L. mediadiposalis,
and L. nigricauda, in having an upper and lower jaw of
equal length (vs. lower jaw longer in L. kingi, L. margin-
atus, and L. nigricauda; upper jaw longer in L. media-
diposalis,). Liobagrus aequilabris is also separated from
L. kingi and L. marginatus by the length of the pectoral-
fin spines (9.1–12.1% SL in L. aequilabris vs. 6.7–6.9 in
L. kingi, 7.9–9.0 in L. marginatus), and from L. kingi, L.
marginatus, L. mediadiposalis, L. nigricauda by its longer
caudal fin (20.1–26.9% SL vs. 15.1–17.0 in L. kingi, 15.8–
18.8 in L. marginatus, 14.9–19.8 in L. mediadiposalis, and
18.1–18.2 in L. nigricauda).
Liobagrus andersoni, L. anguillicauda, L. form-
osanus, L. marginatoides, L. nantoensis, L. reini, and L.
styani, like L. aequilabris, possess smooth pectoral-fin
spines. Liobagrus aequilabris is diagnosed from these
species by having upper and lower jaws of equal length
(vs. upper jaw longer in L. anguillicauda, L. nantoensis, L.
reini, and L. styani; lower jaw longer in L. marginatoides),
35–37 post-Weberian vertebral elements (vs. 39–40
in L. andersoni, 39–41 in L. anguillicauda, 38–39 in L.
formosanus, and 39–41 in L. styani), longer pectoral
and dorsal-fin spines (pectoral-fin spine 9.1–12.1% SL
in L. aequilabris vs. 5.9–7.3 in L. anguillicauda, 6.4 in
L. marginatoides, 5.6–8.6 in L. reini, and 5.4–7.3 in L.
styani; dorsal-fin spine 7.5–10.2% SL in L. aequilabris
vs. 5.5–6.4 in L. anguillicauda, 5.9–7.4 in L. formosanus,
5.3 in L. marginatoides, 4.3–6.6 in L. reini, and 4.8–6.3
in L. styani), and a longer caudal fin (20.1–26.9% SL vs.
16.9–19.7 in L. andersoni, 17.7–20.0 in L. formosanus,
and 17.8 in L. marginatoides. [Note: Specimens of L.
nantoensis were not directly examined, but the illustration
in Oshima’s (1919) original description of this species
clearly depicts a specimen with an upper jaw that protrudes
well beyond the lower, as do photographs of the holotype
for this species (FMNH 59080) available from the Field
Museum of Natural History’s online catalog].
Description.—Morphometric data are given in Table
1. Numbers in parentheses following meristic counts indi-
cate number of specimens examined showing a particular
Fig. 1. Morphometric measurements used in species comparisons.

NEW LIOBAGRUS FROM CHINA 39
value. Asterisks indicate meristic values for holotype. Body
compressed. Predorsal profile gently sloping ventrally
from dorsal-fin origin to occiput; becoming more convex
and steeply declining from occiput to posterior margin of
eye; slope decreasing with profile becoming only slightly
convex from posterior margin of eye to snout tip. Preanal
profile straight. Skin on body with small, granular papillae.
Lateral line short, straight, midlateral; extending to vertical
through, or slightly behind, base of dorsal-fin spine; with
5–6 pores. Cone-shaped genital papilla in male; papilla
absent in female.
Head depressed and broad. Snout subconical when
viewed laterally; broadly rounded when viewed dorsally.
Anterior nostrils tubular; posterior nostrils immediately
anterior to eye; their rims posteriorly confluent with base of
nasal barbels. Gill membranes narrowly joined at isthmus.
Eye dorsolateral, located directly behind posterior nostril;
subcutaneous; ovoid; horizontal axis longest. Interorbital
area flat to slightly convex.
Mouth terminal; lips thickened and papillate. Premax-
illary and mandibular toothpads broadly curved, with
small, cilliform teeth. Maxillary barbel simple; reaching to
base of pectoral-fin spine. Nasal barbel short, not reaching
posterior margin of preopercle. Outer mental barbel reach-
ing to posterior edge of pectoral-fin base. Inner mental
barbel about half length of lateral barbel; reaching to gill
membrane margin at isthmus. All barbels without evident
basal membrane.
Dorsal fin II,6* (21), II,7 (34), or II, 8(2); origin closer
to snout tip than anal fin origin; posterior margin convex.
Dorsal-fin spine short, straight, approximately 1/2 height
of fin. Pectoral fin I,7* (34) or I,8 (23); origin anterior to
Fig. 2. Holotype (UMMZ 248544) of Liobagrus aequilabris, new species, in (top) dorsal, (center) lateral, and (bottom) ventral views.
Scale bar = 1 cm.

40 J.J. WRIGHT & H.H. NG
Table 1. Measurement data for Liobagrus aequilabris. Proportional measurements expressed in percent of standard length.
L. aequilabris (n=57)
Measurement Holotype Range Mean SD
1 Snout to occiput 20.8 19.2–22.5 21.0 0.7
2 Snout to dorsal-fin origin 29.3 28.6–33.3 31.2 1.2
3 Snout to pectoral-fin origin 21.0 20.7–25.0 22.5 1.1
4 Snout to pelvic-fin origin 46.0 44.9–50.3 47.7 1.2
5 Occiput to dorsal-fin origin 8.6 8.6–11.8 10.1 0.8
6 Pectoral-fin origin to dorsal-fin origin 17.4 15.7–19.3 17.1 0.8
7 Pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 28.2 26.2–31.5 28.7 1.2
8 Dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin 24.0 22.4–28.9 24.7 1.7
9 Dorsal-fin insertion to pelvic-fin origin 14.3 12.4–18.0 15.1 1.4
10 Pelvic-fin origin to adipose-fin origin 12.4 11.9–16.0 13.8 1.0
11 Pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin 13.3 12.0–15.7 13.5 0.7
12 Anal-fin origin to adipose-fin origin 18.2 14.2–21.5 17.6 1.7
13 Anal-fin origin to dorsal-fin insertion 24.1 21.7–27.0 24.3 1.2
14 Dorsal-fin insertion to adipose-fin origin 8.9 5.1–12.4 9.5 2.1
15 Adipose-fin origin to anal-fin insertion 30.6 27.8–39.7 32.1 3.0
16 Adipose-fin base length 38.6 35.3–46.4 38.9 2.8
17 Anal-fin origin to adipose-fin insertion 31.8 29.2–35.6 32.0 1.3
18 Anal-fin insertion to adipose-fin insertion 17.1 13.8–18.0 16.3 0.9
19 Anal-fin base length 18.8 17.2–22.7 19.1 1.0
20 Dorsal-fin base length 12.7 11.3–15.4 13.1 1.0
21 Occiput to pectoral-fin origin 12.7 11.7–14.1 12.9 0.6
22 Interorbital width 8.6 7.5–9.6 8.3 0.4
23 Body width at pectoral-fin origin 20.4 19.3–22.5 20.6 0.7
24 Standard length in mm 62.0 43.8–78.0 60.4 8.3
25 Body width under dorsal-fin origin 13.2 11.8–15.3 13.4 0.7
26 Head width 21.2 18.7–23.2 20.8 0.9
27 Pectoral spine length 11.7 9.2–12.1 10.9 0.7
28 Dorsal spine length 8.9 7.5–10.2 8.6 0.7
29 Caudal-fin length 22.4 20.1–26.9 22.8 1.5
30 Maxillary barbel length 19.9 15.8–22.4 19.0 1.7
31 Nasal barbel length 15.4 11.4–16.4 14.7 1.0
32 Outer mental barbel length 21.0 17.5–24.4 20.7 1.7
33 Inner mental barbel length 12.5 10.3–15.2 12.2 0.9

NEW LIOBAGRUS FROM CHINA 41
to determine whether this has occurred with L. aequilabris,
as the only amblycipitid species currently known from the
Zhujiang are from the genus Xiurenbagrus (e.g. He, 1989;
Zhao et al., 2004).
Etymology.—The specific epithet, aequilabris, is a
combination of the Latin aequalis-, meaning equal, and the
ablative plural form of labrum, meaning lip, in reference to
the equal lengths of the upper and lower jaws that disting-
uish this species from its Changjiang basin congeners.
DISCUSSION
The description of Liobagrus aequilabris brings the
currently recognized diversity of this genus to 13 species,
about half of which is found in the Changjiang basin. Other
amblyciptid genera have recently been shown to be more
diverse than previously thought (e.g. Zhao et al. 2004; Ng
2005) and based on our examination of specimens deposit-
ed in several ichthyological collections, Liobagrus appears
to be in need of further revision as several undescribed
species also exist in this genus both within and outside of
the Changjiang basin. Although the most recent revision-
ary study (Chen 1994) revealed no undescribed species,
there is additional material not examined in that study
whose taxonomic status awaits verification. One example
is the material identified as L. nigricauda from northern
Vietnam by Mai (1978), which is most likely incorrectly
identified (Kottelat 2001). The recent description of a new
genus and species of amblycipitid catfish (Nguyen and Vo
in Nguyen 2005) highlights the fact that we are far from
elucidating the true diversity of amblycipitids.
Liobagrus species are usually restricted to high relief
areas with rapidly flowing, well-oxygenated, relatively
clean water (Ding 1994; Katano et al. 2005). As such,
they are vulnerable not only to pollution, but also to public
works projects involving the damming of waterways and
digging of canals to connect adjacent river basins, which
has apparently led to significant faunal exchange in some
cases (Su et al. 2001; Berrebi et al. 2006). Since so little
is known about the ecology of amblycipitid species, it is
uncertain what impact the introduction of this nonnative
fauna will have on Liobagrus populations. It is therefore
imperative not only to document the aforementioned
undescribed diversity where it currently exists, but also
to determine the ecological requirements and interactions
of Liobagrus species so that the impacts of anthropogenic
changes can be predicted and assessed for these species.
COMPARATIVE MATERIAL EXAMINED
L. andersoni.—UMMZ 238913 (2), SL 89–91 mm,
South Korea, Han River (Kangwon-do, Pyong Chang);
vertical through posterior margin of operculum, partially
covered by opercular membrane; posterior margin convex.
Pectoral-fin spine slightly longer than dorsal-fin spine;
posterior margin of spine smooth. Adipose fin long, well
developed, margin convex, confluent with caudal fin.
Pelvic fin with i,5* (57) rays; located at vertical through, or
occasionally slightly anterior to, adipose-fin origin; tip of
appressed fin does not reach base of anal fin. Anal fin with
15 (12), 16* (35), or 17 (10) rays; distal margin rounded;
origin located well posterior to vertical through origin of
adipose fin; adpressed fin reaches first ventral procurrent
caudal-fin rays. Vertebral column with 35 (15), 36* (35),
or 37 (7) post-Weberian elements. Caudal fin with xvi (4),
xvii* (14), or xvii (7) upper procurrent rays, 10 (3), 11*
(18) or 12 (4) upper branched rays, 10* (18) or 11 (7) lower
branched rays, xiv* (14), xv (7), or xvi (4) lower procur-
rent rays; broadly rounded.
Coloration in alcohol.—Dorsum and flanks dark
brown to gray, lacking distinct markings (Fig. 2). Ventral
areas pale. All barbels pale, with dusky pigment along
edge. All fin bases generally darker than flanks, with
narrow, white margins.
Distribution.—Known only from the Xiangjiang,
near Jieshou, Guangxi province, China (Fig. 3). Due
to the presence of the Lingqu canal (built in 219 B.C.),
which joins the Xiangjiang and Lijiang (a tributary of the
Zhujiang), it is possible that this species also occurs in the
Zhujiang basin. Faunal exchange between the Chiangjiang
and Zhujiang systems through the Lingqu canal has been
postulated for other common Xiangjiang species (Su et al.
2001; Berrebi et al. 2006), but further sampling is required
Fig. 3. Drainage map of Southeast China. Circle denotes type
locality of Liobagrus aequilabris, arrow denotes approximate
location of Lingqu canal.

42 J.J. WRIGHT & H.H. NG
UMMZ 238916 (3), SL 74–99 mm, South Korea, Imjin
River (Kyonggi-Do); UMMZ 238985 (2), SL 75–90 mm,
South Korea, Wonnam-Myon, Umsong-gun (Chung-
chongbuk-Do). L. anguillicauda.—AMNH 11069 (10),
SL 68–106 mm, China, Fujian, Chongan prefecture,
27°46'N, 118°02'E. L. formosanus.—UMMZ 194539 (1),
SL 63 mm, Taiwan, Kaochung, Sanmin Hsiang, Kaoh-
siung Hsien; UMMZ 238914 (1), SL 55 mm, Taiwan,
Du-Li, Nonton County; UMMZ 238915 (1), SL 80 mm,
Taiwan, Ho-Pin, Taichung County. L. kingi.—BMNH
1914.1.28.21, SL 100 mm, China, Yunnan Fu; AMNH
10276, SL 79 mm, China, Yunnan. L. marginatoides.—
UMMZ 232105 (1), SL 63 mm, China, Sichuan province,
Chongqing. Additional data from Wu (1930). L. margin-
atus.—Holotype, BMNH 1891.6.13.10, SL 91 mm, China,
Sichuan, Min River; UMMZ 232106 (3), SL 110–124
mm, China, Sichuan, Daduhe; UMMZ 158518 (1), SL 116
mm, China, Sichuan, Min River Drainage, Chengdu or
Leshan [=Jiading]; USNM 392565 (12), SL 87–128 mm,
China, Sichuan, Yazhou; ZRC51210 (3), SL 76–85 mm,
China, Sichuan, market in Chengdu, probably from Leshan
area. L. mediadiposalis.—UMMZ 238938 (6), SL 58–80
mm, South Korea, Nakdong River (Kyongsangbuk-Do,
Uisong); UMMZ 238984 (7), SL 64–81 mm, South Korea,
Kumg River (Chung-chongbuk-do); UMMZ 238986 (2),
SL 96–98 mm, South Korea, Kumdok-Myon, Samchok-
gun, Kangwon-Do. L. nigricauda.—Syntypes, BMNH
1904.1.26.42-43 (2), SL 52–80 mm, China, Yunnan Fu.
L. obesus.—UMMZ 238906 (4), SL 65–73 mm, South
Korea, Kum River (Ch’ungch’ongbuk-Do, Yongdung);
UMMZ 238907 (1), SL 75 mm, South Korea, Shimchon-
myo, Yondong-qun Chong Chongbuk-do. L. reini.—
UMMZ 183861 (2), SL 88–95 mm, Japan, near Nameri-
kawa; UMMZ 183862 (3), SL 51–73 mm, Japan, Kuguryu
River; UMMZ 183864 (1), SL 88 mm, Japan, vicinity
of Hikone, in or near Lake Biwa; UMMZ 198911 (5),
SL 45–69 mm, Japan, Lake Biwa. L. styani.—Syntypes,
BMNH 1902.5.39.2-4 (2), SL 57–69 mm, China, South
Hubei; BMNH 1927.10.1.8 (1), SL 69 mm, China, Zheji-
ang; BMNH 1938.12.1.139-46 (3), SL 33–38 mm, China,
Zhejiang, Dinghai, Zhoushan Island; CAS 32398 (6), SL
35–62 mm, China, Zhejiang, Zhoushan Island.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the following curators and staff for access
to specimens under their care: R. Arrindell (AMNH), J.
Maclaine (BMNH), D. Catania (CAS), D. Nelson (UMMZ),
J. Williams (USNM). We are grateful to Jacqueline Wright
for her assistance during data collection, and to H. Zhou
for obtaining the type series of L. aequilabris. B. Birkett
assisted in production of Figure 1.
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