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Relationship between competitive trait anxiety state anxiety and golf performance A field study
Abstract
Administered the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) to 63 intercollegiate golfers; from this sample, 10 low-, 10 moderate-, and 10 high-competitive trait anxiety (CTA) Ss were selected. Ss performed in a practice round on Days 1 and 2 of a tournament. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory results show a significant CTA main effect, with low CTA Ss displaying lower state anxiety than moderate or high CTA Ss. The competition main effect was also significant, with post hoc tests indicating higher levels of state anxiety during Days 1 and 2 than during the practice round. Performance results produced a significant CTA main effect, with low CTA Ss displaying higher levels of performance than moderate or high CTA Ss. Correlations between SCAT and state anxiety indicated that SCAT was a good predictor of precompetitive state anxiety. The direction of state anxiety and performance CTA main effects support J. B. Oxendine's (1970) contentions that sports requiring fine muscle coordination and precision are performed best at low levels of anxiety. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Arousal is an experience from drowsiness to excitement or a state of readiness for action [5]. Products can be divided into high-and low-arousal products according to the arousal level. ...
... According to arousal theory [5] and self-construal theory [23], individuals' self-construal influences their perception of temporal distance. Interdependents tend to perceive future events at proximal temporal distances, believing that they make failure less likely. ...
Start temporal landmark is the beginning of a period of time. Previous research has established that individuals have the need for arousal at the start temporal landmarks but less research has focused on individual differences and the relationship between self and others (independent vs. interdependent). This research examines the influence of individuals’ self-construal on the relationship between start temporal landmarks and arousal product preference. Three experiments with 1136 participants were recruited from a university, community, and online store in Southern China. The data were analyzed by Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel on SPSS 26.0 software program. The results showed that self-construal influenced the effect of start temporal landmarks on arousal product preference. Specifically, compared with ordinary temporal landmarks, individuals with interdependent self-construal prefer high arousal products under start temporal landmarks, whereas those with independent self-construal show no significantly different preference for high or low arousal products under the start temporal landmarks. Furthermore, psychological resources play a mediating role. This research extends the theoretical research on self-construal in the field of temporal landmarks and arousal. It also has important practical implications for improving the sales of high arousal products.
... Studies of anxiety and sport performance have produced inconsistent results. Unidimensional anxiety and athletic performance have most frequently been related as an inverted Ushaped function (171, but also been unrelated (16) or inversely related (19). Such inconsistencies have been attributed to the use of inventories that did not measure sport-specific anxiety or account for the multidimensional nature of anxiety (3). ...
Investigations of relationships between stress and athletic performance and stress and outcomes outside of sport psychology have a parallel evolution. Each area has advanced from early attempts to find simple, strong relationships to current strategies for evaluating the influences of individual differences and situational factors on more elusive relationships. However, the most common conceptualizations of stress are very different in research on sport psychology and stress, and most studies of stress and athletic performance do not involve the influences of stress outside athletics. We propose that the approaches used by sports psychologists and stress researchers could be combined to evaluate more fully the relationships between stress and athletic performance.
... These results could reflect the impact of trait anxiety on the situational appraisal, increasing the probability of a threat assessment. In addition, trait anxiety has been negatively related to performance [11], suggesting that it could have an indirect influence on performance and outcome. In this sense, higher levels of pre-competitive anxiety have been found in losers than in winners [12], and anxiety has been established as a discriminant factor that can classify winners and losers [13,14]. ...
Performance in competitive situations has been linked to various psychobiological factors such as personality traits (e.g., competitiveness), situational appraisal (e.g., motivation), and cardiovascular response (e.g., heart rate). However, it remains unclear whether these factors can predict competitive success. This paper aims to assess, through discriminant analysis, the predictive capacity of these psychobiological variables regarding the likelihood of winning, ultimately delineating a psychophysiological profile associated with success. Across three distinct studies, a total of 154 participants (66 men) engaged in a face-to-face laboratory competition. Prior to the competition, assessments of competitiveness traits, anxiety, self-efficacy, and motivation were conducted, and heart rate reactivity during the competition was measured. These variables collectively formed the basis for constructing the predictive model. The results of the initial study demonstrated that our model accurately classified 68.8% of the cases. Specifically, high levels of competitiveness, self-efficacy, motivation, and heart rate reactivity, coupled with low anxiety, were predictive of winning. These findings were subsequently replicated in two independent validation samples involving both men and women (studies 2 and 3), thereby reinforcing the robustness of the earlier results. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the psychological state preceding competition, along with cardiovascular reactivity, may serve as predictors for the probability of winning.
... Multi-level factors determining performance of professional golf players has been investigated through various explanatory variables in the previous research paradigms. Age (Baker et al., 2007;Fried and Tauer, 2011), technical skills of players and competitors (Baker, Deakin, Horton, and Pearce, 2007;Dalton and Mizak, 2010;Fried and Tauer, 2011;Fried, Lambrinos, and Tyner, 2004;Moy and Liaw, 1998;Shmanske 1992), prior performance (Flynn and Amanatullah, 2012), tournament prize (Ehrenberg and Bognanno, 1990a), motherhood (Kalist, 2008), existence of superstar (Brown, 2011;Matthews, Sommers, and Peschiera, 2007;Tanaka and Ishino, 2012), club ban regulations (McFall and Treme, 2012), difficulties of courses (Ehrenberg and Bognanno, 1990b;Matthews et al., 2007), psychological attributes (Thomas and Over, 1994;Weinberg and Genuchi, 1980;Wells and Skowronski, 2012), and physiological factors (Flynn and Amanatullah, 2012;Pates and Maynard, 2000;Thompson and Osness, 2004;Wells, Elmi, and Thomas, 2009) were acknowledged to affect performance of golfers. ...
The purpose of this research was to examine performance determinants of professional golfers. Based on the combination of status theory of economic sociology and experiential learning literature, we examined golf players' status, career tenure, prize winning experiences, and accumulated financial incentives on their individual performance using Korea Ladies Professional Golf Association (KLPGA) database for the research period of 2009-2013. Among 1,074 observations of 359 professional golfers, our final panel data sample comprised 391 observations of 157 golf players manifested for Generalized Least Square (GLS) regression analysis along with semi-structured qualitative interviews. Our empirical findings reveal to show that there exist curvilinear effects of status, career tenure, and prize earning experiences on performance of individual golfers at statistically significant level. We postulate that performance rises before reaching at the highest level of these three determining factors and falls respectively. Our results also indicate negative and significant relationship between accumulated financial incentives and performance. Higher tournament incentives play a positive role in motivating golfers to sustain their competitive advantages. These findings contribute in the following vein. First, this study systematically examines performance determinants of professional golfers by synthesizing multi-theoretical approaches. Second, we find non-linear perspective embedded in the natures of golfers' status, career tenure, and prize winning experiences. After reaching at certain peak, these factors are detrimental to performance. Practically, our research findings support to prospect success of golf business that enhance sport industrial growth and offer helpful reference points for policy-makers of KLPGA association and corporate sponsors to effectively plan, manage, and execute patronage based on players' non-skill factors.
... The inclusion of the psychological profile does not significantly contribute to explaining the variability of time. The psychological profile affects time variability, with time decreasing as SCAT increases, time being more significant factor among girls, cognitive anxiety being relatively greater among girls and performance decreases as anxiety increases (WEINBERG -GENUCHI, 1980). However, if the physical performance characteristics demonstrate a lower level of physical fitness the psychological profile does not contribute to better performance. ...
Introduction: Elite rowing athletes participated in anthropometric, psychological and physiological tests.
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relations between the traits of sport-confidence and competitive orientation, as well as to compare state measures of sport-confidence, self-efficacy and anxiety. Furthermore, this study targeted to examine the associations of these state measures with performance, in our case the 2000m rowing ergometer run time.
Material and methods: Rowers (N=15) were subjected to anthropometric, psychological and physiological tests: max 2000 m on Rowing Ergo-test, Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28, Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and Sport Competition Anxiety Test.
Results: CSAI-self-confidence showed a statistically significant difference between genders with boys having a higher score. Overall, SCAT (anxiety) scores were low (normal anxiety) in the sample for the vast majority (12 rowers), only 3 participants showed high anxiety.
Conclusion: The psychological profile does not contribute significantly performance on 2000m Rowing Ergo-test but affects it. Girls completed the distance in a longer period of time, and cognitive anxiety was relatively greater among girls. Additionally, our study pointed out that if the physical parameters are 'inadequate,' then the psychological profile does not contribute to better performance.
This review of research dealing with psychologically induced arousal and motor performance focuses on the hypothesized inverted-∪ function relating arousal to performance. The inverted-∪ hypothesis is supported only in a weak and psychologically trivial fashion: Subjects with incentive will outperform either those with none or those responding to a serious and plausible threat; the arousal level of the first group will be intermediate to those of the other two. However, debilitating states (e.g., anxiety) can occur at arousal levels equal to that optimal for performance (the state of being “psyched up”). The concept of arousal cannot distinguish between these and other states (e.g., anger, sexuality, and fear) because it is an excessively broad physiological construct artificially severed from its psychological context. More useful research in human motor performance would investigate discrete psychobiological states, which include affect and cognition as well as physiology. Examination of profound individual differences in response to incentive and threat suggests that psychobiological states have their genesis in response expectancies and hypnotic-like self-inductions. The cognitive and affective components of these states are highly interactive and perhaps not profitably separated. Because performance anxiety is a central problem in the motor realm, it is carefully delineated and the test anxiety literature is scrutinized. Psychophysiological test batteries and other investigations in the area are described, and guidelines for future research are provided.
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