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Effect of Prior Knowledge on Good and Poor Readers' Memory of Text

DOI:10.1037/0022-0663.80.1.16
Authors:
Donna R. Recht
Donna R. Recht
Donna R. Recht
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Lauren Leslie at Marquette University
Lauren Leslie
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Abstract

We investigated how prior knowledge influences the amount of short-term nonverbal and verbal memory and long-term retention in students of high and low ability in reading comprehension. Sixty-four junior high students were divided into four equal-sized groups on the basis of preassessed reading ability (high and low) and preassessed amount of existing prior knowledge about baseball (high and low). Each subject silently read an account of a half inning of a baseball game. After reading, each subject recalled the account nonverbally by moving figures and verbally by retelling the story. After an interpolated task, they summarized the game and sorted passage sentences for idea importance. There was a significant main effect for prior knowledge on all measures. No interactions between prior knowledge and ability were found. These results delineate the powerful effect of prior knowledge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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... Prior knowledge has been shown to make a greater contribution to text comprehension than decoding or reported use of strategies (Samuelstuen & Bråten, 2005), and to make a contribution to comprehension independent of topic interest (Baldwin, Peleg-Bruckner & McClintock, 1985). Readers with more knowledge of the topic of a text also perform better on comprehension assessments than readers with less knowledge, independent of reading ability (e.g., Recht & Leslie, 1988). ...
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Article
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Article
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Perception in Chess
Article
  • Jul 1973
This paper develops a technique for isolating and studying the per- ceptual structures that chess players perceive. Three chess players of varying strength - from master to novice - were confronted with two tasks: ( 1) A perception task, where the player reproduces a chess position in plain view, and (2) de Groot's ( 1965) short-term recall task, where the player reproduces a chess position after viewing it for 5 sec. The successive glances at the position in the perceptual task and long pauses in tbe memory task were used to segment the structures in the reconstruction protocol. The size and nature of these structures were then analyzed as a function of chess skill. What does an experienced chess player "see" when he looks at a chess position? By analyzing an expert player's eye movements, it has been shown that, among other things, he is looking at how pieces attack and defend each other (Simon & Barenfeld, 1969). But we know from other considerations that he is seeing much more. Our work is concerned with just what ahe expert chess pIayer perceives.
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