ArticlePDF Available

Desert locust management: from ecology to anthropology

DOI:10.1665/1082-6467(2005)14[179:DLMFET]2.0.CO;2
Authors:
Michel Lecoq at Independant consultant in locust ecology and control
Michel Lecoq
  • Independant consultant in locust ecology and control
Download full-text PDFDownload full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract

Plague locusts are a major problem in many developing countries. For the desert locust, control by a preventive strategy proved effective, and led to a dramatic decrease in outbreak frequency and duration over the last 40 y. Principal problems are now of an organizational nature. Natural-risk management plans for locust outbreaks, associated with new financial mechanisms, must be implemented in order to ensure early reaction, efficiency of control and sustainability of the preventive approach. Studies of these outbreaks should be based on the ecological mechanisms considered to date, but also be broadened to include economic, social, organizational and cultural mechanisms that have been largely overlooked in the past. New concepts, such as risk-management systems, stakeholder strategies, and governance, should be given serious consideration. A new approach to locust issues is suggested, using techniques derived from sociological and anthropological sciences.
2005 Lecoq - Desert locust management...ogy to anthropology - J
OR.pdf
Content uploaded by Michel Lecoq
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Michel Lecoq
Content may be subject to copyright.
2005 Lecoq - Desert locust management...ogy to anthropology - J
OR.pdf
Content uploaded by Michel Lecoq
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Michel Lecoq
Content may be subject to copyright.
฀ 
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀

฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀

฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
 ฀ 
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀฀
฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
 ฀ 
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀
฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
 ฀ 
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀

฀

฀

฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
 ฀ 
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀

฀

฀

฀

฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
 ฀ 
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 
฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
 ฀ 
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀

฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀

฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀
฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀฀
฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀ ฀฀
฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀
฀฀฀฀
฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀
... In West and North Africa, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia, the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskl, 1775) is regarded as a serious agricultural pest (Cressman, 2021;Lecoq, 2001;Steedman, 1990). Recurrent invasions of this insect pose a serious threat to agricultural production and have disastrous effects on food security in more than 50 countries (Brader et al., 2006;Lecoq, 2005Lecoq, , 2004Lecoq, , 2003Lecoq, , 2001Samejo et al., 2021). Pakistan has a questionable history, with occasional swarm invasions. ...
... This insect is not merely a problem of the past, and spectacular incidents still happen occasionally (Belayneh, 2005;Latchininsky et al., 2011;Latchininsky, 2013). For a variety of reasons, some outbreaks cannot be stopped at an early stage (Lecoq, 2005(Lecoq, , 2001, the swarms spread quickly over an expanding area, the control measures become more and more expensive and difficult to organize, the villagers are typically powerless in the face of the swarms' sudden and massive arrival, and crop damage can be significant (Brader et al., 2006;Lecoq, 2005). The current upswing that began in 2018 and continued through 2019-2020 serves as evidence of this. ...
... This insect is not merely a problem of the past, and spectacular incidents still happen occasionally (Belayneh, 2005;Latchininsky et al., 2011;Latchininsky, 2013). For a variety of reasons, some outbreaks cannot be stopped at an early stage (Lecoq, 2005(Lecoq, , 2001, the swarms spread quickly over an expanding area, the control measures become more and more expensive and difficult to organize, the villagers are typically powerless in the face of the swarms' sudden and massive arrival, and crop damage can be significant (Brader et al., 2006;Lecoq, 2005). The current upswing that began in 2018 and continued through 2019-2020 serves as evidence of this. ...
Analytical observation Upsurge and Current Situation of Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria) in Sindh, Pakistan:
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2023
Schistocerca gregaria (Forskl, 1775), one of the most notorious insects in the world, significantly harms the economy and agriculture each year. It was reputedly the biggest infestation to hit Pakistan since the 1990s, destroying wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, and vegetable crops, and it was also the cause of the worst disaster of 2019–2020. We have extensively examined the external characteristics of this swarm using the mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit 1 (COI), morphometry of the solitary and gregarious phases, influenced host plants, as well as its deterrent status. Swarms of Desert Locusts, which have been on the rise recently, have had a substantial negative influence on Pakistan's agriculture, destroying all kinds of crops. Preliminary projections of the financial losses over the two agricultural seasons in 2020 and 2021 may vary from 3.4 billion US dollars to 10.21 billion US dollars. This drastically increased the price of ordinary products in the market. In addition, locust activity has grown and is presently present in a number of affected areas. For the species to be managed and controlled effectively, accurate species identification is essential. This study seeks to explain this essential management attention
View
... Bu risk yönetim planı, farklı düzeylerde (uluslararası, bölgesel ve ulusal) geliştirilmeli ve krizleri daha da kötüleşmeden önlemek için birkaç uyarı düzeyi içermelidir. Çekirge kontrolü çalışmalarının odak noktası, eğer sürdürülebilir bir çözüm bulunacaksa, sadece çekirge değil, aynı zamanda insanlık, onun gerçek güdüleri, rekabet eden çıkarları ve organizasyon stratejileri olmalıdır (Lecoq, 2005). ...
View
... (7) Transdisciplinary approaches are critical. The situation of the repetitive cycle has long been denounced [60,61,69]. Despite the immense improvements in monitoring and control methods, if outbreaks remain-albeit at a more modest level than in the past-it indicates it is no longer only a problem of limited biological and technical advancements. ...
What Have We Learned after Millennia of Locust Invasions?
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2022
Locust outbreaks have long been a very serious problem for agriculture and livelihoods in many countries globally. This article is an introduction to a Special Issue of the journal Agronomy devoted to the management of these pests. Although not exhaustive, the nineteen articles herein cover a variety of species, many regions of the world and many aspects of pest locust management and research in the early 21st century. This book is a source of information and reflection, as well as a resource, to support new areas of investigation and practice contributing to the process of developing sustainable solutions for locust invasions.
View
... Most of the major breeding areas are located in remote, rugged areas (Steedman 1988, Showler 2019) often beset by insecurity (e.g., armed conflict and mine fields) (Showler 2003, Walsh and Walsh 2003, which impede surveillance and control operations. Relatively recent episodes and control campaigns were the first detailed in the scientific literature, such as the 1986-1989 plague (Showler and Potter 1991, Krall 1995), 1992-1994 (Showler 1995b, Bouaichi 1996, Ceccato et al. 2007, 1998 outbreak (Showler 2002-2005upsurge (Belayneh 2005, Ceccato et al. 2007, Showler 2019, and the most recent plague that began in 2018 (Joshi et al. 2020). ...
Desert Locust Episode in Pakistan, 2018-2021, and the Current Status of Integrated Desert Locust Management
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2022
Desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), swarms during outbreaks, and plagues can invade many countries across vast regions of Africa and Asia, consuming substantial quantities of crops and rangeland vegetation. In the most recent desert locust episode, which originated in Saudi Arabia’s remote interior in June 2018, and swarms entered Pakistan in March 2019, devastating important crops, such as cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; and maize, Zea mays L., in >60 districts of Baluchistan, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Sindh provinces. A national emergency was declared on 1 February 2020. A national emergency was declared on 1 February 2020 and the Department of Plant Protection responded by conducting surveillance and control operations with the assistance of other Pakistani organizations, and multilateral and bilateral international aid agencies. Surveillance and control operations were performed by ground and by air, applying mostly oil-based ultra-low volume insecticide formulations combined with some nonconventional control tactics. The Pakistan government also established a detailed multi-phased locust control policy and a National Locust Control Center with rapid response units deployed to vulnerable districts. To prevent or mitigate desert locust-associated agricultural damage, additional improvements to surveillance and control approaches are needed. The desert locust’s unique behaviors, and the magnitude and intermittency of swarming episodes, pose challenges to the development and implementation of coherent integrated pest management strategies. The status of a possible integrated approach to desert locust management, including proactive and preventive intervention strategies, is discussed.
View
... However, probably, a more parsimonious explanation is that effective preventive strategies put in place for different locust species in the world in the sixties [1,83], play key roles in long recession periods. The gregarization process in SAL has been compared with that of S. gregaria in the laboratory [9], but there needs to be field studies such as those already conducted for S. gregaria [67,[98][99][100][101][102]. A detailed analysis of ways to improve methods of treatment are required, not only an investigation of the latest chemical treatments appropriate for governments and landholders but also an integration of biological control, as has been already accomplished in Australia [103], Mexico [104], China [55], Tanzania [105], and Somalia [106] as part of complete implementation of Integrated Pest Management programs. ...
A Review of the Biology, Ecology, and Management of the South American Locust, Schistocerca cancellata (Serville, 1838), and Future Prospects
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2022
In the first half of the twentieth century, the South American Locust (SAL), Schistocerca cancellata (Serville, 1838), was a major pest of agriculture in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Brazil. From 1954–2014, a preventive management program appeared to limit SAL populations, with only small- to moderate-scale treatments required, limited to outbreak areas in northwest Argentina. However, the lack of major locust outbreaks led to a gradual reduction in resources, and in 2015, the sudden appearance of swarms marked the beginning of a substantial upsurge, with many swarms reported initially in Argentina in 2015, followed by expansion into neighboring countries over the next few years. The upsurge required a rapid allocation of resources for management of SAL and a detailed examination of the improvements needed for the successful management of this species. This paper provides a review of SAL biology, management history, and perspectives on navigating a plague period after a 60-year recession.
View
... The desert locust has great potential of destruction among all the locust pests because of their ability to swarms quickly from one region to other with high speed. It has up to six generations per year [23]. In recent report, FAO [24] has warned Pakistan about the invasion of desert locust due to Table 3 34430 2800 37230 165800 Bahawalpur 57765 200 57965 183140 Bahawalnagar 340 0 340 500 Total 92535 3000 95535 349440 Note: All observation were taken up to 24-02-2020 (Source DPP) humid winter. ...
THE STUDY OF VARIOUS BODY PARAMETERS AND IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON POTENTIAL SWARMING OF Schistocerca gregaria FORSKAL (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2021
Environment is the fundamental factor for deciding the conveyance and plenitude of locust species globally. The various body's parameters of males and females like distance between two eyes, length of head, pronotum, tegmina, wings, femur, tibia, total body length, total body length with tegmina and impact of climate on abrupt swarming of Schistocerca gregaria was examined during the present study. Locusts swarms landed on vast fields of cotton, wheat, maize, sugarcane and other standing crops in fertile parts of southern Punjab. It is estimated that million acres fertile land was badly affected by this sudden eruption, although earlier plagues persist for shorter time periods but recent plague was largest one started from March, 2019 up to December, 2019. The huge quantities of swarms were observed in the months of September and October and small swarms were recorded in March and April which coincides with environmental factors like temperature, humidity and rainfall. Control measures has been taken against Desert locust over 349440 hectors and aerial spray with Malathion 95% ULV on 300 hectors while ground operation was carried out on 92535 hectors. The present study was an important contribution on locust swarming and their action in southern Punjab.
View
Risks of Deserts Locust and Its Mitigation
Chapter
  • Nov 2023
The ancient migratory pest “Desert Locust” is one of the natural disasters that the generation of twenty-first century is still grappling with. Locusts belong to the family Acrididae of grasshoppers, which includes most short-horned grasshoppers. Globally, more than 10,000 grasshopper species are dispersed throughout tropical, temperate grassland, and desert areas. Of these, locusts are a group of 18–21 species with the ability to swarm over long distances. Desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forksal), is the most dominant species of these with about 10 subspecies distributed in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Taxonomically, the locust and grasshopper are indistinguishable. But primary dissimilarity is that whether grasshopper species under favorable environment conditions forms a swarm (gregarious) or not (solitary). Often considered to be the “most important and dangerous of all migratory pests” which is known to invade 60 countries of the world. Interestingly, the proportion of crops damaged by locusts around the world is less than 0.2% but due to its voracious feeding, rapid reproduction, and extensive flight range, it can deprive a farmer from his sustenance in a single morning. Therefore, due to theses inherent features, the locusts have left indelible imprints in thoughts, views, scientific literature, along with arts of several cultures. Desert locust has three developmental stages (eggs, hoppers, adults), and its life cycle usually takes 2–4 months depending on the weather and ecological conditions. Although, the desert locust has been found in the Horn of Africa, since biblical times yet its intense outbreak in the recent past (2019–2020) is being linked with anthropogenic climate change and the increased frequency of extreme weather events such as El Niño and La Niña. Other factors like poor governance and the political uncertainties of these countries also intensified the plague and placed particular pressure on the already devastated nations. Unfortunately, the last locust outbreak (2019–2020) was the largest seen in the past 25, 30, 50, and 70 years in Somalia and Ethiopia, Pakistan, Iran, and Kenya, respectively, which posed serious economic, social, and environmental challenges. Overall, it affected 20 million persons in six (Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania) of the eight East African countries and put them at risk of acute food insecurity. The World Bank estimated that East Africa and Yemen alone suffered damages totaling US$8.5 billion. All over the world, maximum control measures implemented over years depended upon the application of conventional insecticides which are generally neurotoxic for locust. However, on account of their hazardous effects, there is an urge to invest for alternate controlling techniques which are ecofriendly as well as sustainable, like microbial insecticides. Other environmentally safe tools include georeferencing, global positioning systems, insect growth regulators, botanicals, and semiochemical traps. However, most of these are at infancy stages or not readily available in market. Herein, this chapter a review about the historical aspects, biology, and physiology of desert locusts is being presented. Furthermore, this chapter also sheds light on how climate change played a role in the in the irruption of the locust crisis, repercussions of the locusts invasion, and the potential of novel tools like remote sensing and the fungal-based biopesticides in its management is discussed.
View
Senegalese grasshopper – A major pest of the Sahel.
Chapter
  • Jul 2023
Locust and grasshopper (family: Acrididae) outbreaks are ancient agricultural challenges and can be difficult to manage due to their fast population growth and high mobility. The Senegalese grasshopper (Oedaleus senegalensis Krauss, 1877) is a major Sahelian pest distributed from West Africa to India that attacks cereal crops. It typically has three generations during the rainy season, which sequentially migrate north to south with prevailing rains, and is highly responsive to land use and land cover change, preferring fallow fields. Depending on environmental conditions and the characteristics of the rainy season, outbreaks are observed throughout Sahelian countries from Senegal to Sudan. The National Plant Protection Organizations (NPPOs) of many Sahelian countries consider O. senegalensis a significant pest and include it in regular monitoring and treatment programs; however, resources are often limited. Community-based management in collaboration with NPPOs, as well as development of improved decision-making and management tools, can leverage existing infrastructures to advance sustainable pest management and food security.
View
Schistocerca gregaria (desert locust)
Chapter
  • Jun 2022
The desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål), is one of about a dozen species of short-horned grasshoppers that can form dense, mobile adults’ swarms or huge hopper bands. Desert locust probably is the oldest and most dangerous migratory pest globally, affecting up to 60 countries in Africa, the Middle East and South West Asia. Magnitude of plagues and destruction they cause are due to exceptional gregariousness, mobility, voracity and size of swarms. Sudden and severe damage can be caused to a wide variety of crops. The outbreaks can result in substantial effects on national and regional food security and agricultural and agropastoral livelihoods when they reach upsurge or plague levels. In addition, social costs to the local human population during outbreaks can be enormous, but difficult to estimate. For decades, a preventive control strategy has been implemented under the aegis of the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome, Italy. This strategy aims to intervene early against localized outbreaks before plague status is reached, thus limiting the amount of pesticides used. This strategy is constantly being improved to take advantage of the latest technologies in communications, geographic information systems, satellite remote sensing, drones, models and early warning systems. FAO operates a centralised Desert Locust Information Service to monitor weather, ecological conditions and locust situation on a daily basis to assess current situation and forecast timing, scale and location of breeding, gregarization and migration up to six weeks in advance. Locust survey and control are primarily the responsibility of locust affected countries and are operations undertaken by national locust units. Several regional locust organizations also assist with survey and control operations. The effectiveness of this strategy has been proven for several decades, significantly reducing the frequency and magnitude of invasions since the 1960s. However, a number of challenges remain to make the control of this pest more efficient, sustainable and environmentally friendly. This datasheet on Schistocerca gregaria covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
View
How to Manage Migratory Pests and Potential Food Crises - Locusts Plagues in the 2020's
Book
Full-text available
  • Nov 2022
Locusts are a threat to agriculture and livelihoods in many countries globally. The economic, social, and environmental consequences of these highly migratory pests are so substantial that they are treated as a national priority by many countries and several international commissions have been established to unite efforts. This book, a special issue of the Agronomy journal, aims to shed light on some overarching questions: What have we learned from historical outbreaks, how serious is the threat, what research is ongoing and is needed to better manage these insects, how should the world respond to plagues today especially in the context of climate change, are recommended preventive strategies really effective and what are the constraints to their application, and is there a possibility to make better use of biological alternatives to chemical pesticides? This book is freely accessible on the MDPI Books platform: https://www.mdpi.com/books/book/6355
View
OPERATIONAL EARLY WARNING SYSTEM USING SPOT-VEGETATION AND TERRA-MODIS TO PREDICT DESERT LOCUST OUTBREAKS
Article
Full-text available
The Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria) is an insect whose distribution area extends from North Africa through the Near East to Southwest Asia. During invasion periods, adults form swarms that can fly or be carried by wind over great distances. These swarms can threaten crops located thousands of kilometres from their places of origin. Supported by its member countries, FAO established the "Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases" (EMPRES programme – Desert Locust Component) to minimize the risk of emergencies developing as a result of Desert Locust plagues. EMPRES has created an operational early warning system involving surveying for Locusts in order to find Desert Locust outbreaks as early as possible and prevent them from developing into serious upsurges or plagues. The system includes the use of SPOT-VEGETATION images received on a ten-day basis at FAO through ARTEMIS. The S10 SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI product and single channels (RED-NIR-SWIR) are analysed at the Desert Locust Information Service, FAO HQ for conditions favourable for Desert Locust reproduction and development. The images and analyses are then provided to each of the twenty countries via a FTP site where the Locust Information Officers can have direct access. The analyses aim to identify two sorts of error: i) Commission error (when NDVI indicates that there is vegetation but there is no real vegetation on the ground) ii) Omission error (when NDVI indicates no presence of vegetation but there is vegetation on the ground). To reduce the first type of error, S10 single channels (Red, NIR, and SWIR) are needed and provided to the users. To reduce the second type of error, TERRA-MODIS images are used to detect sparse vegetation not identified with SPOT-VEGETATION.
View
Desert Locust Threat to Agricultural Development and Food Security and FAO/ International Role in its Control.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Oct 2003
The Desert Locust is a major pest in many countries in Africa and the Near East. The episodic invasions are linked to favourable periods of rain in its desert outbreak areas where it originates. Recent studies have dealt with the persistence of the threat and have highlighted the economic, social and environmental issues which are very different from the usual crop protection problems encountered and which require specific actions. Monitoring and control are organised at both the national and regional levels with the support of the FAO (Food and Agriculture organization), thanks to three Desert Locust control commissions. At the international level, the FAO plays a major role - mandated by its members - in the coordination of monitoring and control activities. It operates a central forecasting and warning service and plays an importdnt role in the coordination of assistance, particularly during periods of recrudescence and plague. The Desert Locust Controi Committee was created by FAO in 1955, uniting the concerned countries and is responsible for following the development of locust activity throughout the entire invasion area, defining the most well adapted control strategies, mobilising the resources necessary for control operations, promoting research earmarked for the improvement of locust control and encouraging the coordination of domestic and international operation plans concerned with preventive actions. The last plague, from 1987-1989, the result of the gradual weakening of the preventive control system (responsible for the long recession period beginning in the 1960's) set off the debate once again about the importance of the Desert Locust and control strategies, in which the FAO played a key role. Today's preventive control strategy is still considered as the best possible aproach and consists of two basic elements: early waming and early reaction. In 1994 the FAO launched the EMPRES program, aimed at reinforcing the locust control capabilities of countries with outbreak areas and strengthening related regional and international cooperation. The success of the EMPRES program is vital to ensuring the sustainability of preventive control, to reducing invasion risks, to maintaining food safety in the region and to guaranteeing the preservation of the environment threatened by intensive chemical locust control campaigns.
View
Red locust phases in Madagascar (Nomadacris septemfasciata Serville, Orthoptera, Cyrtacanthacridinae).
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Aug 2005
Little is known about phase polymorphism of the red locust, Nomadacris septemfasciafa (Audinet-Serville, 1838) in Madagascar despite its economic importance. Gregarious forms of this locust had never been recorded until now on the island, only solitarious and transiens forms. The worsening of outbreaks provided an opportunity to study phase polymorphism under experimental and field conditions. Morphometric changes were noted when hoppers and adults were caged at different densities. Changes in different parameters (size, pronotum shape, and E/F ratio) were recorded under crowded conditions. These criteria were then used to analyze adults collected in different areas from amongst populations of various densities (from less than 1000 adults/ha to more than 25000/ha). ln the past, gregarious red locusts were likely classified as transiens locusts. The results of the present study revealed that true gregarious populations do exist in Madagascar. The phase transformation threshold density was determined: adults living in low density populations, i.e. less than 5000/ha, showed solitarious traits; whereas beyond this density the locusts were either transiens or even highly gregarious. Gregarious populations were observed in the northern part of the island, where serious outbreaks recently occurred after deforestation and the creation of new favorable biotopes. True gregarious populations were also observed in the south, a common outbreak area where, in the past, it was assumed that ecological conditions were not suitable for complete phase transformation to occur.
View
Towards an integrated strategy for the control of the Desert Locust.
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Jan 1997
The present strategy to prevent desert locust outbreaks and plagues is the result of long field experience and research conducted since the beginning of the century. However, this strategy can no longer be assumed to be completely effective. It is proposed to create a new integrated strategy incorporating preventive, curative and palliative levels and associating action plans for each of these levels. Résumé - La stratégie actuelle de prévention des pullulations et des invasions de Criquet pèlerin résulte d'une longue série de recherches conduites depuis le début de ce siècle. Elle est fondée scientifiquemenl et a été perfectionnée par une longue pratique de terrain. Toutefois, cette stratégie ne peut plus être considérée comme pleinement efiicace. Une nouvelle stratégie intégrée incorporant les différents niveaux stratégiques possibles d'intervention - préventif, curatif et palliatif - est proposée en leur associant des plans d'action clairement définis.
View
Proposition de Programme de lutte contre le Criquet pèlerin dans la partie occidentale de son aire d'habitat.
Technical Report
Full-text available
  • Jan 1998
Le programme EMPRES, dont l'importance a été reconnue par la Conférence de la FAO en octobre 1995, est chargé de lutter à long terme et de façon préventive contre les ravageurs et les maladies transfrontalières des animaux et des plantes, dont le Criquet pèlerin. Le programme EMPRES est conçu pour aider les pays exposés à ce fléau dans leurs efforts de prévention et de lutte et favoriser une collaboration régionale. Un premier programme est opérationnel dans la région centrale de l'aire d'habitat de ce ravageur depuis 1996. La présente proposition traite des modalités d'extension du programme à la région occidentale en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Nord-Ouest recommandée par la Conférence de la FAO en 1995. Elle résulte d'une mission de formulation réalisée en septembre et octobre 1997 par MM. P. Martini, chef de mission, B. Chara, M. Lecoq et L. Soumare. Elle a été discutée lors d'un atelier régional qui s'est déroulé à Nouakchott en mars 1998 et révisée par P. Martini et M. Lecoq en mai 1998. Le document présente la nature du problème posé par le Criquet pèlerin dans la région occidentale, l'organisation actuelle de la surveillance et de la lutte et l'intérêt du renforcement et du perfectionnement d'une stratégie préventive. Il propose un nouveau cadre pour l'organisation de cette lutte (tenant compte des recommandations du Comité de lutte contre le Criquet pèlerin), les principales composantes à mettre en oeuvre aux niveaux national, régional et international et, finalement, les coûts et les modalités de financement, sur le court terme comme sur le long terme, avec le souci de la pérennité du dispositif proposé.
View
Improving Seasonal Prediction Practices Through Attribution of Climate Variability
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2005
The Seasonal Diagnostics Consortium of the Applied Research Centers is engaging in a real-time activity to detect and understand the role of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in observed climate anomalies. The activity is aimed to improve practices in seasonal climate forecasting by fully harvesting the accumulated research evidence of the climate's sensitivity to ocean forcing. The approach, in the first phase of the activity, involves performing ensembles of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) at several institutions, using the most recently observed global SST anomalies as prescribed forcings. The runs are routinely updated each month as the latest SST observations become available, adding to the archive of historical simulations spanning the last half-century.The SST-forced signal in the seasonal mean climate is detected through the agreement among ensemble mean anomalies drawn from the simulations of the various AGCMs. The consortium activity also compares the dynamically forced signals with those estimated empirically, based on the observational archive. A comparison of the coordinated simulations with the observed climate anomalies is then made for two principal reasons: 1) to offer an attribution for the ocean's role in the origin of the observed seasonal climate anomalies, and 2) to determine the causes for success or failure of operational seasonal climate predictions, whose tools may be either mainly dynamically or empirically derived. It is expected that routine climate diagnostics and attribution efforts for climate anomalies will help further develop the knowledge base for improving the practice of seasonal climate predictions, and advance understanding of global climate on seasonal to decadal time scales.
View
Desert Locust Threat to Agricultural Development and Food Security and FAO/International Role in its Control
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2003
The Desert Locust remains a major threat for food safety and social stability, in particular for many rural populations living from an agriculture at high climatic risk. To control the invasions represents a high cost for the affected countries, the international community and a threat for the environment. FAO and its Locust and Others Migratory Pests Group play, at the international level, an irreplaceable part in the coordination of the activities for monitoring and control. During the last years, they had a driving role to reinforce the regional co-operation, to improve the techniques for survey and control, to promote via the EMPRES program a renovated preventative strategy. This program is vital to ensure the sustainability of the early warning system to prevent in the future major plagues of the Desert Locust.
View
New Strategies in Locust Control
Book
  • Jan 1997
In the late eighties large-scale control operations were carried out to control a major desert locust upsurge in Africa. For the first time since the banning of organochlorine pesticides these operations relied mainly on non-persistent pesticides such as organophosphates and pyrethroids. The amount of pesticides sprayed and the area covered were probably the highest in the history of locust control and raised criticism with respect to efficacy, economic viability and environmental impact. As a consequence, applied research into the problem was intensified, both at the national and the international level, with the goal of finding new and environmentally sound approaches and solutions to locust and grasshopper control. Emphasis was laid on developing new control agents and techniques. Based on these research topics, this book offers - a concise yet comprehensive overview of current and new strategies in locust control with implications for general pest control, - an introduction to new control agents (e.g., mycopesticides, botanicals, semiochemicals and chemicals), - results of economic analyses of crop loss assessment and control operations, - findings from studies of the ecology of selected African locusts and grasshoppers, - results and priorities of environmental impact assessment in locust control. The book is dedicated to applied researchers and decision-makers in national and international agricultural institutions and organizations.
View
View
The Desert Locust: An International Challenge
Article
A new plague of the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria started in 1986; it developed quickly in 1987 in the Sahelian countries and reached northwest Africa at the end of 1987. It expanded in 1988 in north Africa, the Sahel, the Sudan, the Near East, southwest Asia, and in october 1988, swarms crossed the Atlantic to the Caribbean. The plague declined dramatically in the past quarter of 1988, and by March 1989 the plague was over. A study of the latest known upsurges provides more support to the theory that a build-up of locusts arises from initially low-density populations rather than from the persistence of undetected swarming populations. The decline of the recent plague was probably attributable to the cumulative effect of control operations combined with natural environmental factors. Prevention of new plagues of the Desert Locust will be much more difficult as the restriction on the use of dieldrin poses major technical, logistic and financial problems.
View