No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The Dynamics of Group Cohesion in Sport
Abstract
Attempted to identify the factors correlated with the athlete's perception of cohesiveness in individual and team sports. The 5 measures of cohesion used were factor analyzed, and 2 factors were identified: Individual-to-Group-Cohesion (composed of sense of belonging, value of membership, and enjoyment) and Group-as-a-Unit-Cohesion (composed of teamwork and closeness). These represented the dependent variables in the multiple regression design. Because cohesion is a group construct, the independent variables were chosen to reflect this aspect. They included measures of compatibility between the coach and athlete and between the team and athlete as well as measures of the discrepancy in participation orientation between the coach and athlete and the team and athlete. Results support the conclusion that cohesiveness in sport is a multidimensional construct. The perception of cohesiveness is moderated by the nature of the sport task. The most important factors contributing to the perception of cohesiveness in sport teams are the discrepancies between the athlete and coach and between the athlete and team in task motivation. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Their common view is that the formation of mental toughness will be affected by the interaction of environmental factors and toughness thinking [3][4][5][6][7]. As an important embodiment of the team environment, cohesion is considered the most important small group variable [8] which can affect athletes' cognition, emotion, motivation, and other aspects [9]. Especially in team sports, cohesion plays a positive role in the process of group behavior and group effectiveness [9]. ...
... Cohesion is a dynamic process reflected in the tendency of a group to stick together and remain united in pursuing its instrumental objectives and/or to satisfy members' affective needs [8]. Cohesion consists of task and social cohesion, and it is usually regarded as an intermediate variable connecting sports teams and sports performance [9]. ...
... In the field of sports, the conceptual system proposed by Carron provides a guide for the study of sports cohesion [13]. Carron et al. (1981) improved the measurement method and proposed dimensions of cohesion through a model of sports group cohesion that includes group bonding and group attraction to individuals [9]. The four dimensions are individual attractions to group-task (ATG-T), individual attractions to the group social (ATG-S), group integration-task (GI-T), and group integration social (GI-S). ...
Background:
Passion is an important motivational variable that profoundly affects athletes' cognition, emotion, and behavior. This study constructed a mediating model to explore the mechanism of cohesion toward passion and mental toughness of Chinese team sports athletes and to investigate the mediating effect of harmonious passion and obsessive passion on cohesion and mental toughness.
Methods:
A questionnaire survey was conducted on 326 Chinese active athletes (M = 19.63, SD = 6.51) aged 14-26 years (54% male, 46% female) from eight sports.
Results:
Cohesion and its dimensions can positively predict athletes' mental toughness, and ATG-T is more important in advantage analysis. The direct and indirect paths show that cohesion affects mental toughness through the mediating effect of harmonious passion and obsessive passion. Mediating effect model has a good fit and explained 22.1% of the variance in mental toughness.
Conclusion:
The relationship between cohesion, passion, and mental toughness reflects the psychological dynamic process from environment to motivation to sports performance. The development of team sports athletes' mental toughness can be carried out from the following points. First, the team should define a sports goal and take the needs of members into account in goal-setting. Second, the sports team should build a team culture that is enterprising, inclusive, and cooperative and emphasizes members' recognition of them. Third, the team should attach importance to the passion of the members and make good use of the team atmosphere. To protect the psychological health and long-term development of athletes, team culture should pay more attention to the cultivation of athletes' harmonious passion. Improving cohesion is beneficial to athletes' mental toughness in team sports. To protect the psychological health and long-term development of athletes, team culture should pay more attention to the cultivation of athletes' harmonious passion.
... The importance of understanding how to design efficient and effective teams has led to an expansive literature on how network structures influence team and group dynamics, including scholarship on how social networks affect team and group performance (Bavelas, 1950;Guetzkow & Simon, 1955;Mulder, 1960;Landers & Lüschen, 1974;Carron & Chelladurai, 1981;Evans & Dion, 1991;Mullen & Copper, 1994;Beal et al., 2003;Kearns et al., 2006;Judd et al., 2010;Shore et al., 2015;Becker et al., 2017;Argote et al., 2018) and their resiliency to exogenous shocks (Najjar & Gaudiot, 1990;Flack et al., 2006;Azoulay et al., 2010;Sterbenz et al., 2011;Freeman, 2014;Phillips, 2015;Zhang et al., 2015;Dong et al., 2018;Liu et al., 2020;Wang & Edgerton, 2022). In this section, we briefly discuss the extant research on how social networks affect individuals and the performance of groups, but prioritize a discussion of the network resiliency literature, as the present study uses an experimental design to assess how social networks respond and adapt to node knockouts. ...
... At the team level, we assess how exogenous shocks impact teams' internal connectivity, or their ability to coordinate behavior and disseminate information, as these processes are associated with better team performance and outcomes (e.g., Bowers et al., 1992;Entin & Serfaty, 1999;Carron & Chelladurai, 1981). We operationalize team coordination and information dissemination as the teams' records and the normalized volume of messages sent, respectively. ...
... In the team-level models, we include the communication network density and degree centralization as control variables. Previous researchers have used these variables as measures for the centralization of teams, with denser networks indicating that a team is more decentralized and higher degree centralization indicating that a team has a hierarchical structure (see Landers & Lüschen, 1974;Carron & Chelladurai, 1981;Evans & Dion, 1991;Mullen & Copper, 1994;Beal et al., 2003;Argote et al., 2018, for research on how density and centralization affect team performance). The communication network density is the proportion of connections over the number of potential connections, with dense communication networks indicating more ties within the team. ...
Researchers have found that although external attacks, exogenous shocks, and node knockouts can disrupt networked systems, they rarely lead to the system’s collapse. Although these processes are widely understood, most studies of how exogenous shocks affect networks rely on simulated or observational data. Thus, little is known about how groups of real individuals respond to external attacks. In this article, we employ an experimental design in which exogenous shocks, in the form of the unexpected removal of a teammate, are imposed on small teams of people who know each other. This allows us to causally identify the removed individual’s contribution to the team structure, the effect that an individual had on those they were connected, and the effect of the node knockout on the team. At the team level, we find that node knockouts decrease overall internal team communication. At the individual level, we find that node knockouts cause the remaining influential players to become more influential, while the remaining peripheral players become more isolated within their team. In addition, we also find that node knockouts may have a nominal influence on team performance. These findings shed light on how teams respond and adapt to node knockouts.
... These groups have a strong effect on the members of the group. Cohesion is one of the most important small group variables that is derived from the evolution of group culture [1]. Although previous studies have shown that group cohesion can improve athletes' sports performance [2,3], a lack of discussion on the mechanism and conditions between the two was observed because objective performance is affected by many factors [4]. ...
... Cohesion is one of the most important small group variables, which reflects the integration and coordination level of the group and is an important internal factor affecting the realization of the goal [1]. Cohesion is an important source of the athletes' social support [1], but it is also positively associated with a variety of group and individual collective-oriented team members [14,15]. ...
... Cohesion is one of the most important small group variables, which reflects the integration and coordination level of the group and is an important internal factor affecting the realization of the goal [1]. Cohesion is an important source of the athletes' social support [1], but it is also positively associated with a variety of group and individual collective-oriented team members [14,15]. In organizational behavior, a large number of studies cited collectivism as an important feature of a cohesive group [16]. ...
Background:
Cohesion is an important factor affecting sports performance. This study constructed a mediating model to explore the mechanism of cohesion toward psychological collectivism, mental toughness, and athlete engagement of Chinese team sports athletes, and to investigate the mediating effect of psychological collectivism and mental toughness on cohesion and athlete engagement.
Methods:
A total of 326 active Chinese athletes (54% males, 46% females) aged 14 to 26 years (M = 19.63, SD = 6.51) from eight sports were investigated by questionnaire.
Results:
The athlete engagement can be predicted significantly and positively by cohesion and its dimensions, and ATG-T is more important in advantage analysis. Direct and indirect paths indicate that cohesion affects athlete engagement, through the mediating effects of psychological collectivism, the mediating effects of mental toughness, the serial multiple mediating of psychological collectivism and mental toughness. The mediating effect model had a satisfactory goodness of fit and explained 50.5% of the variance in athlete engagement, and the SEM revealed the mechanism of cohesion in Chinese athlete engagement to a certain extent.
Conclusion:
Psychological collectivism is the embodiment of high-quality cohesion in Chinese team sports. The increase in cohesion and psychological collectivism can improve Chinese athletes' ability to cope with stressful situations in sports, which may allow them to achieve a better performance through athlete engagement.
... 4. Psychological states -How stress, emotions, moods, and physical experiences can affect an individual's self-efficacy. Carron and Chelladurai (1981) defined cohesion as the ability for a group to stay together and remain united towards a common goal. Widmeyer et al. (1993) emphasized the importance of team cohesion in relation to a team's performance. ...
... Researchers desiring to measure sport team cohesion used the SCQ as an assessment inventory instrument. Carron and Chelladurai (1981) performed a study that measured an athlete's perception of group cohesion on their sport team. The study utilized the unpublished measurement tool Sport Cohesiveness Questionnaire designed by Martens, Landers, and Loy to measure the dynamics of cohesion in sport (Martens et al., 1972). ...
... 3. Group-as-a-unit -Measured teamwork and closeness. (Carron & Chelladurai, 1981) The results of the study revealed that sport cohesion is a multi-dimensional construct. Carron (1982) then added a new dimension to sport leadership research by creating a conceptual system of team cohesion. ...
To date no academic research has been conducted to study peer leadership with an
opportunity to explore how peer leaders affect player motivation and a player’s sense of
team cohesion on a varsity baseball team. This study will provide a data analysis based
on one-on-one interviews with varsity baseball players representing one of six high
schools in the Portland Oregon Metro-area for data collection. An evidence-based
solution will be presented as a result of the data collection and data analysis conducted
during the dissertation study period.
Keywords: academic research, peer leadership, motivation, team cohesion, varsity
baseball, data analysis, evidence-based solution, dissertation
... In other words, coacting athletes compete independently for individual recognition but also contribute to an overall team score. As a result, researchers have suggested that cohesion could be extremely difficult to develop and foster in such settings because of the importance placed on both individual and group objectives [3][4][5]. ...
... Research investigating cohesion in sport has historically focused on group interactions of interacting sports as opposed to more individual or coacting sports [8]. This emphasis may have been due to the long-standing assumptions that group influence is more important in team sports and detrimental to team success in independent sports [4], or that increases in cohesion will decrease productive rivalries between teammates [9]. Despite these assumptions, some studies have attempted to identify variables that predict cohesion in coacting teams [e.g., [10][11][12][13]. ...
... Because of these issues, the coaches often encouraged social events such as dinners and movie nights so their team members could interact and get to know each other on a personal level. Previous research established that intrateam competition could be detrimental to team success and overall functioning if not monitored properly as it could lead to tension between teammates [4,43]. The coaches in the current study were aware of this potential negative outcome and devised friendly competition between teammates during practices as a motivational tool that they felt improved overall team functioning. ...
This study explored the knowledge and perceptions of elite coacting sport coaches as applied to team cohesion. Six experienced university cross-country running coaches who achieved high levels of success and recognition were purposefully chosen and interviewed for this study. Results demonstrated that these coaches valued cohesion and felt it played an integral role in developing team success and satisfaction, despite facing barriers such as intrateam competition and rivalry. Purposeful recruiting, choosing effective team leaders, setting and monitoring team goals, and encouraging social events were some strategies utilized to enhance cohesion and establish positive relationships among teammates. These findings provide a greater understanding of the knowledge of elite coacting coaches and cohesion.
... Studies suggest that high task cohesion positively correlates with performance outcomes (Zhang L.W., 2000) [9] . One of the most significant factors in team performance is group culture, which cohesiveness helps develop (Carron & Chelladurai, 1981) [1] . Athletes in cohesive teams exhibit improved stress management, motivation, and resilience (Evans et al., 2013) [4] . ...
... Studies suggest that high task cohesion positively correlates with performance outcomes (Zhang L.W., 2000) [9] . One of the most significant factors in team performance is group culture, which cohesiveness helps develop (Carron & Chelladurai, 1981) [1] . Athletes in cohesive teams exhibit improved stress management, motivation, and resilience (Evans et al., 2013) [4] . ...
... ? "Team cohesiveness" has been identified as a factor that may play a critical role in the success or failure of teams (Ziobro & Dziaasko, 1975) [31] . Many researchers (Carron & Chelladurai, 1981;Landers & Luschen, 1974;Martens & Peterson, 1971; Williams & Hacker, 1982) [32,33,34,35] have postulated that cohesive teams, whose members are held together by the force of a common goal (Carron, 1982) [6] , may be more successful. Cohesion has been defined as, "the total field of forces which act on members to remain in the group" (Festinger, Schachter, & Back, 1950) [36] . ...
... ? "Team cohesiveness" has been identified as a factor that may play a critical role in the success or failure of teams (Ziobro & Dziaasko, 1975) [31] . Many researchers (Carron & Chelladurai, 1981;Landers & Luschen, 1974;Martens & Peterson, 1971; Williams & Hacker, 1982) [32,33,34,35] have postulated that cohesive teams, whose members are held together by the force of a common goal (Carron, 1982) [6] , may be more successful. Cohesion has been defined as, "the total field of forces which act on members to remain in the group" (Festinger, Schachter, & Back, 1950) [36] . ...
... In fact, research has shown that communication could enhance mutual understanding among individuals (Insko & Wilson, 1977) and a feeling of group closeness (Plutchik, 1981). Additionally, it is suggested that a supervisor-subordinate relationship could influence and promote involvement in the decision-making process, and thus has positive influence on group cohesion (Carron & Chelladuri, 1981). ...
... Therefore, hypothesis H5 has been accepted. This is similar to the result in the study conducted by Carron and Chelladuri (1981) which suggests a supervisor-subordinate relationship could determine and promote involvement in the decision-making process and thus influence group cohesion positively. ...
The study aims to examine team cohesion as a mediator in determining employee
engagement among the Millennials in the Malaysian context. This paper includes a few factors
based on the social exchange theory, which highlights the reciprocity of what is contributed will be
complemented to the provider that is the organization. A cross-sectional survey design is used for
the study featuring a self-administrated questionnaire. This study uses the quantitative method and
the cluster sampling technique has been used to draw the sample. Data is collected from 205
respondents and the data is analysed using SPSS and Smart PLS software. The findings disclose
that feedback, goal setting, rewards and recognition, supervisor-subordinate relationships have a
positive significant effect on team cohesion, and team cohesion mediates the relationship between
feedback, goal setting and supervisor-subordinate relationship with employee engagement. This
research adds to the current body of literature based on social exchange theory in looking into the
effect of team cohesion as a mediator to enhance engagement of the Millennial in the Malaysian
context
... High-performance and physical education coaches of team sports commonly use the concepts of leadership behaviour in sport and team cohesion considering their importance for the satisfaction and performance of the player and the team (Cox, 2009;Weinberg & Gould, 2010a). The importance of team cohesion is reflected in different investigations (Carron & Chelladurai, 1981;Carron & Colman, 2002;Donnelly, Carron, & Chelladurai, 1978;Ronayne, 2004;Westre & Weiss, 1991;Widmeyer & Williams, 1991). ...
... In another area, effective communication is an important variable for sharing knowledge and ideas and enabling cohesion (codependency) (Eccles & Tenenbaum, 2004;Wickwire, Bloom, & Loughead, 2004). Besides, the players' personal satisfaction is positioned as one of the most important variables in the prediction of cohesion (Widmeyer & Williams, 1991), and finally, coach-athlete compatibility is also considered a critical factor for the achievement of team objectives and for the perception of cohesion by those involved (AV Carron & Chelladurai, 1981). ...
El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la correlación entre las conductas del liderazgo percibido del Modelo Multidimensional de Liderazgo (MML) y las categorías de cohesión del Modelo de Cohesión de Carron en jugadores profesionales de balonmano. La muestra estuvo compuesta por un total de 112 jugadores a los cuales se les administró los cuestionarios Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS2) y el Group Environment Questionaaire (GEQ). Los resultados obtenidos (r = de 0.307-0.634) muestran una asociación entre la variable de cohesión (ATG-T) y las conductas percibidas del (MML). Se observa una tendencia de cohesión hacia la tarea por parte de los jugadores. La conducta
... As discussões sobre coesão de grupo foram iniciadas na década de 1950 com os estudos de Festinger, Schachter e Back, que definiram coesão como o campo total de forças que levam indivíduos a se manterem em grupo CHELLADURAI, 1981). Desde então, esta temática tem sido estudada por várias áreas, como psicologia do esporte, social, militar, organizacional e educacional. ...
... Mesmo grupos esportivos que são considerados puramente sociais em sua natureza possuem uma razão instrumental para a sua formação. A coesão também possui uma propriedade afetiva, uma vez que as relações sociais entre os membros de um grupo podem estar presente no início de uma temporada ou podem se desenvolver com o passar do tempo como resultado da comunicação e interação social entre os membros CHELLADURAI, 1981;CARRON, 1993a; Dessa forma, percebe-se que a coesão é um processo que envolve diversos tipos de grupo e que dentro do contexto esportivo esses fatores vão influenciar o nível de coesão tanto para a tarefa como social, além de condicionar os resultados alcançados pelo grupo e pelos atletas individualmente. ...
... It was found that psychological collectivism (collective self-esteem) is not only an important manifestation of cohesive groups but also a psychological process that improves team sports performance through cohesion. Strong and steady cohesion not only strengthens collaboration within the team and encourages members to put up maximum effort to accomplish goals, but also contributes to the improvement of members' feelings of cooperation and winning mindsets (Carron & Chelladurai, 1981). In addition, social identity theory reflects the importance of group influences and processes in individual behavior. ...
This study was carried out to explore the mechanism between athlete participation and team cohesion for adolescent school soccer players. We examined the mediating role of athlete engagement and collective self-esteem between athlete participation and team cohesion for adolescent soccer players. A comprehensive investigation of 1659 primary and middle school soccer players was conducted using the Athlete Participation Scale, Athlete Engagement Questionnaire, Collective Self-Esteem Scale, and Team Cohesion Scale, and we conducted correlation, regression and pathway analyses among the variables. We found the following for adolescent soccer players: (1) Athlete engagement plays a complete mediating role between athlete participation and team cohesion. (2) Collective self-esteem plays a complete mediating role between athlete participation and team cohesion. (3) Athlete participation does not directly predict team cohesion, but can influence team cohesion through the chain mediation of athlete engagement and collective self-esteem. This study built a chain mediation model showing that athlete engagement and team cohesion mediated athlete participation and team cohesion, to investigate its mediating role for adolescent soccer players. This study provides theoretical guidance and an empirical basis for the intervention of athlete participation on team cohesion in soccer sports among adolescents.
... Strong team cohesion predicts the level of athlete engagement. In sporting events, cohesion provides crucial social support for athletes 23 . Teams with high levels of cohesion usually result in higher levels of member engagement and increased support and trust in each other. ...
Athlete engagement is influenced by several factors, including cohesion, passion and mental toughness. Machine learning methods are frequently employed to construct predictive models as a result of their high efficiency. In order to comprehend the effects of cohesion, passion and mental toughness on athlete engagement, this study utilizes the relevant methods of machine learning to construct a prediction model, so as to find the intrinsic connection between them. The construction and comparison methods of predictive models by machine learning algorithms are investigated to evaluate the level of predictive models in order to determine the optimal predictive model. The results show that the PSO-SVR model performs best in predicting athlete engagement, with a prediction accuracy of 0.9262, along with low RMSE (0.1227), MSE (0.0146) and MAE (0.0656). The prediction accuracy of the PSO-SVR model exhibits an obvious advantage. This advantage is mainly attributed to its strong generalization ability, nonlinear processing ability, and the ability to optimize and adapt to the feature space. Particularly noteworthy is that the PSO-SVR model reduces the RMSE (7.54%), MSE (17.05%), and MAE (3.53%) significantly, while improves the R² (1.69%), when compared to advanced algorithms such as SWO. These results indicate that the PSO-SVR model not only improves the accuracy of prediction, but also enhances the reliability of the model, making it a powerful tool for predicting athlete engagement. In summary, this study not only provides a new perspective for understanding athlete engagement, but also provides important practical guidance for improving athlete engagement and overall performance. By adopting the PSO-SVR model, we can more accurately identify and optimise the key factors affecting athlete engagement, thus bringing far-reaching implications for research and practice in sport science and related fields.
... The model emphasizes the interconnectedness of family cohesion, flexibility, and communication. A study by (Carron, Chelladurai 1981) examined the role of family and team sports cohesiveness among athletes. It was found that cohesion fostered a sense of belonging, membership, and enjoyment, as well as closeness within teams. ...
Abstract
Introduction. AIM The aim of the quantitative cross sectional correlational study is to show the interplay of family cohesion and children’s thoughts in regards to children’s cognitive assessment. In a modern era and digitization, sports must to be given due importance so practical implications can be followed. Amidst the aspect of sports psychology and education perspective, role of parental and family bonding and boundaries is integral to explore.
Materials and Methods. Purposive sampling is used. A total of 200 sports educational students and trainees were selected. Written informed consent was taken from the participants. Valid and reliable instruments were used after formal consent. IBM SPSS v.25 was used to interpret the descriptive and inferential statistics. Correlational, logistic regression, process hayes macro and analysis of variance were used. Family Cohesion Scale FACES II (Olson et al. 1983), Children’s Thoughts (Marien et al. 2004), Children’s Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire CCAQ (Zatz, Chassin 1985) and Sport Anxiety (Smith et al. 2007).
Results. The data showed normalized data that was adjusted according to Shapiro’s Wilk, skewness and kurtosis values. Parametric testing -as used. Pearson product moment correlation showed significant associations. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that family cohesion and children’s thoughts have a significant positive effect on children’s cognitive assessment. Hayes process macro analysis was used to reflect that sports anxiety has a significant mediating effect between thoughts and cognitive aspects of negative evaluations, off task evaluations., positive evaluations and on-task thoughts.
Conclusions. Family’s proactive involvement in children’s sports educational development is integral. Family is a valuable resource that helps to aid education process, even on the field. It further effects the cognitive responses in children in terms of negative self-evaluations, positive self-evaluations, self- distracting thoughts (off-task thoughts) and cognitions which focuses on task (on-task thoughts).
Keywords: family cohesion, children’s thoughts, children’s cognitive assessment, sports anxiety, Pakistan
Научная статья
Сплоченность семьи, мысли детей и их когнитивная оценка: опосредующая роль спортивной тревожности
Ю. Али 1, С. М. И. Шах 2
1 Хазарский университет Мансехра, 21120, Пакистан, Хайбер-Пахтунхва, г. Мансехра, Додиал
2 Спортивный совет Пакистана, Международный союз современного пятиборья, Пакистан, г. Исламабад, шоссе Сринагара, Абпара
Аннотация
Введение. Цель количественного перекрестного корреляционного исследования - показать взаимосвязь между сплоченностью семьи и мыслями детей в отношении когнитивных способностей детей. В современную эпоху цифровых технологий спорту необходимо уделять должное внимание, чтобы можно было проследить его практическое применение. С точки зрения спортивной психологии и образования, роль родительских и семейных уз и границ является неотъемлемой частью изучения.
Материалы и методы. Использовалась целенаправленная выборка. Было отобрано в общей сложности 200 студентов и стажеров спортивных учебных заведений. От участников было получено письменное информированное согласие. После получения официального согласия были использованы действительные и надежные инструменты. Для интерпретации описательной и логической статистики использовался IBM SPSS версии 25. Использовались корреляционный анализ, логистическая регрессия, макро-анализ процесса Хейса и дисперсионный анализ. Шкала сплоченности семьи FACES II (Olson et al. 1983), Мысли детей (Marien et al. 2004), опросник когнитивной оценки детей CCAQ (Zatz, Chassin 1985) и спортивная тревожность (Smith et al. 2007).
Результаты. Данные представляли собой нормализованные данные, которые были скорректированы в соответствии со значениями Уилка, асимметрии и эксцесса Шапиро. Использовалось параметрическое тестирование. Корреляция момента продукта Пирсона показала значимые связи. Множественный логистический регрессионный анализ показал, что сплоченность семьи и мысли детей оказывают значительное положительное влияние на когнитивные способности детей. Макроанализ процесса Хейса был использован для того, чтобы показать, что спортивная тревожность оказывает значительное опосредующее влияние между мыслями и когнитивными аспектами негативных оценок, оценок вне задания, положительных оценок и мыслей, связанных с выполнением задания.
Заключение. Активное участие семьи в развитии детского спортивного образования является неотъемлемой частью. Семья – это ценный ресурс, который помогает в учебном процессе, даже на поле. Это дополнительно влияет на когнитивные реакции детей с точки зрения негативной самооценки, позитивной самооценки, мыслей, отвлекающих внимание от выполнения задачи (off-task thoughts), и когнитивных способностей, которые фокусируются на задаче (on-task thoughts).
Ключевые слова: сплоченность семьи, мышление детей, когнитивная оценка детей, спортивная тревожность, Пакистан
... Team cohesion is considered a dynamic sense of connectedness among team members in which they are committed and stick together to reach team-shared objectives and goals, and when the team satisfies youth connection needs, including social support and friendship (Carron & Chelladurai, 1981). Much of previous research on team cohesion has looked at its impact on engagement and performance, with only a few studies examining its benefits on youth mental health and positive development. ...
This new report examines the relationship between girls’ sport participation and mental health. The data provides strong evidence that in high quality sport settings, playing sports can help lower depression and anxiety and enhance peer relationships and meaning and purpose. The study helps to identify the aspects of the sport setting that drive these outcomes, including levels of autonomy, coach relationships and more. The report also explores the unique qualities of sport relative to other extracurricular activities as well as the connection between them. Findings from the report are integrated into policy and practice recommendations that demonstrate how they can be applied in the field.
... Riesman (1953) described this as antagonistic cooperation. Forming a competitive sport team is therefore always a multidimensional process (Chelladurai 2007), in which trust and cohesion are (unlike in coacting independent sports) (Carron/Coleman/Wheeler/Stevens 2002;Carron/Chelladurai 1981;Landers/Luschen 1974) often described as the key constructs for team performance in interacting sports (Cormier/Bloom/Harvey 2015). However, although often related (Ivašković 2014), trust and cohesion are definitely not the same constructs. ...
This explorative study examines whether the involvement of different stakeholders in South-East European basketball team activities significantly correlates with two crucial constructs often reported to be predictors of well-functioning teams in interacting sports, namely trust and cohesion among team members, and discusses what might cause these relationships. The Group Environment Questionnaire and a four-dimensional “competence-benevolence-integri-ty-predictability” trust scale were used for a sample of 73 basketball clubs from South-East-ern Europe (559 athletes, 73 head coaches, 73 directors). Correlation analyses showed that team cohesion is in a negative relationship with the influence of media, while trust within teams positively correlates with the influence of professional athletes in team activities. The trust relationship between athletes and coach is weaker in the case of private sponsors’ interference, while the coach's trust in the athletes positively correlates with the influence of volunteers. These findings combined with the literature review show that in the context of post-transitional South-East European sport clubs’ higher level of professionalisation appears to make it easier to achieve trustworthy relationships and higher team cohesion, while an increase in private sponsors’ interference might impair the coach–athletes relationship. The study provides a robust quantitative starting point and a set of new research questions for further examination of the causality between stakeholder activities and sport team dynamics, whereas from a practical point of view it points to relationships in need of greater attention in the stakeholder management process.
... He found that as the number of years they played n the r team ncreased, the r level of team cohes on decreased. Donelly et al. (1978) n the r study on major baseball league teams found that as the years n the teams ncreased, the levels of team cohes on also ncreased. ...
This study was applied to measure the team cohesion of basketball players playing in the Türkiye Basketball Leagues in terms of some variables. In the research, two different forms have been used. First of these forms, the personal data form is prepared by a researcher to collect data about the active basketball period of the participants, their league category, camping with the team at the start of the season, and the duration of their presence in the team. The second is the Moralı data form developed by Neil W. Widmeyer, Lawrence R. Brawley and Albert Carron (1985) The Measurement of Cohesion in Sports Team Inventory adapted to Türkiye by 1994. The research group consists of a total of 266 basketball players actively playing in the Türkiye Basketball Leagues. The scale and personal data form were applied to the basketball players who participated in the study with the online method using the purposeful sampling method. The data obtained as a result of the research were analyzed in the SPSS.22 program. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the data, a t-test for independent groups was used in pairwise group comparisons, and a one-way analysis of variance ANOVA test was used to compare multiple groups. In addition, posthoc tests were used to know the way of the difference among groups. The significance level was taken as 0.05 in the interpretation of the results. The cohesion levels of the basketball players participating in the study were mostly at a better level. Keywords: Basketball, team cohesion, basketball players.
... However, the handgrip dynamometry (Gunha et al., 2020) could have been adopted. Second, the study was conducted with simulated games, which could have influenced the intensity of the game for the reason that individual performance in team sports is affected by teammates and opponents (Carron & Chelladurai, 2016). Furthermore, the results are limited to men; the neuromuscular assessments could have increased muscle fatigue to some extent; and, although the correlations indicated some interesting relationships, they are insufficient to infer causation. ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three simulated goalball games on neuromuscular, physiological, perceptual, and technical parameters. Ten male players underwent assessments before and immediately after each game. Heart rate was recorded at rest and during all games that were entirely filmed for further technical performance analysis. Exercise significantly decreased knee extensor muscles peak force and percentage of voluntary activation after the second and third games, indicating the presence of central fatigue. Heart rate responses remained predominantly in a range equivalent to moderate activity intensity in all games. In addition, perceptual parameters were associated with reduced frequency of throws and density of actions. These findings suggest significant implications for the management of physical training, game strategy during a competition, and fixture change from three to two games per day.
... Cohesion is one of the most commonly studied phenomenon in group dynamics. Several definitions of cohesion have been presented in specific contexts such as sports team [11] and group psychotherapy [7]. Carron et al. defines cohesion as "a dynamic process that is reflected in tendency of group to stick together and remain united in pursuit of its goals and objectives". ...
... Several definitions of cohesion have been presented in specific contexts such as sports team (Carron and Chelladurai, 1981) and group psychotherapy (Braaten, 1991). One of the earliest definitions of cohesion was proposed by Festinger et. ...
... Sporcular başarıları daha çok takıma yüklerken, başarısızlıkları kendi üstlerine almaya ya da başka dışsal nedenlere yüklemeye çalışırlar (Williams ve Widmeyer, 1991). Donelly, Carron ve Chelladurai (1978), belirli bir süre bir arada olan oyuncuların sargınlık duygusunda artış olur mu ve bu artış başarıyı getirir mi düşüncesiyle major baseball lig takımlarıyla çalışma yapmışlar ve sonuçta 5 yıl kadar birlikte olan takımların en başarılı takım olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir. Caron'a (1982) göre uzun süre birlikte olan takımlardaki sporcuların takım başarısına karşı daha fazla istek duymaları ve daha yüksek düzeyde sargınlığa sahip olmaları beklenilen bir özelliktir. ...
Günümüzde pek çok spor branşında özellikle takım sporlarında sporcuların performanslarını etkileyen birçok faktör vardır. Bunlardan bazıları sargınlık ve öz yeterlik kavramlarıdır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye'deki futbol hakemlerinin sargınlık ve öz yeterlik düzeylerini incelemektir. Araştırmaya 2016-2017 sezonunda Ankara, Samsun, Ordu, Amasya, Çorum, Trabzon ve Giresun ilinde görev yapan üst klasman hakemi, klasman hakemi, bölgesel hakem ve il hakemleri olmak üzere toplam 326 hakem ve yardımcı hakem katılmıştır. Araştırmada yer alan futbol hakemlerine Carron ve arkadaşları tarafından geliştirilen, Öcel ve Aydın tarafından Türkçe'ye uyarlanan Grup Sargınlığı Ölçeği, Jarrusselam ve Shwarzer'ın "Genel Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeği (GÖYÖ)" ve araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen "Kişisel Bilgi Anketi" uygulanmıştır. Sorulara verilen cevapların karşılaştırılmasında Ki-Kare analizi, çapraz tablo analizi, çoklu karşılaştırılmalarda Varyans Analizi ve Tukey Testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada tüm istatistiksel testler için önem seviyesi 0,05 olarak alınmıştır. Farklı şehirlerde yapılan anketlerle hakemlerimizin gerek bireysel gerekse takım olarak grup sargınlıkları ve öz yeterlikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Birçok soruda farklılıkların bulunduğu çalışmada, farklılıkların bölge, yaş ve tecrübeye göre farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sargınlık, Öz Yeterlik, Futbol Hakemi. Abstract Today in many sports branches, especially in team sports, there are a great number of factors influencing athletes' performances, some of which are cohesiveness and self-sufficiency. The purpose of this study is to examine the cohesiveness and self-sufficiency levels of football referees in Turkey. A total of 326 referees and assisting referees working as upper classification, classification, regional and provincial referees in the cities of Ankara, Samsun, Ordu, Amasya, Çorum, Trabzon and Giresun during 2016-2017 season participated in the study. The participants were given "Group Environment Scale" developed by Canon et al. and adapted into Turkish by Öcel and Aydın, "General Self-Sufficiency Scale (GSSS)" developed by Jarrusselam and Shwarzer and "Personal Information Form" developed by the researchers. Chi-square analysis and crosstab analysis were used to compare the answers. The significance level was taken as 0.05 for all statistical tests in the study. With questionnaires conducted in different cities, our referees' individual and group cohesiveness and self-sufficiencies were assessed. It was found that the differences found in many questions differed in terms of region, age and experience.
... Sporcular başarıları daha çok takıma yüklerken, başarısızlıkları kendi üstlerine almaya ya da başka dışsal nedenlere yüklemeye çalışırlar (Williams ve Widmeyer, 1991). Donelly, Carron ve Chelladurai (1978), belirli bir süre bir arada olan oyuncuların sargınlık duygusunda artış olur mu ve bu artış başarıyı getirir mi düşüncesiyle major baseball lig takımlarıyla çalışma yapmışlar ve sonuçta 5 yıl kadar birlikte olan takımların en başarılı takım olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir. Caron'a (1982) göre uzun süre birlikte olan takımlardaki sporcuların takım başarısına karşı daha fazla istek duymaları ve daha yüksek düzeyde sargınlığa sahip olmaları beklenilen bir özelliktir. ...
... Akibatnya, atlet banyak melakukan kesalahan sendiri (unforce error) yang merugikan diri sendiri dan menguntungkan pihak lawan. Dalam konteks olahraga beregu, kohesivitas tim juga menjadi faktor yang tidak boleh diabaikan (Carron & Chelladurai, 2016;Maksum, 1998;Mullen & Copper, 1994). ...
Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan apa itu mental juara, mengapa mental juara dibutuhkan, dan bagaimana mental juara dibentuk. Kajian dilakukan secara mendalam berdasarkan sejumlah teori, hasil-hasil penelitian yang relevan, dan pengalaman empirik para atlet. Secara sederhana, mental juara merupakan sekumpulan atribut psikologis yang memungkinkan seorang atlet bertahan melalui kondisi yang tidak nyaman bahkan sangat sulit sekalipun demi meraih kesuksesan. Atribut tersebut merupakan interrelasi antara komitmen, persisten, dan ambisi prestatif. Ketiga atribut tersebut menjadi faktor krusial dalam pencapaian sebuah prestasi olahraga, tidak hanya di kala bertanding, tetapi juga saat berlatih dan menjalani kehidupan sehari-hari. Mental juara dibentuk melalui proses yang panjang di lingkungan keluarga dan lingkungan olahraga. Pola asuh, pola kepemimpinan, dan latihan keterampilan psikologis menjadi kunci terbentuknya mental juara.
... Vilar et al. (2012) showed that interactions between players may be analysed by ecological dynamics, explaining the formation of successful and unsuccessful patterns of play. Carron and Chelladurai (1981) identified the factors that are correlated with the athlete's perception of cohesiveness (between coach and athlete and between team and athlete), which they described as a multi-dimensional construct. ...
In basketball, measures of individual player performance provide critical guidance for a broad spectrum of decisions related to training and game strategy. However, most studies on this topic focus on performance level measurement, neglecting other important factors, such as performance variability. Here we model shooting performance variability by using Markov switching models, assuming the existence of two alternating performance regimes related to the positive or negative synergies that specific combinations of players may create on the court. The main goal of this analysis is to investigate the relationships between each player's performance variability and team line‐up composition by assuming shot‐varying transition probabilities between regimes. Relationships between pairs of players are then visualized in a network graph, highlighting positive and negative interactions between teammates. On the basis of these interactions, we build a score for the line‐ups, which we show correlates with the line‐up's shooting performance. This confirms that interactions between teammates detected by the Markov switching model directly affect team performance, which is information that would be enormously useful to coaches when deciding which players should play together.
Read-only version available at
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/share/author/NH3VF5WSADCBHWZX6TMN?target=10.1111/rssc.12442
... Several studies have considered teamwork assessment from different perspectives. Just to cite a few, Fujimura & Sugihara (2005) construct a player"s motion model after proposing a generalized Voronoi diagram that divides space into dominant regions, Metulini et al. (2017b), Metulini (2017), Metulini et al. (2017a) analysed players" motion using motion charts and proposing a cluster analysis to separate different games" strategies, Vilar et al. (2012) show that interactions between players may be analyzed by ecological dynamics explaining the formation of successful and unsuccessful patterns of play, and Carron & Chelladurai (1981) have attempted to identify the factors correlated with the athlete"s perception of cohesiveness (between the coach and athlete and the team and athlete) intended as a multidimensional construct. ...
Basketball players' performance measurement is of critical importance for a broad spectrum of decisions related to training and game strategy. Despite this recognized central role, the main part of the studies on this topic focus on performance level measurement, neglecting other important characteristics, such as variability. In this paper, shooting performance variability is modeled with a Markov Switching dynamic, assuming the existence of two alternating performance regimes. Then, the relationships between each player's variability and the lineup composition is modeled as an ARIMA process with covariates and described with network analysis tools, in order to extrapolate positive and negative interactions between teammates
... Studies of elite sport groups may fail to distinguish between the team "on" the court and "off" the court (e.g. Blinde, Taube & Han, 1994;Carron & Chelladurai, 1981;Moritz & Watson, 1998). Seeing the team as only one group of individuals makes it more difficult to observe conflicting tendencies. ...
In the recent years, the work of the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann (1927–1998) has influenced a number of scientific areas such as sociology, educational studies, political science and organization and management studies both in and outside Germany. By (re-)introducing concepts like communication, autopoiesis and meaning, his genuine theoretical outline offers inspiration and new reflections for current social science. This volume contains essays by Danish, German, Norwegian and American scholars who use the elements of the modern systems theory developed by Luhmann to investigate a variety of topics currently facing social scientists of sport. Like this, the anthology represents an attempt to present the application of modern systems theory to a broader English speaking audience.
... With respect to brokerage a negative association is expected. The social forces arising from the need for affiliation are manifested in "clan-like" clique formation (e.g., Bar-Yam & Bar-Yam, 1987;Carron & Chelladurai, 1981). Cliques indicate high density and network closure (Wasserman & Faust, 1994) and therefore few structural holes. ...
Using a wide range of methodological and theoretical frameworks this thesis aims to integrate the social network approach with psychological research. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the network perspective and the wide range of theories, concepts and applications. Further, a novel structural framework is offered, integrating the most important measures of network-positioning. Chapter 2 contains four studies examining how an individual’s personality and motivation relates to their perception of, and actual social network positioning. Study 1 shows that personality influences how people perceive themselves in social networks and that this perception moderates the well-researched relationship between personality and subjective wellbeing. The second study demonstrates that (similarity on) the Big Five personality factors affect the likelihood of selecting and attracting social network ties. Yet, effects are small and somewhat inconsistent with previous literature. Results of Study 3 did not support our hypothesis that differences in motivation are associated with the occupation of different social network positions, in an organizational setting. Lastly, study 4 shows how an individual’s political skill relates to his/her preferred and perceived personal networks, and their joint effect on job attitudes. Chapter 3 links SNA with Social Cognition research. Study 1 demonstrates that high self-monitors are perceived as more similar to the self, and that this (partly) accounts for the well-known effect of self-monitoring on popularity in friendship networks. Study 2 examines if, and concludes that perceptions of high popularity negatively affects the quality of a friendship relations. Lastly, Study 3 demonstrates that an individual’s sense of power negatively impacts perceptual accuracy of dyadic relations in a friendship network. Chapter 4 emphasizes qualitative aspects of social network relations. Study 1 suggests that average frequency of tie “activation” as well as advice ties that co-occur with more personal ties, lead to increased levels of employee engagement. Study 2 demonstrates that costs of giving and benefits of receiving advice are more pronounced in informal, compared to formal work networks. Overall, it is concluded that the social network approach provides a powerful research tool for psychologists, yet being fraught with both methodological as well as theoretical challenges.
... and positive feedback=.85 [5,30,31,32,33,34,35]. ...
Despite the fact that behavior of coaches is critical towards optimal development and performance of athletes, there still remains a dearth of empirical evidence involving self-perceptions of competitive athletes at elite level. The purpose of the present study was to examine athletes' perceptions related patterns and gender differences specific to coaching behaviors during competition. Consequently, the Leadership Scale for Sports was administered to 201 conveniently sampled elite student-athletes during the 23 rd World Universiade Games at Kazan, Russia. Results show that a considerable number of sampled athletes perceived their coaches not to have provided the needed social support and positive feedback during competition. However, majority of these athletes felt they were involved democratically across the competition period. Additionally, while male athletes perceived their coaches to have given appreciable training and instruction, were more democratic, socially supportive, and provided positive feedback, female athletes perceived their coaches to be autocratic. A greater need for social support and positive feedback are required from coaches to help athletes deal with the stressors of elite competition. Similarly, the gender differences in the athletes' perceptions suggest a more idiosyncratic approach and flexibility toward coaching at high performance level if desired outcomes are to be accomplished.
... Obviously, not all sports require the same degree of cooperative effort between athletes to solve the task. Carron and Chelladurai (1981) refers to an interactive-coactive continuum to explain this relationship. In interactive team sports (e.g. ...
The aim of this study was to test a multiple mediation model linking athletes’ shared mental model (SMM) to social loafing through role clarity and team identity. The following hypothesis was tested: SMM is directly and negatively associated with social loafing; athletes’ perceived SMM is positively related to role clarity and team identification, which in turn is negatively related to social loafing. In total, 152 male professional senior players from all 10 teams in an elite ice hockey league participated. Data were analyzed using a linear regression procedure and bias-corrected bootstrapping technique to measure indirect effects. The results confirm the hypothesis and demonstrate that SMM has an indirect effect through the mediators. Coaches and sport psychologists should be aware of the significance of SMM in their work to enhance team performance. Facilitating SMM may reduce social loafing through role clarity and team identification.
... As discussões sobre coesão de grupo foram iniciadas na década de 1950 com os estudos de Festinger, Schachter e Back, que definiram coesão como o campo total de forças que levam indivíduos a se manterem em grupo (CARRON;CHELLADURAI, 1981). Desde então, esta temática tem sido estudada por várias áreas, como psicologia do esporte, social, militar, organizacional e educacional. ...
This study aimed to validate The Group Environment Questionnaire (GEG) and its connections with the sporting context. The study was divided into two parts: Study (1) validation of the Group Environment Questionnaire into Portuguese language; and Study (2) analysis of group cohesion and leadership behavior of the coach of indoor soccer teams. In Study (1), the subjects were 502 adult athletes, male and female, of the collective sports soccer (97), indoor soccer (83), volleyball (142), basketball (55), handball (60), rugby (49) and beach volleyball (16) of cities of the north, northwest and western regions of the state of Paraná. The instrument used for the validation process (Study 1) was the Group Environment Questionnaire. It was used the back translation method, content analysis of items, internal consistency analysis by Cronbach's alpha, analysis of test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the validity of construct by confirmatory factor analysis. In Study (2), the subjects were adult athletes (122) and their coaches (8) of the eight best teams in the Parana Championship of indoor soccer-Gold Key 2010, totaling 130 subjects. The instruments used were the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEG) and the Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS). For data analysis it was used the Kolmogorov Smirnov, repeated measures ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and Spearman correlation (p <0.05). The results of Study (1) showed that all dimensions of the QAG had high coefficients of internal consistency (α = 0,76 to α = 0,83), as well as high test-retest reliability was found using the intraclass correlation coefficient (r = 0,95 to r = 0,96); to the validity of the construct, two items of the QAG (2 and 5) were excluded to the model because they did not present individual reliability; the values of the global indicators of fit of the inspected model for QAG with 16 items resulting from the confirmatory factor analysis (X2=309,72; df=95; p≤0,001; X2/gl=3,02; GFI=0,936; AGFI=0,90; CFI=0,93; TLI/NFI=0,93/0,91; RMSEA=0,06) express its construct validity. The results of the study (2) demonstrated that high level indoor soccer athletes are focused on the task cohesion rather than social cohesion; (p=0,001); there was significant difference in the level of group cohesion among National League teams and Parana Championship teams (p=0,001); it was observed that the athletes felt that their coaches had a behavior based primarily on training-instruction (Md=4,2), reinforcement (Md=4,1) and social support (Md=3,7), and more democratic style over the autocratic (p<0,05); the coaches of the Parana Championship teams provided further instructions, reinforcement and social support to athletes, in addition to having more democratic style over coaches of the National League (p <0,05); it was found that the more coaches provide instruction, social support and reinforcement, it is greater the group cohesion of teams and that the more autocratic is the coach, lower the cohesion for the task (p<0,05); teams with democratic coaches style showed higher levels of task cohesion over to the teams with autocratic coaches (p<0,05). Conclusion: Study (1) - the instrument (GEQ) is valid and reliable to reality of the Parana and Brazil; Studies (2): the leadership style of the coach is an intervening factor in the perception of cohesion of the indoor soccer teams.
... Some individuals spread these qualities to their teammates, while others create negative energy and fear of failure on the field. There is abundance of research that focuses on these attributes on the individual level and their contribution to team culture, cohesion and leadership (Carron, Bray, and Eys 2002;Carron and Chelladurai 1981;Chelladurai 1990;Pescosolido and Saavedra 2012). We recognize the importance of this work, but we want to draw attention to the collective aspect of teamwork. ...
The importance of creating and maintaining a working order and solidarity among sports teams is one of the more taken-for-granted assumptions among participants and observers. Even so, delineating the dynamics of its importance, especially in regard to teamwork and insider knowledge (or secrecy) remains unexplored. This paper attempts to fill this gap by employing classical sociological concepts from Durkheim, Mead, and Goffman to discuss the practical and sociological importance of teamwork. We examine two internationally successful Icelandic sport teams to show how the prosocial aspects of teamwork, secrecy, and backstage behavior, keep teammates bonded to each other and to the culture in which they become embedded. Our analysis also highlights the importance of collective representations, organic solidarity and the dynamic processes involving self-presentation, ideoculture and negotiation of meaning.
... Les premières publications accompagnent la naissance de la psychologie du sport, intégrée aux départements d'éducation physique et sportive et aux départements de psychologie dans les universités. Des initiatives importantes de recherche en psychologie du sport voient le jour dans les années 1970 et 1980, comme la création de questionnaires d'anxiété spécifique au sport par Martens (1977), le travail de Carron et Chelladurai (1981) avec le leadership et la cohésion dans le sport, les recherches initiées par Smith et Smoll sur l'influence des comportements des entraîneurs sur les jeunes (Smith, Smoll, & Curtis, 1979) et les travaux de Morgan avec le « profil Iceberg » de l'athlète en bonne santé, grâce au questionnaire Profile of Mood State (Morgan & Johnson, 1978). ...
... Whereas software engineering course focuses on software development, management of process models, requirement gathering, analysis, design, and testing, it does not address the issues such as management of product, project and people in such a way so as to strengthen the ability of students to achieve high mutual cohesiveness to actually complete a project with its all objectives achieved. Team cohesion is necessary for ensuring completion of any group task [3][4][5][6][7]. ...
The courses of software project management (SPM) and Software engineering (SE) are regularly taught at undergraduate degree program in computer science. Students of these programs also have to undertake projects as part of various courses during their degree program. The purpose of this research is to assess whether the software engineering or the software project management course had enhanced the cohesion among team members while undertaking a six month or a year-long project. The teaching of these two courses is considered as a team building intervention in this research. A total of 167 students returned a modified version of Group Environment Questionnaire distributed to 200 students. Off these, 81 were those who had taken the SE course and subsequently did a project before they had taken SPM course. The rest of the students (85) consisted of those who had taken SPM and had undertaken final project. The results of this paper indicates that the SPM as compared to SE as a team building intervention had a better effect on team cohesion. The paper has successfully identified a single course that can enhance the performance of students as a team in contrast to proposing all the courses taught at the undergraduate computer science degree program as intervention for better team building and team work as proposed by Hogan & Thomas, 2005.
... Findings revealed high levels of satisfaction in team social contribution (5.84) and team integration (5.63). Team integration (also referred to in the literature as "team cohesion") is important for the success of the team (Carron & Chelladurai, 1981;Carron, Colman, Wheeler, & Stevens, 2002). It is challenging for coaches and athletic staff to provide the right conditions for team cohesion. ...
The number of international student-athletes participating in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has nearly doubled from 8,945 in 2001–02 to 16,440 in 2007–08 (DeHass, 2009). As a result of such dramatic growth in the number of student-athletes participating in NCAA athletics, it is important to understand the level of satisfaction among this group. Determining whether athletes are satisfied with their experience may aid in recruiting future international athletes as well as potentially leading to higher retention and graduation rates. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the level of satisfaction (academic and athletic) among international student-athletes who participate in NCAA Division I-Football Bowl Subdivision athletics. Data analysis revealed that international student-athletes are satisfied with the dimensions measuring satisfaction, including academic support services, personal treatment, team social contribution and medical support. In addition, male athletes are more satisfied with external agents (i.e., media, the local and university community) than female athletes. These findings will not only help coaches and administrators better understand international student-athletes’ academic and athletic experience in the United States, but will also contribute to their understanding of the factors leading to an increased level of satisfaction. Providing the best possible environment to achieve high level of satisfaction ultimately will lead to a better performance on and off the field (Zhang, DeMichele & Connaughton, 2004).
... Dentre esses fatores, o estilo de liderança do técnico é um elemento importante 6,7 , visto que a maneira como o técnico se comunica com os atletas, além do fornecimento de instruções, reforço, suporte social e distribuição de papéis, possui íntima relação com o desenvolvimento da coesão de uma equipe esportiva 8,9 . Embora já tenham sido realizados estudos relacionando a liderança do treinador e a coesão de grupo de equipes esportivas 10- 14 ...
Este estudo descritivo investigou o nível de coesão de grupo e o estilo de liderança dos treinadores de equipes paranaenses de futsal adulto. Foram sujeitos 122 atletas das equipes do Campeonato Paranaense de Futsal-Chave Ouro 2011. Como instrumentos foram utilizados o Questionário de Ambiente de Grupo e a Escala de Liderança no Desporto. Para análise dos dados, aplicou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, alfa de Cronbach, Anova de Medidas Repetidas e " U " de Mann-Whitnney (p<0,05). Os resultados evidenciaram que as equipes apresentaram moderado nível de coesão de grupo, com maiores escores nas dimensões integração no grupo-tarefa (Md=7,8) e atração individual para o grupo-tarefa (Md=8,0); os atletas perceberam que seus técnicos apresentavam um comportamento baseado principalmente em treino-instrução (Md=4,2), reforço (Md=4,1) e suporte social (Md=3,7), além de serem mais democráticos (Md=3,4) em suas atitudes e decisões, em detrimento ao estilo autocrático (Md=2,8); a partir da comparação com o nível de coesão de grupo em função do estilo de liderança do treinador, foi encontrada diferença significativa nas dimensões integração no grupo-tarefa (p=0,004) e atração individual para o grupo-tarefa (p=0,008), evidenciando que as equipes que possuíam técnicos com estilo democrático apresentaram maior nível de coesão para a tarefa em detrimento às equipes com técnicos autocráticos. Conclusão: o estilo de liderança do treinador (autocrático/democrático) demonstrou-se como elemento interveniente na coesão de grupo para a tarefa das equipes. Palavras-chave: Coesão de Grupo; Liderança do Técnico; Esporte. NASCIMENTO JUNIOR JRA, VIEIRA LF. Liderança do técnico e coesão de grupo:um estudo com equipes profissionais de futsal. R. bras. Ci. e Mov 2012;20(2):84-90.
... Dentre esses fatores, o estilo de liderança do técnico é um elemento importante 6,7 , visto que a maneira como o técnico se comunica com os atletas, além do fornecimento de instruções, reforço, suporte social e distribuição de papéis, possui íntima relação com o desenvolvimento da coesão de uma equipe esportiva 8,9 . Embora já tenham sido realizados estudos relacionando a liderança do treinador e a coesão de grupo de equipes esportivas 10- 14 ...
RESUMO: Este estudo descritivo investigou o nível de coesão de grupo e o estilo de liderança dos treinadores de equipes paranaenses de futsal adulto. Foram sujeitos 122 atletas das equipes do Campeonato Paranaense de Futsal-Chave Ouro 2011. Como instrumentos foram utilizados o Questionário de Ambiente de Grupo e a Escala de Liderança no Desporto. Para análise dos dados, aplicou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, alfa de Cronbach, Anova de Medidas Repetidas e " U " de Mann-Whitnney (p<0,05). Os resultados evidenciaram que as equipes apresentaram moderado nível de coesão de grupo, com maiores escores nas dimensões integração no grupo-tarefa (Md=7,8) e atração individual para o grupo-tarefa (Md=8,0); os atletas perceberam que seus técnicos apresentavam um comportamento baseado principalmente em treino-instrução (Md=4,2), reforço (Md=4,1) e suporte social (Md=3,7), além de serem mais democráticos (Md=3,4) em suas atitudes e decisões, em detrimento ao estilo autocrático (Md=2,8); a partir da comparação com o nível de coesão de grupo em função do estilo de liderança do treinador, foi encontrada diferença significativa nas dimensões integração no grupo-tarefa (p=0,004) e atração individual para o grupo-tarefa (p=0,008), evidenciando que as equipes que possuíam técnicos com estilo democrático apresentaram maior nível de coesão para a tarefa em detrimento às equipes com técnicos autocráticos. Conclusão: o estilo de liderança do treinador (autocrático/democrático) demonstrou-se como elemento interveniente na coesão de grupo para a tarefa das equipes. Palavras-chave: Coesão de Grupo; Liderança do Técnico; Esporte. NASCIMENTO JUNIOR JRA, VIEIRA LF. Liderança do técnico e coesão de grupo:um estudo com equipes profissionais de futsal. R. bras. Ci. e Mov 2012;20(2):84-90.
Background/Objectives: The complexity of modern healthcare requires teamwork. Healthcare teams must be cohesive to ensure efficient and quality care. The objective of this study was to validate the Spanish short version of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) in undergraduate nursing students undergoing clinical simulation training. Methods: The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were analyzed. We began with a statistical analysis of the items. Internal consistency was assessed using McDonald’s omega coefficient. Test-retest reliability was determined using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. An exploratory factor analysis was performed using the principal components analysis method with varimax rotation. Finally, a confirmatory factor analysis of the proposed theoretical models was performed to select the most appropriate one using the weighted least squares method adjusted for mean and variance (WLSMV) and goodness-of-fit indices. Results: The questionnaire items showed a standard deviation higher than 1 and a negative skewness lower than 0.5. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were higher than 0.8. The item-total correlation coefficient values were above 0.44. The exploratory factor analysis confirmed the presence of four factors, each with three items. Confirmatory factor analysis determined that the four-factor cohesion model was the one that obtained the best fit. Conclusions: The Spanish short version of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) is a valid and reliable instrument for analyzing group cohesion in teams of nursing students undergoing clinical simulation training.
In the context of free‐to‐play mobile games, this paper seeks to examine one question: which factors affect a player's play duration or in‐app purchases (of virtual items)? This research question has not been examined in the research literature. But it is an important one because the revenue of a free‐to‐play game developer is based on in‐app ads watched by players (which depend on play duration) and in‐app purchases. Using different regression models to analyze weekly data associated with 100,000 players' activities and expenditures of a free‐to‐play mobile game over a three‐year period, we provide three key results and their implications. First, game performance has an “inverted‐U” effect. Players with exceptionally good/bad performance in one week tend to play for a shorter duration and make fewer purchases in the following week. This result implies that a game developer should monitor a player's performance and offer rewards to prevent players from dropping out. Second, virtual item novelty has a positive effect. Players who acquired new virtual items in one week tend to play for a longer duration and make more purchases in the following week. This result suggests that, to entice players to extend their play and increase their expenditure, the game developer should design customized virtual items with personalized pricing. Third, social interaction has a positive effect. Players who are “clan members” or played more with friends in one week tend to play for a longer duration and make more purchases in the following week. Hence, the game developer can benefit from this result by developing incentive for players to invite their friends to play together. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Although extensive sport research has been dedicated to understanding coach effectiveness, this work has largely explored how coaches’ behaviours influence individual athletes rather than considering the total team. Accordingly, we sought to examine the breadth of existing research involving the influence of coaches on team dynamics. Adhering to PRISMA for Scoping Review guidelines, 9,454 peer–reviewed studies were identified using four electronic databases, with 82 ultimately meeting inclusion criteria. Studies were grouped based on interpersonal, intrapersonal, and professional coach behaviours. Within these groups, team dynamics frameworks were used to explore the team–level variables. The results demonstrated that the majority of research has focused on coaches’ interpersonal behaviours on teams’ emergent states, while largely overlooking the influence of coaches’ intrapersonal or professional behaviours on teams’ structures or processes. We advocate for the diversification of methodologies employed and targeted investigations guided by established frameworks to better understand coaches’ influence on team dynamics.
We propose to conduct an analysis, by studying the influences exercised by certain variables (the biological gender, the ranking and the sociomotor space) on the level of cohesion among the sports teams in the municipality of Iaşi, Romania, evolving in the first leagues. A questionnaire was conducted on a number of 158 athletes (55 females, 103 males) who practice basketball, soccer, handball, rugby, volleyball. The responders answered the questionnaire regarding the group environment (GEQ). Factor analysis groups the items on two factors at the level of the Romanian subjects. The homogeneity of the instrument was evaluated for the entire scale, as well as independently for each of the two factors. The gender variable does not influence the level of social cohesion and the one of task cohesion among the sports teams taken into account. The ranking does not influence task cohesion among the teams studied. Both the ranking and the level of sociomotor space, as independent variables, determine significant differences regarding the level of social cohesion among the teams studied. The sociomotor space variable determines at the level of the teams sportive studied significant differences also regarding task cohesion.
In order to reach the highest, master level of playing tennis it is essential to begin trainings in early childhood. In a longterm training program of a young competitor, apart from learning of the technique and tactics, physical fitness should also be shaped. Efficiency on the court largely depends on the tennis player’s motor abilities and physical fitness. The goal of the research was an attempt to establish correlations between indices of motor abilities of a general and special character among tennis players aged 10-14. To assess the level of general efficiency, a European test of the physical fitness – EUROFIT was used. However, special efficiency was assessed with four tennis tests. The results of the tests showed a systematic development of certain indices of general and special efficiency and a continuing big diversity between subjects in individual generations, especially amongst the youngest tennis players.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of motivation on the group cohesion of aerobic gymnastic athletes. The statistical society was the men of aerobic gymnastics (team performance part) that take part in country matches of this field. 64 participants take part in this study. Data was collected with the “sport motivation scale” and “group cohesion scale” questionnaire. Data analyze was done with the linear regression and spss-18 software. Results show that motivation variable predicted group cohesion (p=0/001, R² =0/17). The results indicate the effect of motivation on the group cohesion in the athlete. Coaches should rise the motivation for the matches or training in which cause suitable group cohesion and so that facilitates group success. © 2019, DPTZK (Physical Education Pedagogues Association). All rights reserved.
Cohesion has historically been considered one of the most important variables in the study of small group dynamics and has historically been one of the most frequently studied of group-level constructs. The purpose of the study was to analyse the group cohesion among inter collegiate male volleyball players from four universities of Kerala state. Age of selected students ranged from 18 to 25. The Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) developed by Carron, Widmeyer and Brawley (1985) was used to assess group cohesion among the subjects. The ANOVA and LSD post hoc analysis used to find significant difference between groups (performance) on independent variables (individual attraction to group, social individual attraction to group task, group interaction social, group interaction task).
Although subgroups and cliques are anecdotally referenced as salient factors in sport organizations, they have only recently received attention within sport psychology literature. This is surprising given the potential influence of subgroup behavior on group-related processes and team functioning. The present study employed a longitudinal, repeated interview case study design to examine competitive rugby players’ awareness of subgroups and cliques, in addition to perceptions of their development, influence, and management over the course of a season. Findings indicated that players were not only able to articulate the nature of subgroups and cliques, but also to identify members of the various subunits. Both subgroup and clique membership and behavior were found to be fluid, develop over time, and be shaped by several organizational factors. Recommendations for the management of subgroups and cliques are provided, and the results are discussed in line with theoretical perspectives and practical applications.
Purpose: The present endeavor was planned to investigate team cohesion between college and university level kabaddi players. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted on 40 subjects (22 from college level and 18 from university level) and age ranged from 19 to 24 years who were randomly selected from Chattishgarh state during Inter-Sector (Regional) tournament. Selected variable for the study was team cohesion. The statistical technique, descriptive statistics and the independent 't' test were used, the data analyzed with the help of SPSS (16.0 version) software and the level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence. RESULT: results of the study have shown that university level players were better in terms of liking each other, working together, perception of closeness, similarity to team members and bonding to group as a hole since their mean scores were higher compared to college level players .
The elimination of the Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule has opened to women some 15,500 special operations forces (SOF) positions. A RAND study helped to inform that decision and provides insight into the key factors surrounding the integration of women into SOF. The integration of women raises issues pertinent to the effectiveness of SOF teams, in terms of physical standards and ensuring readiness, cohesion, and morale. This report assesses potential challenges to the integration of women into SOF for unit cohesion and provides analytical support in validating SOF occupational standards for positions controlled by U.S. Special Operations Command. The report summarizes the history of integration of women into the U.S. armed forces, reviews the current state of knowledge about cohesion in small units, and discusses the application of gender-neutral standards to SOF. The report identifies widely agreed-on professional standards for the validation of physically demanding occupations and assists SOF service components with the application of these standards to SOF occupations. The report also discusses the primary data — a survey of SOF personnel and a series of focus group discussions — collected by the research team regarding the potential challenges to the integration of women into SOF. The report then presents recommendations regarding the implementation process of integrating women into SOF.
The elimination of the Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule has opened to women some 15,500 special operations forces (SOF) positions. A RAND study helped to inform that decision and provides insight into the key factors surrounding the integration of women into SOF. The integration of women raises issues pertinent to the effectiveness of SOF teams, in terms of physical standards and ensuring readiness, cohesion, and morale. This report assesses potential challenges to the integration of women into SOF for unit cohesion and provides analytical support in validating SOF occupational standards for positions controlled by U.S. Special Operations Command. The report summarizes the history of integration of women into the U.S. armed forces, reviews the current state of knowledge about cohesion in small units, and discusses the application of gender-neutral standards to SOF. The report identifies widely agreed-on professional standards for the validation of physically demanding occupations and assists SOF service components with the application of these standards to SOF occupations. The report also discusses the primary data — a survey of SOF personnel and a series of focus group discussions — collected by the research team regarding the potential challenges to the integration of women into SOF. The report then presents recommendations regarding the implementation process of integrating women into SOF.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.