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Biological psychology: An introduction to behavioral, cognitive, and clinical neuroscience (3rd ed.).
Abstract
This book explores the biological bases of our experience and behavior: the ways in which bodily states and processes produce and control behavior and cognition, and the ways in which behavior, cognition, and the environment exert their influence on bodily systems. The authors treat biology in a broad sense. As in most textbooks of this sort, there is substantial coverage of the proximate, physiological underpinnings of behavior, but they have also attempted to give due attention to ultimate causes by placing these discussions in an evolutionary framework whenever possible. The focus of the book is human behavior, but the authors include numerous discussions of other species' solutions to the problems of survival as well.
Throughout, the text employs a 5-fold approach to biological psychology: descriptive, comparative/evolutionary, developmental, mechanistic, and applied/clinical. The authors emphasize neuroscience research, whether conducted by psychologists or nonpsychologists, that aims to inform our understanding of behavior. Finally, they give special attention to work that explores the remarkable plasticity of the nervous system, with a chapter that emphasizes the particular importance of plasticity in the psychological approach to neuroscience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... These factors lead to light tower placement at a distance from the robot, and may place the light tower in the periphery of the operator's vison. This places the light tower in the peripheral vision of operators, which may result in missed signals as a result of the limitations of peripheral vision with regards to static objects [1]. This is a concern in highly collaborative environments because it may mean that the operator's attention is split three ways (between their task, the robot completing its task and the light tower). ...
... As a result the warning system would be larger in size than a light tower, attached to the object of interest within the collaborative work, and will be moving. All of which help to increase the detectability of the light, movement is known to enhance the visibility of objects, particularly in the peripheral vision where stationary objects may not be seen [1]. Therefore the expected effects for the human co-worker are lower workload, faster reaction time and fewer missed signals. ...
... This is corroborated with the interview data, 3 of the participants stated they had made a conscious effort to use their peripheral vision to track the lights. This aligns with previous research that stationary objects in peripheral are more likely to be missed [1]. Further research is required with a larger sample size, and a complex task. ...
Critical to a seamless working relationship in human-robot collaborative environments is effective and frequent communication. This study looked to assess whether placing a light source on a robot was more effective for informing the human operator of the status of the robot than conventional human-machine interfaces for industrial system signaling such as light towers. Participants completed an assembly task while monitoring a robot and changes to the light sources: either from one of two light towers or LED strip lights attached to the robot. Workload was assessed by measuring reaction times to light changes and by counting number of completed assemblies. Although both the ANOVA and Friedman tests returned none significant results, total misses per condition showed that the participants did not miss any of the robot lights, whereas signals were missed for the light towers.
... The size of the hypothalamus is fairly small compared to other areas of the brain, but it contains a significant number of nuclei that play many critical roles. In particular, the hypothalamus has been found to help regulate hunger, thirst, bodily regulation of temperature, behavior associated with reproductive functioning, and the pituitary gland (Breedlove, Rosenzweig, & Watson, 2007). The hypothalamus subsequently controls the pituitary gland by producing either releasing hormones that activate the anterior pituitary or inhibiting hormones that limit activation of the anterior pituitary. ...
... located in the front lobe within the pituitary gland, and it has been found to create and release the majority of the hormones within our bodies (Breedlove et al., 2007). As mentioned earlier, stimulation of the anterior pituitary is caused by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus. ...
... The anterior pituitary then secretes adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH), a tropic hormone that helps to regulate other endocrine glands. Since ACTH is a protein hormone, it tends to respond to stimulation very quickly, and it subsequently initiates activation of the adrenal cortex (Breedlove et al., 2007). ...
High rates of comorbidity have been reported between PTSD and musculoskeletal pain (e.g., Asmundson & Hadjistavropolous, 2006; Asmundson et al., 1998). Comorbid PTSD and chronic pain have been associated with elevated levels of affective distress, greater perceptions of pain, interference in daily activities, and high rates of disability (Otis et al., 2003; Sherman et al., 2000). Overall, comorbid conditions of PTSD and chronic pain are associated with large personal costs for the individual and economic costs for society. The triple vulnerability model was originally proposed to account for anxiety symptoms in general, and it was later applied to the specific development of PTSD (Barlow, 2000; Barlow, 2002; Keane & Barlow, 2002). Otis and colleagues (2003) further proposed that the triple vulnerability model may account for the relationship between PTSD and chronic pain. According to the triple vulnerability model, individuals must present with a generalized biological, generalized psychological, and a specific psychological vulnerability for either of these conditions to develop (Keane & Barlow, 2002; Otis et al., 2003). In the current study, aspects of the triple vulnerability model were examined within the following groups of women: women who have PTSD without chronic pain (n = 11), women who have musculoskeletal pain without PTSD (n = 10), women with both PTSD and musculoskeletal pain (n = 10), and women without PTSD and chronic pain (n = 15). Cortisol reactivity and anxious mood were assessed before and after the Trier Social Stress Task (TSST). Participants also completed questionnaires to assess for other potential indicators of the triple vulnerability model. Results indicate that: 1) the roles of generalized biological, generalized psychological, and specific psychological vulnerabilities toward developing PTSD were supported; 2) limited findings supported the potential role of these vulnerabilities toward developing chronic pain; however, results of these measures were not similar to that of PTSD (e.g., family history of chronic pain); 3) it is not thought that PTSD and chronic pain are associated with the same vulnerabilities; 4) having a diagnosis of PTSD and chronic pain was associated with an increase in symptoms across many measures utilized in the current study.
... The main mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, stimulates the kidney to preserve sodium. This leads to a reduction of urine production and retention of water within the body (Breedlove, Watson, & Rosenzweig, 2010). When cortisol binds to MR it acts as a mineralocorticoid (). ...
... Glucocorticoids bind with lower affinity to GR (Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007; Gunnar & Vazquez, 2006). The name glucocorticoid originates from the fact that this group of steroid hormones is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates such as glucose (Breedlove et al., 2010; Sapolsky et al., 2000). The main glucocorticoid in humans is 2 ...
... The ANS owes its name to the historic assumptions that, contrary to the somatic sensory and somatic motor system, the actions of the ANS are independent of conscious volition and therefore autonomic (Breedlove et al., 2010). In the meantime, it has become evident that the ANS can be brought under voluntary control as well (e.g., through biofeedback). ...
... Vision plays a crucial role in identifying potential resources or dangers, essential for survival (Rosenzweig, Leiman, & Breedlove, 1999;Bar, 2004). Perception involves the interplay between the physical characteristics of an object and the viewer's nervous system. ...
... Architectural design often relies on visual perception to create spaces that are aesthetically pleasing and functionally effective. According to Rosenzweig, Leiman, and Breedlove (1999), visual perception involves complex cognitive processes that interpret sensory input from the environment. Bar (2004) adds that the brain uses contextual information to recognize and understand objects, which is crucial in a designed environment. ...
The form or shape of the built environment is fundamental to architectural design, but not many studies have shownthe impact of different forms on the inhabitants’ consciousness. This study will investigate the neurological correlatesof different interior forms on the perceivers’ affective state and the accompanying brain activity. There exists ameasurable and predictable relationship between the effect of the architectural form of buildings on their users’ brainwave frequencies, and then their consciousness status. Leveraging Electroencephalography (EEG), we quantitativelycapture brainwave patterns as participants navigate diverse architecturally designed spaces virtually. Key objective isthe development of a scientific measuring tool, aiding architects and designers in creating spaces tailored to desiredconsciousness states for optimal user experience and well-being.
... In a stroke, the hands usually become weak. Scientists have found that human hand movements can be restored after a stroke by an EEG signal and a robotic arm in the form of a brain-machine interface system [18][19][20]. Also, EEG signals can diagnose diseases such as epileptic seizures [21,22]. ...
... By substituting orthogonal functions in (15), relations (16)- (19) are obtained. Relations (16)-(19) must be satisfied to solve the optimal control problem. ...
Technology development has made it possible to process brain signals and make decisions based on them. In this case, it is possible to provide the movement of a robot based on brain signals and the design of a suitable controller. This paper presents a control method based on cognitive robotics for mechanical hand movement. In this paper, firstly, the robotic hand is modelled using the fractional order theory, and the mathematical model of the robotic hand is obtained. The user's hand is then placed in different positions, and EEG signals are collected from the user; then, the signals are labelled based on the video and hand movements. Then we recognize and classify different modes of user hand movement using the designed algorithm, including preprocessing, use of Large Laplacian Filter, windowing, feature selection and extraction, and the algorithm used for classification. After that, based on the recognized class and the optimal controller design, the movement of the robotic arm is performed. This paper considers two classes for hand movement; we used fractional order optimal control to design the controller, and we solved the fractional order optimal control by a numerical-analytical method based on the Hamiltonian function and orthogonal polynomials. Finally, we propose a simulation and conclusion.
... EEG data are used to detect abnormal brain activity such as stroke, especially when there is a lack of oxygen (ischemia) in the brain [6]. Scientists have found that upper limb movement (hand) after stroke can be restored using EEG data and a robotic arm in the form of a brain-machine interface, and the results were promising in terms of the system's effectiveness in rehabilitation [7][8][9]. EEG data have been studied to diagnose epileptic seizures in adults and newborns [10,11]. In [12] a neural network was designed and the accuracy of this network in seizure diagnosis classification based on features extracted from EEG was high. ...
... Other features used in this article are the maximum and minimum signal values along a window. The next feature that is used is the mean slope and variance of the data in the first part of the window and the second part of the window, which is shown as(8), ...
This paper provides a suitable method for classifying the EEG signal. In this article, a number of features are extracted from the EEG signal and by using these different features and networks, these signals are classified into three categories: relaxation, moderate concentration and high concentration. In this case, based on the amount of mental activity that has a direct effect on the EEG signal, the state of attention can be categorized. In this paper, four sensors (electrodes) are used to collect the voltage of the brain signals, then the Large Laplacian Filter is used to localize the signals, and by this method, the signals of the four sensors are converted into one signal, then the frequency of 50 Hz (City frequency) is removed using a Notch passive filter and then a wavelet filter is used to remove noise and artifacts. In this article, the diagnosis of mental states in the time domain is examined. Then, a window is determined on the measured signal and in these windows, various features are extracted and by using these features and machine learning methods, different mental states are categorized. Finally, the method used is tested on the data set and the results of the method is checked. One of the advantages of the proposed method is to reduce the number of network inputs based on PCA feature reduction method, which leads to a reduction in network volume, which is especially important in neural networks. In this article, we have tried to increase the accuracy of classification by using various features. Finally, we use 10-fold cross validation.
... Sensitivity to tactile stimulation is higher in the frontal facial region and the hands, with the highest sensitivity located in fingertips and lip borders (Schiff & Foulke, 1982). Skin receptors sensitive to spatial discrimination (e.g., small, sharp borders) are especially densely distributed in fingertips, tongue, and lips (Rosenzweig et al., 1999). Furthermore, the primary somatosensory cortex over-represents (i.e., dedicates more cortical area) the fingers, the lips and the tongue (Rosenzweig et al., 1999;Schiff & Foulke, 1982). ...
... Skin receptors sensitive to spatial discrimination (e.g., small, sharp borders) are especially densely distributed in fingertips, tongue, and lips (Rosenzweig et al., 1999). Furthermore, the primary somatosensory cortex over-represents (i.e., dedicates more cortical area) the fingers, the lips and the tongue (Rosenzweig et al., 1999;Schiff & Foulke, 1982). ...
The lips and tongue demonstrate similar or greater spatial acuity than the fingertips. Indeed, infants use the mouth to perceive properties of objects such as hardness, texture, and shape. In normal development, it is assumed that mouthing decreases in favour of increasingly advanced hand exploration patterns. However, anecdotal reports suggest that mouthing continues to serve a perceptual function when a person’s vision is abnormal. This study explored blind or visually impaired (BVI) adults’ self-reported use of mouthing to perceive properties of objects. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 BVI adults with visual acuities ranging from no light perception to 20/40. Data were analysed using content analysis to identify specific properties perceived by the mouth. Despite social norms that discourage mouthing, some BVI adults use oral tactile perception of texture, shape, temperature, and taste to better characterize objects. These findings suggest that compensatory behaviours using the mouth can support the rehabilitation of individuals with abnormal vision.
... The chemical attractant is released by the target neuron to attract the growth cone. A synapse is formed between the source and target neuron using this method [13]. The synaptogenesis process is shown in Figure 4. ...
... With the help of this sprout is connected with the target neuron as shown in Figure 5. After various experiments on fishes and frogs (amphibians), it is concluded that this feature is not present in humans [13]. ...
... or call toll-free 877-404-AOTA (2682). of sensation, and the intensity, frequency, and duration of the sensory input is transmitted to the CNS. Intensity and frequency are reflected in a change in the number of action potentials transmitted to the CNS, and the ability of multiple receptor cells of varying thresholds (low, medium, and high threshold neurons) to act in parallel to code stimulus intensity (Breedlove, Rosenzweig, & Watson, 2007). Duration of the application of a stimulus is also detected by the firing characteristics of the receptors. ...
... The modulation and integration of sensation serves to produce behavioral responses that, in a well functioning nervous system, match the environmental demand. Because almost all sensory information reaches the thalamus directly, it has been identified as a key area of the brain responsible for sensory modulation, particularly in the suppression of some sensations (Breedlove et al., 2007). The thalamus, connected to many other brain regions, filters sensory input and ensures that other areas of the brain are not bombarded by sensations, and that the most pertinent information is directed to the intended centers of the brain for processing and integration. ...
... In 1949, the philosopher Simone de Beauvoir shared, 'that you may be born female, but you become the kind of social being your society defines as "a woman"' (Cameron, 1997, 22). Arguably, it is only since the 1960/70s that binary discussions in Western cultures regarding sex and gender have significantly shifted (see Rosenzweig, Leiman and Breedlove, 1999). In these discussions, 'sex' has been linked to anatomy and biological make-up, whereas 'gender' has been understood as 'socially constructed' (Wagg et al., 2009, 87). ...
... This compromised junctional area would become the target area for stabilization therapy in order to prevent sinking of the lamina cribrosa ( Figure 4). Retinal nerve fibers are an extension of the central nervous system [6]. Once they become severed at the scleral edge, it is unlikely the severed portions will reunite. ...
The most salient feature of chronic glaucoma is the orderly loss of nerve fibers starting with the most peripheral nerve fibers and ending with the most central. It never occurs randomly. Based on the orderly loss, the lamina cribrosa may be sinking, not cupping, in glaucoma.
Due to sinking of the lamina cribrosa, the nerve fibers are being stretched and severed at the scleral edge starting with the most peripheral nerve fibers and ending with the most central in an orderly sequence. It is hypothesized that application of a glue to the optic nerve head may stabilize the sinking lamina cribrosa and halt the progression of glaucoma.
... (Parts e-g courtesy of Jason Bruck). Figure adapted from (Rosenzweig et al. 1998) with permission from authors and publisher tuned to aspects of spatial frequency and color and is thought to relate to object recognition memory (López-Aranda et al. 2009). Both V1 and V2 mostly rest on the geniculate system; however area V4 is part of the extrageniculate or pulvinar system (although it has strong connections to V1 and V2) (Roe et al. 2012). ...
... Perception in the context dealt with in this research is visual. Visual perception refers to different kinds of processing that allow us to see the form, colour, position and distance of objects in the visual field and recognize objects (Rosenzweig, Leiman, and Breedlove 1999;Bar 2004). Vision plays a prominent role in the 'identification of things, to signal us whether something is indeed one thing (partly hidden by something else), a possible resource or refuge, or potentially dangerous' (Hekkert 2006). ...
The effect of the built environment over the user is a growing area of study, as it is important to architects and initiators to plan environments suited to the potential users. Yet, how we perceive architecture remains vague. Using new eye-tracking devices and virtual reality capabilities, we can investigate the process of architecture perception. In ongoing research, we follow the process of space perception among users, both designers and non-designers, in an immersed virtual environment. In our study, we were able to isolate the aspect of geometry. Our developed methodology includes several physiological sensors while eye-tracking sensors indicate specific focus participants possess in a given moment. Participants physiological and mental response was traced, analyzed and compared to their pupil's movement and dilation, to determine their preference, excitement and areas of interest. According to preliminary findings, we seem to recognize patterns in which participants perceive spaces. We believe this research may contribute to our understanding of the effect architecture has over the user. This may encourage designers to become more aware of their design potential and create architecture, which fit best to the potential user.
... Occipital lobe which resides in regions of primary visual cortex realizes post feature extraction on visual stimuli.Temporal lobe involves in pattern recognition on visual and auditory stimuli. Parietal lobe which accepts visual and somatosensory stimuli is responsible from spatial perception[23,46,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71]. ...
In this study, a novel cognitive architecture is proposed to realize computational model of limbic system and cognitive perceptual system inspired by human brain activity, which improves the interaction between human and robot, based on joint attention during the experiments. Using human-robot interaction (HRI), this brain-inspired framework can become a suitable solution for problems related to establishing and maintaining the joint attention.
After the presentation of the problem, literature survey, statement of hypotheses and research questions in chapter 1, some background material about the methods used throughout the thesis is described in chapter 2. Some candidate methods including spiking neural networks, neural mass and dynamic neural fields are investigated. The neural mass model deals with dynamics of neuron population. Population dynamics reflects responses as mean firing rates of population including spiking neurons. The dynamic neural field deals with field dynamics. In field dynamics, the neural activity behaves like wave packets which travel along the neural field. Computational mechanisms are mainly placed on bio-physical plausible neural structures with different dynamics. Also, different learning and adaptation algorithms are applied to the regions of computational models in the background of proposed cognitive perception system.
In chapter 3, the computational framework realizes perceptual cognition skills via thalamus and sensory cortices with multi-modal stimuli so that it provides to help achieving of recognition and modelling perceptual attention tasks for a humanoid robot which can easily communicate with its environment. In chapter 4, computational models of the proposed limbic system including the amygdala, hippocampus, and basal ganglia modules realize some cognitive processes such as emotional responses, episodic memory formation, and selection of appropriate behavioural responses, respectively. Using this system in the humanoid robot, success rates and response times of preschool children are evaluated so that attention deficiencies of them can be diagnosed and improved during the proposed interaction gameplay.
Experimental evaluation and verification tests have been performed to observe and control the physical and cognitive processes of the robot in a developed software framework embodied humanoid robot platform. Several interaction scenarios are implemented to monitor and evaluate the performance of computational model in the system architecture. Finally, results of the methodology used in this study are comprehensively compared with the different models for discussion of relative superiority with respect to each other. According to the findings, the proposed computational brain inspired cognitive architecture is effective in the successful establishment of the joint attention task between the humanoid robot and the human.
... For example, individuals can have different perceptions of pain (Apkarian et al. 2005), different expectations about the efficacy of treatments (Bingel et al. 2011), and different responsiveness to the same standardized treatments (Mann et al. 2014;Palle and Kristiansen 2006), Porubsky et al. 2007). These individual differences can arise from unique interactions between biology and psychology (Kabbaj 2004;Rosenzweig et al. 2002;Taylor et al. 2015), which are difficult to predict (Conner et al. 2013;Sheeran et al. 2013) and can contribute to some very poor outcomes from treatments (Prasad and Cifu 2015). ...
There are many cases where technology domestication can be a comfortable experience. For example, there can be convenient supply of well-functioning consumer products, which are domesticated successfully into stable settings that are familiar and pleasing. By contrast, domestication of other technologies can be an uncomfortable experience. For example, there can be inconvenient supply of diverse healthcare products, which are not domesticated successfully into dynamic settings that are unfamiliar and far from pleasing. In this paper, challenging contexts for the supply and domestication of healthcare technologies are analysed in order to further develop four major constructs of Domestication Theory: appropriation, objectification, incorporation, and conversion. This leads to the definition of continua for these constructs that encompass the best of times and worst of times for technology domestication. These continua are related to biosocial structure and biosocial agency.
... Behavioral neuroscience, also known as biological psychology (Rosenzweig et al., 2002), biopsychology, or psychobiology, is the approach of applying biological principles to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals or simply, the study of brain mechanisms underlying the behavior. Knowing how and why things go wrong in the brain in various neurological and psychiatric disorders is as vital as understanding how the normal brain works to support cognition, emotion and sensorimotor function. ...
Behavioral analysis in mice provided important contributions in helping understand and treat numerous neurobehavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders. The behavioral performance of animals and humans is widely different among individuals but the neurobehavioral mechanism of the innate difference is seldom investigated. Many neurologic conditions share comorbid symptoms that may have common pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy. The forced swim test (FST) has been commonly used to evaluate the "antidepressant" properties of drugs yet the individual difference analysis of this test was left scantly investigated along with the possible connection among other behavioral domains. This study conducted an FST-screening in outbred CD-1 male mice and segregated them into three groups: high performers (HP) or the active swimmers, middle performers (MP), and low performers (LP) or floaters. After which, a series of behavioral experiments were performed to measure their behavioral responses in the open field, elevated plus maze, Y maze, three-chamber social assay, novel object recognition, delay discounting task, and cliff avoidance reaction. The behavioral tests battery revealed that the three groups displayed seemingly correlated differences in locomotor activity and novel object recognition but not in other behaviors. This study suggests that the HP group in FST has higher locomotor activity and novelty-seeking tendencies compared to the other groups. These results may have important implications in creating behavior database in animal models that could be used for predicting interconnections of various behavioral domains, which eventually helps to understand the neurobiological mechanism controlling the behaviors in individual subjects.
... With the use of a high resolution 32-channel EEG and statistical feature extraction, a model was developed to control a robot's movement [9]. Using statistics focused on the signals produced by the motor cortex which is thought to control muscles for movement [10], researchers classified various states which successfully resulted in a model that could direct a robot's movement. EEG data has been used extensively to detect abnormal brain activity related to ill-health such as stroke [13] specifically when ischemia is present in the brain, brain activity points to abnormalities prior to the stroke occurring. ...
This work aims to find discriminative EEG-based features and appropriate classification methods that can categorise brainwave patterns based on their level of activity or frequency for mental state recognition useful for human-machine interaction. By using the Muse headband with four EEG sensors (TP9, AF7, AF8, TP10), we categorised three possible states such as relaxing, neutral and concentrating based on a few states of mind defined by cognitive behavioural studies. We have created a dataset with five individuals and sessions lasting one minute for each class of mental state in order to train and test different methods. Given the proposed set of features extracted from the EEG headband five signals (alpha, beta, theta, delta, gamma), we have tested a combination of different features selection algorithms and classifier models to compare their performance in terms of recognition accuracy and number of features needed. Different tests such as 10-fold cross validation were performed. Results show that only 44 features from a set of over 2100 features are necessary when used with classical classifiers such as Bayesian Networks, Support Vector Machines and Random Forests, attaining an overall accuracy over 87%.
... emotions, dreams, and intuitions) that are meant to bring the intellect additional information that it does not possess. We feel divorced from our own bodies and end up studying biological processes as if we somehow stand apart from them and as if the dynamics of human health and disease can be understood from a biological standpoint alone (Engel, 1977;Rosenzweig, Leiman, & Breedlove, 1999). We feel divorced from the events of nature and end up trying to control the behavior of organisms in a natural environment with which we have lost rapport (Mason, 1997;Sheldrake, 1990). ...
... Perception in the context dealt with in this research is visual. Visual perception refers to different kinds of processing that allow us to see the form, colour, position and distance of objects in the visual field and recognize objects (Rosenzweig, Leiman, and Breedlove 1999;Bar 2004). Vision plays a prominent role in the 'identification of things, to signal us whether something is indeed one thing (partly hidden by something else), a possible resource or refuge, or potentially dangerous' (Hekkert 2006). ...
A multidisciplinary research was carried out to reach an improved understanding of the connection between the geometry of space and human emotions. The research develops a framework and methodology to empirically examine and measure human reaction to various types of architectural space geometries. It involves two stages of investigations in which participants experience four spaces characterized by different geometries. Their reaction to the spaces was investigated by means of both qualitative and quantitative methods, which involved questionnaires in the first experiment and advanced sensors and data analysis in a second experiment. The experiments, which employ new virtual reality, electroencephalogram and data analysis methods, confirm the developed methodology. In the first stage of the investigation, participants showed different types of responses and preferences towards spaces. Results of the second stage’s experiment showed a difference in our mental reaction to different geometries of space.
... It was expected that the awareness gained from this study would support an understanding of the role of cultural, ethnic, or national differences in the forging of individual resilience strategies, as is discussed in Chapters 4 and 5. referred to cognitive-emotional-processing as a primary element of situational meaning, a key component of the meaning-making schemata. Breedlove et al. (2007) underscored the argument that while stress may affect the body through autonomic responses to critical events, the cognitive interpretation of situational events dictates physical responses to stress and not an automated response to danger. Starting in the 1960s and peaking in the 1980s (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984The central tenet of Lazarus's (1982) transactional appraisal model is that human responses to stress are largely determined by the interaction between primary and secondary cognitive appraisals. ...
Resilience is important to work performance and personal contentment, yet internalizing resilience strategies may be difficult for aid workers directly serving beneficiaries in complex geopolitical settings. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to address the gap in literature about the resilience of aid workers by exploring the lived experiences of worldwide aid workers and their resilience strategies. Park’s meaning-making schemata served as the theoretical underpinning for studying the role of meaning-making in the resilience of aid workers. A sample of 10 aid personnel with a minimum of 4 years of work in remote or dangerous duty stations related their perceptions on the meaning of their professional efforts, the link between that meaning and their resilience in terms of personal and professional satisfaction, and their relationship with their respective organizations. Data were collected of the individualized textural descriptions, were subsequently member checked, and then arranged by clustering and thematizing the core themes of the collective experience. Results of the investigation confirmed the complexity of the resilience construct and suggested the importance of helping others, having direct contact with beneficiaries, and maintaining social sustenance as motivating principles. Social change was supported by illuminating how resilience might be sustained within this occupational cohort. Discernment of how aid workers maintain resilience may help reinforce organizational policies that support personal and professional satisfaction, consequently allowing for an increase in the performance of aid workers. Aid workers whose performance is sustained may, in turn, help relieve the human suffering of those in need of aid
... Pirmajā variantā mutes gredzenmuskulis ir spiests darboties antagoniski tā perifēro muskuļu darbībai, kuri saīsinās un nostiepj mutes gredzenveida muskuli. Kad muskulis ir izstiepts, muskuļu vārpstiņas (receptori muskuļu šķiedrās) raida signālu, kas izraisa stiepšanas refleksu – muskuļa kontrakciju, kas tiecas atjaunot muskuļa parasto garumu (Breedlove, Rosenzweig, Watson, 2007). Tādējādi ir acīmredzams, ka mutes gredzenmuskuļa darbība tiek aktivizēta, perifērajiem muskuļiem to nostiepjot un izsaucot tā stiepšanas refleksu, kā rezultātā muskulis tiecas sarauties. ...
Embouchure, along with the activities of breathing and tongue, is one of the main components for qualitative sound creation in the playing brass instruments. In practice, there are various views about principles and methods of creating the embouchure, however, when talking about choosing the appropriate pedagogical methods, it would be important that the methods are based on the knowledge on the physics of the sound creation, as well as the anatomy of embouchure and psychophysiological processes. The article looks at the most important contradictions in this area and presents logical solutions for creating the embouchure in the pedagogical work for music school teachers and students.
... A connection (synapse) is formed between the source and target neuron due to this biological method. This synaptogensis process is shown in Fig. 2(Rosenzweig et al., 2005). This biological method is adopted in the bioinspired NoC fault tolerant technique. ...
... En segundo lugar, los artículos fueron divididos de acuerdo con las siguientes temáticas para analizar su grado de evolución en las revistas analizadas: metodología, genética del comportamiento, drogas y conducta, emoción y estrés, ritmos biológicos y psicológicos, conducta sexual, percepción, aprendizaje y memoria, procesos psicológicos complejos y desórdenes nerviosos. Dicha manera de clasificar las áreas de estudio en las neurociencias del comportamiento es usual también en libros usados para enseñar esta disciplina en cursos de pregrado y posgrados (por ejemplo, véase Carlson, 1998;Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell, 2000;Rosenzweig, Breedlove & Leiman, 2001). ...
Behavioral neurosciences have evolved from other disciplines such as psychology, psychiatry and neurology, becoming a prominent area within general neuroscience. In mainstream psychology, neurosciences currently have an important role. In this paper we documented articles published in four Latin-American psychology journals and we classified these papers as empirical or theoretical. We analyzed the main topics covered in the behavioral neurosciences. Most of reported research used humans and rats as study subjects, although other species have also been used as models. Data suggest behavioral neurosciences currently play a growing and prominent role in Latin American psychology.
... При тревоге наблюдается пониженный уровень серотонина в головном мозге, что в свою очередь коррелирует с агрессивным поведением, так как к эффектам серотонина относятся успокаивающее антитревожное и антиагрессивное действие (Черенкова и др. 2006;Rosenzweig et al. 2002). Унижая более одаренных и неординарных учеников, агрессоры уменьшают угрозу своему статусу, так как из-за невыносимых психологических условий родители часто переводят жертв буллинга в другой класс или школу, что может устранить тревогу агрессоров из-за статуса и восстановить уровень серотонина, свойственный высокостатусным лицам. ...
Bullying – harassment, intimidation and maltreatment of other (in most cases, of the weaker) members of the collective – has become the object of close attention among anthropologists, psychologists, ethologists, and sociologists in the last decades. The article shows how widespread this phenomenon is in human societies. The goal of the study is the analysis of bullying as a sociocultural phenomenon and the examination of the specifi cities of harassment in collectives of younger school children. The authors argue that all children of 8–10 years old are able to employ bullying techniques, although some 13% of them can be considered real bullers. The most common at that age (about 40%) are verbal types of humiliation, as the safest ones that allow the buller to get away unpunished. After them there follow the physical aggression and the moral crushing (about 20% each). Prohibitions and ostracism, which require coordinated collective action, are at the last place (about 15%). The authors indicate that in order to work out effective measures against this phenomenon, a good knowledge of the sociocultural context and an active participation of anthropologists is necessary.
... Similar to the fear-response, activation in the corticomedial amygdala has been identified as having great relevance for anger and attack priming. Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin and imbalances in the serotoninergic system have been recognized as increasing anger and impairing emotion modulation Rosenzweig, Leiman, & Breedlove, 1999). ...
... During ontogeny, individuals' sensory and psychical representations develop from tight interplays with their external surroundings, often promoted by active explorations that are characteristic for the young individuals of mammalian species. Changes in individuals' sensory representations are often confined to particular temporal windows during their ontogenetic physical development (Rosenzweig, Leiman & Breedlove 1999). But changes in individuals' psychical representations are, given their " non-physical " properties, theoretically unlimited. ...
A science of the individual encounters the unparalleled challenges of exploring the unique phenomena of the psyche and their workings. This article applies the Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals (TPS-Paradigm) to specify these challenges. Considering three metatheoretical properties—1) location in relation to the individual's body, 2) temporal extension and 3) physicality versus " non-physicality " —that can be conceived for various kinds of phenomena explored in individuals (e.g., behaviours, experiencings, semiotic representations), the TPS-Paradigm scrutinises these phenomena's perceptibility by individuals. From this metatheoretical perspective, the article traces developmental pathways in which psychical phenomena enable individuals to increasingly become actors—as single individuals, communities and species. The explorations first follow microgenetic and ontogenetic pathways in the development of perceptual and psychical representations of the physical phenomena encountered in life. Then the article explores how individually developed psychical properties, which are perceptible only by the individual him-or herself, can be communicated to other individuals and how individuals can develop psychical representations that are socially shared, thus enabling social coordination and the transmission of knowledge to subsequent generations. Many species have evolved abilities for co-constructing psychical representations reactively and based on occasions (e.g., observational learning). The evolution of abilities for co-constructing psychical representations also actively and based on intentions (e.g., instructed learning) entailed the development of semiotic representations through the creation of behavioural and material signs (e.g., language), allowing humans to communicate systematically about psychical abilities despite their imperceptibility by others individuals. This has opened up new pathways through which inventions can be propagated and continuously refined, thus producing cultural evolution. These processes enable humans to develop ever more complex psychical abilities and to become actors in the evolution of life.
In this chapter, we survey the most significant applications of EML to robotics. We first highlight the salient characteristics of the field in terms of what can be optimized and with what aims and constraints. Then we survey the large literature concerning the optimization, by the means of evolutionary computation, of artificial neural networks, traditionally considered a form of machine learning, used for controlling the robots: for easing the comprehension, we categorize the various approaches along different axes, as, e.g., the robotic task, the representation of the solutions, the evolutionary algorithm being employed. We then survey the many usages of evolutionary computation for optimizing the morphology of the robots, including those that tackle the challenging task of optimizing the morphology and the controller at the same time. Finally, we discuss the reality gap problem that consists in a potential mismatch between the quality of solutions found in simulations and their quality observed in reality.
The objective of teacher education is to train students to become experts in the field of teaching and learning. However, numerous empirical studies reveal a high prevalence of misconceptions on the topic of learning and the brain – so-called neuromyths – among both pre-service and in-service teachers. For biology teachers, this topic also represents relevant instructional content, as they teach topics such as the structure and function of the brain and long-term potentiation. Thus, it is particularly important for biology teachers to develop scientific conceptions with regard to this topic during their university studies. This study examines whether neuromyths are also prevalent among pre-service biology teachers, and to what extent a university course that explicitly considers students’ potential for learning can contribute to the professionalization of their conceptions of teaching and learning. An educational reconstruction model adapted to the university education context serves as the research and planning framework. Study 1 (published in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00020/full) empirically investigates students’ potential for learning by applying questionnaires and knowledge tests to examine to what extent pre-service biology teachers’ conceptions of learning and the brain are characterized by neuromyths (N = 550). The construct of neuromyths is also described in detail and placed in relation to a model of professional competence for biology teachers. By means of questionnaires, study 2 (submitted to Herausforderung Lehrer_innenbildung – Zeitschrift zur Konzeption, Gestaltung und Diskussion) tests the levels and influence of quality criteria in a biology didactics seminar designed by taking into account the mutual interrelation of the assessment of students’ perspectives and scientific clarification (N = 88). This paper presents the planning, design and evaluation process of the university course, provides insight into the scientific clarification process, and summarizes what needs to be considered when applying the educational reconstruction model in university education in the form of an experience report. Study 3 (published in Education Sciences: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/8/3/120/htm) tests the effectiveness of conceptual elements of the university course Brain-friendly Learning – Concept or Myth? as well as the teaching and learning model of professional conceptual change via an intervention study (N = 56). The study focuses on the development of pre-service biology teachers’ professional knowledge, beliefs and misconceptions as well as their self-reported perception and use of the seminar elements. Study 4 (submitted to Zeitschrift für Didaktik der Naturwissenschaften) tests the effectiveness of teaching and learning material that builds upon students’ current conceptions (= conceptual change texts) (N = 40). The study
draws upon an offer-and-use model of university teacher education and examines the importance of learning potential, offer and use for effectively combatting misconceptions. The results of all four studies show that neuromyths on the topic of learning and the brain are widespread among pre-service biology teachers and deeply embedded in their belief system. It is also shown that a university course that systematically considers students’ potential for learning can lead them to a conceptual change in the direction of scientifically appropriate conceptions of teaching and learning. In order to reduce misconceptions, it is necessary to explicitly address and refute them, which can occur through conceptual change texts. On a broader level, this study’s results show that an educational reconstruction model adapted to the university education context is well-suited for systematically considering students’ potential for learning in university teaching in order to yield benefits with respect to professional knowledge, transmissive beliefs about teaching and learning, and misconceptions.
Cognitive informatics (CI) is an interdisciplinary study on modelling of the brain in terms of knowledge and information processing. In CI, objects/attributes are considered as neurons connected to each other via synapse. The relation represents the synapse in CI. In order to represent new information the brain generates new synapse or relation between the existing neurons. Therefore, the establishment of cognitive relations is essential to represent new information. In order to represent new information, we propose an algorithm which creates cognitive relation between the pair of objects and attributes by using the relational attribute and object method. Further, the cognitive relations between the pair of objects or attributes within the context could be checked with newly defined conditions, i.e. the necessary and sufficient condition. These conditions will evaluate whether the relational object and attribute is adequate to have relations between the pair of objects and attributes. The new information is obtained without increasing the number of neurons in brain. It is achieved by creating cognitive relations between the pair of objects and attributes. The obtained results are beneficial to simulate the intelligence behaviour of brain such as learning and memorizing. Integrating the idea of CI into cognitive relations is a promising and challenging research direction. In this paper, we have discussed it from the aspects of cognitive mechanism, cognitive computing and cognitive process.
Um estímulo visual (letra, palavra ou objeto) pode ter um efeito duradouro sobre o processamento de estímulos subsequentes. Neste trabalho, investigamos o efeito priming de figuras de mãos humanas (esquerda/direita, vista palmar/dorsal) sobre o Tempo de Reação Manual (TRM) em uma tarefa usando as mesmas figuras como estímulo alvo. Os pares de figuras podiam ser iguais ou não, de acordo com parâmetros como lateralidade ou vista. Três experimentos foram realizados (lateralidade, vista e cor). Neles, a figura de uma mão não-informativa era apresentada por 200 ms no centro de uma tela de computador. Após 1000ms, uma segunda mão era apresentada no mesmo local até a resposta, a qual consistia em pressionar o interruptor esquerdo ou o direito dependendo da lateralidade (Exp. I), da vista (Exp. II) ou da cor (Exp. III) do estímulo alvo. Os resultados mostraram que a apresentação prévia da figura de uma mão influencia o TRM ao segundo estímulo apenas quando a seleção da resposta é baseada em uma característica corporal (lateralidade ou vista)
Long‐term potentiation is an increase in the strength of connections between neurons due to changes in the inputs to a neural circuit. It is widely regarded as the best model for studying the ways the brain changes as we learn and remember.
Within the biological models of behavior, there are various major themes about what determines or underlies both normal and abnormal behavior. The most widely accepted premise is that the nervous system is the center of control for all behavior. Therein lies the content of this chapter. What controls the development of the nervous system, and what elements combine to determine its state and function at any given time? To answer these questions, the following must be considered: (1) genetic determinants of the development of the nervous system, (2) how environmental factors interact with genetics to influence neural development; and (3) the dynamics of change in the developed nervous system.
It is proposed that the collective identification of objects is a necessary phase in the evolution of language. A procedure of identification based on the first-person perspective is assumed that is guided by object constancy, the naming insight, and other more obvious features of language production. The mental image is the basic element of this procedure. The comparison of mental images is used to define recognition, and the identification and naming of macroscopic objects by a group of persons is formulated. This is shown to effect a binary relation of the order type on the set of objects that reduces to an equivalence relation in the case of observer independence.
Hormones exert powerful influences on mammalian nervous system development, particularly during developmental transitions associated with a change in reproductive state, including the perinatal period of sexual differentiation, puberty, pregnancy and lactation, and reproductive aging. This chapter focuses on the influences of gonadal steroid hormones, their sites and mechanisms of action, and behavioral outcomes during these reproductive transitions in mammals. The major emphasis of this chapter is on organizational influences of gonadal steroid hormones – that is, how early life exposures to hormones program neural and behavioral phenotypes expressed later in life. Organizational hormones, both endogenous and exogenous (such as endocrine disrupting chemicals), alter developmental trajectory, often irreversibly, and they program sensitivity and responsiveness of the nervous system to hormones during subsequent developmental transitions. Because hormonal influences during later periods of development depend to a large extent on hormonal events that occurred during earlier periods of development, the organizational effects of hormones are compounded over the lifespan. Thus, the overarching premise of this chapter is that hormonal life history underlies much of the complexity that characterizes individual differences in neural, behavioral, and other physiological responses, not only to endogenous hormones, but also to endocrine disruptors and hormonal therapies.
Was wir erleben, hinterlässt zwangsläufig Spuren in unserem Gehirn, die es erlauben, vergangenes Geschehen zu reaktivieren. Die Gesamtheit dieser Spuren bildet das episodische Gedächtnis. Es speichert orts- und zeitgebundene Episoden unseres Lebens. Experimente zur Untersuchung des episodischen Gedächtnisses gliedern sich in drei Phasen: Eine Studierphase, in der die Versuchspersonen unter genau kontrollierten Bedingungen eine kurze Episode erleben (zumeist die Darbietung einer Reihe von Wörtern, Bildern, Sätzen oder Geschichten), eine Behaltensphase unterschiedlicher Länge (zumeist wenige Minuten bis zu Stunden) und eine Testphase, in der überprüft wird, in welchem Umfang die in der Studierphase dargebotenen Informationen bewahrt worden sind (zumeist freies Reproduzieren oder Wiedererkennen). Den drei Phasen entsprechen die grundlegenden Prozesse der Enkodierung von Informationen, ihrer Speicherung und ihrer Reaktivierung, deren Eigenschaften erforscht werden.
Mel Shapiro describes the mysterious and complicated process of actor training in the following definition: ‘So studying acting is a combination of the actor getting down into himself — and getting out of himself. It’s a two way stretch: inside and out, feelings and imagination, heart and mind’ (Meckler, 1987, p. 379). Shapiro succinctly articulates the parallel nature of the field and the parameters that establish the criteria with which performance may differ from other disciplines, academic or artistic. Shapiro’s observation also aptly describes the process as being an act of creative embodied consciousness in which the actor must come to terms with self in order to come to terms with performance. Most academic disciplines rely on a particular configuration of the following elements: the historical social context of the field, the theory relevant to the field, the application of theory to practical skills, and the relationship of the student as individual to the subject.
This chapter compares recent educational curricula that purport to utilize research findings from neuroscience to promote improved learning and retention with the actual neuroscience findings. The authors note that much of the reasoning behind these new curricula is based on misinterpretation or oversimplification of neuroscience findings and/or are just not supported by the actual data. Examples include left-brain/right-brain curricula, learning styles curricula, and the emphasis on early childhood while ignoring the important changes in the brain that occur throughout childhood and into adulthood. Importantly, the chapter demonstrates that neuroscience does have much to say about the developing brain and how it learns. Indeed, recent neuroscience research demonstrates the complexity of the dance between the learning environment and brain development as a child learns. However, the authors point out the dangers of oversimplification of these complex findings and inappropriate extensions of the results into ineffective, inappropriate, and even potentially damaging curricula in our schools. The implications of poor implementation and resulting deleterious results for both education and neuroscience are discussed, as are ways to better foster an understanding of neuroscience research and its potential for application to educational curricula.
It has been almost exactly 10 years since the publication of the Neurocomputing Special Volume on Rough-Neuro Computing, and nearly 8 years since the seminal book "Rough-Neural Computing" came out. Rough-Neuro (or Neural) Computing (RNC) generalizes traditional artificial neural networks by incorporating the concepts of information granularity and computing with words. It provides solid theoretical foundations for hybridization of neural computing with the theory of rough sets, as well as rough mereology, and has many interesting practical applications. Interestingly, while the RNC paradigms directly or indirectly draw extensively from the field of neuroscience, not many applications of the theory of rough sets (in the form of RNC or otherwise) to solve problems in that field exist. This is somewhat surprising as many problems in neuroscience are inherently vague and/or ill-defined and could potentially significantly benefit from the rough sets' ability to deal with imprecise data, and those applications that have been proposed, have been very successful. In this chapter, we describe a few examples of the existing applications of the theory of rough sets (and its hybridizations) in the field of neuroscience and its clinical "sister," neurology. We also provide a discussion of other potential applications of rough sets in those areas. Finally, we speculate on how the new insights into the field of neuroscience derived with the help of rough sets may help improve RNC, thus closing the loop between the two fields.
The purpose of the present article is to share with psychologists and educators the integration proposed by several authors between what is known about the brain and the process of learning as it goes on in schools. Due to the developement of neurophysiological techniques during the recent decades, particularly imaging, an important advance in the knowledge of the functioning of the neuroendocrine system and brain machenisms has been evidenced. This has permitted the posing of certain principles as to the cerebrum's optimum state for learning. The background and development of the ideas related to brain based learning are reviewed.The main contributions can be found in the development of the concept of cerebral plasticity, significant learning, the effect of enriched early environment, the effect of nutrition and water, and the innate temporal rythms of living organisms which are influential on attention and focusing. The article ends with a summary of the most important principles suggested by Caine, Caine adn Crowell (1999) on brain based learning.
Despite centuries of observing the nest building of most extant bird species, we know surprisingly little about how birds build nests and, specifically, how the avian brain controls nest building. Here, we argue that nest building in birds may be a useful model behaviour in which to study how the brain controls behaviour. Specifically, we argue that nest building as a behavioural model provides a unique opportunity to study not only the mechanisms through which the brain controls behaviour within individuals of a single species but also how evolution may have shaped the brain to produce interspecific variation in nest-building behaviour. In this review, we outline the questions in both behavioural and comparative neuroscience that nest building could be used to address, summarize recent findings regarding the neurobiology of nest building in lab-reared zebra finches and across species building different nest structures, and suggest some future directions for the neurobiology of nest building.
The subject of the constitutional psychology is correlations of constitutional – body, dermatoglyphic, serologic and psychological (personality, and mainly temperamental, “psychodynamic”) features. Constitutional psychology is developing on the boundary between biological psychology (the area of psy-chology which uses the observations of behavioral and biological parameters with the purpose of identifying their associations) and constitutionology (the di-vision of physical (biological) anthropology), the subject of which is the consti-tution of a person – the set of organism properties associated with sensibility and individual diversity of the biological time (features, rate of individual develop-ment)
Key words: constitutional psychology, biopsychology, physical anthro-pology, particular constitutions, personality, body-built, dermatoglyphics.
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