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The Qualitative Research Interview – A Phenomenological and A Hermeneutical Mode of Understanding
Abstract
Clarifies the mode of understanding involved in the qualitative research interview in psychology by first pointing out a lack of theory for the interview. 12 aspects of the mode of understanding in the qualitative research interview are described as being (1) centered on the interviewee's life-world; (2) in search of the meaning of phenomena in his/her life-world; (3) qualitative; (4) descriptive; (5) specific; (6) presuppositionless; (7) focused on certain themes; (8) open for ambiguities; (9) open for changes; (10) dependent on the sensitivity of the interviewer; (11) in interpersonal interaction; and (12) a positive experience. It is postulated and argued that the analysis of the nature of understanding within the hermeneutical and phenomenological philosophical traditions may provide a frame of reference for clarifying the methodological status of the qualitative research interview. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Kvale writes that the purpose of an in-depth interview is "to gather descriptions of the life-world of the interviewee with respect to interpretation of the meaning of the described phenomena," (Kvale, 1983). Interviews allow the researcher to get in-depth insights from experts in the field of study, beyond the simple questions of who, what, ...
... The researcher also may unwittingly sway responses given by informants, she or he may be biased in interpreting the results or have limitations on data access, and any other influences of the researcher's mind that might prevent taking informants' statements at "face value," (Allan, 2003). Depending on the researcher, interviews may have the potential to slide into therapy with participants complaining rather than provide a measured observation of their circumstances (Kvale, 1983). Rather than making the research irrelevant, however, Lincoln and Guba argue that the interaction between researcher and those under observation is a key feature of qualitative research that must be preserved with proper safeguards put in place (Guba and Lincoln, 1982;Lincoln and Guba, 1985). ...
... with participants complaining rather than provide a measured observation of their circumstances (Kvale, 1983). Tenants already trading internationally, or those with the intention to do so, may have been more likely to respond to surveys and interviews on the topic. ...
A study of the UK's creative industries SMEs, microenterprises and independents trading globally during the inter-Brexit years of 2018-2019.
The UK government’s 2018 Industrial Strategy: Creative Industries Sector Deal policy aimed to increase firm size in the sector. Policymakers identified small company size as a particular obstacle to creative industries exports, arguing that very small firms lack
the “absorptive capacity” to undertake extra export duties (BEIS, 2018). Yet, there is a critical gap in knowledge about the global trading patterns of the UK’s creative industries, particularly amongst the microenterprises and independents that make up
the bulk of the sector. This research endeavours to answer the question, is small firm size indeed a barrier to international trade in the creative industries?
Employing anonymous online surveys and in-depth interviews, this study investigates whether small firm size acted a deterrent to trade engagement amongst small-to-medium sized enterprises (SMEs), microenterprises and independents based in creative hubs in England’s North West. The primary research was conducted during
the inter-Brexit era, i.e. after the Brexit referendum of June 2016 and prior to the UK’s formal secession from the EU on 31 January 2020.
The results challenge the assumption that small firm size was a barrier to international trade in the creative industries at the time of the study.
Sampled SMEs, microenterprises and sole proprietors were found to be deeply involved in international markets, with 66 percent of respondents exporting. Furthermore, exporters often relied heavily on their overseas income with almost one-third earning over 50 per cent of their annual income overseas.
Digital innovations and barrier-free access to the EU trade block appear to have supported the trade capabilities of independents and microenterprises at the time of the research.
These findings imply that, in the absence of new trade deals, creative industries policy makers may need to shift focus away from firm size to other measures.
... The title was "Yoga to promote young people's mental health and well-being?" Originally, we intended to focus on teenagers, but due to recruitment problems, we broadened the sample to adolescents and young adults. We formulated the research question: "How can yoga impact coping with stress and increase psychological well-being in everyday life for adolescents and young adult?" 4 The approach was individual semi-structured interviews, resulting in data that were analyzed through thematic analysis [46,47]. ...
... Data was collected through qualitative semi-structured phenomenological lifeworld interviews [47,49]. The purpose of this type of interview is to gather descriptions of the lifeworld of the interviewee, with the intent of interpreting the meaning of the described phenomena. ...
... Data was collected by means of semi-structured phenomenological life-word interviews [47,49] in the spring of 2015. The purpose of this type of interview was to gather descriptions of the lifeworld of the interviewee-"the world as it is encountered in everyday life and given in direct and immediate experience, independent of and prior to explanations" ( [48], p. 32)-with the intent of interpreting the meaning of the described phenomena. ...
In this chapter, I discuss how practicing yoga was experienced by adolescents and young adults and how such experiences seem to contribute to better coping with stress. As a contextualization, I will describe the current challenges for young people, such as social expectations and norms related to school/education, social media, and their life generally. Practicing yoga seems to allow for a “time out” from social expectations, tension, and stress, and thus create space for personal development. The discussed results are drawn from our qualitative study of adolescents and young adults, examining the potential of yoga practice for coping with stress, and the ability to improve mental health and increase well-being. The sample size consisted of 14 adolescents and young adults in Trondheim, Norway, in the age range of 12 to 29 years. There were two major themes identified in the data material: 1. yoga as a self-developmental activity, and 2. yoga as a “break” or sanctuary from social and societal demands. I will be paying attention to the second theme here. I conclude the chapter, that yoga is facilitating the way adolescents and young adults deal with societal demands and stressful expectations, which seems to improve their mental health and well-being.
... According to Husserl, taking a phenomenological approach is characterized by describing phenomena as accurately and completely as possible without explaining, analysing, or making judgements about them (accomplishing epoché), and arriving in this way at the essence of a phenomenon. This is made possible by setting aside common sense and pre-existing scientific knowledge about the phenomenon (Kvale 1983;Ebbesen and Pedersen 2007b). Lindseth and Norberg (2004) take ethically good phenomena as an example: "When the interviewees experience actions, attitudes, relations or other human matters as ethically good or bad, we want to understand this good as the essential meaning of ethically good phenomena (or the essential meaning missing in ethically bad phenomena)." ...
... Gadamer argued that the hermeneutic mode of interpreting meaning is not presuppositionless (Gadamer 2003), that is, texts are not interpreted independent of the interpreter's tradition of understanding. In research, however, the interpreter must try to make presuppositions and foreknowledge explicit (Kvale 1983). The foreknowledge of the current study included Beauchamp and Childress's ethical principle of justice (2019). ...
... As pointed out earlier, the hermeneutic mode of interpreting meaning is not presuppositionless (Gadamer 2003). To address the validity of the current study, it is important to make the presuppositions and foreknowledge of the study explicit (Kvale 1983). In particular, the foreknowledge of the present study was Beauchamp and Childress's ethical principle of justice (2019). ...
The Danish healthcare system must meet the need for easy and equal access to healthcare for every citizen. However, investigations have shown unfair prioritization of cancer patients and unfair prioritization of resources for expensive medicines over care. What is needed are principles for proper prioritization. This article investigates whether American ethicists Tom Beauchamp and James Childress’s principle of justice may be helpful as a conceptual framework for reflections on prioritization of expensive biological therapies in the Danish healthcare system. We present an empirical study exploring the principles for prioritizing new expensive biological therapies. This study includes qualitative interviews with key Danish stakeholders experienced in antibody therapy and prioritizing resources for expensive medicines. Beauchamp and Childress’s model only covers government-funded primary and acute healthcare. Based on the interviews, this study indicates that to be helpful in a Danish context this model should include equal access for citizens to government-funded primary and acute healthcare, costly medicine, and other scarce treatments. We conclude that slightly modified, Beauchamp and Childress’s principle of justice might be useful as a conceptual framework for reflections on the prioritization of expensive biological therapies in the Danish healthcare system.
... Nous avons recueilli les données par des entretiens menés auprès des différents acteurs clés (voir tableaux 1 et 2). L'objectif de ces entretiens semi-directifs était de recueillir des descriptions de la réalité au sein de laquelle les personnes interrogées sont impliquées et de partager leur interprétation de la signification du phénomène étudié (King, 2004 ;Kvale, 1983). Une première série d'entretiens internes aux banques visait à comprendre les défis et les changements introduits pour adapter le système bancaire à l'ère digitale, ainsi qu'à identifier les parties prenantes des collaborations avec les startups technologiques, et en particulier les intermédiaires de l'innovation. ...
... Nous n'avons pas imposé de structure rigide dans la conduite de l'entretien, mais avons privilégié l'échange, afin de percevoir le point de vue de la personne interrogée (Kvale, 1983). Nous avons réalisé 13 entretiens semi-structurés. ...
Cette recherche interroge les fonctions des intermédiaires de l’innovation ouverte dans le développement de collaborations entre grandes organisations traditionnelles (banques) et startups technologiques au sein d’un écosystème d’innovation local. Malgré leur importance pour faciliter les collaborations, peu d’études analysent concrètement les activités sous-tendant leurs fonctions. Une étude qualitative a été menée dans l’écosystème luxembourgeois auprès d’un incubateur public, d’accélérateurs publics et privés, d’un cabinet de conseil en management du digital, d’un hub d’innovation et d’un club corporate d’innovation ouverte. Les résultats caractérisent les activités réalisées par les intermédiaires de l’innovation, ainsi que leurs complémentarités, qui justifient l’intervention d’une diversité d’intermédiaires. Ils montrent également le rôle des intermédiaires de l’innovation dans la construction d’écosystèmes propices aux collaborations et dans la création de méta-réseaux qui lient entre eux les écosystèmes locaux.
... Though research in this space is scant, a modicum of emergent findings illuminates an optimism surrounding the sociopsychological benefits of peer work in carceral settings (see . Accordingly, qualitative methods were selected with a view to cultivating an in-depth understanding of prison-based peer support, its social processes, and the narratives of those with lived experience of this 'attended construct' (Kvale, 1983). ...
... Phenomenology is a philosophical stance sometimes associated with existentialism, and thus concerned with describing human experience as lived and conscious Smith & Osborn, 2007). Methods derived from such a position intend to enable the researcher to gain knowledge and understanding from the lived experiences of social actors (Kvale, 1983). While such experiences were paramount in describing the constructs under inquiry in this book, 'lived experience', and the 'narrative analyses' used to frame them, should by no means be equated to reliably representative accounts of subjects' 'real world' experiences of social phenomena. ...
... We conducted interviews to collect data from a diversity of stakeholders involved in the phenomena studied (see Table 1). The aim of these interviews was to collect descriptions of the world in which respondents are involved and to share their interpretation of the meaning of the phenomenon studied [61], [62]. Then, the aim of the first series of interviews internal to banks was to understand through interviewees' description the challenges and changes introduced to adapt the banking system in the digital era, and also to collect their perception of the difficulties associated to this transition. ...
... The second series of interviews was dedicated to the various roles of external innovation intermediaries in the ecosystem as a whole and more specifically in the capability of banks to build new partnerships with startups and Fintech. We did not impose an overly rigid structure in the conduct of the interview but favored exchange, in order to perceive the interviewee's point of view [61]. We conducted 12 semi-structured interviews in order to bring out in the discussion an understanding of the levers at stake in the evolution of banks' and intermediaries' organization. ...
Partnerships between incumbents and digital technology entrepreneurs are prone to develop innovative solutions needed by the coming “new normal” society. This paper focuses on the banking sector, which is currently facing huge challenges related to open innovation and digitalization. The qualitative approach adopted is based on observations and interviews involving actors from a given ecosystem: Luxembourg. The objective of this article is to explore the roles of innovation intermediaries in the capability development of incumbent firms’ to establish new collaborations with innovative digital technology startups. We employ the dynamic capabilities framework to tackle this issue. Our findings show the crucial complementary roles of both external and internal innovation intermediaries in enabling digital technology partnerships and developing incumbents’ relational capabilities. This paper contributes to knowledge in the field of strategic management by showing how traditional, highly structured organizations such as banks can regenerate their dynamic capabilities by being strongly engaged in their open innovation ecosystem and connected to a variety of actors from their ecosystem, especially open innovation intermediaries. For policy makers, this research suggests the deployment of means to empower these key interfaces to act in favor of their ecosystems.
Keywords–Open innovation intermediaries, Partnership, Entrepreneur, Startup, Fintech, Banking sector, Dynamic capabilities, Digitalization, Ecosystem.
... During that stage, the authors were able to discover the main job duties of the physicians in addition to their job-related competences and the main challenges they have to deal with before and after periods of grand challenges. Kvale (1983) highlights that through interviews, researchers can constitute the meaning of real-world phenomena. Third, the authors adopted axial coding, in which the main keywords were divided into subthemes (Matteucci and Gnoth 2017). ...
This paper is one of the few studies to specifically investigate how the physicians' resilience (individual level) can potentially contribute to that of their hospitals (organizational level) in the context of grand societal challenges. The empirical sample comprises semi-structured interviews with 32 physicians working in four Egyptian public hospitals. Thematic analysis was subsequently used to analyze interviews. The findings show that in the context of grand societal challenges (increased numbers of refugees in this case), physicians can contribute to the resilience of the public hospitals they work in through different practices. In particular, we found contextual practices (prioritizing the main challenges, ensuring a rational use of discretionary power), procedural practices (ensuring the creation of public value, fostering collaboration with private hospitals) and developmental practices (adopting a “work first” approach, exercising routines through learning) to be vital in this concern.
... Questions explored the impact that FA has upon an adult's life, how they cope with FA-related distress, experiences with healthcare professionals (including GP, dietician, nurse practitioner, and psychologist), and resources to improve management of their FA and/or their FA-related anxiety (see Supplemental File). Consistent with semi-structured interview guidance (Kvale, 1983), the schedule guided conversation but was applied flexibly to allow for follow-up questions to unexpected responses. Interviews were conducted online using Microsoft Teams® by masters students (1 male, 1 female) trained in qualitative methods with a background in FA psychosocial research. ...
Food allergy (FA) is a potentially life-threatening condition which is associated with poor quality of life and psychological distress in patients and caregivers. Although FA is often seen as a condition that affects children, increasing numbers of adults have FA, either as a condition they have grown up with or they were diagnosed as an adult. No recent research has explored the lived experiences of adults with FA and how they manage this condition. In response, this study aimed to qualitatively assess the current lived experiences of adults in the UK with FA, and how they manage this condition. Adults aged 18 years or over, with medically diagnosed FA, living in the UK were recruited through patient organisations and interviewed ( n = 22). Data were analysed using template analysis. Two main themes were identified from the data. The first theme explores the influence of FA on the participants’ lives, in particular on their ‘psychological’ and ‘social’ well-being. The second theme unpacks the strategies participants employed to cope with and manage their FA, specifically participants’ deployment of ‘avoidance’, ‘control’, ‘self-monitoring’, and ‘adaptation’ to manage their FA and their anxieties around it. Clearly, FA has a profound, ongoing effect on the lives of adults. Few adults in this study were able to access any support to manage their FA and accompanying anxieties. Ways in which effective support can be made available to adults with FA must be identified and implemented.
... Specifically, the authors first established a familiarity with the collected data through their separate reading of transcripts and notes taken throughout the interviews conducted. Respondents' discourse acts as a tie between researchers and their addressed phenomenon (Kvale, 1983). The same has been affirmed by Alvesson and Karreman (2011) who consider respondents' answers as the key to understanding and/or analysing any investigated problem. ...
Purpose
This paper aims to identify the extent to which extreme events in the tourism and hospitality sector force artisan entrepreneurs to re-orient their entrepreneurial identity and how they respond to these extreme events.
Design/methodology/approach
The empirical data comprises of semi-structured interviews with 24 artisan entrepreneurs in Egypt, operating in the following fields: handmade dresses, carpets, papyrus design and sales. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse these interviews.
Findings
The findings indicate a marginal effect on the identity of dress-making artisans from the occurrence of extreme events because they mostly have a stable local demand for their products. Hence, they follow a separation strategy in response to extreme events. The findings further show a moderate influence on the identity of carpet-making artisans who supply a regular demand from mosques and churches for their carpets. At the same time, changing taste and the rise of artificial intelligence make them follow an integration strategy in response to extreme events and associated shocks. The strongest impact of extreme events is found on papyrus artisans who have been forced to re-orient their traditional working methods and expectations in response to extreme events (e.g. a decrease in tourists, Covid-19, the war in Ukraine). Papyrus artisans have no discernible local demand for their products and face decreasing tourist numbers and tough competition from Chinese products, while also lacking discernible government support.
Originality/value
This paper is one of the pioneering studies to link artisan entrepreneurship specific entrepreneurial identity dynamics with extreme events in a local context. This linkage significantly fills a gap in both entrepreneurship, tourism and management literature.
... We also observed how the respondents related to stakeholders (both internal and external), how they understood environmental consciousness, how they adjusted to activities that are socially responsible, how religious they were, how they focused on value systems, how they accepted cultural norms, how familiar they were with the local and global threats that the education sector faced, and how they could enhance their capacity to form personal resilience. It's worth important to note from Kvale (1983) who makes it clear that researchers cannot fully understand the meaning of the phenomenon they are studying unless they conduct interviews. ...
Purpose
The purpose of the study is to determine the degree to which Uganda’s public universities feel obligated to adopt socially responsible leadership practices and, in turn, live up to the expectations of their stakeholders. A crucial component of higher education institutions is socially responsible leadership in universities.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 22 leaders of Uganda’s public universities participated in semi-structured interviews that the researchers conducted. Four main themes emerged from thematic analysis of the gathered data.
Findings
The researchers discover that although the leaders are willing to act appropriately in accordance with social norms, they do not fully exercise the four dimensions (moral excellence in character, stakeholder collaboration, personal abilities and moral direction). The respondents also went on to explain that they were unsure about how to start helping their societies function better as a whole.
Originality/value
As far as the researchers are aware, this is the first study to look empirically into socially responsible leadership practices in a university setting (public universities in this case), especially in developing and Orient countries.
... Bu çalışmada kapsamlı veri toplamak amacıyla nitel veri toplama tekniklerinden görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Görüşme tekniği, bir olay ve olgunun anlamı hakkındaki yorumlarla ilgili çalışma grubunun gerçek yaşamına dair düşüncelerin tespit edildiği çalışmalarıdır (Kvale, 1983). Görüşmede veri toplama aracı olarak "yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu" kullanılmıştır. ...
Bu çalışmanın amacı, okul yöneticilerinin son yıllarda öne çıkan çağdaş yaklaşımlardan biri olan STEM eğitimine yönelik farkındalıklarının incelenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda nitel araştırma yöntemi ve görüşme tekniği kullanılarak okul yöneticileri ile yüz yüze görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Ankara ili Sincan ilçesinde bulunan resmi ilkokul, ortaokul ve liselerde 2022-2023 eğitim-öğretim yılında görev yapan 15 okul yöneticisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilmiş yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden durum çalışması tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen veriler incelendiğinde, okul yöneticilerinin çoğunun STEM eğitimi hakkında kısmen farkındalık sahibi oldukları, ancak bu farkındalığın yeterli olmadığı, okul yöneticilerinin STEM eğitimi ile ilgili yeterli bilgi ve beceriye sahip olmadıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra okul yöneticilerinin bu eğitim yaklaşımına karşı olumlu tutuma sahip oldukları görülmüştür. Okul yöneticileri, STEM eğitiminin öğrencilere önemli kazanımlar ve katkılar sağladığını belirtmişlerdir. Okul yöneticileri STEM çalışmalarında çeşitli güçlüklerle karşılaştıklarını ve okulların kurumsal kapasite düzeyinin bu eğitim için çok yeterli olmadığını ifade etmişlerdir. Bu kapsamda okul yöneticileri, okullarda teknik altyapı, araç-gereç ve eğitimli öğretmen eksikliği olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir. Bu bulgulardan hareketle okullarda STEM eğitimini uygulamak için okul müdürlerinin çalışmalara öncülük ederek etkili öğretimsel liderliği sergilemeleri ve STEM eğitimlerinin etkililiğini arttırmak için daha fazla çaba harcamak gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
... Many phenomenographers (e.g., Marton et al., 1993;Marton & Pong, 2005;Säljö, 1979;Trigwell et al., 1994) use interviews to bring forth the participants experience, as it is descriptive, specific, focused on certain themes, open to change, and takes place as an interpersonal interaction (Bruce, 1994;Kvale, 1983). For these reasons, audio-recorded semi-structured one-on-one interviews were conducted for data collection between January and March 2020. ...
This dissertation highlights the potential of productive struggle in addressing the issues of teaching and learning in developmental mathematics. This research presents a course designed to support productive struggle, empirical findings on students' experiences and conceptions, and my own experience supporting students' struggles. The design of the course is oriented towards supporting productive struggle by engaging students with tasks that elicit uncertainty. Instruction was delayed, providing an opportunity to promote self-explanation as students explained and questioned their thinking with a partner. As the course instructor, I asked purposeful questions during students' engagement with the tasks to show students that struggle is a necessary part of learning. This environment is in stark contrast to skill-and-drill instruction often found in developmental mathematics classrooms. Empirical findings suggest that students experienced and conceptualized struggle and productive struggle in various ways. Significant to the findings was the connection to deep approaches to learning, persevering, positive affective structures, and habits of mind. Through phenomenography, semi-structured interviews were conducted, data was collected, and students' experiences and conceptions were analyzed. The findings bring focus to the affective nature of learning, a facet infrequently explored in developmental mathematics. More importantly, these findings starkly contrast with students' reliance on rote memorization often reported in developmental mathematics classrooms.
... The same interview guide was used with the Science Park respondents; they discussed drivers and barriers as third-party observers. Despite having an interview guide, the format was semi-structured to be able to react to whatever information the respondent provided to the initial question (Given, 2008: 470-472;Kvale, 1983). All the interviews were digital, using the software 'Microsoft Teams' for conducting, recording and transcribing, and the language was Swedish. ...
This article analyses the organisational and individual drivers and barriers to the implementation of circular business models (CBM) by incumbents and start-ups in the workwear industry. It is based on a qualitative study of 15 organisations in the Swedish workwear industry. Most incumbents are found to have either long-life models with hybrid elements, such as repair, or access models, while circular start-ups have a larger variety of CBMs, although the most common is gap exploiter. Internal organisational barriers mostly differ between the two groups; however, external organisational barriers are more significant and common, such as the low price of new workwear, a lack of demand and a lack of supporting policies, for example, public procurement. Several organisational drivers are identified, such as opportunities to deliver customer value, textile and digital innovations and environmental concerns. Drivers and barriers are influenced by both type of CBM and type of company. Individual drivers and barriers, which are often overlooked in literature, are found to be important to CBM implementation.
... Understanding whether the Quantified Self fosters an experience of leisure and community or something more substantial like a Goffmanian total institution, requires a baseline structure in the interviewto maintain the conversation within a particular framewhile also allowing interviewees to expose the depths of their experiences. Kvale (1983Kvale ( , 2007) compares a structured interview methodology to the work of a 'miner' who seeks to excavate information from the interviewee's mind. Alternatively, Kvale suggests that a semistructured or unstructured interview style is more comparable to a 'traveller' who embraces flexibility to empower the interviewees to give detailed, honest responses about their experiences. ...
While a significant portion of academic literature considers the top-down coercive nature of self-tracking, this paper attempts to understand the subjective ideologies and incentives that motivate it. Much of the literature of focuses on Foucauldian panoptic models of biopolitical disciplining. Alternatively, through a series of 12 interviews with Quantified Self participants this paper examines the phenomenology of self-tracking. Vis-à-vis Oldenburg’s concept of ‘third place’ and Goffman’s concept of the ‘total institution’, the paper examines whether Quantified Selfers are drawn to self-tracking because of a desire to be part of a leisure-based community, of if they are attracted by the notion of a transcendental transformation. The paper finds that despite the Quantified Self’s explicit suggestion that it is a community, the interviewees demonstrated a commitment to self- tracking that closer reflected an individualised Goffmanian total institution that facilitates the experience of a somewhat transcendental transformation. The paper pays attention to the theological nature of Quantified Selfers understanding of self-transformation. By bringing Goffman into conversation with Foucault, the paper attempts to provide a deeper understanding of the subjective experience of voluntary self-quantification.
... Los entrevistados son coordinadores o docentes en estas carreras y alumnos egresados de dichas maestrías 4 . Las entrevistas semiestructuradas se realizaron a partir de un guión, lo que permitió recoger la información manteniendo, al mismo tiempo, una conversación abierta entre el entrevistador y el entrevistado (Kvale, 1983;Perry, 1998;Singh, 2008). ...
El presente estudio propone conocer la manera en la que los estudios del territorio brindan capacidades
a los alumnos de educación superior, y la forma en la que los egresados contribuyen al
desarrollo territorial desde su actual empleo, bajo el supuesto de que las capacidades individuales adquiridas en la formación educativa se transforman en colectivas y coadyuvan al desarrollo de los territorios. Se manejaron dos casos de estudio con información de los departamentos de docencia, y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Entre los resultados figuran que (a) los orígenes de las maestrías
responden a demandas educativas locales, y tienen una fuerte vinculación con su entorno (desarrollo fronterizo y especialización municipal); (b) entre las capacidades de los egresados figuran un perfil interdisciplinario y habilidades cognitivas; (c) la constatación de la transformación de capacidades individuales a colectivas, si bien está condicionada a factores exógenos, los casos estudiados evidencian este pasaje sujeto siempre a los recursos en dónde se desarrollan.
... Most questions of the in-person founder interviews were open-ended and focused on the entrepreneurial process and status quo (Kvale, 1983; Appendix 2 of the Supporting Information). Interviews lasted 60 min and were recorded and transcribed verbatim. ...
The concept of circular economy (CE) is proposed to lead humanity toward a sustainable future. Public authorities increasingly build on CE narratives. The progress of private sector actors is key to enable more circular resource flows. Still, the world falls far short from becoming circular and large‐scale implementation of CE in actual problem–solution spaces is scarce. This study sheds light into the external strategies of circular start‐ups (CSUs) in building an adequate socio‐institutional embedding for circular business models (CBMs) and puts the findings in the context of CE and sustainability transformations research. CSUs are a distinct group of CE‐oriented actors that build and implement CBMs wholistically and from scratch. Thereby, they can directly and indirectly contribute to the creation of circular innovation systems. This study defines the common CE mission of CSUs, sets it in context of respective socio‐political CE missions, and scrutinizes the roles that CSUs adopt to drive systemic CE implementation. We observe that CSUs’ strategic interventions go further than only novelty creation. This article proposes and elaborates on four roles that CSUs adopt: conveners, reinforcers, pioneers, and champions. The roles differ according to the CSU business models, stakeholders, the institutional elements that are addressed, as well as the directionalities that CSUs set. The findings are discussed considering the governance, policies, and strategic management of various directionalities in which CE innovation develops. It sheds light on inadequacies and limitations for bottom‐up CE innovation in existing norms and cognition, policy, and network governance.
... Semistructured in-depth interviews are particularly useful "to gather descriptions of the life-world of the interviewee with respect to interpretation of the meaning of the described phenomena" (Kvale 1983, 174). In-depth interviews have the advantage of focusing on the interviewee's experience while remaining open to ambiguities and changes in interpretations (Kvale 1983). Not only during data analysis but also before and during the interviews, the researcher must assume the phenomenological attitude in order to get closer to the essence of the investigated phenomenon (Schwandt 2001;Van Manen 1997). ...
The aim of the chapter is to provide insight into qualitative principles and options for qualitative methods in the context of empirical ecocriticism.
... Finalmente, para a descrição das práticas que construíram o processo de crescimento, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e face a face com os três principais líderes da empresa, com duração média de uma hora, de forma a combinar a captação de informações e das interpretações dos entrevistados (Kvale, 1983). As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e estratégico: o papel dos gestores intermediários. ...
Resumo A pesquisa aqui relatada objetiva analisar o processo de crescimento de pequenas empresas que crescem sem utilizar o planejamento estratégico formalmente deliberado. Analisou-se o caso de uma empresa com trajetória de dezoito anos de crescimento constante. Para tal, combinaram-se três enfoques teóricos distintos sobre o crescimento de empresas, quais sejam, o modelo de crescimento de Greiner (1972), a perspectiva do comportamento estratégico de Miles & Snow (1978) e o enfoque da perspectiva da estratégia como prática. Os dados revelaram alternâncias de ciclos decisórios para responder às pressões externas e internas, comportamentos estratégicos sujeitos ao contexto organizacional e a ascensão de uma linha de gerentes intermediários, que tornou a organização mais propensa às inovações, sem abandonar a eficiência. Palavras-chave: processo de crescimento, estratégia como prática, ciclo evolutivo, comportamento estratégico, PME
Abstract The research here aims to analyze the growth process of small businesses that expand without formally deliberate strategic planning. The case of a company with an eighteen-year history of history
... Hvem bliver de professionelle nøglepersoner i sådanne laeringsrum, og hvordan oplever de deres muligheder og begraensninger for at understøtte elevernes deltagelse, på trods af elevernes "frafalds-prognose"? Hvad betyder målgruppen og det udvidede forløb for deres foretrukne professionelle deltagelse? Igennem en multipel laesning af mit empiriske materiale og en faenomenologisk inspireret (Georgi, 1975) meningskondensering, kodning og kategorisering/tematisering på tvaers af feltnotater og interviewtransskriptioner, har disse spørgsmål dannet en ramme omkring en induktiv analyse, dog koblet med teoretiske fortolkninger, der har informeret de empirisk genererede temaer (Kvale, 1983;Olsen, 2003). Resultaterne heraf praesenteres i de naestfølgende afsnit med saerligt fokus på laerernes oplevelse af, hvordan en forandret praksis med hensyn til at gøre skole på en anden måde, er en ønsket praksis, men at en raekke strukturelle, kulturelle, kollegiale og ledelsesmaessige forhold farver den håbefulde daglige praksis med en saetning, der overordnet kunne formuleres som et spaendingsfelt mellem ja og men: "ja, vi vil gøre skole og laerere på en anden måde -men…". ...
Formålet med denne artikel er at analysere, hvordan lærere, der er tilknyttet et udvidet grundforløb på en teknisk skole, er involve- ret i at implementere en alternativ socialfag- lig organisering af læringsrummet, herunder hvordan de oplever deres muligheder og be- grænsninger i forhold til at lykkes hermed. Hvad vil det for dem sige at “gøre” skole og at “gøre” lærer på en anden måde? Hvor- dan finder denne gruppe lærere ud af, hvad denne “anden” måde skal bestå i, og hvad der kræves af dem for at lykkes med det? Med disse spørgsmål skriver jeg mig ind i et per- spektiv, hvor lærere ses som aktive skabende og forhandlende deltagere i forhold til ud- dannelsespolitiske reformer og dagsordener (Sloan, 2006; Smyth, 2002; Vähäsantanen & Eteläpelti, 2009, Vongalis-Marcow, 2007).
... Using Welzel (2013) three-dimensional theory (action resources, emancipative values and civic entitlement), themes were derived from the data of this study. Considering that interviews are the best way to foster a deep understanding of a researched phenomenon Kvale (1983), the authors of this study analysed the interview data to identify the respondents' resources, capabilities, levels of fairness, inclusion and appreciation of others, together with the regulations and rules that they must deal with. Finally, the authors made sure to carefully take note of all important attitudes, considerations and perceptions voiced by the respondents during the conducted interviews. ...
This study explores the relations within the current broader literature on migration and entrepreneurship and specifically investigates the extent to which Syrian refugees in Egypt prefer to establish family businesses and why. A qualitative research method is employed by conducting semi‐structured interviews with 45 Syrian partner/managers of micro, small and medium‐sized family businesses in Egypt. Thematic analysis was used to determine the main ideas in the interview transcripts. Syrian refugees in Egypt were found to prefer to establish family businesses. And the following were considered to be the main antecedents of such preference: action resources (economic challenges and poor salaries in the host country; refugee financial insolvency; refugees' limited social network), emancipation values (refugees' trust in working with each other; refugees' intention to pay back the support/gratitude perceived from the host country) and civic entitlement (governmental support to family businesses).
... In-depth interviews were conducted following the recommendations of Kvale (1983), with the aim of obtaining an in-depth understanding of participants' experience (Brinkmann, 2018). ...
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The growing complexity of cancer treatments requires changes in how care is organized and who provides it. The incorporation of advanced practice nursing roles within
multidisciplinary teams can improve care in cancer patients. This study aims to understand the lived experience of cancer patients and multidisciplinary professionals in relation to the care provided by the advanced practice nurse.
Methods: Phenomenological qualitative study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and a field diary. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling; until
theoretical data saturation was achieved. An interpretative phenomenological analysis was performed, following Guba and Lincoln’s criteria for trustworthiness.
Results: Interviews were performed with 18 professionals and 11 patients, from highcomplexity public hospitals between March-December 2021. The main themes that emerged were: advanced practice nurse role and competencies, Benefits provided by the APN, and Relevant aspects of nursing care.
Conclusion: Advanced practice nurses play a fundamental role in cancer care, making positive contributions to the patient experience and to the multidisciplinary team’s work. Elucidating
the contribution of advanced practice nurses in oncology will facilitate the definition of their specific competencies and, in turn, the implementation of training and management strategies
to consolidate this figure in specialized centers.
... We conducted qualitative expert interviews to answer our research questions (Kvale, 1983;Neergaard and Ulhøi, 2007) and obtain an "understanding" (Outhwaite, 1975) about family firms' reactions to the COVID-19 crisis. Qualitative research designs are particularly suitable for analyzing these kinds of organizational processes (Bluhm et al., 2011;Doz, 2011;Gioia et al., 2013;Graebner et al., 2012). ...
Purpose – Within a very short period of time, the worldwide pandemic triggered by the novel coronavirus has not only claimed numerous lives but also caused severe limitations to daily private as well as business life. Just about every company has been affected in one way or another. This first empirical study on the effects of the COVID-19 crisis on family firms allows initial conclusions to be drawn about family firm crisis management. Design/methodology/approach - Exploratory qualitative research design based on 27 semi-structured interviews with key informants of family firms of all sizes in five Western European countries that are in different stages of the crisis. Findings – The COVID-19 crisis represents a new type and quality of challenge for companies. These companies are applying measures that can be assigned to three different strategies to adapt to the crisis in the short term and emerge from it stronger in the long run. Our findings show how companies in all industries and of all sizes adapt their business models to changing environmental conditions within a short period of time. Finally, the findings also show that the crisis is bringing about a significant yet unintended cultural change. On the one hand, a stronger solidarity and cohesion within the company was observed, while on the other hand, the crisis has led to a tentative digitalization. Originality/value – To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first empirical study in the management realm on the impacts of COVID-19 on (family) firms. It provides cross-national evidence of family firms’ current reactions to the crisis.
... This first step was also in line with Alvesson and Karreman (2011), who advocated focussing on participant sense-making by considering the participants' discourse as a social tie that links researchers, participants, and the concept(s) under consideration. Kavale (1983) clarified that an interview subject yields and/or contains meaning on real-world phenomena. During the second step, we formulated data categories by identifying the words most frequently used by the respondents in their answers. ...
Drawing on extreme work and transactional stress literature streams; this paper investigates the mechanisms used by public sector nurses to cope with their extreme work conditions in the fragile state context of Egypt. Our findings, which are based on 24 qualitative interviews, show that, to cope with their extreme job duties, nurses engage in the following four strategies-reassertion of professionalism, submission and fatalism, cronyism, and temporalism. Moreover, we found that the low availability of social, physical, and psychological resources and the perceived inadequate provision of entitlements also played a role in this context. Finally, our study is among the first to link the fragile state environment with extreme work conditions in healthcare sector while simultaneously highlighting the related coping mechanisms.
... Interviews are a valuable source of evidence within case studies [38] and serve as a tool which allows for the collection of large amounts of detailed information [39]. ...
Managing mass fatality incidents or disasters involving multiple deaths are not uncommon among forensic practitioners. In fact, management of unidentified or unknown bodies is also a vital component of the day-to-day mortuary work practice. The unidentified and subsequently unclaimed bodies have always been a “silent mass disaster,” a problem that needs to be tackled within the forensic community and raises the global issue of ethics, law, and human rights. Unidentified bodies’ in Malaysia make up an average of 4.02% of all death cases where a total postmortem examination was performed which is comparable with other developing countries within 4–10% which can go up to 25%. Moreover, unstandardized procedures in all mortuaries in different states and districts in Malaysia have worsened the scenario even with guidelines in place. This study aims to address the issues surrounding unidentified and unclaimed bodies including body disposal from a social and legal perspective using case study methodology by comparing four different countries in the Asia Pacific Region through document analysis and interview methods. One of the major findings is evident in 3 out of the 4 models, whereby there is a considerable gap in consolidating the missing person report and information to match with the unidentified bodies received in forensic institutions in an attempt to enhance the identification process which ultimately intends as a closure for the family members. It is also timely to think out of the box beyond dental records and DNA profiling to improve the identification rate for skeletonized remains through means of anthropology biometrics comparison. With the limited literature published surrounding this domain, it is hoped that the suggestions and recommendations to standardize the management of unidentified and unclaimed bodies can benefit many forensic institutions and public mortuaries in this region.
... The guide might also include something specific about a participant's education, experience, or accomplishment that is relevant to the interview and that the researcher can communicate to demonstrate his or her preparation and ability to highlight commonalities between them. Doing so serves to increase the credibility and trustworthiness of the interviewer (Conger, 2008), which helps affirm an interviewee's decision to participate, expectation for a positive, empowering experience, and sense of purpose in which to share their narrative with an interested audience (Hutchinson, Wilson, & Wilson, 1994;Kvale, 1983), ultimately improving the quality of the data collected in the process. ...
... Why? 11-In your opinion, what financial and non-financial returns do you get from your job? 12-any additional comment/suggestion you would like to add? 'ethicality' . Kavale (1983) indicated that interviews always contain meaning on real-world phenomena. We then moved on to the third step, which involved analysing the coded data. ...
Based on recent research on extreme work and social exchange theory, this paper presents a pioneering study focussed on public hospital nurses' engagement in extreme work conditions and its associated ethical aspects. The empirical part comprises of 32 in-depth interviews conducted with nurses in four public hospitals in Egypt. Our findings highlight how a misunderstanding of religion, gender inequality, average education, and staff shortages are the main reasons of nurses’ engagement in intensive jobs. Moreover, poor physical and mental health, lack of time available for life and personal commitments, and a sense of coercion emerged as aspects that raise questions regarding the (un)ethicality of nurses engaging in extreme work.
... Source(s): Authors' work Table 2. Interview guide APJBA participants' discourse as a social tie with researchers and with the phenomenon under study. Kavale (1983) clarifies that an interview subject continuously yields meaning on real-world phenomena. Noticeably, the emerging three themes (indifference, heroism, and fatalism) were referred to by all participants in all addressed travel agencies. ...
Purpose
This study examines how far female tour guides in Egypt experience sexual harassment and how they cope with it.
Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative research method is employed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 full-time female tour guides working for several travel agencies in Egypt. Thematic analysis was used to extract the main ideas from the transcripts.
Findings
The findings show that female tour guides in Egypt would encounter annoying gender harassment mostly from tourists they serve, and they might suffer from irresponsible behavior – gender harassment, unwanted sexual harassment, and sexual coercion – from their local managers. When facing sexual harassment, female tour guides usually tend to adopt one of the following three coping strategies: (a) indifference to sexual harassment they encounter, (b) heroism by taking legal action when exposed to sexual harassment or (c) fatalism by taking inconsequential action such as complaining the harasser to his direct manager or filling in an official complaint inside their workplace. The selection of the coping strategy is usually based on the female victim's personality and the organizational and social context she adapts to.
Originality/value
This paper contributes by filling a gap in tourism, human resources management and gender studies in which empirical studies on the sexual harassment that female tour guides encounter, particularly in non-Western contexts, have been limited so far.
... A semi-structured in-depth interview approach was applied to understand the types of engagement they experienced and the extent to which visitors engaged with the site and staff. The interview is a standard method of data collection for a phenomenological approach (Kvale, 1983) and in-depth interviews help researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the interviewees' opinions (Song & Parker, 1995). ...
This research explores international tourists’ engagement with Māori indigenous tourist attractions in New Zealand. In-depth interviews with 18 international tourists were conducted after their visits to the Waitangi Treaty Grounds in Northland, New Zealand. The findings revealed clear evidence of some general engagement behaviours such as spending time and enjoyment which led visitors into deeper levels of behavioural and psychological engagement. The behavioural engagement occurred in two primary forms which are taking photos for a range of personal and impersonal purposes as well as conversation with staff. Also, three forms of psychological engagement were found, including engagement with cultural aspects, imagination, and learning. Perceived authenticity and uniqueness of the attraction were important precursors to the behavioural and psychological engagement of visitors.
... A semi-structured in-depth interview approach was applied to understand the types of engagement they experienced and the extent to which visitors engaged with the site and staff. The interview is a standard method of data collection for a phenomenological approach (Kvale 1983) and in-depth interviews help researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the interviewees' opinions (Song and Parker 1995). Specifically, semi-structured interviews are suitable for understanding opinions about complex issues (Barriball and While 1994), offer more control over the topic (Kreisl 2012), allow flexibility on question-wording and allow probing of further information where required (Hutchinson and Wilson 1992). ...
This research explores international tourists’ engagement with Māori indigenous tourist attractions in New Zealand. In-depth interviews with 18 international tourists were conducted after their visits to the Waitangi Treaty Grounds in Northland, New Zealand. The findings revealed clear evidence of some general engagement behaviours such as spending time and enjoyment which led visitors into deeper levels of behavioural and psychological engagement. The behavioural engagement occurred in two primary forms which are taking photos for a range of personal and impersonal purposes as well as conversation with staff. Also, three forms of psychological engagement were found, including engagement with cultural aspects, imagination, and learning. The perception of the authenticity and uniqueness of the attraction were important precursors to tourist behavioural and psychological engagement.
... This study employs semi-structured interviews to collect data catering to these qualities. The semi-structured interview allows the researchers to have a greater range of respondents' answers and stay within the themes set in advance [20]. In recruiting the participants, the researchers employ purposive sampling and snowballing. ...
While there is an increasing interest in continuous auditing technology research, most studies focus on developed countries. Based on the above background, the objective of this study is to explore the perception of the emergence of continuous auditing technology in a developing country - Indonesia. This study uses semi-structured interviews to collect its data. The findings show that the level of familiarity and the awareness of the existence of continuous auditing technology is varied. Several drivers are identified as the factors of their familiarity and awareness – length of employment, the type of auditors, and prior knowledge. This study also finds that while auditors' perceptions toward continuous auditing are favorable, the concern of insufficient competency to adopt and adapt to such technology was also raised.
... Semistructured in-depth interviews are particularly useful "to gather descriptions of the life-world of the interviewee with respect to interpretation of the meaning of the described phenomena" (Kvale 1983, 174). In-depth interviews have the advantage of focusing on the interviewee's experience while remaining open to ambiguities and changes in interpretations (Kvale 1983). Not only during data analysis but also before and during the interviews, the researcher must assume the phenomenological attitude in order to get closer to the essence of the investigated phenomenon (Schwandt 2001;Van Manen 1997). ...
... In addition, we paid attention to the respondents' relationships to internal and external stakeholders, their understanding of environmental awareness, adapting to socially responsible activities, showing religiosity, focusing on value systems, acceptance of cultural patterns, familiarity with the global and local threats facing the hospitality industry and their awareness of traditional business skills and how they can improve their capabilities to form individual resilience. It is worth highlighting that Kvale (1983) clarifies that only through interviews can researchers develop a sense of the meaning of the phenomenon under investigation. ...
Purpose
The study aims to find out the extent to which hospitality sector family-owned businesses in Egypt feel committed to responsible leadership practices and subsequently meet their stakeholders' expectations.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with 24 owners of family restaurants in Egypt. Thematic analysis was undertaken on the collected data resulting in four major themes.
Findings
The authors find that the four dimensions (aggregation of virtuousness, stakeholder involvement, individual competencies and ethical contributions) are not fully exercised by the owners despite their readiness to behave correctly according to social norms. Furthermore, the respondents elaborated that they do not fully understand how to commence playing a role in contributing to the common good in their societies.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the present study is the first to empirically investigate responsible leadership practices in the context of small and medium-sized family businesses (restaurants in this case), particularly in the emerging market and non-Western contexts.
... To ensure that the data collected was comprehensive and detailed, we employed a combination of open-ended and semi-structured interview methods. Open-ended questions, which allow respondents to provide unstructured answers, are often used in qualitative research to gather subjective information and capture respondents' thoughts and feelings in their own words (Kvale, 1983). Semi-structured interviews, which incorporate elements of both structured and unstructured interviews, are commonly used in qualitative research to gather detailed information and explore complex issues, such as in our study (Kvale, 1994). ...
The integration of isolated software components into large‐scale and complex information systems is a topic that attracts the interest of many information systems practitioners and researchers. However, less attention is given to the intricate processes by which these infrastructures are built using multiple independent software components. Different actors introduce these components, which can lead to a “battleground of functional roles” where components are replacing and blocking each other. To better understand this phenomenon, we conducted multiple case studies involving the development of a large‐scale information system for communicable disease detection, prevention, and control in Vietnam. We collected empirical data through various methods, including interviews, focus groups, and participation observation. We identified different strategies employed by actors to block, remove, or replace other software components, protect their position, and find a way to join the existing and established systems. This paper contributes to this topic by theorizing a strategy called “hybrid vigor,” which allows for the combination of the strengths of individual software components and enables sustainable evolution.
... Within the qualitative paradigm, we conducted a phenomenological approach, so as to develop an in-depth understanding of patient complexity perceptions within the broader social context of the medical practitioner's work setting. (15)(16)(17) This approach allows the researcher the focus on practitioners' lived experiences with respect to patient complexity and the issues influencing the construction of individual perceptions of complexity. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) provided the general research framework for our data collection and data analysis process. ...
Organisations need to acquire knowledge in order to survive in the environment. They encode their experiences into routines and enact these routines according to environmental changes and demands. However, this path-dependent and linear conceptualisation of knowledge is not without its challenges. Namely, knowledge is a double-edged sword that can damage existing routines and capabilities if organisations do not have the necessary structures to accept novel information. This work aims to propose an alternative framework for knowledge acquisition and organisational learning. The argument follows the principles of autopoiesis theory: organisations are able to reproduce their own knowledge with no direct reference to the environment. A central claim of the present work is that such self-reproduction processes are aided and supported by defective knowledge and flawed learning processes. Namely, these flawed learning processes display particularities that allow organisations to amplify and customize their experience of the external world. The second part of this work explores this claim further by documenting coordination of complexity in multimorbidity care. The aim is to highlight self-organizing processes that allow healthcare actors to perceive and manage complexity through a relative ignorance of existing interdependencies. This work will thus serve those knowledge theorists who are interested in non-linear mechanisms of knowledge reproduction and creation.
... This is in line with Alvesson and Karreman (2011), who promote greater focus on participant sensemaking by considering respondents' discourse as a social tie that links researchers with the phenomenon under consideration. Kvale (1983) clarifies that an interview subject continuously yields meaning on real-world phenomena. Hence, it is not an exaggeration to maintain that the respondents were the main source/basis of the three research themes (religious, contextual and media influences) which emerged repetitively throughout the conducted interviews. ...
Purpose – To investigate the perceptions of female tour guides’ lower and top levels of management in travel agencies that misunderstanding Islam and its culture may play a role in the poor representation of women in the tour guide career.
Methodology: A qualitative research method is employed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 full-time female tour guides working at several travel agencies in Egypt. Thematic analysis was used to extract the main ideas from the transcripts.
Findings: The representation of female tour guides in travel agencies is shaped by the following three determinants: religious (familial obligations and marital status), contextual (nature of tour guide activities, poor representation of women in senior tourism-related jobs, cronyism, sexual harassment, and spread of foreign female tour guides) and media influence. Understanding these three categories may enable a more comprehensive representation of female tour guides.
Practical implications – Female tour guides could work closely with the tourism policymakers in Egypt to shape the media messages about them. This might include elaborating on the main challenges faced by female tour guides. Social support from families and friends may allow female tour guides more freedom and empowerment.
Originality/ value – This paper contributes by filling a gap in tourism, human resources management, and gender studies in which empirical studies on the representation of females in travel agencies have been limited so far.
Keywords: Female representation, tour guides, Islam, diversity management, Feminist theory on religion
In this research article, budding journalists’ views and attitudes toward a prototype radio lesson that was designed and implemented utilizing advanced technologies are explored. These budding journalists hail from Greece, were studying in higher education or adult education at the time of the survey, and belong to one of the three youngest generational cohorts within adults (i.e., 18 years old and older); Generation X where their members are now known as Xers, Generation Y where their members are already known as Millennials, and Generation Z where their members are also known as Zoomers—XYZ Generations. The survey’s research data were collected after six interactive teachings from and through advanced technologies, via a specially designed written questionnaire, as case study experiments that applied qualitative action research with quasi-experiments. Analysis, descriptive, and inductive statistics were then applied to them from and through Internet applications and services. This is essentially empirical qualitative research that incorporates the approach of the quantitative analysis process. The resulting survey findings and results mainly contribute to the quality of higher education and adult education, especially in the field of media studies. Likewise, they align with or confirm previous contemporary empirical studies and research papers on the genealogical characteristics, habits, and ethos of the XYZ Generations, and particularly regarding the similarities among Xers and Zoomers, as well as that Generation Z can also be characterized as a “Sound Generation”. An important conclusion of this research article is that the success of a lesson or even a lecture seems to depend (a) on the good design and/or development of the lesson plan itself, as well as (b) on the communication classroom where the educational praxis takes place. Finally, these survey findings and results are also considered encouraging and could be utilized (a) for any audiovisual-supported teaching–learning procedure for adult learners; (b) across various educational levels and disciplines; or even (c) for members other generational cohorts.
Assessment practice is an important part of a physical education (PE) teachers work and can contribute positively to motivating pupils towards learning and developing lifelong pleasure in movement. In 2020, a new curriculum, “the Knowledge Promotion” 2020 (LK20) was introduced in Norwegian schools. This study aims to investigate physical education teachers’ assessment practice relating to the view of effort and testing in PE, after the introduction of LK20. Nine in depth interviews were conducted with nine PE teachers from seven upper secondary schools in Norway. The data were analyzed using NVivo 12 and meaning condensation. The findings show that the informants use effort differently and to a greater extent related to pupil using their skills to help fellow pupils improve. Furthermore, the informants experience effort as a greater and more important part of the assessment with LK20, than with the previous curriculum. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that the use of physical tests may have decreased. The findings indicate that there has been a change in the informants’ assessment practice in line with the curriculum’s intention, with less focus on skills and more on effort. However, the findings indicates that PE teachers have much freedom in their assessment, and points towards a need for more follow-up and professional development for PE teachers.
This study delves into how the perception of levers and barriers for building element reuse evolves over time as individuals and practices gain experience on this topic. Three periods of business development are compared: the genesis of practice; the current situation; and future projection. The results are drawn from semi-structured interviews with 35 stakeholders from industry, academia, and government in North America. They were invited to address questions about scales, means of demand generation and adaptation, tools and capacities, and stakeholder knowledge and skills. Questions to explore neutral aspects of their practice as well as levers or barriers were also asked. A post-interview analysis identified 14 factors that influence the overall perception of challenges. It also emphasized their interconnectedness over time, allowing for a more nuanced understanding than previous synchronic studies and prioritizing challenges for different stakeholder types. Unusualness, processes, and communication emerge as time-persistent challenges intricately linked with regulatory dynamics. This study also reaffirms challenges such as costs, community dynamics, and the imperative for a societal shift. This insight assists newcomers in anticipating challenges and selecting their paths while also shedding light on current barriers and informing future projections, guiding policymakers on necessary improvements.
Introduction
The aim of the study was to examine fifth-grade physical education (PE) teachers’ reflections and perceptions about PE teaching in Finland and Kurdistan region of Iraq (KRI), using analyses of in-depth interviews with a phenomenological-hermeneutic approach.
Methods
This was accomplished by exploring eight Finnish and six KRI PE teachers’ opinions, attitudes, experiences, and reflections regarding their work as PE teachers, using semi-structured in-depth interviews about PE, as well as their reflections related to an indoor and an outdoor video from ordinary PE teaching in the other country. The initial analyses of the two groups of teachers using the qualitative analysis program NVivo revealed interesting findings related to student autonomy, and these differences were examined closely.
Results
While the analyses showed that all the Finnish PE teachers highlighted the importance of providing student autonomy within the open-ended questions related to PE, PE teachers in KRI seldom discussed autonomy during the open-ended questions. Instead, they seemed to organize their teaching in a way that decreased autonomy. The Finnish PE teachers indicated that the use of autonomy was central in the curriculum, and that they used autonomy to increase the students’ motivation and to make PE more meaningful for the students. With such a strategy, the use of autonomy would also activate and include more students, even if Finnish PE teachers reported certain challenges with students’ autonomy. The PE teachers from KRI, however, related PE to be mainly focused on performing sport activities and reflected a strategy of “just do as I do” - a strategy that created little room for autonomy, even if the findings pointed to some traces of autonomy among the PE teachers in KRI.
Discussion
Considering the findings and the theoretical concept of self-determination theory that highlight students’ autonomy as essential for students’ motivation, integration, wellness, and well-being in PE, our findings suggest that new perspectives and practices are needed among teachers in KRI to ensure autonomy in PE teaching. In this vein, increased exchange of experiences and collaboration between educators from Finland and KRI could be beneficial.
This study explores, describes and analyzes the utilization of smartphone apps by four Japanese university students to support learning English as a Foreign Language (efl). Findings indicate that intermediate language learners use apps to access content and communicate on sns and are not keen on studying discrete language parts. Participants believe that using apps helped them with their four language skills (listening, reading, speaking, and writing), grammar, vocabulary and spelling. Use of apps (location, frequency and duration) seems to be determined by opportunity, personal preference and desire to use.
This article looked at how the ‘Ghanaian Times’ newspaper, using stories sourced from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), framed Africa to the rest of the world. The study which utilized the mixed approach also employed the gatekeeping, framing and cultural imperialist theories in its attempt to find out which of the regional blocs in Africa dominated the coverage and whether the portrayal was positive or negative. The study found that the majority of the stories that the ‘Ghanaian Times’ sourced from the BBC were negative about Africa hence framing Africa as an unhealthy place for living. Out of the 154 stories the newspaper sourced from the BBC, only 52 stories focused on the positive happenings in Africa while 94 stories painted a catastrophic image about Africa. Also, political unrest and crime were the two dominant themes Africa was associated with. In all, the general image of Africa as portrayed by the newspaper was negative as the editors focused more on negative stories of Africa compared to the positives amidst the abundance of stories published by the BBC. This arguably means that Africa’s negative image could only be corrected if editors are deliberate in selecting more positive stories about Africa for publication. This work will indeed add to the literature on the framing of Africa in the media especially the contribution of the African media to the dominant negative image Africa continues to be associated with. Keywords: Africa, Images, Gatekeeping, Media Framing, BBC Stories, Regional Blocs Coverage
Purpose
This paper aims to identify why hotel employees in the Egyptian context accept the extreme job duties resulting from hosting too many mega sporting events and what outcomes they experience as a result.
Design/methodology/approach
The empirical data is based on semi-structured interviews with 36 hotel employees working in reservations, front desk and events management roles in four 4-star hotels located in Cairo, the capital of Egypt. Thematic analysis was subsequently used to determine the main ideas in the interview transcripts.
Findings
The findings show that hotel employees accept the extreme job duties resulting from hosting mega sporting events for the following four reasons: linking pay with performance, difficulty finding alternative jobs, proving their occupational identity and being subject to patriotism. Furthermore, this paper highlights that the engagement of hotel employees in extreme work conditions during such mega-sporting events might be detrimental to their mental health, resulting in increased cronyism and gender bias among them.
Originality/value
This paper is a pioneering study to specifically investigate how hosting mega sporting events influences the extremity of work conditions for hospitality sector employees. Prior studies (to the best of the authors’ knowledge) have not theorised and empirically analysed this specific topic, especially in under-researched settings, such as developing countries in the global south.
This study attempted to find out the various images or themes that the Ghanaian Times as a State-owned Print Media in Ghana portrays about Africa through its reportage. Utilizing the gatekeeping, cultural imperialist, and framing theories, the study looked at the selection of stories by the editors and the final images that were portrayed about Africa per the stories selected for publication for five (5) years. Through content analysis, the study sampled 225 stories from the Ghanaian Times newspaper. The study hypothesized that the newspaper would frame Africa positively but the findings did not support that hypothesis. The study further delved into the sources of the African news as it was hypothesized that the Ghanaian state-owned newspaper would also pick the majority of its stories from indigenous African news agencies. The results again caused the claim to be rejected as the newspaper indeed relied more on Western media particularly the British Broadcasting Corporation for news on Africa. While there is the need to periodically research to find out about the state of Africa’s image in the media, it was recommended that the African media must reduce its dependence on foreign news agencies for stories on Africa as the tone of such stories is largely negative. The study contributes to the existing literature regarding Africa’s image in the media especially how Ghanaian media frames Africa. Keywords – Africa, Image, Media Framing, News Sources
Social problems in society, such as the care of the aged, hinder people’s full potential and often arise from societal neglect. In Ghana, a significant percentage of the elderly population requires assistance with daily activities, but poverty and political polarization can hamper their care. The church has played a crucial role in addressing social problems, including the neglect, poverty, and poor health faced by the elderly. However, the church’s ability to intervene is limited, and traditional beliefs often stigmatize the elderly as witches or wizards. The healthcare sector also faces challenges in providing care for the elderly, with high costs and low coverage of health insurance. The study thus emphasized the importance of understanding the difficulties experienced by the elderly through theories such as Disengagement Theory and Convoy Theory. The study employed interviews to gather data from a sample of 12 individuals who were directly involved in caring for the elderly or had knowledge of their issues. The data analysis focused on the lived experiences of the interviewees. The weak social system, including pension systems and health insurance schemes, were found to be contributors to the struggles faced by the elderly. The elderly face challenges such as frailty, illness, poverty, and neglect. The study suggests that policymakers should review existing health insurance policies to better support the elderly. The church’s role in promoting a more inclusive and supportive society for the elderly is crucial, but it faces challenges in the changing cultural landscape and the dominance of the nuclear family system. Keywords: Old Age, Poverty, Political Polarization, Political System, Democracy and Ghana.
The main purpose for this dissertation is to examine the experiences and perceptions of Muslim woman teachers and leaders in British state schools. To achieve this, the researcher examined the types of challenges and barriers these teachers experienced and how they coped with often being the only Muslim BME woman in a predominantly white team. Using a qualitative research method, the
researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with six teachers and leaders, from different London state schools and boroughs, who consider themselves to be Muslims and declared themselves ethnically as Kenyan (1); Somali (1); Pakistani (3); and Turkish (1).
The results show that on account of the intersecting facets of her identity Muslim women are simultaneously oppressed in the midst of being awarded opportunities. Due to the interplay of these
intersections as well as stereotypical assumptions which impacts attitudes towards Muslim women, she encounters the Muslim penalty, institutional racism and Islamophobia simply on the grounds of being visibly different.
[Purpose]: Creating a new product or service promotes the status quo changes, seeking economic value and solving customer's urgent problems. Entrepreneurs play an important role in this changing process through start-ups and small and medium enterprises (SMEs), considered one of the leading forces driving an economy's innovative and competitive power. However, despite the importance of entrepreneurs, public policies to foster entrepreneurship ecosystems could be ineffective in emerging countries. Therefore, action research proposes the qualification of entrepreneurs for the structuring of new businesses through remote orientation, connecting the country's main economic centers to emerging areas.
[Design/methodology/approach]: The study is qualitative research comprising two phases. The first phase consisted of four-month action research, connecting two researchers and three groups of specialists (from Sao Paulo), with three groups of entrepreneurs (located in Manaus in the Amazon region), through a remote orientation in entrepreneurship, lean start-up, lean product and process development (LPPD). The second phase, conducted by a third researcher, regards a case study grounded on interviews and data collection with the entrepreneurs to capture the outcomes of the remote orientation process.
[Findings]: The remote orientation helped shorten the geographical distance of Amazonas to approach the integration of business, research and knowledge exchange of such distinct areas in the same country. If a remote orientation program was established as public policy, it could enact subsequent cycles of the lean startup model. Furthermore, the remote orientation could be an alternative to compose the training subsystem in the entrepreneurship ecosystem proposed by Isenberg (2011). On the other hand, a remote orientation could fail to shorten the distance of human values and beliefs, which cannot be neglected when facing a rich territory like the Amazon.
[Research limitations/implications]: Because of the chosen research approach, a qualitative and exploratory study based on a combination of action research, interviews and case studies, the results may lack generalizability. However, further studies can replicate the remote orientation process conducted in the region of Manaus – Amazon, to obtain distinct results regarding the advantages, disadvantages and effectiveness of remote orientation as entrepreneurship ecosystem’s human capital dimension development.
[Practical implications]: The outcomes of this research have the potential to start discussions regarding the adoption of remote orientation as a public policy to develop entrepreneurship skills in emerging regions, not only in Brazil but worldwide. The Brazilian case could be a relevant benchmark due to the large territory and economic and social disparities impacting education and entrepreneurship.
[Social implications]: Through start-ups and SMEs, entrepreneurship has innovation potential and is the most solid way to bring economic development. For emerging countries, it can be real game-changer in the economic order. The development of entrepreneurship skills through this remote orientation experience can help reduce the economic and social gaps in countries with relevant disparities like Brazil and other emerging countries.
The purpose of this study was to investigate dropout and continuation motives among boys in youth football. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with all players from a former football team, consisting of 13 young people who were 17 years old when the in-depth interviews were conducted. Short interviews with the same players five years earlier (at the age of 12) were also included as part of the data. This strategy was used to gain a longitudinal perspective and a better insight into the participants’ experience of organized football. Including in-depth data from all players at a football team—both players that dropped out and continued playing football, and also including some short interviews data from a longitudinal perspective, this study bring new findings into the discussion about sport participation. When the in-depth interviews were conducted, six of the participants had dropped out of football, while seven were still active. The results show that social factors, ambition, other interests and differences in skill and physical development, were all reasons for dropout from this team. Among those who continued playing football, the social aspect of football, their love for the sport, competitive instinct and the training benefits the sport provided, were reasons they continued playing. Furthermore, the findings showed that those who reported the lowest ambitions at the age of twelve, had dropped out of football, while the one with the highest ambitions had continued playing football. Our findings indicate that ambition can be a crucial factor in relation to participation in football, and also that the social aspect of football is an important motivational factor that coaches and parents should be aware of.
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