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Open technique is more effective than percutaneous technique for TOPAZ radiofrequency coblation for plantar fasciitis

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Microtenotomy coblation using a radiofrequency (RF) probe is a minimally invasive procedure for treating chronic tendinopathy. It has been described for conditions including tennis elbow and rotator cuff tendinitis. There have been no long term studies to show its effectiveness in plantar fasciitis. A prospective non-randomised trial was conducted on 48 patients who had failed conservative treatment for plantar fasciitis, between 2007 and 2009. The procedure was performed using the TOPAZ microdebrider device (ArthroCare, Sunnyvale, CA), either via an open or a percutaneous method. Fifty-nine feet were treated and followed up for up to 1 year thereafter. Preoperative, 3, 6 and 12 months post-operative VAS pain, American Orthopaedic Foot-Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot and SF-36 scores, patient expectation and satisfaction scores were analysed. VAS scores improved significantly in both groups at 1-year follow-up. The open group had a more significant improvement in the VAS score at 1-year follow-up. AOFAS hindfoot scores improve significantly for both groups pre- and post-operatively, but there was no significant difference between both groups at the 1-year mark. SF-36 scores showed equally significant improvement in both groups 1 year post-operatively. Expectation and satisfaction scores were equally high in both arms. TOPAZ RF coblation is a good and effective method for the treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. Clinical results improve with time for up to 1-year post-operatively. The open method seems to have a more significant improvement in pain VAS scores at 1-year postoperatively.
Content may be subject to copyright.
Open
technique
is
more
effective
than
percutaneous
technique
for
TOPAZ
radiofrequency
coblation
for
plantar
fasciitis
Kae
Sian
Tay
MBBS*,
Yung
Chuan
Sean
Ng
MBBS,
MRCS(Edin),
MMed(Orth
Surg),
FRCS(Edin),
Inderjeet
Rikhraj
Singh
MBBS,
FRCS
(Glasg),
FAMS,
Keen
Wai
Chong
MBBS,
MRCS
(Edin),
M
Med
(Ortho),
FRCS
(Edin)(Ortho)
Department
of
Orthopaedic
Surgery,
Singapore
General
Hospital,
Outram
Road,
Singapore
169608,
Singapore
1.
Introduction
Plantar
fasciitis
is
a
common
problem,
afflicting
a
significant
proportion
of
the
population
at
some
point
in
their
life.
It
is
said
to
be
the
most
common
cause
of
heel
pain,
and
various
epidemiologi-
cal
studies
place
its
prevalence
at
10%
in
the
general
population
and
up
to
22%
in
runners
[1–3].
The
disease
has
been
shown
by
Lemont
et
al.,
more
accurately,
to
be
a
‘fasciosis’,
similar
to
tendinosis.
There
is
a
characteristic
lack
of
inflammatory
cells,
an
abundance
of
disorganised
collagen
and
fibroblastic
hypertrophy,
as
well
as
disorganised
vascular
hyper-
plasia
with
avascular
tendon
fascicles
[4].
The
result
is
reduced
nutritional
flow
to
the
affected
tendon,
with
compromised
repair
and
re-modelling
of
extracellular
matrix
required
for
healing.
Most
cases
resolve
with
conservative
therapy,
including
rest,
analgesia,
physiotherapy,
orthotics
and
steroid
injections
[5,6].
For
recalcitrant
cases,
extracorporeal
shockwave
therapy
provides
varying
degrees
of
success
[7–10].
On
the
other
hand,
the
traditional
surgical
release
of
the
plantar
fascia
yields
a
better
success
rate,
but
is
known
to
have
a
number
of
undesirable
effects,
namely
prolonged
surgical
recovery
time,
patient
apprehension,
and
various
surgical
complications
including
arch
instability,
plantar
fascia
rupture
and
excessive
strains
in
surrounding
structures
[11–13].
More
recently,
radiofrequency
microtenotomy,
by
stimulation
of
an
angiogenic
healing
response
in
tendons,
has
been
successfully
used
to
treat
tennis
elbow
and
rotator
cuff
tendinosis
[14,15,32].
Plantar
fasciitis
has
been
shown
to
respond
to
this
treatment
as
well
[33,34].
The
results
of
our
previous
pilot
study
were
also
encouraging,
when
using
this
method
to
treat
plantar
fasciitis
[16].
Furthermore,
Weil
et
al.
have
shown
that
this
technique
can
be
administered
using
a
minimally
invasive
approach
[17].
The
long-
term
outcome
of
this
modality
has
yet
to
be
studied.
The
purpose
of
this
study
is
to
directly
compare
the
open
and
the
percutaneous
(minimally
invasive)
approach
of
radiofrequency
microtenotomy
in
the
treatment
of
plantar
fasciitis,
as
well
as
assess
its
long
term
outcome.
Foot
and
Ankle
Surgery
18
(2012)
287–292
A
R
T
I
C
L
E
I
N
F
O
Article
history:
Received
27
April
2011
Received
in
revised
form
31
March
2012
Accepted
13
May
2012
Keywords:
Plantar
fasciitis
TOPAZ
Radiofrequency
microtenotomy
Percutaneous
Minimally
invasive
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
Background:
Microtenotomy
coblation
using
a
radiofrequency
(RF)
probe
is
a
minimally
invasive
procedure
for
treating
chronic
tendinopathy.
It
has
been
described
for
conditions
including
tennis
elbow
and
rotator
cuff
tendinitis.
There
have
been
no
long
term
studies
to
show
its
effectiveness
in
plantar
fasciitis.
Methods:
A
prospective
non-randomised
trial
was
conducted
on
48
patients
who
had
failed
conservative
treatment
for
plantar
fasciitis,
between
2007
and
2009.
The
procedure
was
performed
using
the
TOPAZ
microdebrider
device
(ArthroCare,
Sunnyvale,
CA),
either
via
an
open
or
a
percutaneous
method.
Fifty-
nine
feet
were
treated
and
followed
up
for
up
to
1
year
thereafter.
Preoperative,
3,
6
and
12
months
post-
operative
VAS
pain,
American
Orthopaedic
Foot-Ankle
Society
(AOFAS)
hindfoot
and
SF-36
scores,
patient
expectation
and
satisfaction
scores
were
analysed.
Results:
VAS
scores
improved
significantly
in
both
groups
at
1-year
follow-up.
The
open
group
had
a
more
significant
improvement
in
the
VAS
score
at
1-year
follow-up.
AOFAS
hindfoot
scores
improve
significantly
for
both
groups
pre-
and
post-operatively,
but
there
was
no
significant
difference
between
both
groups
at
the
1-year
mark.
SF-36
scores
showed
equally
significant
improvement
in
both
groups
1
year
post-operatively.
Expectation
and
satisfaction
scores
were
equally
high
in
both
arms.
Conclusions:
TOPAZ
RF
coblation
is
a
good
and
effective
method
for
the
treatment
of
recalcitrant
plantar
fasciitis.
Clinical
results
improve
with
time
for
up
to
1-year
post-operatively.
The
open
method
seems
to
have
a
more
significant
improvement
in
pain
VAS
scores
at
1-year
postoperatively.
ß
2012
European
Foot
and
Ankle
Society.
Published
by
Elsevier
Ltd.
All
rights
reserved.
*
Corresponding
author.
Tel.:
+65
91129240.
E-mail
address:
k_s_tay@hotmail.com
(K.S.
Tay).
Contents
lists
available
at
SciVerse
ScienceDirect
Foot
and
Ankle
Surgery
jou
r
nal
h
o
mep
age:
w
ww.els
evier
.co
m/lo
c
ate/fas
1268-7731/$
see
front
matter
ß
2012
European
Foot
and
Ankle
Society.
Published
by
Elsevier
Ltd.
All
rights
reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2012.05.001
2.
Methods
2.1.
Patient
selection
This
was
a
prospective
non-randomised
single-centre
study.
Institutional
Review
Board
(IRB)
approval
was
obtained
before
commencement
of
the
study.
A
total
of
48
patients,
aged
20–65,
diagnosed
with
plantar
fasciitis,
were
enrolled
in
the
study.
There
were
18
men
and
30
women.
A
total
of
59
feet
were
treated,
32
right
feet
and
27
left
feet.
Most
patients
presented
with
heel
pain,
resulting
from
repetitive
trauma
to
the
plantar
fascia,
usually
from
an
activity
related
to
work
or
sports.
Study
criteria
included
patients
being
symptomatic
for
at
least
6
months,
and
have
undergone
extensive
and
failed
conservative
therapy,
including
rest,
stretching,
strengthening
exercises,
non-steroidal
anti-inflammatories
and
steroidal
injections.
Patients’
feet
were
checked
to
exclude
any
biomechanical
abnormalities
such
as
excessive
pronation,
pes
cavus
or
a
hypermobile
first
ray.
Footwear
were
also
checked
to
ensure
that
they
fitted
well,
were
suitable
for
the
patients
and
were
not
a
cause
for
the
symptoms.
Other
exclusion
criteria
included
patients
who
have
a
body
mass
index
(BMI)
of
>35,
leg
length
discrepancies,
diabetes
mellitus,
confirmed
or
suspected
pregnancy,
coagulopathy,
infec-
tion,
tumour,
peripheral
vascular
disease,
autoimmune
disease
or
other
systemic
disease,
or
had
prior
surgery
to
the
same
plantar
fascia.
Patients
who
were
undergoing
litigation,
receiving
care
under
the
Workman’s
Compensation,
or
participating
in
another
related
study,
were
excluded.
After
undergoing
a
thorough
pre-operative
assessment,
all
the
patients
underwent
an
outpatient
RF-microtenotomy
procedure
on
the
plantar
fascia
for
the
treatment
of
plantar
fasciitis.
All
surgeries
were
carried
out
by
the
senior
orthopaedic
surgeons.
The
decision
to
use
the
open
method
or
the
percutaneous
method
was
based
on
both
surgeon
and
patient
preference.
This
preference
was
influenced
by
cost
of
procedure
(percutaneous
more
expensive)
versus
potential
benefits
(percutaneous
has
potentially
faster
recovery
time).
The
surgeons
were
comfortable
with
both
techniques
used.
Patients
were
discharged
on
the
same
day,
and
were
followed
up
in
the
clinic.
Data
collection
and
analysis
were
carried
out
by
an
independent
medical
physiother-
apist.
Baseline
radiography,
including
the
occasional
magnetic
resonance
imaging
(MRI)
was
done
to
exclude
any
other
pathological
conditions.
Due
to
the
cost
of
MRI,
it
was
only
performed
for
cases
where
significant
doubt
existed
regarding
the
diagnosis
(e.g.
atypical
symptoms).
2.2.
Clinical
outcomes
The
patients
were
assessed
via
several
modalities.
These
included
the
AOFAS
Ankle–Hindfoot
Scale
for
function
and
the
SF-36
questionnaire
for
the
quality
of
life.
Pre-operative
assess-
ment
was
done,
and
followed
up
at
3,
6,
and
12
months.
The
American
Orthopaedic
Foot-Ankle
Society
(AOFAS)
Ankle–Hindfoot
score
is
a
functional
score
assessing
the
patient’s
symptoms.
It
is
divided
into
pain,
function,
range
of
motion
and
alignment.
100
is
the
best
score,
and
0
is
the
worst
possible.
The
SF-36
questionnaire
consists
of
8
categories,
and
is
a
patient-based
health
status
assessment
survey
designed
to
assess
the
impact
of
medical
problems
across
a
broad
spectrum
of
disease
states
on
an
individual’s
general
sense
of
well-being
and
quality
of
life.
Categories
include
physical
functioning,
role
functioning,
bodily
pain,
general
health,
vitality,
social
functioning,
emotional
functioning
and
mental
health
state.
2.3.
TOPAZ
microtenotomy
machine
The
TOPAZ
microdebrider
device
(ArthroCare,
Sunnyvale,
CA),
connected
to
a
System
2000
generator
set
at
setting
4
(175V-RMS),
was
used
to
perform
the
RF-based
microtenotomy.
The
device
works
by
using
a
controlled
plasma-mediated
RF-based
process
(coblation).
The
RF
energy
is
used
to
excite
the
electrolytes
in
a
conductive
medium,
such
as
an
electrolyte
(saline)
solution,
to
generate
excited
radicals
within
precisely
focused
plasma.
The
energised
particles
in
the
plasma
thus
generate
sufficient
energy
to
break
up
covalent
molecular
bonds,
resulting
in
the
ablation
of
soft
tissues
at
relatively
low
temperatures
(typically
40–70
8C)
[18,19].
The
tip
of
the
TOPAZ
device
is
about
0.8
mm
in
diameter
and
has
a
surface
area
of
0.502
mm
2
.
The
tip
is
placed
on
the
plantar
fascia
that
has
been
exposed
following
an
incision
on
the
plantar
surface
of
the
foot.
Using
a
light
touch,
the
surgeon
activates
the
device
(at
setting
4),
for
500
ms,
and
microdebridements
were
performed
in
a
grid-like
pattern
at
5
mm
intervals,
to
a
depth
of
3–5
mm
within
the
fascia.
Having
the
microdebridements
too
close
to
each
other
would
increase
the
risk
of
rupture
as
more
fascia
than
necessary
is
ablated.
Assuming
that
the
mean
depth
of
each
microdebridement
is
4
mm,
each
perforation
would
remove
about
2
mm
3
of
tissue.
A
typical
plantar
fascia
microtenotomy
procedure
would
consist
of
10–20
microdebridements
(removing
20–40
mm
3
of
tissue),
depending
on
the
patient.
2.4.
Surgical
procedure
2.4.1.
Open
microtenotomy
Patients
were
put
under
general
anaesthesia
after
proper
supine
positioning.
A
tourniquet
was
inflated
over
the
affected
limb
to
the
appropriate
pressure
whilst
the
procedure
was
carried
out.
A
longitudinal
incision
of
about
3
cm
was
made
over
the
most
tender
part
of
the
foot
taking
care
to
avoid
the
weight
bearing
part
of
the
sole,
and
the
tissues
dissected
down
to
the
affected
plantar
fascia
(see
Fig.
1).
After
initiating
sterile
isotonic
saline
flow
of
1
drop
every
1–2
s
from
a
line
connected
to
the
RF
system,
the
TOPAZ
tip
was
placed
onto
the
fascia
and
the
microdebridements
carried
out
in
a
grid-
like
pattern
on
and
throughout
the
symptomatic
fascia
area
as
described
above.
After
debridement,
the
wound
was
irrigated
with
copious
amounts
of
normal
saline
solution
and
closed
in
layers
with
interrupted
Vicryl
suture
and
Prolene
to
the
skin.
A
local
anaesthetic
was
injected
into
the
skin
and
subcutaneous
tissues
around
the
wound,
and
standard
wound
dressings
were
applied.
Patients
were
allowed
to
weight
bear
fully
as
tolerated.
No
patient
required
any
orthotic
protection.
Fig.
1.
TOPAZ
scar
on
sole
of
foot.
K.S.
Tay
et
al.
/
Foot
and
Ankle
Surgery
18
(2012)
287–292
288
2.4.2.
Percutaneous
microtenotomy
The
most
tender
part
of
the
sole
was
marked
out
prior
to
anaesthetic
induction.
The
patients
were
then
put
under
general
anaesthesia
after
proper
supine
positioning,
and
the
tourniquet
was
inflated
to
an
appropriate
pressure.
A
2
mm
K-wire
was
used
to
puncture
the
skin
over
the
affected
area
in
a
grid-like
pattern,
spread
about
5
mm
apart
(see
Fig.
2).
The
TOPAZ
tip
was
then
inserted
through
the
puncture
wound,
and
activated
to
allow
the
RF
microtenotomy
to
take
place.
The
depth
of
insertion
of
the
TOPAZ
tip
was
estimated
so
as
to
achieve
an
alternate
3
mm
and
5
mm
depth
spaced
at
5
mm
intervals
apart
(corresponding
to
puncture
holes).
Wash
and
closure
of
the
wounds
were
standardised
as
in
the
open
technique
above.
2.5.
Statistical
analysis
Normally
distributed
data
were
described
using
standard
parametric
statistics.
Statistical
evaluation
of
scores
was
calculated
using
95%
confidence
intervals
and
parametric
paired
t-tests.
SPSS
for
Windows
was
the
software
used
in
this
study.
A
p
value
of
0.05
or
less
was
considered
statistically
significant.
3.
Results
The
procedures
were
performed
on
a
total
of
59
feet,
with
a
mean
age
of
43
years
(range
20.2–65.1
years).
There
were
38
female
feet
and
21
male
feet.
The
open
approach
was
taken
in
32
feet
and
the
percutaneous
approach
in
27
feet.
There
were
40
feet
at
3
months’
follow-up,
45
feet
at
6
months’,
and
21
feet
at
the
12-month
follow-up
visit.
3.1.
Analysis
as
a
single
group
Prior
to
the
procedure,
the
mean
VAS
score
was
7.0.
This
improved
to
3.38,
3.19
and
finally
1.94
at
3,
6
and
12
months’
follow-up
respectively.
This
was
a
statistically
significant
im-
provement
(p
<
0.001).
The
AOFAS
hindfoot
scores
also
demonstrated
significant
increases,
from
an
average
of
43.1
pre-operatively
to
68.6,
74.6,
and
80.1
at
3,
6,
and
12
months’
follow-up
respectively
(p
<
0.001)
(Fig.
3).
The
SF-36
scores
showed
significant
improvements
as
well,
in
several
aspects,
namely
physical
functioning,
role
functioning
(physical),
bodily
pain,
and
social
functioning.
Physical
functioning
scores
improved
from
a
pre-operative
mean
of
54.1
to
75.3
over
1
year
follow-up
(p
=
0.037).
Role
functioning
scores
increased
from
25.0
to
68.8
over
the
same
time
period
(p
=
0.009).
Bodily
pain
scores
increased
from
28.3
to
53.4
(p
<
0.001).
Social
functioning
scores
increased
from
50.8
pre-operatively
to
86.7
at
1
year
follow-
up
(p
=
0.009)
(Fig.
4).
Patient
satisfaction
was
reported
on
a
scale
of
1–6,
with
1
being
excellent
and
6
being
terrible.
The
mean
score
at
1
year
follow-up
was
3.06,
approximately
corresponding
to
‘good’.
14
out
of
21
patients
(66.7%)
reported
‘good’
to
‘excellent’
satisfaction
with
the
results
of
the
procedure
at
this
time.
On
a
scale
of
1–7,
measuring
meeting
of
expectations,
1
represented
‘yes,
expectations
totally
met’,
and
7
represented
‘no,
not
at
all’.
The
average
score
at
1
year
follow-up
was
2.90,
with
15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 YEAR6MTH3MTHPREOP
VAS SCORE
0
20
40
60
80
100
AOFAS SCORE
VISUAL
ANALOGUE
SCALE
(VAS)
AOFAS
HINDFOOT
SCORE
Fig.
3.
VAS
pain
score/AOFAS
hindfoot
scores
over
follow-up
period.
Fig.
2.
Minimally
invasive
TOPAZ
marking.
SF36 SCORES FOR PLANTAR FASCIITIS SURGERY
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
PHYSICAL
FUNCTIONING
ROLE
FUNCTIONING -
PHYSICAL
GENERALBODILY PAIN
HEALTH
SOCIALVITALITY
FUNCTIONING
ROLE
FUNCTIONING -
EMOTIONAL
MENTAL HEALTH
PREOP
3MTH
6MTH
1 YEAR
Fig.
4.
SF-36
scores
over
follow-up
period.
K.S.
Tay
et
al.
/
Foot
and
Ankle
Surgery
18
(2012)
287–292
289
out
of
21
patients
(71.4%)
reporting
that
their
expectations,
at
least
more
or
less,
had
been
met.
3.2.
Analysis
of
open
versus
percutaneous
approach
There
were
32
feet
treated
with
the
open
approach
and
27
feet
treated
with
the
percutaneous
approach.
Although
not
random-
ised,
the
two
groups
were
demographically
and
clinically
comparable
pre-operatively.
19
out
of
32
feet
(59.4%)
in
the
open
group
were
female,
whilst
19
out
of
27
feet
(70.4%)
in
the
percutaneous
group
were
female
(p
=
0.245).
The
average
age
in
the
open
group
was
43.8
years,
whilst
that
in
the
percutaneous
group
was
42.0
years
(p
=
0.559).
The
mean
pre-operative
VAS
score
for
pain
was
7.56
in
the
open
group
compared
to
7.48
in
the
percutaneous
group
(p
=
0.858),
AOFAS
hindfoot
score
was
41.5
in
the
open
group
and
42.2
in
the
percutaneous
group
(p
=
0.850),
and
all
components
of
SF36
showed
non-significant
differences
between
the
two
groups,
with
the
exception
of
mental
health.
The
average
SF36
mental
health
score
was
74.25
in
the
open
group
and
84.0
in
the
percutaneous
group
(p
=
0.028).
At
3
months
post-procedure,
there
was
no
significant
difference
in
VAS
scores
and
AOFAS
hindfoot
scores
between
both
groups.
There
was,
however,
a
significant
difference
in
the
bodily
pain
component
of
SF36.
The
open
group
had
a
mean
score
of
59.2
whilst
the
percutaneous
group
had
a
mean
score
of
44.2
in
this
category
(p
=
0.017).
The
other
components
of
SF36
did
not
demonstrate
any
significant
differences.
At
6
months
post-procedure,
there
was
again
no
demonstrable
significant
difference
between
the
two
groups
in
terms
of
VAS
scores
and
AOFAS
hindfoot
scores.
Three
components
of
the
SF36
showed
significant
differences:
vitality,
role
functioning
(emo-
tional)
and
mental
health.
The
mean
score
for
vitality
was
56.5
in
the
open
group
and
72.0
in
the
percutaneous
group
(p
=
0.007),
the
mean
score
for
role
functioning
(emotional)
was
75.6
in
the
open
group
and
100.0
in
the
percutaneous
group
(p
=
0.006),
and
the
mean
score
for
mental
health
was
74.9
in
the
open
group
and
84.4
in
the
percutaneous
group
(p
=
0.049).
At
12
months
post-procedure,
the
open
group
had
a
signifi-
cantly
lower
mean
VAS
score
of
0.78
compared
to
3.00
in
the
percutaneous
group
(p
=
0.035)
(Fig.
5).
The
open
group
had
a
higher
AOFAS
hindfoot
score
of
87.0
as
well,
versus
74.9
in
the
percutaneous
group,
but
this
did
not
reach
statistical
significance
(p
=
0.159)
(Fig.
6).
There
were
no
significant
differences
in
all
components
of
SF36.
At
this
point,
the
open
group
had
better
scores
for
patient
satisfaction
(2.56)
and
meeting
expectations
(2.67)
compared
to
the
percutaneous
group
(3.17
and
3.83
respectively);
however
this
was
not
statistically
significant
either.
Throughout
the
follow-up,
there
were
no
side-effects
or
adverse
events
from
the
procedure.
In
particular,
there
were
no
complica-
tions
of
plantar
fascial
rupture,
wound
infection
or
neurological
deficits.
4.
Discussion
It
is
well
documented
that
plantar
fasciitis
largely
resolves
with
conservative
therapy,
yet
there
remains
a
significant
minority
of
patients
for
whom
this
is
insufficient.
Our
study
focuses
on
this
group
of
patients.
Conventional
surgery
for
these
patients
would
involve
partial
plantar
fascial
release,
resection
or
debridement
of
the
affected
part
of
the
plantar
fascia.
Multiple
studies
have
placed
success
rates
for
surgical
intervention
between
70%
and
90%
[35–43].
Unfortunately,
as
stated
previously,
there
are
multiple
drawbacks
with
regards
to
surgery
[11–13].
As
such,
alternative
therapies
have
been
proposed.
Extracorporeal
shockwave
therapy
(ESWT)
was
first
applied
to
the
treatment
of
chronic
tendinoses
in
the
early
1990s
[20].
However,
inconsistent
results
have
plagued
studies
on
ESWT:
randomised
controlled
trials
and
even
systematic
reviews
and
meta-analyses
have
produced
contrasting
conclusions,
with
success
rates
ranging
from
30%
to
80%.
Some
trials
have
shown
no
difference
between
ESWT
and
placebo
[8–10,44–49].
Radiofrequency
coblation
was
later
studied
and
found
to
have
properties
making
it
suitable
for
use
in
such
conditions
namely
increased
angiogenesis,
reduction
of
inflammatory
responses,
and
increased
expression
of
growth
factors
such
as
VEGF
and
fibroblast
growth
factor
[21–25].
This
would
directly
address
the
patho-
physiology
of
chronic
tendinoses.
Early
studies
on
RF
microtenotomy
in
the
treatment
of
plantar
fasciitis
have
shown
promising
results.
However,
there
have
also
been
concerns
regarding
the
safety
of
this
procedure,
most
significantly
that
of
adjacent
tissue
injury
[26–28].
Other
studies
have
allayed
some
of
these
fears,
with
tissue
damage
shown
to
be
much
less
than
conventional
electrocautery
[29].
Our
results
confirm
that
RF
microtenotomy
is
indeed
effective
in
treating
plantar
fasciitis,
with
an
overall
satisfaction
rate
of
66.7%
and
meeting
expectations
of
71.4%
of
the
patients
at
1
year
follow-up.
Other
clinical
parameters
improved
as
well,
with
significant
improvements
in
both
pain
scores
and
AOFAS
hindfoot
scores.
In
addition,
patients
reported
better
quality
of
life
as
measured
by
the
SF36
questionnaire,
in
several
components.
In
the
group
of
patients
where
conservative
therapy
has
failed,
RF
microtenotomy
may
be
a
useful
alternative
to
surgery
or
ESWT.
Whilst
it
may
not
enjoy
a
similarly
high
success
rate,
it
has
the
advantage
of
less
complications
and
faster
recovery
time
compared
to
surgery.
With
regard
to
ESWT,
the
effectiveness
of
RF
microtenotomy
seems
to
be
comparable.
Although
more
invasive
than
ESWT,
it
can
also
avoid
some
associated
complications
such
as
local
haematomas.
Another
niche
this
technique
could
fill
would
TOTAL AOFAS HINDFOOT SCORES (OPEN VS PERCUTANEOUS)
41.50
68.35 68.64
87.00
42.22
69.25
76.60 74.92
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
1YR6MTH3MTHPREOP
OPEN
PERCUTANEOUS
Fig.
6.
Comparison
of
AOFAS
hindfoot
scores
(open
versus
percutaneous
technique).
VAS SCORES (OPEN VS PERCUTANEOUS)
7.56
4.05
3.58
0.78
7.48
3.57
3.05 3.00
.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
1YR6MTH3MTHPREOP
OPEN
PERCUTANEOUS
Fig.
5.
Comparison
of
VAS
scores
(open
versus
percutaneous
technique).
K.S.
Tay
et
al.
/
Foot
and
Ankle
Surgery
18
(2012)
287–292
290
be
patients
who
have
failed
conservative
therapy
and
ESWT,
but
do
not
wish
to
undertake
the
risks
involved
with
conventional
surgical
release.
With
regards
to
the
open
technique
versus
the
minimally
invasive
technique,
our
findings
support
the
conclusion
that
the
open
technique
is
superior
in
terms
of
outcome
at
1
year
follow-up,
with
a
significantly
reduced
pain
score
compared
to
the
percutaneous
technique.
We
postulate
that
this
difference
may
be
due
to
the
lack
of
precision
in
the
percutaneous
technique.
In
the
open
technique,
there
is
direct
visualisation
of
the
plantar
fascia
and
thus
application
of
the
RF
probe
directly
onto
the
fascia.
In
contrast,
the
depth
of
placement
of
the
probe
in
the
percutaneous
technique
may
be
affected
by
a
number
of
variables,
including
skin
thickness
and
soft
tissue
swelling
present
at
the
time
of
procedure.
As
such,
the
amount
of
stimulation
received
by
the
fascia
will
be
variable
and
most
likely
less
than
that
provided
by
the
open
technique.
This
may
explain
why,
despite
a
significant
response
in
the
3–6-month
post-procedural
period,
there
is
a
plateauing
of
improvement
in
both
pain
score
and
functional
scoring
up
to
the
1
year
mark.
One
possible
way
to
overcome
this
would
be
imaging
guidance
to
ensure
appropriate
depth
of
placement
of
the
RF
probe.
Ultrasound
guided
RF
ablation
has
been
in
use
for
renal
cell
carcinoma
and
breast
carcinoma
[30,31].
This
would
potentially
reduce
the
risk
of
wound
infection
compared
to
open
surgery,
and
also
reduce
recovery
time
post-operatively.
In
conclusion,
radiofrequency
microtenotomy
is
a
safe
and
effective
procedure
for
the
treatment
of
plantar
fasciitis.
Although
both
the
open
and
percutaneous
methods
achieve
good
patient
satisfaction
and
meet
expectations,
the
open
approach
is
superior
at
1
year
follow-up.
Further
studies
can
be
conducted
with
longer
follow-up
to
determine
recurrence
rates
with
this
treatment,
and
thus
enable
a
firmer
conclusion
to
be
made
on
the
long
term
efficacy
of
the
therapy.
In
addition,
a
similar
trial
with
a
larger
cohort,
controls
and
randomisation
would
provide
more
concrete
and
stronger
evidence
for
our
conclusions.
Conflict
of
interest
statement
None
of
the
authors
have
any
conflicts
of
interest
to
declare.
Acknowledgement
There
were
no
additional
sources
of
funding
and
no
con-
tributors
other
than
the
authors
were
involved
in
this
study.
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... RFA is another alternative minimally invasive approach for PF, which mainly focuses on promoting angiogenesis and degenerative tissue repair through varied growth factors [13]. Although RFA gained promising long-term clinical outcomes, symptom improvement seemed to be a gradual process [14][15][16][17]. A prospective study indicated that only 33.3% of patients experienced satisfactory pain relief within 1 month after RFA treatment for recalcitrant PF [14]. ...
... A prospective randomized study performed four different local injection modalities for the treatment of PF and found that CI combined with peppering provided the best short-and mid-term pain relief [18]. In addition, the current RFA for treating PF was mainly based on a grid-like pattern mark at the area of maximum tenderness, followed by a blind perpendicular puncture approach [14,16,17,22,23]. This process can result in inaccuracy and additional damage to the weight-bearing area of the plantar fat pad and plantar dermis. ...
... This technique was performed by implementing multipoint ablations in the plantar fascia area, stimulating angiogenesis and further degenerative tissue repair through several growth factors [21]. The idea was first proposed by Weil et al. in 2008 [16] and validated and modified in several studies subsequently [14,15,17,22,23]. However, a typical RFA procedure conducted in most studies included drawing a grid-like pattern mark at the area of maximum tenderness, followed by blind perpendicular multipoint punctures and ablations [14,16,17,22,23]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The best treatment yielding clinical benefits was still equivocal and controversial for the treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis (PF). This study aimed to propose a novel combination strategy of ultrasound-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and corticosteroid injection (CI) for recalcitrant PF, and to compare its therapeutic effects with CI alone and continued conservative management. We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with recalcitrant PF who underwent combined strategy (RFA + CI), CI alone, and continue conservative treatment at our institution between October 2021 and February 2023. The technical pearls were described elaborately. A comparison of demographic data and clinical outcomes, including visual analog scale (VAS), Ankle–Hindfoot Scale (AOFAS-AHS), and plantar fascia thickness, were conducted among the three groups. Seventy-one eligible patients were enrolled in this study, with 17 in the combined strategy group, 25 in the CI group, and 29 in the continued conservative treatment group. Both the combined strategy group and the CI group showed significant improvements in VAS scores, AOFAS-AHS scores, and significant reductions in plantar fascia thickness during the 12-month follow-up period compared to those preoperatively (P < 0.05). The combined strategy group achieved comparable immediate pain relief to the CI group after the intervention ([25.7 ± 15.7] vs. [20.6 ± 17.6], P = 0.850). However, the combined strategy group demonstrated superior improvement in symptom and function compared to the CI group at the 3-month (VAS: [21.9 ± 13.5] vs. [39.6 ± 20.4]; AOFAS-AHS: [77.9 ± 12.4] vs. [60.5 ± 17.4], P < 0.05) and 12-month follow-up (VAS: [15.7 ± 12.0] vs. [56.8 ± 17.5]; AOFAS-AHS: [84.5 ± 10.7] vs. [53.8 ± 12.4], P < 0.05). Obvious adverse effects or complications were not identified in either group, while two cases (11.8%) in the combined strategy group and five cases (20.0%) in the CI group experienced unsatisfactory symptom remission. We introduced and detailed a novel combination strategy involving ultrasound-guided percutaneous RFA and CI for treating recalcitrant PF. The strategy is both effective and safe in alleviating pain and enhancing function throughout the entire treatment course.
... Overall, there were eight RCTs [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], three prospective cohort studies [28][29][30] and six retrospective cohort studies [31][32][33][34][35][36]. In total, there were 865 patients included in this systematic review encompassing 903 feet with plantar fasciitis. ...
... There was no significant difference in recurrence rates between the two groups. A retrospective cohort study of 38 patients (42 feet) by Chou et al. demonstrated similar results with greater reduction in pain and improvement in function at 3 months post-operatively following endoscopic plantar fasciotomy and no statistically significant difference at 6 and 12 months [31]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background To date, there are no systematic reviews on the utility of surgical management for plantar fasciitis to guide best practice. This review aimed to evaluate the operative options for plantar fasciitis and their effectiveness. Methods A systematic review and network meta-analysis were carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A search strategy was conducted on the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Quality was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. Results 17 studies involving 865 patients were included. Surgical options considered were open and endoscopic plantar fasciotomy, gastrocnemius release, radiofrequency microtenotomy and dry needling. All interventions resulted in improvement in VAS and AOFAS scores. No major complications were seen from any treatment modality. Conclusions Surgical interventions are effective in providing short- to medium-term symptomatic relief for plantar fasciitis refractory to non-operative management. Current evidence is equivocal regarding treatment choice. Further large randomised studies are required to establish long-term outcomes and a management algorithm. Level of evidence Level III.
... This excites and heats the soft tissue to relatively low temperatures (40-70 °C). The heating and the radio waves are believed to create a renewed inflammatory response, as well as positively affect the local tissue's growth factors and nociceptors [25,26]. The treatment is gentle, and several non-randomized studies have shown good results and minimal complications in the treatment [25][26][27][28][29]. RFM treatment is reportedly as effective as the more extensive and invasive surgery, open plantar fasciotomy. ...
... The heating and the radio waves are believed to create a renewed inflammatory response, as well as positively affect the local tissue's growth factors and nociceptors [25,26]. The treatment is gentle, and several non-randomized studies have shown good results and minimal complications in the treatment [25][26][27][28][29]. RFM treatment is reportedly as effective as the more extensive and invasive surgery, open plantar fasciotomy. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background Plantar fasciopathy is the most common reason for complaints of plantar heel pain and one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal conditions with a reported lifetime incidence of 10%. The condition is normally considered self-limiting with persistent symptoms that often last for several months or years. Multiple treatments are available, but no single treatment appears superior to the others. Heavy-slow resistance training and radiofrequency microtenotomy for the treatment of plantar fasciopathy have shown potentially positive effects on short- and long-term outcomes (> 3 months). However, the effect of heavy-slow resistance training compared with a radiofrequency microtenotomy treatment is currently unknown. This trial compares the efficacy of heavy-slow resistance training and radiofrequency microtenotomy treatment with supplemental standardized patient education and heel inserts in improving the Foot Health Status Questionnaire pain score after 6 months in patients with plantar fasciopathy. Methods In this randomized superiority trial, we will recruit 70 patients with ultrasound-confirmed plantar fasciopathy and randomly allocate them to one of two groups: (1) heavy-slow resistance training, patient education and a heel insert (n = 35), and (2) radiofrequency microtenotomy treatment, patient education and a heel insert (n = 35). All participants will be followed for 1 year, with the 6-month follow-up considered the primary endpoint. The primary outcome is the Foot Health Status Questionnaire pain domain score. Secondary outcomes include the remaining three domains of the Foot Health Status Questionnaire, a Global Perceived Effect scale, the physical activity level, and Patient Acceptable Symptom State, which is the point at which participants feel no further need for treatment. Discussion By comparing the two treatment options, we should be able to answer if radiofrequency microtenotomy compared with heavy-slow resistance training is superior in patients with plantar fasciopathy. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03854682. Prospectively registered on February 26, 2019.
... The literature suggests that patients report similar outcomes with the percutaneous procedure compared with both open and endoscopic releases 22,24,25 apart from 1 study. 18 Wang et al 22 20 In this study, the average NRS score at 1 year was 0.7±1.3, which is similar to the open group and lower than the percutaneous group in Tay et al. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: A plantar fasciotomy using a microdebrider coblation wand may be an effective treatment for treating chronic plantar fasciitis. The objective of this prospective study was to determine the success rate of performing a plantar fasciotomy using a microdebrider coblation wand to treat plantar fasciitis and determine utility of ultrasonographic imaging to evaluate for recovery after treatment. Methods: Patients with plantar fasciitis treated with a plantar fasciotomy using a microdebrider coblation wand were prospectively followed for 1 year. Outcome measures included numeric rating scale (NRS) for pain, Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI), the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure for activities of daily living (FAAMA) and for sports (FAAMS), and plantar fascia thickness evaluated with ultrasonographic imaging. Results: Forty patients were included. Average patient age was 53.4 ± 9.9 years. Average symptom duration prior to the procedure was 20 ± 26 months. Five patients dropped out of the study at various points, most due to the COVID quarantine. The mean preoperative NRS score was 4.7 and at 3 and 6 months postprocedure was ≤2. At 1 year, the outcomes were all improved compared to the preoperative status: NRS 0.7±1.3 (P < .001), FADI 107±16 (P < .001), FAAMA 95%±10% (P < .001), FAAMS 84%±19% (P < .001), and plantar fascia thickness 6.8 ± 1.2 mm (P = .014). Furthermore, 86% of patients had clinically successful outcome in pain, defined as NRS score ≤ 2 (95% CI 0, 2), and 91% of patients had a clinically successful outcome in their function, defined as having an FAAMA score ≥75%. There were no complications at the operative site either during or after the procedure. Conclusion: In this study of 40 patients followed prospectively, we found percutaneous plantar fasciotomy using a microdebrider coblation wand to be an effective treatment for plantar fasciitis, with a low incidence of complications. Ultrasonographic imaging may help evaluate for interval healing.Level of Evidence: Level IV, prospective case series.
Article
Background and aim Plantar fasciitis (PF) is reportedly the most common cause of pain in the inferior heel. It affects sedentary and athletic populations. Obesity and prolonged standing are risk factors for it. Diagnosis is primarily based on history and physical examination. PF is thought to be caused by biomechanical overuse from prolonged standing or running, thus creating microtears at the calcaneal enthesis. Patients and methods This was a single-center, prospective, observational, case series study that involved 20 patients with chronic PF. All patients were treated by percutaneous plantar fasciotomy, with a follow-up duration of 6 months. Results In our study, there were 20 patients (20 feet) in whom there was a significant change in American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Scale from 44.75±8.61 before the operation to 90.45±11.69 in the first follow-up visit (2 months after operation) and to 90.9±13.35 in the second visit (6 months after the operation) and a significant change in visual analog scale from 6.8±1.06 before the operation to 1.45±1.96 in the first follow-up visit and to 1.7±2.54 in the second follow-up visit. Regarding postoperative patient satisfaction levels, 60% of patients were very satisfied and 15% were satisfied, whereas 25% were not satisfied. All patients in this study returned to their full activity at an average of 3.85±1.09 weeks. Conclusion The percutaneous release of plantar fascia was effective in the treatment of PF.
Article
Plantar fasciitis (PF), a common cause of heel pain, primarily results from inflammation of the plantar fascia due to excessive strain. Its complex pathophysiology, influenced by various biomechanical factors, has led to the development of diverse surgical techniques. Most of these techniques, when used in isolation, have shown benefits in treating refractory PF. We propose the debridement, ostectomy, release, and radiofrequency procedure, a minimally invasive approach combining (1) debridement of the suprafascial plane, (2) ostectomy of the calcaneal spur, (3) partial release of the medial plantar fascia, and (4) direct radiofrequency microtenotomy of the plantar fascia. For patients with gastrocnemius muscle tightness, the procedure may also include a medial endoscopic gastrocnemius release. The described procedure addresses the multifaceted pathology of PF in a single intervention. This comprehensive approach aims to improve patient satisfaction and functional outcomes.
Chapter
Despite its ubiquitous nature, plantar fasciitis remains an elusive soft tissue injury that carries a spectrum of treatment options ranging from conservative to surgical, with a myriad of minimally invasive interventions in between. A detailed physical exam, along with an understanding of when to order advanced imaging, is often helpful in obtaining the most accurate diagnosis for appropriate treatment. Plantar fascia injury can be divided into both acute and chronic with evidence-based management guiding proposed treatment recommendations in each category. In this review it is the authors’ goal to review the literature and provide guidance on the most recent advancements in managing plantar fascia pathology at all stages.
Preprint
Full-text available
Background: Plantar fasciopathy is the most common reason for complaints of plantar heel pain and one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal conditions with a reported lifetime incidence of 10%. The condition is normally considered self-limiting with persistent symptoms that often last for several months or years. Multiple treatments are available, but no single treatment appears superior to the others. Heavy-slow resistance training and radiofrequency microtenotomy for the treatment of plantar fasciopathy has shown potentially positive effects on short- and long-term outcomes (> 3 months). However, the effect of heavy-slow resistance training compared with a radiofrequency microtenotomy treatment is currently unknown. This trial compares the efficacy of heavy-slow resistance training and radiofrequency microtenotomy treatment with supplemental standardised patient education and heel-inserts in improving the Foot Health Status Questionnaire pain score after 6 months in patients with plantar fasciopathy. Methods: In this randomized superiority trial, we will recruit 70 patients with ultrasound-confirmed plantar fasciopathy and randomly allocate them to one of two groups: (1) Heavy-slow resistance training, patient education and a heel-insert (n = 35); (2) Radiofrequency microtenotomy treatment, patient education and a heel-insert (n = 35). All participants will be followed for 1 year, with the 6-month follow-up considered the primary endpoint. The primary outcome is the Foot Health Status Questionnaire pain domain score. Secondary outcomes include the remaining three domains of the Foot Health Status Questionnaire, a Global Perceived Effect scale, the physical activity level, and Patient Acceptable Symptom State, which is the point at which participants feel no further need for treatment. Discussion: By comparing the two treatment options, we should be able to answer if radiofrequency microtenotomy compared with heavy-slow resistance training is superior in patients with plantar fasciopathy. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03854682. Prospectively registered on February 26, 2019
Article
Background Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of plantar heel pain. Although most are self-limiting, recalcitrant conditions can be debilitating, significantly reducing patient’s quality of life. A myriad of surgical procedures are available for the treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis (RPF) with little consensus on best practice. This purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of radiofrequency coblation with and without gastrocnemius release on the surgical management of RPF. Methods Between June 2013 and June 2019, a total of 128 patients with RPF and tight gastrocnemius were treated surgically. Presence of tight gastrocnemius was assessed clinically by a positive Silfverskiold test. Group A (n = 73) consisted of patients who underwent radiofrequency coblation alone; group B (n = 55) consisted of patients who underwent radiofrequency coblation and endoscopic gastrocnemius recession. The primary outcome measure was visual analog scale (VAS) score. Secondary outcome measures included (1) American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot score; (2) physical (PCS) and mental component summaries (MCS) of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; (3) overall assessment of improvement, expectation fulfilment, and satisfaction; and (4) complication rates. Results Both groups reported significant improvement in VAS, AOFAS, and PCS scores postoperatively at 6 and 24 months. Group B (radiofrequency coblation with gastrocnemius recession) was associated with better VAS at both 6 months (3.0 ± 2.9 vs 1.7 ± 2.6, P < .05) and 24 months postoperatively (1.9 ± 3.1 vs 0.8 ± 2.0, P < .05) compared with group A (radiofrequency coblation without gastrocnemius recession). At 24 months postoperatively, no differences were found in AOFAS, PCS, MCS scores, expectation fulfilment, or overall satisfaction. No wound complications were reported in either group. One patient (group B) has persistent symptoms consistent with tarsal tunnel syndrome. Conclusion In this retrospective cohort comparative study, treatment of RPF with radiofrequency coblation alone was associated with slightly inferior results than radiofrequency coblation combined with endoscopic gastrocnemius recession in terms of pain relief without an increase in complication rates. However, at 2 years, we did not find a significant difference in other measures of outcome. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective cohort study.
Article
Objective: To identify and describe the psychological and psychosocial constructs and outcome measures used in tendinopathy research. Design: Scoping review. Literature search: We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, PEDro, CINAHL, and APA PsychNet databases on July 10, 2021, for all published studies of tendinopathy populations measuring psychological and psychosocial factors. Study selection: Studies using a clinical diagnosis of tendinopathy or synonyms (eg, jumper's knee or subacromial impingement) with or without imaging confirmation. Data synthesis: We described the volume, nature, distribution, and characteristics of psychological and psychosocial outcomes reported in the tendinopathy field. Results: Twenty-nine constructs were identified, including 16 psychological and 13 psychosocial constructs. The most frequently-reported constructs were work-related outcomes (32%), quality of life (31%), depression (30%), anxiety (18%), and fear (14%). Outcome measures consisted of validated and nonvalidated questionnaires and 1-item custom questions (including demographics). The number of different outcome measures used to assess an individual construct ranged between 1 (emotional distress) and 11 (quality of life) per construct. Conclusion: There was a large variability in constructs and outcome measures reported in tendinopathy research, which limits conclusions about the relationship between psychological and psychosocial constructs, outcome measures, and tendinopathies. Given the wide range of psychological and psychosocial constructs reported, there is an urgent need to develop a core outcome set in tendinopathy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022;52(6):375-388. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.11005.
Article
Full-text available
The aetiology of plantar heel pain-running injuries is controversial, with conflicting evidence pertaining to its development. A cross-sectional design was used to calculate prevalence rates and the association of risk factors with plantar heel pain (PHP). One hundred and sixty-six subjects (mean age 23.9, SD 7.1 years) were assessed. A prevalence rate of 21.7% was determined. Independent t-tests and χ2 analysis evaluated the association between the risk factors and PHP at the 5% level. The results demonstrated that young age and previous injury were significantly associated with PHP (P
Article
Purpose: To evaluate chondrocyte viability using confocal laser microscopy (CLM) following exposure to bipolar radiofrequency energy (bRFE) and to contrast CLM with standard light microscopy (LM) techniques. Type of study: In vitro analysis using chondromalacic human cartilage. Methods: Twelve fresh chondral specimens were treated with the ArthroCare 2000 bRFE system (ArthroCare, Sunnyvale, CA) coupled with 1 of 2 types of probes and at 3 energy delivery settings (S2, S4, S6). A sham-operated group was treated with no energy delivered. Specimens were analyzed for chondrocyte viability and chondral morphology with CLM using fluorescent vital cell staining and with LM using H&E and safranin-O staining. Results: LM with H&E staining showed smoothing of fine fronds of fibrillated cartilage; thickened fronds were minimally modified. Chondrocyte nuclei were present and not morphologically different than nuclei within sham-operated and adjacent untreated regions. LM with safranin-O staining showed a clear demarcation between treated and untreated regions. CLM, however, showed chondrocyte death: the depth and width of chondrocyte death increased with increasing bRFE settings. Conclusions: CLM showed that bRFE delivered through the probes investigated created significant chondrocyte death. These changes were not apparent using LM techniques.
Conference Paper
Coblation is a unique method of delivering radiofrequency energy to soft tissue for applications in Otolaryngology (ENT). Using radiofrequency in a bipolar mode with a conductive solution, such as saline. Coblation energizes the ions in the saline to form a localized plasma near the target tissue. The plasma has enough energy to dissociate water molecules from the saline, as well as ionizing the saline salt species, thus forming chemical conditions leading to the breaking of the tissue's molecular bonds. Energetic electrons in the plasma also possess enough energy to directly dissociate tissue chemical bonds. The overall effect results in tissue ablation and localized removal or reduction of tissue volume. The heat dissipated in the process, aided by continual cooling from the surrounding saline solution, produces tissue temperature raises of approximately 45 - 85°C, significantly lower than traditional radio-frequency techniques. Coblation has been used for Otolaryngological applications such as Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), tonsillectomy, turbinate reduction, palate reduction, base of tongue reduction and various Head and Neck cancer procedures. The decreased thermal effect of Coblation has led to less pain and faster recovery for cases where tissue is excised. Several clinical studies have shown the benefits of using Coblation for both extra and intra-capsular tonsillectomy.
Article
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate chondrocyte viability and surface contouring of articular cartilage using confocal laser microscopy (CLM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively, during different treatment time intervals with monopolar and bipolar radiofrequency energy (RFE). Type of study: In vitro analysis using chondromalacic human cartilage. Methods: Forty-two fresh osteochondral sections from patients undergoing partial or total knee arthroplasties were used to complete this study. Each of 36 sections was divided into 2 distinct 1-cm(2) regions that were treated with either bipolar or monopolar RFE. Six sections were maintained as untreated controls. Six RF treatment time intervals were evaluated: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 seconds (6 specimens per time interval per group). After treatment, each specimen was processed for CLM and SEM. Results: CLM demonstrated that the depth of chondrocyte death in the monopolar RFE treatment group was significantly less than the bipolar group at each of the same time intervals (P <.05). SEM showed that each RFE device began to contour and smooth the articular surface after 15 seconds of treatment. Conclusions: When applying thermal chondroplasty, a broad treatment time range could result in variable degrees of cartilage smoothness and significant chondrocyte death.
Article
Background and Objective Transmyocardial revascularization (TMR) relieves angina and improves exercise tolerance in patients. Angiogenesis and myocardial denervation have been proposed as factors contributing to these benefits. To test whether radio frequency transmyocardial revascularization (RF-TMR) enhances angiogenesis and causes myocardial denervation.Study Design/Materials and MethodsRF-TMR channels were created in 12 dogs which survived up to 4 weeks. Bromodeoxyuridine was administered subcutaneously to mark proliferating cells as an assay of angiogenesis. Western blot analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and blood pressure response to topical bradykinin were used as indices of myocardial denervation.ResultsRF-TMR increased local vascularity by an average of 50%, whereas the rate of vascular cell proliferation was tripled over that of the untreated region. Changes in mean arterial pressure with bradykinin and tyrosine hydroxylase content were significantly decreased in RF-TMR regions as compared with normal myocardium in the same hearts.ConclusionRF-TMR enhances angiogenesis and causes myocardial denervation in canine myocardium as with laser TMR. Lasers Surg. Med. 27:18–28, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Article
The increasing numbers of patients with refractory angina and coronary disease unamenable to traditional methods of revascularization has led to the emergence of new therapeutic approaches. Current data indicate that laser transmyocardial revascularization (TMR), typically requiring open thoracotomy, may provide these patients with improvements in angina class and myocardial perfusion. Recently, a percutaneous, catheter-based myocardial revascularization procedure has been developed with laser technology that permits the creation of channels from the endocardial surface of the left ventricle. This procedure has been evaluated in a pilot study of 30 patients with Canadian class III–IV angina and coronary artery disease unamenable to traditional methods of revascularization. The results demonstrated that the clinical application of percutaneous myocardial revascularization (PMR) is safe, and preliminary data indicate that the majority of patients experienced significant improvement in anginal symptoms. An ongoing multicenter randomized study is comparing PMR with conventional medical therapy in patients with severe, refractory angina, evidence of reversible ischemia, and contraindications to angioplasty or bypass surgery.
Article
Forty-three patients (47 heels) underwent decompression of the nerve to abductor digiti minimi with partial plantar fascia release for intractable plantar fasciitis over a 4-year period. Forty-one patients (45 heels) were available for follow-up. All of the patients had failed to respond to nonoperative treatment. The mean duration of symptoms before surgery was 34.8 months (range, 12–132 months), and the mean follow-up was 31.4 months (range, 11–66 months). Seventy percent of the patients in the study were overweight or obese. Before surgery, 39 patients (43 heels) rated their heel pain as severe. At follow-up, 34 of 45 (75.6%) of the heels were pain-free or only mildly painful. The mean visual analogue pain score dropped from 8.5 of 10 preoperatively to 2.5 of 10 postoperatively. Only four patients failed to report an improvement in their activity restrictions, and only one patient had a walking distance of under 100 m after surgery; this patient had been affected by a reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Overall, however, only 20 of 41 patients were totally satisfied with the outcome (48.8%). We recommend that the small group of patients who fail to respond to nonoperative treatment be considered for surgical intervention. The results in terms of symptomatic relief are generally good but in terms of patient satisfaction can only be rated as moderate. The patients should be counseled about the likely outcome of surgery.
Article
This study aimed to analyse the outcomes of ultrasound (US) guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with renal lesions and to compare our outcomes with published results of ablations carried out when using computed tomography (CT) guidance. This retrospective study evaluated RFA of 36 renal tumours in 32 patients (M = 21, F = 11). The mean patient age was 70 years (range, 39-89 years). Ablations were performed by using either multi-tined applicators or cooled and/or cluster applicators under US guidance. Applicator size varied from 2-5 cm, depending on the size of the index tumour. Conscious sedation was administered by an anesthetist. Follow-up imaging by using contrast-enhanced CT was performed 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after RFA, and yearly thereafter. The mean tumour follow-up time was 12 months (range, 1-35 months). The mean tumour size was 2.7 cm (range, 1-5 cm). Primary effectiveness was achieved in 31 cases (86.1%), with patients in 5 cases (11.1%) demonstrating residual disease. Three patients had repeated sessions, which were technically successful. The remaining 2 patients were not re-treated because of patient comorbidities. As a result, secondary effectiveness was achieved in 34 patients (94.4%). In 1 patient, a new lesion developed in the same kidney but remote from the 2 prior areas of treatment. Hydrodissection was performed in 3 patients (8.3%), manipulation or electrode repositioning in 11 patients (30.6%), and ureteric cooling in 1 patient (2.8%). Minor and major complications occurred in 3 (8.3%) and 3 (8.3%) patients, respectively. Correlation coefficients were calculated for distance from skin to tumour and risk of complication as well as compared with primary and secondary effectiveness. This study demonstrates that US-guided RFA is an effective treatment for renal lesions, with rates of effectiveness and complication rates comparable with published CT-guided RFA results.