the purpose of this chapter is to extend existing [role conflict] research by analyzing the relationship between role stress and organizational culture operationalized in terms of behavioral norms and expectations / propose that the cultures of many organizations create stress for workers by communicating expectations for behavior that are inconsistent with workers' preferences, are inherently oriented toward conflict, or are prescriptive and ambiguous
the data for this study were collected from [825 managerial and nonmanagerial] employees of diverse organizations from the Organizational Culture Inventory [OCI] / the OCI measures organizational norms and expectations for 12 different behavior styles / these 12 styles are associated with 3 general types of organizational culture: constructive, passive–defensive, and aggressive–defensive / behavioral norms are hypothesized to be related to stress both indirectly (through role conflict and role ambiguity) and directly [i.e., the level of stress is positively related to norms associated with defensive cultures and negatively related to norms associated with constructive cultures] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)