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Interaction Patterns and Themes of Male, Female, and Mixed Groups
Abstract
All-male, all-female, and mixed groups were observed for possible differences in interactional style. The groups met for 5 11/2-hr unstructured meetings. Portions of the tape-recorded sessions were analyzed by the General Inquirer computer-aided content analysis system. Leadership, defined as rank order of Ss initiating interaction, showed greater variation along sessions in the female than in the male group, whereas in the mixed group the males initiated and received more interaction than the females. Exercise of power, defined as amount of talking to the group as a whole rather than to individuals, occurred more often in the male groups than in the female. In the mixed groups, the female pattern did not change, but the males addressed the group as a whole less often in mixed groups. A 3rd difference was found on the variable of intimacy and openness. Female group members revealed more information about themselves and their feelings than the male group members. In the mixed group, males shared more about themselves than in the all-male group. Sex role pressures are considered to be a contributing factor to the results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Regarding preferred platforms, WhatsApp was by far the dominant choice of 91.2% of respondents, though as prior work uncovered, preferences could differ cross-culturally (Baron & Campbell, 2012). Regarding message length, the mean of 3.12 sentences indicates most composed brief correspondences, a tendency research linked to cultural tendencies emphasizing polite brevity (Aries, 1976;Piliavin & Martin, 1978). Comparing online and offline expression per research objectives proves difficult without input from non-majority groups highlighted in literature as offering valuable insights into communication dynamics (Carli, 1989;Lin et al., 2019). ...
Extensive research has examined gender differences in communication across contexts. However, less is known about how variances manifest in digitally-mediated environments lacking traditional cues. This study analyses gender variations in linguistic styles across online platforms. A thematic analysis of discussion forum posts from gender-focused online communities was conducted to identify patterns in topics, expression of emotions, and interpersonal dynamics. Quantitative metrics including word count, sentiment polarity, and social interactions were also compared between male-centered and female-centered discussions. Key differences emerged. Women displayed more emotionally expressive language, drew from personal experiences, and crafted intimate discussions. Men conveyed opinions authoritatively with longer posts and less collegial exchanges. Cultural context also shaped dynamics, with variances depending on community composition. While certain established offline tendencies persist digitally, variances also evolve online. Recognizing distinctions can optimize gender inclusion in technology-mediated interactions permeating modern life. Further exploring contextual intricacies can offer deepened understanding for designers and users to accommodate diverse styles.
... Since the 1970s, the predominant pattern of all-female interaction has been described as cooperative rather than competitive. Aries (1976) studied ongoing close friendships among same-sex adults and found that female participants conversed more frequently about intimate topics and engaged in shared activities more than male participants. Women tended to develop ways to express affection and interpersonal concern. ...
Gender differences in language styles have been a significant topic of inquiry in sociolinguistics since the 1970s. Numerous renowned linguists have offered their perspectives and theories to elucidate the variations in gender discourse. However, the majority of these studies have focused on Western societies, with limited attention given to Chinese-speaking communities. This study aims to provide a complementary insight to the existing literature on language and gender studies. By employing conversation analysis and frequency analysis, we examined various conversational features-verbosity, overlap, interruption, taboo and swearing language, and male dominance-among vocational high school students to observe gendered differences in conversational styles. Our research findings revealed that frequent overlap was observed in girls' same-sex conversations, while boys seemed to adhere to the one-at-a-time turn-taking rule during their same-sex conversations. Interruptions occurred more frequently in female same-sex talk, suggesting a higher level of engagement by female students. Moreover, female students employed more taboo language when interacting with their female peers. In mixed-sex contexts, male students tended to assume dominant roles in leading the progression of conversations, demonstrating pronounced male dominance. These observed conversational features align with previous research findings. By extending the analysis to Chinese-speaking communities, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on language and gender studies. It highlights the importance of considering cultural and linguistic diversity when examining gender differences in language styles. The findings shed light on the unique conversational dynamics within Chinese-speaking communities and provide a foundation for further research in this domain.
... There is considerable evidence that gender plays a role in first language (L1) use in both casual (e.g., Aries, 1976;Cameron, 2003;Goodwin, 1990;Holmes, 1998;Tannen, 1990) and educational (e.g., Eckert, 1998) settings. Gender has been shown to influence L1 communication in a number of ways, including interactional style (Goodwin, 1990), conflict-resolution strategies (Sheldon, 1990), and giving and receiving compliments (Holmes, 1998). ...
Corrective feedback is a vital pedagogical tool in language learning. This is the first volume to provide an in-depth analysis and discussion of the role of corrective feedback in second and foreign language learning and teaching. Written by leading scholars, it assembles cutting-edge research and state-of-the-art articles that address recent developments in core areas of corrective feedback including oral, written, computer-mediated, nonverbal, and peer feedback. The chapters are a combination of both theme-based and original empirical studies carried out in diverse second and foreign language contexts. Each chapter provides a concise review of its own topic, discusses theoretical and empirical issues not adequately addressed before, and identifies their implications for classroom instruction and future research. It will be an essential resource for all those interested in the role of corrective feedback in second and foreign language learning and how they can be used to enhance classroom teaching.
... When it comes to the doing of structures, in relation to norms regarding performance, organizational structures need to be scrutinized to gain a sense of their role in reproducing gendered patterns of involvement. This may involve interrogating how tasks are distributed between representatives from the SHA and how the opportunity to speak during meetings is determined (Aries, 1976). As for the doing of hierarchies, where the competence and skills of women are devalued in relation to those of men, training initiatives regarding gender equality, such as the one taken by the SHA, play a pivotal role in challenging assumptions that are taken for granted regarding the performance of male and female representatives. ...
This empirical study investigates how “gender is done” within Swedish wildlife management by identifying prevailing gender norms, and how gender norms can be challenged from a norm-critical perspective, in order to promote women’s participation. The basis for the study is an ongoing evaluation of the Swedish Hunters’ Association training initiative to increase women’s participation in moose management groups. Three main norm categories are identified: performance; social interaction; and hunting as a lifestyle. Recommendations for continued gender equality work include active leadership in gender equality issues, a review of potentially excluding structures, promoting female mentors and networks, and the use of formal and transparent recruitment procedures. An understanding of norms affecting women’s participation (or nonparticipation) in wildlife management is fundamental to design effective training, recruitment and nomination strategies in the future.
... Relative to an asocial situation, a social context may more effectively draw on both masculine and feminine attributes (e.g., Aries, 1976) and, thereby, permit examination of men's and women's responses to gender-relevant stress. For example, attempting to exert social influence over another individual, a behavior consistent with a masculine gender role (e.g., Eagly, 1987), affects stress responses in men and women. ...
This study tested the hypothesis that individuals exhibit heightened cardiovascular reactivity to a challenging task that is consistent vs. inconsistent with their gender-relevant attributes. In all, 82 men and women categorized as either highly instrumental or expressive engaged in an interpersonal task designed to tap instrumental or expressive characteristics. Results failed to confirm the hypothesis. Expressive individuals tended to exhibit larger increases in systolic blood pressure during an instrumental, relative to an expressive, interaction. Instrumental individuals tended to show larger increases in diastolic blood pressure during an expressive, relative to an instrumental, interaction. These results are consistent with the post hoc interpretation that environmental demands that fall outside of one's perceived areas of competency may result in exaggerated cardiovascular responsivity.
... This prediction is based on the idea that task activity will 1 Women's positively valenced process activity might enhance longterm group productivity by enhancing cohesiveness or compatability among members. Consistent with this idea, women report interaction in same-sex groups more rewarding and satisfying than men do (Aries, 1976;Wheeler, Reis, & Nezlek, 1983). The available research on group productivity has, however, focused on short-term outcomes. ...
To examine the impact of sex composition of groups on productivity, a meta-analytic review was conducted on the findings of past laboratory research. Two classes of factors were distinguished to account for any performance differences obtained: (a) task contents or settings that favor the interests and abilities of one sex over the other and (b) group-level factors, such as men's and women's interaction, in particular, the tendency for men in groups to offer opinions and suggestions and the tendency for women to act friendly and agree with others. Overall, all-male groups were found to perform better than all-female ones. This appeared due to tasks or settings that favored men's interests and abilities over women's. The effects of group-level factors, such as interaction style, became apparent when tasks were classified in terms of the type of interaction required for completion. Female group members' interaction apparently facilitated performance at tasks requiring positive social activities, including friendliness and agreement with others. Men's interaction style slightly, although not reliably, facilitated performance on tasks requiring task-oriented behavior, such as giving opinions and suggestions. The few findings located concerning mixed-sex groups demonstrated a slight, though not significant, tendency for mixed-sex groups to outperform same-sex ones.
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the impact of gender diversity in the composition of engagement auditors on the disclosure of key audit matters (KAMs) in a dual-signature environment.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors used the unique institutional setup of Taiwan, where the law requires that audit reports be signed by two audit partners. The authors examined the effect of gender diversity composition among engagement auditors on KAM disclosure, considering behavioral differences between female and male auditors.
Findings
The empirical results indicate that gender diversity composition in the dual-signature environment is associated with the number of disclosed KAM items (KAMIT) and the length of the explanations for each KAMIT. Furthermore, the authors found that gender diversity composition, particularly when led by female audit partners, has a more pronounced impact on the explanation of each KAMIT rather than on the disclosure of KAMIT. The authors also noted that the moderating effect of audit firm specialization does not influence the gender diversity composition of audit partners in disclosing KAMs.
Originality/value
This study’s empirical findings demonstrate that the interaction between different gender compositions in a dual-signature environment influences KAM disclosure.
Reports the results of 4 experiments with 80, 90, and 60 undergraduates, respectively, in Exp. I, II, and IV, and 40 high school students in Exp. III. Ss performed a 65-item conformity measure constructed to control for sex relatedness of the judgmental task. Data led to the conclusion that the simple explanation of sex differences in conformity as a function of cultural role prescriptions is inadequate, and that a disregard for the nature of the experimental tasks has contributed to artificially inflated observations of sex differences in conformity. (31 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Investigated situational factors influencing the manifestation of dominance (Do) by pairing 80 undergraduates high and low on the CPI Do scale and having them interact in tasks in which 1 had to lead and the other follow. In experiments using a masculine industrial task and a sexually neutral clerical task, the following S pairs were studied: high and low Do men (Group 1), high Do men and low Do women (Group 2), high Do women and low Do men (Group 3), high and low Do women (Group 4). Assumption of leadership by the high Do women in Group 3 was significantly lower in both studies. This was attributed to sex role conflict inhibiting the manifestation of Do. Analyses of the decision-making process support this interpretation.
Men make significantly higher scores than women on a scale of attitudes toward problem solving. Attitude scores "have some positive relationship to performance scores." From Psyc Abstracts 36:01:1GD56C.
The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.
Interpersonal behavior and preferences for exploration in adolescent boys: a small group study Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of MichiganSex variable in conforming behavior
- B M Newman
NEWMAN, B. M. (1971) "Interpersonal behavior and preferences for exploration in adolescent boys: a small group study." Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan. PARSONS, T. and R. F. BALES (1955) Family, Socialization and Interaction Processes. Glencoe, I11.: Free Press. SISTRUND, F. and J. McDAVID (1971) "Sex variable in conforming behavior." J. of Per. Social Psych. 17, 2: 200-207.
Personality and Interpersonal BehaviorSex differences in problem-solving performance as a' function of attitude differences
- Qualify Overstate
- R F References Bales
- Holt
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The technical names of the categories are: overstate, understate, and qualify. REFERENCES BALES, R. F. (1970) Personality and Interpersonal Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. CAREY, G. L. (1958) "Sex differences in problem-solving performance as a' function of attitude differences." J. of Abnorm. Social Psych. 56: 256-260.
The Adolescent ExperienceSocial change in self-analytic groups The General Inquirer: A Computer Approach to Content AnalysisInfluence of sex roles on the manifestation of leadership
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- J Adelson
DOUVAN, E. and J. ADELSON (1966) The Adolescent Experience. New York: John Wiley. DUNPHY, D. C. (1966) "Social change in self-analytic groups," pp. 287-341 in P. J. Stone, D. Dunphy, M. Smith and D. Ogilvie, The General Inquirer: A Computer Approach to Content Analysis. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. MEGAREE, E. I. (1969) "Influence of sex roles on the manifestation of leadership." J. of Applied Psych. 53, 5: 377-382.