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The Best of Times, the Worst of Times: The Place of Close Relationships in Psychology and Our Daily Lives

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This article examines the place of relationships in our daily lives and in the field of psychology. The first section of the article offers reasons why relationships are central for humans. Next, the place of relationships in the history, institutional aspects, and subfields of psychology is presented. Then a paradox about relationships is presented: They are both among the most positive, uplifting of life's experiences and yet they can also be among life's darkest aspects. Despite the negative aspects of relationships, most people are very happy in their intimate relations. The paper ends with possible explanations for why satisfaction may be so high. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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... Nawet w ujęciu biologicznym więzi społeczne mają wpływ na ludzkie zdrowie, dzięki podniesieniu wydajności układu odpornościowego i redukcji poziomu hormonów stresu. Dzięki bliskim związkom łatwiej jest poradzić sobie w obliczu zagrożenia (Perlman, 2007;Czapiński and Panek, 2007). Stanowiska te są potwierdzone badaniami (Holt-Lunstad, Birmingham and Jones, 2008) i jasno wskazują, że osoby będące w satysfakcjonującym związku, w porównaniu z osobami niebędącymi w relacji, cieszą się lepszą wydolnością układu krążenia oraz mocniejszym zdrowiem psychicznym i fizycznym. ...
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Głównym celem pracy było sprawdzenie poziomu stresu pourazowego u kobiet i ich partnerów po przebyciu porodu naturalnego w jednej z trzech jego okoliczności. Ponadto, celem pracy było również zbadanie satysfakcji z życia z wyszczególnieniem satysfakcji seksualnej partnerów.Badanie zostało przeprowadzone na grupie kobiet i mężczyzn (N=180), którzy zostali rodzicami w wyniku samotnego porodu kobiety, porodu z partnerem lub porodu z inną osobą towarzyszącą niż partner.W pracy wykorzystano następujące narzędzia: Skala Satysfakcji z Życia (SWLS), Skala Wpływu Zdarzeń IES-R, Kwestionariusz Satysfakcji Seksualnej. Do analiz statystycznych wykorzystano jednoczynnikową analizę wariancji dla grup niezależnych oraz test post hoc z poprawką Bonferroniego lub poprawką Gamesa-Howella.Wyniki potwierdziły hipotezy, że samotny poród naturalny jest predyktorem wystąpienia stresu pourazowego u kobiet oraz wpływa na ich poczucie niższej satysfakcji z życia. U mężczyzn natomiast uczestnictwo w porodzie naturalnym z partnerką istotnie wpływa na odczuwanie niższej satysfakcji seksualnej. Hipoteza dotycząca mniejszej satysfakcji z życia u mężczyzn uczestniczących czynnie w porodzie naturalnym potwierdziła się częściowo.Uzyskane wyniki zostały poddane dyskusji z uwzględnieniem zakłóceń, ograniczeń oraz możliwości wykorzystania badań w przyszłości
... The term "Intimacy" denotes the feeling of being in a close personal relationship and belonging together. It is a familiar and close emotional connection with another that is shaped through knowledge and understanding of the other (Perlman, 2020). Boon (1994) defined interpersonal trust as "the confident anticipations that a spouse is naturally motivated to take one's own greatest interests into account when acting even when inducements might attract him or her to do otherwise. ...
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Background: Intimate relationships are built upon trust. With it, there is liberty and security to experience the full potential of intimacy and affection the relationship has to offer. Objective: Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a reliable and valid indigenous scale for women measuring trust in their intimate partner. Method: The study was carried out in three phases. In phase one, ten semi structured interviews were conducted with married women to generate items. Relevant literature was also studied thoroughly. In phase two, construct validity of the scale was established through exploratory factor analysis. A convenient sample of 400 women was taken. Results: Principal component analysis using varimax rotation resulted in three factors i.e., benevolence, predictability, and dependability. The overall variance explained by all these factors accounted for 71.82%. In phase three, psychometric properties of the scale were examined. The alpha reliability of the scale was significantly high α=.85. Discriminant validity of the scale was r= -.72, p<.01. Conclusion: Hence, it is a valid and reliable indigenous scale to measure trust in intimate partner among women.
... According to (Miller, Rowland, Perlman & Daniel, 2008), humans have a general desire to belong and to love, which is usually satisfied within an intimate relationship. These relationships involve feelings of liking or loving one or more people, romance, physical or sexual attraction, sexual relationships, or emotional and personal support between the members (Perlman, 2011). Intimate relationships allow for a social network among people to form strong emotional attachments. ...
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The study was conducted to find out the influence of dating and premarital sex on emotional wellbeing and academic achievements of senior secondary school students in Nsukka LGA of Enugu State. The specific objectives were to determine the influence of dating on emotional wellbeing of senior secondary school students in Nsukka LGA. Also, to determine the influence of premarital sex on emotional wellbeing of senior secondary school students in Nsukka LGA. Thirdly, to determine the influence of dating on academic achievements of senior secondary school students in Nsukka LGA. Finally, to determine the influence of premarital sex on academic achievements of senior secondary school students in Nsukka LGA. The descriptive survey research design was employed for the study. The population for the study consisted of 6,953 senior secondary school students. The convenient sampling technique was used for the study. The instrument for data collection was a 19-item researcher's-designed questionnaire. Three experts from Human Kinetics and Health Education Department, University of Nigeria, Nsukka validated the instrument. The reliability of the instrument was conducted using Cronbach alpha statistics and the value of 0.81 was realised. Four hundred (400) copies of the questionnaire were administered to the respondents. Out of the 400 copies of the questionnaire administered, 368 copies were returned and used for data analysis. Mean score and standard deviation were used to analyse the data. The results of the study revealed that dating has significant influence on emotional wellbeing of senior secondary school students (̅= 2.55, SD.901). Also, it was revealed that premarital sex has significant influence on emotional wellbeing of senior secondary school students (̅= 2.55, SD =1.031). Thirdly, it was revealed that dating has significant influence on academic achievements of senior secondary school students (̅= 2.66, SD 1.013). Finally, it was also revealed that premarital sex has significant influence on academic achievements of senior secondary school students (̅= 3.05, SD.1.053). It was recommended that the school authority should sensitize senior secondary school students on the consequences of engaging in dating and premarital sex and the risks to avoid academic failures and dropping out of school.
... see Table S1), explaining 42.0% and 66.3% of the variance in subjective well-being, respectively. On the one hand, these results replicate previous research showing that both positive and negative social interactions have an immense impact on people's lives (Perlman, 2007). On the other hand, they illustrate that the valence or closeness of an interaction is not the whole story and that perceived meaning of social interactions makes an important contribution to subjective well-being in everyday life. ...
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Social relationships accompany us throughout adulthood and are among the most important sources of meaning in a person’s life. However, little is known about age differences in meaningfulness of social interactions across adulthood. According to socioemotional selectivity theory, as people age, they develop relatively stronger preferences for social relationships that are emotionally meaningful. Consequently, older adults may perceive social interactions in everyday life as more meaningful than younger adults. To test this hypothesis, the present study examined age-related differences in the perceived meaningfulness of daily social interactions using experience sampling data. Three-hundred six participants (56.9% women, 18–88 years) completed a total of 6,407 entries over 3 days. Results of the multilevel analyses showed that age was positively associated with perceived meaningfulness of daily social interactions, controlling for relationship closeness and situation valence. In addition, the perceived meaningfulness of daily social interactions was positively related to subjective well-being both between and within all participants, indicating that meaningful social interactions are beneficial for well-being regardless of age. Thus, perceiving social interactions as meaningful could be one way that older people maintain a high level of well-being in their daily lives.
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Стаття присвячена висвітленню проблеми міжособистісних стосунків в юнацькому віці, періоді переходу до дорослості, який вимагає від особистості чітко визначених життєвих орієнтирів, відповідальних виборів і вчинків. На основі теоретичного аналізу психологічних особливостей міжособистісних стосунків осіб юнацького віку, встановлюється що у цей віковий період спостерігаються важливі досягнення, викликані зміною соціальної ситуації на шляху особистості до соціальної зрілості, усвідомлення свого «Я» та вироблення «Я»-концепції. Акцентується увага на неоднозначності розвитку міжособистісних стосунків в юнацькому віці, що супроводжується, з одного боку, збільшенням числа соціальних контактів з однолітками та дорослими, поглибленням інтимних стосунків дружби, любові, а з іншого – посиленням вимог до партнерів, підвищенням рівня вибірковості у стосунках та потребою в особистісному самовизначенні, самоствердженні і самовираженні. Обґрунтовується думка про те, що від якості міжособистісних стосунків значною мірою залежить рівень самооцінки та особистісних досягнень у діяльності (передусім – у навчанні) осіб юнацького віку, встановлюються критерії ставлення до людей, орієнтири для оцінювання зовнішніх подій, визначаються подальші життєві перспективи. Робиться висновок про те, що зважаючи на суперечливий розвиток міжособистісних стосунків в юнацькому віці та сучасні несприятливі умови їх реалізації, представники юнацтва потребують психологічної допомоги у розв’язанні суперечності між тенденціями до індивідуалізації та розширення кількості контактів.
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In 1993, James Redfield published the Celestine Prophecy, an intriguing book describing the nine insights of life as revealed in a fictitious Peruvian manuscript. As individuals uncover each of the insights in sequence, they learn that the physical world is a huge system of energy. However, because people do not know how to harvest that energy, they compete with other individuals for the energy that they can acquire directly from them. Thus, throughout history, human conflict has stemmed from competition for the energy that flows between individuals. By controlling another person, people can increase their own energy by “stealing” some of the other individual’s energy. The method that people use to gather another’s energy is referred to as a control drama and reflects patterns of behavior that were learned in childhood. Thus, some people control others by making them feel guilty. Others direct people by monopolizing conversations. Still others control people by ostracizing them and depriving them of valued interpersonal resources. So, aversive interpersonal behaviors, at least in part, reflect people’s control dramas or the methods that they invoke to gather energy from others (Redfield, 1993).
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Current findings on parental influences provide more sophisticated and less deterministic explanations than did earlier theory and research on parenting. Contemporary research approaches include (a) behavior-genetic designs, augmented with direct measures of potential environmental influences; (b) studies distinguishing among children with different genetically influenced predispositions in terms of their responses to different environmental conditions; (c) experimental and quasi-experimental studies of change in children's behavior as a result of their exposure to parents' behavior, after controlling for children's initial characteristics; and (d) research on interactions between parenting and nonfamilial environmental influences and contexts, illustrating contemporary concern with influences beyond the parent-child dyad. These approaches indicate that parental influences on child development are neither as unambiguous as earlier researchers suggested nor as insubstantial as current critics claim.