Content uploaded by Charles S Henry
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Charles S Henry
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Song Analysis Reveals a Permanent Population of the Mediterranean Lacewing Chrysoperla agilis (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Living in Central Alaska
Abstract and Figures
Chrysoperla agilis Henry et al. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a widespread, nomadic lacewing in the carnea group of cryptic species. C. agilis has previously been found only in the warm parts of Europe, western Asia, and a few oceanic islands. Like others of the carnea group, C. agilis is identifiable only by its unique courtship song. Recently, a population with by the C. agilis song was discovered in central Alaska; based on its persistence over several years and its distribution over a wide area near Fairbanks, it seems to be permanent rather than transitory. To assess the relationship of this Western Hemisphere population to C. agilis in the Eastern Hemisphere, we 1) analyzed its courtship song, comparing it to the Eurasian song; 2) compared larval and adult morphology of Alaskan and Eurasian specimens; 3) inferred phylogenetic relationships of Alaskan and Eurasian specimens, by using sequences from the cox2 gene; and 4) crossed Alaskan with European individuals, raising their progeny and analyzing their “hybrid” songs. Alaskan C. agilis generally fell within the range of variation of Eurasian individuals for all acoustic and morphological traits, and their hybrid progeny were also acoustically indistinguishable. Phylogenetically, and despite current geographical isolation, Alaskan individuals clustered with Eurasian C. agilis rather than with Western Hemisphere taxa of the carnea group. We conclude that the Alaskan population is a bona fide member of C. agilis. Examination of the geographical pattern of song variation suggests that dispersal to Alaska took place quite recently in a west to east direction, via eastern Asia and the Bering Strait.
Figures - uploaded by Charles S Henry
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Charles S Henry
Content may be subject to copyright.
... These lacewings are reproductively isolated species that can be distinguished by the low-frequency species-unique courtship songs they produce by vibrating their abdomen on the substrate before mating (Brooks, 1994;Henry et al., 2001;Noh and Henry, 2010;Henry et al., 2013). Among the five European species of the C. carnea group, Chrysoperla agilis has been recorded in southern Europe, southwestern Asia to northern Iran and central Alaska (Henry et al., 2003;Henry et al., 2011). C. agilis is able to survive and reproduce in a wide range of temperature regimes and larvae prey upon factitious foods such as Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs in the lab (Pappas et al., 2013;Athanasiadis et al., 2021). ...
... C. agilis is able to survive and reproduce in a wide range of temperature regimes and larvae prey upon factitious foods such as Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs in the lab (Pappas et al., 2013;Athanasiadis et al., 2021). These findings, along with its wide distribution and habitat range and occurrence in agricultural crops (Henry et al., 2003;Henry et al., 2011), render C. agilis a promising candidate for mass-rearing and use in augmentative biological control. ...
Chrysoperla species include well-known predators of aphids and other soft-bodied arthropods. As such, they are considered important biological control agents of herbivorous pests in agroecosystems where many of green lacewings species occur. Despite the high number of species of the genus Chrysoperla, only a few have been assessed for the predation efficiency of their larvae against pests infesting plants, and even fewer are currently marketed for use in biocontrol practice. Difficulties in species identification within the Chrysoperla carnea complex species in particular has been related to varying success of commercial C. carnea s.l. releases in the field. In this study, we assessed the ability of two Chrysoperla species, Chrysoperla agilis a member of the carnea cryptic species group, and Chrysoperla mutata of the pudica group to consume aphid and mealybug individuals and suppress their populations in sweet pepper plants. We found that third-instar larvae of both species were able to consume a high number of aphids (approximately 120 nymphs per larva) and mealybugs (approximately 105 nymphs per larva) within 24 h. Furthermore, the release of second-instar larvae of both C. agilis and C. mutata was shown to be remarkably efficient in suppressing the pest populations in long-term greenhouse experiments. Aphid populations were suppressed by approximately 98% and mealybugs by 78% as compared to control plants. Our results highlight the predation efficiency and the biocontrol potential of two widespread Chrysoperla species for their use in pest control.
... Among chrysopids, the Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) group includes at least 16 species of green lacewings that can be distinguished by their unique speciesspecific substrate-borne courtship songs [3,4]. They are known to comprise a complex species. ...
... Chrysoperla agilis in particular is a valid biological species that can be distinguished from the other cryptic species by the distinct mating signals of females and males [7]. It has been recorded in the southern parts of Europe, the Mediterranean islands and from southwestern Asia to northern Iran, as well as in central Alaska [4,8]. ...
Chrysoperla agilis Henry et al. is one of the five cryptic species of the carnea group found in Europe. They are known to widely occur in agricultural fields and survive and reproduce in a wide range of temperatures. The reproductive biology of the cryptic species is poorly known, especially regarding the number of matings required for the females’ maximum reproductive output. We recorded the egg production and longevity of virgin females, as well as of females that had access to males for 1 week or for their lifetime. Longevity of C. agilis females with access to males was similar whether these were present for 1 week or for their lifetime (64.8 and 66.1 days, respectively). On the other hand, oviposition was higher in the long-term exposure to males (302.1 vs. 421.1 eggs, respectively). Virgin females lived longer (94.1 days) than mated females and laid a low number (54.5) of (unfertile) eggs. Egg hatchability and progeny sex ratio were similar in treatments with males. Nevertheless, the highest value (0.1321) of intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was recorded when females were continuously exposed to males. These results are relevant to biological control and could be applicable in mass-rearing C. agilis and predicting its population dynamics in the field.
... No obstante, algunos temas generales aún quedan por resolver, y dentro de nuestro más próximo entorno citemos, por ejemplo, la posición de ciertas especies de algunos géneros (Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964, Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi, 1995 que están siendo permanentemente motivo de estudio y discusión (Henry, 1985;Wells & Henry, 1992a, 1992bThierry & Adams, 1992;Thierry et al., , 1996Thierry et al., , 1997Thierry et al., , 1998Thierry et al., , 2013Brooks, 1994;Henry et al., 1996Henry et al., , 2001Henry et al., , 2002Henry et al., , 2003Henry et al., , 2011Henry et al., , 2013Henry et al., , 2014Henry et al., , 2015Lourenço et al., 2006;, 2017aMonserrat, 2008;Pantaleoni & Sechi, 2014;Duelli et al., 2017;Duelli & Obrist, 2019, etc.). ...
RESUMEN Se aportan nuevos datos sobre las especies del género Chrysopa Leach, 1815 citadas en la Península Ibérica y Baleares. De las especies mencionadas en su fauna sobre las que existían dudas en la veracidad de sus citas o se había cuestionado su validez taxonómica, se ha estudiado y anotado la mayoría del material correspondiente, tanto ibérico como material de comparación de otras zonas, con la intención de dilucidar estas cuestiones. Bien sea para constatar su presencia en su fauna, con la correspondiente confirmación o corrección de ciertas citas, como para verificar la identidad de algunas especies de este género y algunas de sus variedades descritas, con la confirmación o revisión de su identidad taxonómica. Se confirma la validez de Chrysopa nierembergi Navás, 1908 respecto a C. formosa Brauer, 1850 y se designa para ella Lectotipo. También se designa Lectotipo para Chrysopa nierembergi var. andreui Navás, 1910 y para Chrysopa nierembergi var. clara Navás, 1915, ambas son consideradas sinónimas de C. nierembergi. Se dan por válidas solo dos de las citas ibéricas de Chrysopa phyllo-chroma Wesmael, 1841, y se confirma la presencia de Chrysopa dubitans McLachlan, 1887 en la fauna ibérica. Se eleva a categoría de especie la variedad Chrysopa nierembergi var. nitens Navás,1909, considerándola como especie válida: Chrysopa nitens Navás, 1909 stat. prom., designando para ella Lectotipo. De estas cinco espe-cies se anotan sus caracteres de morfología externa y de genitalia masculina, así como algunos elementos diag-nósticos y comparativos entre ellas o con otras especies próximas. Se comentan y se discuten algunos caracteres habitualmente utilizados en la identificación de las especies de Chrysopidae (variabilidad y persistencia de la pig-mentación tegumentaria de los ejemplares según poblaciones, tiempo transcurrido desde su recolección y modo de conservación; uñas dilatadas en su base o no). Por último, y hasta que no existan nuevas evidencias, se des-carta definitivamente la supuesta presencia de Chrysopa abbreviata Curtis, 1834 y Chrysopa walkeri McLachlan, 1893 en el solar ibérico, ya que está basada en citas antiguas imprecisas o inconsistentes, no corroboradas por nuevo material. El género Chrysopa está representado en la fauna Ibero-Balear por diez especies, de las cuales se anota y recopila la información existente, y se aporta nuevo material, también se actualizan la clave de especies de este género y los mapas de su distribución en la Península Ibérica y Baleares. ABSTRACT On the genus Chrysopa Leach, 1815 (Insecta, Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearics. New data are provided about the species of genus Chrysopa Leach, 1815 recorded in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. Regarding those species for which there were doubtful records or taxonomic questions, almost all the Iberian specimens were studied and compared with material coming from other areas to clarify these questions. So, their presence in Iberian-Balearic fauna, with the corresponding confirmation or correction of certain records, was verified, and the identity of some taxa (species and varieties) was elucidated. The validity of Chrysopa nierembergi Navás, 1908 regard to C. formosa Brauer, 1850 is confirmed, and its Lectotype is designated. Also the Lectotypes of Chrysopa nierembergi var. andreui Navás, 1910 and for Chrysopa nierembergi var. clara Navás, 1915 are designated. Both are considered synonyms of C. nierembergi. Only two of the Iberian records of Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesmael, 1841 are considered as valid, and the presence of Chrysopa dubitans Mclachlan, 1887 in the Iberian fauna is confirmed. The variety Chrysopa nierembergi var. nitens Navás,
... No obstante, algunos temas generales aún quedan por resolver, y dentro de nuestro más próximo entorno citemos, por ejemplo, la posición de ciertas especies de algunos géneros (Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964, Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi, 1995 que están siendo permanentemente motivo de estudio y discusión (Henry, 1985;Wells & Henry, 1992a, 1992bThierry & Adams, 1992;Thierry et al., , 1996Thierry et al., , 1997Thierry et al., , 1998Thierry et al., , 2013Brooks, 1994;Henry et al., 1996Henry et al., , 2001Henry et al., , 2002Henry et al., , 2003Henry et al., , 2011Henry et al., , 2013Henry et al., , 2014Henry et al., , 2015Lourenço et al., 2006;, 2017aMonserrat, 2008;Pantaleoni & Sechi, 2014;Duelli et al., 2017;Duelli & Obrist, 2019, etc.). ...
Se aportan nuevos datos sobre las especies del género Chrysopa Leach, 1815 citadas en la Península Ibérica y Baleares. De las especies mencionadas en su fauna sobre las que existían dudas en la veracidad de sus citas o se había cuestionado su validez taxonómica, se ha estudiado y anotado la mayoría del material correspondiente, tanto ibérico como material de comparación de otras zonas, con la intención de dilucidar estas cuestiones. Bien sea para constatar su presencia en su fauna, con la correspondiente confirmación o corrección de ciertas citas, como para verificar la identidad de algunas especies de este género y algunas de sus variedades descritas, con la confirmación o revisión de su identidad taxonómica. Se confirma la validez de Chrysopa nierembergi Navás, 1908 respecto a C. formosa Brauer, 1850 y se designa para ella Lectotipo. También se designa Lectotipo para Chrysopa nierembergi var. andreui Navás, 1910 y para Chrysopa nierembergi var. clara Navás, 1915, ambas son consideradas sinónimas de C. nierembergi. Se dan por válidas solo dos de las citas ibéricas de Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesmael, 1841, y se confirma la presencia de Chrysopa dubitans McLachlan, 1887 en la fauna ibérica. Se eleva a categoría de especie la variedad Chrysopa nierembergi var. nitens Navás,1909, considerándola como especie válida: Chrysopa nitens Navás, 1909 stat. prom., designando para ella Lectotipo. De estas cinco especies se anotan sus caracteres de morfología externa y de genitalia masculina, así como algunos elementos diagnósticos y comparativos entre ellas o con otras especies próximas. Se comentan y se discuten algunos caracteres habitualmente utilizados en la identificación de las especies de Chrysopidae (variabilidad y persistencia de la pigmentación tegumentaria de los ejemplares según poblaciones, tiempo transcurrido desde su recolección y modo de conservación; uñas dilatadas en su base o no). Por último, y hasta que no existan nuevas evidencias, se descarta definitivamente la supuesta presencia de Chrysopa abbreviata Curtis, 1834 y Chrysopa walkeri McLachlan, 1893 en el solar ibérico, ya que está basada en citas antiguas imprecisas o inconsistentes, no corroboradas por nuevo material. El género Chrysopa está representado en la fauna Ibero-Balear por diez especies, de las cuales se anota y recopila la información existente, y se aporta nuevo material, también se actualizan la clave de especies de este género y los mapas de su distribución en la Península Ibérica y Baleares.
... Chrysoperla carnea, once considered to be of Eurasian origin and introduced to North America (Henry 1983, Brooks 1994) is mass-produced and introduced into agricultural systems as a biocontrol agent (Tauber et al. 2000). Chrysoperla carnea was recently divided into a complex of 15 or more species that are reproductively isolated by their mate-attraction songs (Henry et al. 2011) and analysis of commercially produced specimens labeled as C. carnea were in fact dominated by C. plorabunda (Fitch) (a North American species) and no C. carnea were present (Henry and Wells 2007). Future research on Canadian Neuroptera is likely to yield some new species and range extensions in the more diverse families (Table 1). ...
The Neuroptera of Canada consists of 101 extant species, an increase of 26 (35%) since the previous assessment of the fauna in 1979. More than 48 additional species are believed to occur in Canada based largely on recent DNA evidence and new distribution records. The Barcode Of Life Data System (BOLD) currently includes 141 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) for Canadian Neuroptera. Canadian fossils have thus far yielded 15 species in three families of Neuroptera.
... Throughout its range, each species retains its distinctive courtship signal, including in regions where it might be sympatric or even syntopic with other members of the carnea-group (e.g. compare the song of Chrysoperla agilis Henry et al. in Switzerland, the Azores, or Fairbanks, Alaskasee Henry et al. 2003Henry et al. , 2011. ...
Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. is discovered in northern Iran,
co-occurring with at least five other cryptic species of the
Chrysoperla carnea-group. It is distinguished by the volley period
and tonality of its courtship duetting song. Another Asian species
from alpine meadows of northern Kyrgyzstan, previously
C. ‘adamsi-K’ but here named Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov., has a
song distinct from but convergent with both C. shahrudensis and
North American Chrysoperla adamsi. Coordinated duets can be
established in the laboratory between individuals of
C. shahrudensis and recorded songs of either C. bolti or
C. adamsi. Such functional song equivalence in distinct allopatric
species suggests that repeated episodes of parallel speciation
can drive the origin of cryptic species diversity in lacewings.
Morphology, life history, and ecology of larvae and adults of
C. shahrudensis and C. bolti are then formally described. Adding
C. shahrudensis to a large mitochondrial DNA data set for ≈ 21
species shows it to be similar to neither C. adamsi nor C. bolti,
further supporting independent, convergent evolution of song
rather than song similarity due to relationship. Although C. bolti
and C. shahrudensis are both from Asia and share some basic
temporal song features
... The suite of features described above is also shared by five other carnea-group species belonging to what has called the 'nomadic guild'-lacewings that are additionally characterized by high vagility and excellent value as agents of biological control (see also Henry et al. 2011). Chrysoperla nipponensis is clearly a member of the nomadic guild. ...
Larval morphology and substrate-borne vibrational courtship songs have been hypothesized to distinguish and isolate Chrysoperla 'nipponensis-B' from true 'Type A' Chrysoperla nipponensis (Okamoto), both of which occur sympatrically in eastern Asia. Here, we formally describe C. 'nipponensis-B' as Chrysoperla nigrocapitata sp.n., based on populations sampled throughout Japan and at two sites in South Korea. Behavioral playback experiments show that males and females of each species reject the duetting songs of non-conspecifics, supporting the existence in nature of strong premating reproductive isolation between the two species. Detailed morphological analysis substantiates that the adults of the two species are nearly identical. However, the dorsum of the larval head of C. nigrocapitata is usually darkly and heavily pigmented, in striking contrast to the condition seen in C. nipponensis; if available, it is probably the best trait for distinguishing the two species morphologically. Other aspects of life history, ecology, geographic distribution, and molecular systematics of the new species are briefly considered.
... We now know that members of the carnea group sort themselves into reproductively isolated units, using species-specific substrate-borne vibrational duetting songs (Wells & Henry, 1998). The recognition of songs as species delimiters has led to the identification and description of more than 16 cryptic species within the carnea group, with most occupying large and extensively overlapping geographic ranges (Noh & Henry, 2010;Henry et al., 2011). Although very few of these biological species can be diagnosed by visual inspection, their songs provide unambiguous clues to species identity (Henry & Wells, 2007). ...
Green lacewings of the Chrysoperla carnea species group use substrate-borne vibrational duetting songs rather than morphology or pheromones for species recognition. Because each of the many cryptic, reproductively isolated song species typically has an extensive geographic range, potentially interfertile biological species are broadly sympatric, and therefore must use distinct regions of acoustic song space if they are to remain reproductively isolated. However, this constraint does not apply to species restricted to different continents, giving rise to the possibility of parallel evolution of song phenotypes between continents. Here we describe a striking example of parallel song evolution, between a known European species, Chrysoperla pallida, and a newly discovered vivid-green North American species, Chrysoperla calocedriisp.nov. To verify this parallelism, we show that: (1) the songs of the two species have measurably similar multi-volley temporal and frequency structure; (ii) the songs share the same basic genetic pathway; (iii) each species is unable to discriminate between its own and the other's song in playback trials, confirming the acoustic niche overlap; (iv) the two species readily establish normal duets with each other in the lab, leading to copulation and the production of vigorous hybrid progeny bearing an intermediate song phenotype; (v) they have distinct morphologies in both adults and larvae, suggesting different adaptive responses and therefore independent evolutionary histories; and (vi) they occupy relatively distant positions in a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 4630bp of protein-coding mitochondrial DNA, rejecting the alternative hypothesis of similarity through recent common ancestry. We include a formal description of C.calocedriisp.nov. as a new species, and provide additional observations of its behaviour, ecology, and life history.
The systematic status of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) sensu lato has been altering and instead of a polymorphic single species, a complex of cryptic species, the Chrysoperla carnea complex or carnea-group should take now into consideration. However, the continually forming names of the member species cannot be called exact. The very name is used unclearly in two distinct ways: it may designate an aggregate of closely similar European common green lacewing species, the carnea-complex auctorum, or more correctly one of the two different true components of the above-mentioned complex. This anomaly widely permeates the whole use in these days.
An example for the confusing situation considering the most frequent common green lacewings: 1) Chrysoperla affinis (Stephens, 1836) former Ch. kolthoffi (Thierry et al. 1998) or Chrysoperla carnea former Chrysoperla kolthoffi (Navás, 1927) sensu Cloupeau (Cc4 as song species), or “motorboat”(as song type) (Henry et al. 2002) or; 2) Chrysoperla lucasina (Lacroix, 1912) and 3) Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) sensu stricto (Thierry et al. 1998) or Cc2 (“slow-motorboat”) or Chrysoperla pallida (Henry et al. 2002); 4) Chrysoperla agilis Henry, Brooks, Duelli & Johnson, 2003 (Henry et al. 2003) or Cc3 (Maltese). The situation of naming the species complex changes geographically: The old name, Chrysoperla carnea is used in most of African and Asian countries. In Europe many entomologists employ Chrysoperla carnea and they do not and cannot care for taxonomic accuracy. Some European neuropterologists apply the names provided by the researchers founded the acoustic identification of the carnea group but try to identify common green lacewings morphologically. Finally, there are some scientists who use both the classical morphologic identification and the naming given by the founders of this methodology. In Hungary the confusion is even more advanced because Chrysopa carnea - as a consequence of an error published in a German crop protection book (Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten) – was mistakenly adopted as Chrysopa perla into a Hungarian university textbook in 1973 and the mistake was conserved for 22 years. Thus, regrettably, many crop protection practitioners have had no clear information even on the former name of the taxon. The practical approach of the taxon is divided between the clearly and classically morphological way and a hybrid direction when acoustic naming and morphological identification are mixed. Certainly, this makes even more complicated the circumstances. To clarify this confusing situation, it is proposed to confine the epithet carnea alone for one particular species of the original series described more than 170 years ago and to use the valid alternative names affinis and lucasina for the other species. Thus we can keep the name carnea-complex or Ch. carnea s.l. for the whole group of common green lacewings. This way, interpretative imprecision resulting from a mistakably application vanishes.
A közönséges fátyolka Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) a leg-gyakoribb, a legjobban tanulmányozott, a legjobban ismert és a leginkább alkalmazott és hivat-kozott fátyolkafaj. A Ch. carnea régóta áll a figyelem középpontjában, mert az egyik legalkalmasabb jelöltje az IPM programoknak: Világszerte megtalálható, lárvái polifág ragadozók, amelyek fontos termesztett növényeink közismert károsítóinak természetes ellenségei, könnyen és olcsón tenyészthetô, mesterséges táplálékforrások és menedékek kijuttatásával számosságuk és termékeny-ségük növelhetô, valamint növényvédô szereknek ellenálló népességeit találták meg. Alkalmazását azonban megnehezítik a rendszerezését kísérô félreértések. Ezek a félreértések mindennaposak egész Európában, de Magyarországon a helyzet még kiélezettebb. A tévedések sorozata még 1957-ben kezdôdött a Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten egyik kötetében, amelynek többszörös elírását (a legfontosabb faj a Chrysopa perla lenne?) a hazai szakirodalom átvette és szerencsétlenül konzer-válta évtizedekre egy tankönyvbe. A további történések a bonyodalmat inkább csak fokozták, amely részben más okok miatt még most sem oldódott meg. Kiderült, hogy az a taxon, amelyet korábban közönséges fátyolkának neveztek, nem egyetlen faj, hanem testvérfajok komplexe. Ezek a testvérfa-jok azonban nagyon nehezen határozhatók, és a két elfogadott határozási módszer követôi más és más elnevezéseket használnak az egymáshoz alaptanilag nagyon hasonló fajokra. Ez a határozási és elnevezési kettôsség az, amely a jelenlegi zavarodottság forrása nemcsak hazánkban, de Európá-ban és az egész világon. Eddigi ismereteink szerint hazánkban a következô testvérfajok fordulnak elô: a Chrysoperla affinis, a Chrysoperla carnea sensu stricto, a Chrysoperla lucasina és a Chrysoperla agilis. Sok publikációban a fajok eltérô megnevezése zavaró, mert az egyik testvérfaj neve megegyezik a teljes fajkomplex nevével. Továbbá, ugyanannak a testvérfajnak más elnevezése is van. Ez a név kavalkád megnehezíti a felhasználásukat a biológiai védekezésben. Mi lehet a megoldás? A carnea elnevezést csak egyetlen fajra használjuk, arra amelyet Stephens 170 évvel ezelôtt is így írt le. A többi, az elnevezés szempontjából kérdéses fajra pedig alkalmaz-zuk az érvényes alternatív elnevezéseket (affinis és lucasina). A teljes fajkomplex neve maradjon Chrysoperla carnea komplex vagy carnea csoport esetleg Chrysoperla carnea sensu lato. A szerzôk áttekintik a faj(komplex) magyarországi és nemzetközi (fôleg európai) megítélését s ennek gyakorlati következményeit különös tekintettel arra, hogy milyen elvek és ismeretek szabják meg a korrekt tájékozódást és tájékoztatást a taxon határozását, elnevezését és elôfordulását illetôen.
In this paper, a dynamic sampling rate adjustment scheme is proposed for compressive spectrum sensing in cognitive radio network. Nowadays, compressive sensing (CS) has been proposed with a revolutionary idea to sense the sparse spectrum by using a lower sampling rate. However, many methods for compressive spectrum sensing assume that the sparse level is static and a fixed compressive sampling rate is applied over time. To adapt to time-varying sparse levels and adjust the sampling rate, we proposed to model sparse levels as a dynamic system and treat the dynamic rate selection as a tracking problem. By introducing the Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) algorithm into a distributed compressive spectrum sensing framework, we could not only track the optimal sampling rate but determine the unoccupied channels accurately in a unified method.
In a research project investigating the contribution of forest ecotone structures to regional arthropod biodiversity, the neuropteran fauna was assessed at five differently-structured forest edges and, for comparison, 50 m inside the forest. Arthropods were collected from February to November by means of pitfall traps, window (interception) traps and yellow water pans. The traps were installed along transects, reaching horizontally from the open cultivated land into the forest and vertically, on scaffolds, from the ground up to the tree crowns. For each of the species of the insect orders Neuroptera (59), Raphidioptera (3) and Mecoptera (2), spatio-temporal distribution patterns from open habitats into the forest can be generated from the available database. Only 3 species (5%) were equally or more numerous inside the forest than at the edges. Of particular interest is the distribution in space and time of three sibling species of the Chrysoperla carnea complex (C. lucasina, C. pallida, C. carnea). Neuroptera and Raphidioptera showed their highest species numbers in the shrub belt and the forest mantle, while the Mecoptera preferred the herbaceous fringe. Traps located deepest inside the forest yielded the lowest number of species. In the forest interior, species numbers peaked in the canopy. However, the canopy yielded markedly fewer species than the forest edges. Steep forest edges contained 24% more species than the forest interior, sloped, structurally rich forest edges even 60% more.
Male and female lacewings tremulate during courtship, establishing duets that always precede copulation. Three distinct courtship songs are found in populations of the green lacewing Chrysoperla plorabunda (P1, P2 and P3 song morphs). Analysis of five features of the songs for individuals collected from Connecticut, Idaho, Oregon and California showed few differences within song morphs, but sympatric song morphs differed significantly in temporal features of the songs and their mode of presentation. Playback experiments using recorded songs were performed on females with all possible sympatric and allopatric combinations of females and recorded songs. The results showed that females strongly prefer to duet with recordings of males of their own song type and usually showed no responses to songs of other types. Thus, song differences are effective barriers to reproduction between the sympatric morphs. Our results support the hypothesis that the three song morphs are true biological species.
Although traits of related species are likely to be similar due to common ancestry, mating signals are an exception. In singing insects, for example, song similarity has been documented only for allopatric or allochronic species pairs, and even then, not often. Where song similarity does occur, it has been logically attributed to the inheritance of ancestral traits rather than convergence. It is quite common for related, sympatric insect species to differ dramatically in calling song, which is predicted by evolutionary theory to maximize intraspecific mating success. Given that there are a limited number of ways to make sounds on anatomically similar organs and given that there would be no selective pressure for songs to differ in widely separated geographic areas, convergence in songs among related species living on different continents might be expected. Here we present the first well-documented case of such convergence, in a group of sibling, cryptic species characterized by substrate-borne vibrational mating songs. In this example from green lacewings of the carnea group of the genus Chrysoperla, a variety of statistical tests shows that one species in North America and another in Asia possess songs that are strikingly similar to each other. DNA data demonstrate that the species involved belong to divergent speciose lineages, and behavioral data demonstrate that the convergent songs are readily accepted by members of both species.
p. 89, l.8 from bottom. μ^1should readμ^i.
p. 90, l.7. Insert comma after ηj.
p. 93. Delete footnote. Tukey's method does not apply to the interactions, since the aij are not all equal for i ≠ j.
p. 100, l. below (28): ψ > A¯Should read ψ $ A.
p. 100, 2nd and 7th lines below (28): ψ ⩾ A.
p. 102, l.16. ζ^1should readζ^i.
p. 102, l. 15 from bottom. Insert this sentence: It is assumed that γ < ½ π in the following developments; the value of P2 at γ = ½ π, stated in § 4, is easily derived separately.
p. 102, l. 14 from bottom. ζk-1should readζ^k-1.
p. 103, 2nd line above (38). Insert w before p1.
Although traits of related species are likely to be similar due to common ancestry, mating signals are an exception. In singing insects, for example, song similarity has been documented only for allopatric or allochronic species pairs, and even then, not often. Where song similarity does occur, it has been logically attributed to the inheritance of ancestral traits rather than convergence. It is quite common for related, sympatric insect species to differ dramatically in calling song, which is predicted by evolutionary theory to maximize intraspecific mating success. Given that there are a limited number of ways to make sounds on anatomically similar organs and given that there would be no selective pressure for songs to differ in widely separated geographic areas, convergence in songs among related species living on different continents might be expected. Here we present the first well-documented case of such convergence, in a group of sibling, cryptic species characterized by substrate-borne vibrational mating songs. In this example from green lacewings of the carnea group of the genus Chrysoperla, a variety of statistical tests shows that one species in North America and another in Asia possess songs that are strikingly similar to each other. DNA data demonstrate that the species involved belong to divergent speciose lineages, and behavioral data demonstrate that the convergent songs are readily accepted by members of both species.
Male and female lacewings tremulate during courtship, establishing duets that always precede copulation. Three distinct courtship songs are found in populations of the green lacewing Chrysoperla plorabunda (P1, P2 and P3 song morphs). Analysis of five features of the songs for individuals collected from Connecticut, Idaho, Oregon and California showed few differences within song morphs, but sympatric song morphs differed significantly in temporal features of the songs and their mode of presentation. Playback experiments using recorded songs were performed on females with all possible sympatric and allopatric combinations of females and recorded songs. The results showed that females strongly prefer to duet with recordings of males of their own song type and usually showed no responses to songs of other types. Thus, song differences are effective barriers to reproduction between the sympatric morphs. Our results support the hypothesis that the three song morphs are true biological species.