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Perfectionism and depression: A multidimensional analysis
Abstract
150 university students completed 3 measures of depressive symptomatology and several measures of perfectionism including self-oriented perfectionism, perfectionistic motivation, other-oriented perfectionism, and world-oriented perfectionism. Depression was measured by the Self-Rating Depression Scale and by the Depressive Experience Questionnaire. Consistent with predictions, all of the perfectionism measures, except the world-oriented perfectionism measure, were correlated positively with severity of depression and provided independent variance in the prediction of depression scores. Results confirm a relationship between perfectionism and levels of self-critical depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... If we do not focus only on the fact that one of the reasons may also be the pupil's low self-esteem and the realization that he/she would not succeed in such a tense situation, the justification of this relation may be the early intervention of a teacher who knows about such a child and his perfectionist tendencies. As stated by G. L. Flett andP. L. Hewitt (1990, 1991), the use of appropriate teacher communication styles, various cognitive techniques, and the elimination of negative elements in the teaching process can contribute to a positive evaluation of negative variables -friction and classroom competitiveness in perfectionists. ...
... The pupil refuses to assert his own opinion and argue against his own classmates. The research findings of G. L. Flett andP. L. Hewitt (1990, 1991) confirmed that high personal standards of students with perfectionism help to achieve their own set goals, which is to master the curriculum in the classroom. ...
... They are one of the main factors that contribute to building a child's identity. G. L. Flett and P. L. Hewitt (1990) state that parents are responsible for the cognitive pattern of perfectionism that develops in children at an early age. We think that the reason why there is no difference between genders in perfectionism may be that the parents' critical attitude towards the child does not focus on the gender as such, but rather on the culture to which the parents belong and their personality. ...
This research study is focused on detection of relationship between perfectionism and classroom climate in middle school aged children. To detect the level of perfectionism we used the Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale (F-MPS) and for assessing of classroom climate we used My Class Inventory (MCI). In research we also focused on gender differences among each variable. Our research sample consisted of 240 children who attend primary schools and their age was between 10 – 12 years. There were 160 girls and 80 boys, who took part in this research. The results of the research point out that there is no statistically significant relation between perfectionism and positive classroom climate. We also observed no gender differences in variable perfectionism.
... Socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) is the need to meet the real or perceived unreasonably high expectations an individual believes others have for them [23]. SPP was evidenced in half of the interviews (n = 5), including in Aidan's interview. ...
... The potential effect of parental attitudes on wellbeing was evident in the context of the SPP theme. This fits with Hewitt and Flett (1990), who found that early life experiences (e.g., parental expectations and concern over mistakes) can lead to the manifestation of perfectionistic behaviours in children where they are driven to meet the real or perceived expectations that they believe others hold for them [23]. Due to their belief that their relationships are superficial, individuals may perceive their key relationships as being insecure [30] and thereby potentially instil a sense of loneliness [31,32]. ...
... The potential effect of parental attitudes on wellbeing was evident in the context of the SPP theme. This fits with Hewitt and Flett (1990), who found that early life experiences (e.g., parental expectations and concern over mistakes) can lead to the manifestation of perfectionistic behaviours in children where they are driven to meet the real or perceived expectations that they believe others hold for them [23]. Due to their belief that their relationships are superficial, individuals may perceive their key relationships as being insecure [30] and thereby potentially instil a sense of loneliness [31,32]. ...
Suicide is a leading public health concern. Research studies have identified significant associations between loneliness and suicidal ideation/behaviour both cross-sectionally and prospectively. Despite this, research specifically focusing on identifying the nature of loneliness experienced prior to suicide, and the role it has in association with other preceding factors, has not been fully explored. The current study recruited ten participants with a history of suicide attempts (five female, four male and one non-binary; mean age: 22.5, range: 20–25 years) to take part in one-to-one, semi-structured interviews via remote video conferencing to explore experiences of social support and loneliness prior to suicide attempt. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, several aspects of loneliness emerged as important themes that were present prior to participants’ suicide attempts. Additional themes identified were patterns of social support, personality traits, emotional secrecy and social transition. Evidence suggests that a positive relationship with parents, knowing someone with similar experiences or having membership in more than one friendship group may reduce feelings of loneliness and/or intentions to die. This research makes an important contribution to understanding the role of loneliness in relation to suicide attempts by highlighting the importance of social supports being emotionally available to those experiencing distress.
... Scale (Hewitt & Flett, 1990) was utilised, as this measure assesses three dissociable forms of perfectionism: Self-Orientated Perfectionism (SOP; demanding perfection from oneself), ...
... At the beginning of the behavioural testing session participants completed questionnaires related to mood and subjective social functioning (full details in Chapter 3). Two were included in the analysis of the current task; the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996) was included as a measure of affect, while both the Socially-Prescribed and Self-Orientated subscales of the Hewitt-Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1990) were included as measures of tolerance for self-discrepancy. The Socially-Prescribed subscale (items 5, 9, 11, 13, 18, 21, 25, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 44) assesses an individual's tendency to believe that others expect perfection from them, while the Self-Orientated subscale (items 1, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15, 17, 20, 23, 28, 32, 34, 36, 40, 42) assesses the 114 Chapter 4 | Neural Processing of Discrepancies between Actual and Ideal Self-Concepts tendency to set high standards and beliefs about the importance of attaining perfection (Appendix 3.14). ...
... Full details of all social and affective questionnaires completed by participants can be found in Chapter 3. Five of these were included in the current analysis; the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI; Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck, Epstein, Brown & Steer, 1988) were included as measures of affect, while the Hewitt-Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1990), Submissive Behaviour Scale (SBS; Allan & Gilbert, 1997), and the Striving to Avoid Inferiority Scale (SAIS; Gilbert, Broomhead, Irons & McEwan, 2007) were included as measures of social behaviour. ...
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent health conditions in the world, characterised by persistent low mood and disruption to education, relationships, and employment. Disruption to social functioning is a core feature of MDD, and this dimension of the disorder may offer valuable insight into its aetiology. This thesis aims to extend our understanding of social processing in MDD by testing hypotheses generated from a socio-evolutionary theoretical framework of MDD, with particular emphasis on the Social Risk Hypothesis of Depressed Mood, which conceptualises depressed mood as an adaptive response to elevated risk of social exclusion. The thesis pursues these aims utilising novel protocols and neuroeconomic games to examine social risk-taking and self-discrepancies, and by examining the role of regions of the physical pain network in social function and processing of unexpected social information. The thesis consists of nine chapters; one general methodology chapter (Chapter 3), five chapters detailing novel experimental studies (Chapters 4,5,6,7 and 8), one describing a reanalysis of existing data (Chapter 2), one introductory chapter and one discussion chapter (Chapters 1 and 9 respectively). Across these chapters, the thesis presents neural and behavioural evidence that MDD is associated with reduced social risk-taking, increased sensitivity to an exclusion-relevant context (in-group interactions) and stronger enforcement of social norms. The thesis presents neural evidence of a negative processing bias for self-discrepancies in MDD, linked to activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula, and suggesting a role for perfectionism as a transdiagnostic sensitivity to such discrepancies. Suggestions for future research are discussed, including increased utilisation of neuroeconomic games, particularly in relation to assessing social function as a transdiagnostic marker. Overall, the thesis provides support for socio-evolutionary frameworks of affect, and highlights their unique perspective for understanding affective disorders, with some ‘deficits’ usefully reconceptualised as adaptive mechanisms.
... 4,18 According to Larkin, 17 many veterinarians make situations much harder on themselves than is necessary because of their drive for perfection, propensity toward competition, and desire to be Perfectionism is a multidimensional construct that represents an individual's tendency to have extremely high expectations for self and often includes holding similar expectations for others and a perception of the existence of socially prescribed standards that measure one's performance. [1][2][3] Because of the difficulty and intensity of both training and professional practice within the medical professions, perfectionism is a common personality trait found among individuals who enter the health care professions. 4,5 Veterinarians and veterinary students are a prime example of this occurrence; perfectionism has been identified as a common trait of individuals within the field of veterinary medicine. ...
... 15 This environment is the perfect storm for setting excessively high standards, fear of not being able to perform adequately, overly critical self-evaluation, heightened efforts to protect against perceived failure, and striving for flawlessnessall characteristics of perfectionism. 1,4,7,11,15 Many students believe that perfection is the only option because of high expectations and standards in all areas of training and professional practice within veterinary medicine, which is derived from the high stakes of potentially causing harm to patients with a mistake. 7 According to Hewitt and Flett, 1-3 perfectionism has three dimensions: ...
... • Self-oriented perfectionism is the quality of setting excessively high standards for oneself and being self-critical when these expectations are not met; • Socially prescribed perfectionism is the belief that others have set extraordinary standards that oneself must live up to; and • Others-oriented perfectionism is having unrealistically high expectations and standards for the people around oneself. [1][2][3] Perfectionism can have both positive and negative effects. 7,19 The positive side of perfectionism is called "adaptive perfectionism." ...
Perfectionism is a topic relevant to veterinary medicine and has previously been found to be related to higher levels of stress and poorer mental health outcomes. However, many aspects of perfectionism have yet to be researched among veterinary students. This research investigates the relationship between perfectionism and the "Big Five" personality factors. Additionally, the relationship between resilience and neuroticism is addressed. This research includes a sample of 99 veterinary students enrolled at a College of Veterinary Medicine in the southeastern United States. Students completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Inventory (MPI), the Big Five Inventory (BFI), and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Results show that perfectionism is significantly correlated with personality factors; specifically, self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism are associated with neuroticism, socially prescribed perfectionism is associated with agreeableness, and self-oriented perfectionism is associated with conscientiousness. Neuroticism was found to have a significant negative correlation with resilience. Findings indicate that veterinary mental health professionals and educators should consider implementing specific strategies to help students develop a healthy balance in their perfectionistic beliefs and have targeted interventions to promote student resilience.
... Több perfekcionizmust mérő kérdőív tartalmazza ezeket, illetve az ezekhez hasonló vagy kapcsolódó faktorokat (pl. Frost et al., 1990;Hewitt & Flett, 1990;Slaney et al., 2001). Hewitt és Flett (1990) szerint az önmagára irányuló perfekcionista magával szemben nagyon magas elvárásokat fogalmaz meg, a tökéletességre törekszik, ami alapvetően még nem okoz életvezetési nehézséget, ám ha ettől szorong, illetve ha úgy érzi, nem tud az elvárásainak maradéktalanul megfelelni, alacsony önbecsülés jellemzi, nehezen kér segítséget másoktól, valamint az elvártnak megfelelő kognitív vagy társas teljesítménynek nem vagy kevésbé tud örülni, akkor a perfekcionizmus nem tekinthető adaptívnak. ...
... Flett és munkatársai (1996) azt vizsgálták serdülők és fiatal felnőttek körében, hogy a társas, mások által meghatározott perfekcionizmus melyik problémaorientációval (pozitív, negatív) és megoldói stílussal (racionális, impulzív, elkerülő) áll a legerősebb pozitív vagy negatív kapcsolatban, illetve milyen mértékű a szorongás a különböző faktorkapcsolatok esetében. A perfekcionizmus három formáját (önmagára irányuló, másokra irányuló, mások elvárásainak való megfelelés) a Hewitt és Flett (1990) által kidolgozott kérdőív gyermek-és serdülőváltozatával (Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale) mérték. A teljes mintára jellemző volt, hogy a magas társas perfekcionizmussal bírók negatív orientációja magas, vagyis énhatékonyságukról negatívan gondolkodtak, úgy érezték, képtelenek megoldani problémájukat, kilátástalannak ítélték meg helyzetüket. ...
Felismerve azt, hogy már a serdülők körében igen nagy a perfekcionisták aránya, és a perfekcionizmus főként maladaptív formája számos területen és helyzetben (pl. tanulmányi teljesítmény, társas kapcsolatok, iskolai érvényesülés) nehezíti a serdülőkorúak életét, az elmúlt években jelentősen megnőtt azoknak a kutatásoknak a száma, amelyek a perfekcionizmus kialakulásának okait, formáit, életkori sajátosságait, valamint más jellemzőkkel való kapcsolatát vizsgálják (Curran et al., 2017). Az is jól látható, hogy – többnyire a kutatási adatokhoz kapcsoltan, azokra támaszkodva – egyre több programot (pl. Antony, 2015) dolgoznak ki a perfekcionizmusból fakadó hátráltató tényezők csökkentése, illetve az életvezetésre pozitív hatással bíró jellemzőinek megerősítése érdekében. A hazai és a nemzetközi kutatások alapján a perfekcionizmus és a szorongás közötti kapcsolat jól ismert (pl. Chang et al., 2004), ám a társas problémák megoldása és a perfekcionizmus egymáshoz való viszonyáról keveset tudunk, és hazai kutatást ezzel kapcsolatban még nem végeztek. Mindezekből fakadóan az ebben a tanulmányban ismertetett kutatás célja a perfekcionizmus és a szociálisprobléma-megoldás serdülőkori (11-12 évesekre és 16-17 évesekre jellemző) kapcsolatának elemzése volt, bevonva a szorongást is, mivel ennek szerepe a szociálisprobléma-megoldás egyes formáinak megjelenésében szintén jelentős mértékű (Chang et al., 2004; Kasik, 2015).
... An influential factor that can affect students' perfectionistic cognitions is teachers' perfectionistic tendencies. More specifically, teachers' level of Other Oriented Perfectionism (OOP) as evaluated by Hewitt and Flett's (1990) questionnaire is related to students' perfectionistic cognitions. OOP refers to the degree to which people expect others to behave perfectly. ...
... To assess teachers' other-oriented perfectionism, eight items from Hewitt and Flett (1990) were adopted. This aspect of perfectionism is related to expecting other people to be perfect and criticizing those who are not perfect (Stoeber, 2015). ...
The current study mainly aimed at examining the link between perfectionistic cognitions on the one hand and L2 anxiety, willingness to communicate (WTC) and achievement on the other hand. The other purpose of the research was investigating the factor structure of perfectionistic cognitions as proposed by Stoeber et al. (2010). To this aim, 1,349 Iranian secondary school students completed questionnaires related to L2 anxiety, willingness to communicate, and perfectionistic cognitions. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that perfectionistic cognitions had only two dimensions: personal standards (PS) and concerns over mistakes (COM). As hypothesized, personal standards dimension had a positive correlation to L2 achievement and willingness to communicate and was negatively related to L2 anxiety. Moreover, concern over mistakes was positively related to L2 anxiety. In both cases, anxiety mediated the relationship between perfectionism and outcome variables (i.e., L2 achievement and willingness to communicate). Therefore, although concern over mistakes was not directly related to L2 achievement and willingness to communicate, it was indirectly related to them through L2 anxiety.
... Researchers in recent years have demonstrated that the complex phenomenon of perfectionism has many dimensions, and thus many theorists have attempted to divide the singular construct of perfectionism into separate subcategories with unique and interpenetrating traits. Hewitt & Flett (1990) divided perfectionism into self, other-oriented, and world-oriented perfectionism. They defined self-oriented perfectionism as "the tendency to have excessively high standards for oneself" (p. ...
... However, perfectionism does not universally present as problematic to performing artists and athletes. It correlates strongly with high self-efficacy (Hewitt & Flett, 1990), intrinsic motivation (Van Yperen, 2006), and effort and achievement in musicians, up to a certain threshold of intensity (Kobori et al., 2011). ...
Music performance anxiety (MPA) seriously affects nearly all musicians at some point in their lives and may cause musicians to abandon their careers or develop maladaptive coping mechanisms to manage their symptoms. While peer-reviewed studies have explored a broad array of psychological treatments for MPA, a paucity of research exists regarding expert classical guitarists’ recommendations for MPA symptom management. Since all post-secondary guitar instructors at the expert level interact with MPA in themselves and their students, and each instrumental discipline has idiosyncratic presentations of MPA, this dissertation seeks to understand common approaches and MPA management strategies from the perspective of classical guitar instructors at the post-secondary level—a cohort which includes the researcher. The project compares guitar experts’ recommendations with existing treatment protocols from psychology to understand MPA from a deeper scientific and heuristic perspective while providing pathways for novel research in this topic.
This research concluded that guitarists’ approaches prioritized performance excellence and complete mental and physical preparation to manage MPA, while psychological treatments prioritized cognitive components of MPA, musician’s well-being, and symptom reduction. An impressive convergence of approaches appeared in the guitar and psychology literature, particularly regarding the use of mindfulness strategies and strategies from sports psychology.
... Adaptive perfectionism refers to a tendency to fixate on and demand excessively high standards for oneself, whereas maladaptive perfectionism involves an obsessive concern with failing to achieve these standards of performance (Enns and Cox, 2002;Bieling et al., 2004;Childs and Stoeber, 2010). Another conceptualisation distinguishes between three types that reflect the role played by intrapersonal and interpersonal factors in underpinning maladaptive perfectionism: self-oriented perfectionists have exceedingly high personal standards and are highly self-critical if they are not met; other-oriented perfectionists expect other people to be perfect and are critical of those who fail to meet their expectations; socially prescribed perfectionists believe that others have unrealistically high expectations of them that must always be maintained (Hewitt and Flett, 1990). ...
... Socially prescribed perfectionism involves the expectations for performance held by 'other people' in general (Hewitt and Flett, 1990)-for social workers, this might include managers, colleagues, people who use services, family and the public at large. To gain more insight into the risks of socially prescribed perfectionism for social workers, future research might examine the relative importance of the expectations of them held by different groups and the implications for their well-being and attitudes towards the job. ...
Perfectionism refers to a tendency to set unrealistically high standards for oneself and others. Although often seen positively, perfectionism can threaten health, relationships and performance. This study examined the effects of three types of maladaptive perfectionism on burnout in 294 UK social workers: self-oriented (having excessively high standards for oneself), other-oriented (having excessively high expectations of others) and socially prescribed (perceiving external pressure to excel). In line with previous research, we predicted that socially prescribed perfectionism would have particularly powerful effects on well-being, but significant relationships with self and other-oriented perfectionism were also expected. We also examined whether maladaptive perfectionism intensified the negative impact of work-related emotional demands on burnout. Significant positive relationships were found between socially prescribed and other-oriented perfectionism and burnout. A higher level of socially prescribed perfectionism was found than self and other-oriented and its relationship with burnout was particularly strong. We found no evidence, however, that perfectionism was an additional risk factor for burnout when emotional demands were high. Early career social workers were found to be at greater risk of dysfunctional perfectionism and burnout. The implications of the findings for the well-being of social workers are considered and potential interventions outlined to reduce maladaptive perfectionism.
... Lastly, socially prescribed perfectionism was described as a perceived pressure to be perfect and the feelings of dissonance between expectations and results which causes negative reactions towards their own imperfections (Frost et al., 1990). Hewitt and Flett (1990) added that perfectionism consists of three different dimensions such as self-oriented perfectionism, socially oriented perfectionism and other-oriented perfectionism. Firstly, self-oriented perfectionism refers to sticking to one's strict standards while maintaining strong intrinsic motivation to achieve perfection and to avoid failure. ...
... There were a total of five sections in the questionnaire, which includes demographic instruments and other instruments to measure different variables of current research. The perfectionism variable was measured using the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Hewitt and Flett, 1990) whereby an example of the items is "I must always be successful at school or work". The New General Self-Efficiency Scale (NGSE) developed by Chen et al. (2001) was adapted to measure the construct of selfefficacy whereby one of the items is "I can successfully overcome many challenges". ...
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between perfectionism, self-efficacy, coping strategies and academic burnout among Malaysian undergraduates in higher education institutions.
Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from 251 respondents who were public and private university undergraduates. Partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to investigate the influences of coping strategies, perfectionism and self-efficacy on academic burnout among undergraduates.
Findings - The results showed that all independent variables, namely coping strategies, perfectionism and self-efficacy are statistically correlated to academic burnout.
Research limitations/implications - This article provides an empirical framework for explaining the academic burnout of undergraduates' based on the review of related career works of literature.
Practical implications - To provide insights in order to improve understanding of existing stress models and provide practical implications for local higher education institutions and undergraduates to reduce academic burnout.
Social implications - The study seeks to enhance awareness and destigmatise the mental health issues of undergraduates, which is important to help them to maintain a healthy lifestyle and well-being.
Originality/value - This paper offers new insight to identify the predictors of academic burnout among undergraduates from Malaysian higher education institutions.
... Ponadto weryfikowano związek perfekcjonizmu z nastrojem depresyjnym, poczuciem beznadziei i bezradnością (por. Hewitt i Flett, 1991, 1993Smith i in., 2016), depresją kliniczną z epizodami hipomanii oraz dystymią (Ashby i in., 2006;Blatt, 1995;Hewitt, Flett, 1990). Perfekcjonizm łączono również z zaburzeniami osobowości, szczególnie osobowości histrionicznej i typu borderline (Hewitt, Flett, 1991;Hewitt i in., 2008). ...
Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest usystematyzowanie wiedzy na temat perfekcjonizmu -- względnie stałej tendencji do stawiania sobie lub innym nierealistycznych oczekiwań. W artykule dokonano przeglądu prowadzonych w ostatnich latach badań oraz zaprezentowano ewolucję poglądów na rozwój i znaczenie perfekcjonizmu dla przystosowania jednostki.
Wiedza na temat perfekcjonizmu ciągle się poszerza, co sprawia, że konieczne jest opisanie historii badań nad tym zjawiskiem, ewolucji sposobów myślenia i powstałych na przestrzeni ostatnich dekad modeli teoretycznych. W literaturze polskiej jest stosunkowo mało publikacji na ten temat, a prezentowany artykuł ma na celu przynajmniej częściowe wypełnienie tej luki. W rozważaniach prezentujemy również wyniki badań nad związkiem perfekcjonizmu z ważnymi dla funkcjonowania człowieka obszarami, takimi jak zdrowie, praca czy relacje interpersonalne, oraz wskazujemy na czynniki związane z rozwojem tej charakterystyki.
Prezentujemy także najpopularniejsze narzędzia do pomiaru perfekcjonizmu.
Perfekcjonizm, początkowo postrzegany jako dyspozycja jednoznacznie negatywna i traktowana jako predyktor psychopatologii, w świetle prowadzonych w ostatnich latach badań powinien być traktowany jako złożona charakterystyka osobowościowa, która manifestuje się na różne sposoby, w tym również pozytywne i adaptacyjne.
... 20,21 Perfectionism is conceptualized as the striving for flawless performance or achievement, in combination with consistent engagement in hypercritical self-evaluation. 22 Perfectionism was initially thought to be solely maladaptive, 23 however, following the conceptualization of this trait as multidimensional, perfectionism exhibits both positive and negative facets. 24 Striving for perfection (such as setting high personal standards) is not by itself problematic; but perfectionistic concerns (such as concern over mistakes, and doubts about actions) may, over time, affect performance and cause behaviors that lead to burnout. ...
When athletes are burning out, performance decreases whereas exhaustion and devaluation increases. Athletes with perfectionistic tendencies may be at greater risk for burnout than those with lower levels. But are there any differences between athletes participating in objectively assessed sports (utilizing unbiased measures, such as time, e.g. swimming) and athletes participating in subjectively assessed sports (relying on coach feedback, competition judges, or internal perceptions to gauge performance, e.g. competitive dancing)? A total of 108 athletes (including 53 athletes in objectively assessed and 55 athletes in subjectively assessed sports) completed the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire. Significant relationships were detected between perfectionism and burnout; negative dimensions of perfectionism were more strongly correlated with burnout. However, no significant differences were observed between the sports groupings, either on perfectionism or burnout. This study suggests that perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with athlete burnout, regardless of the athlete's sport being objectively or subjectively assessed.
... A person's preoccupation with pursuing excellence and perfection is identified. This issue is associated by selfassessment and worries about other's opinions determined by using the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) by Hewitt & Flett (1990). ...
... Humans can endorse or un-endorse some of their own preferences (Frankfurt 1988): for instance, people can harbor sexist or racist instincts which they desire not to have. And they can want to be a specific sort of person -even at a cost to themselves (Hewitt and Flett 1990). ...
As artificial intelligence becomes more powerful and a ubiquitous presence in daily life, it is imperative to understand and manage the impact of AI systems on our lives and decisions. Modern ML systems often change user behavior (e.g. personalized recommender systems learn user preferences to deliver recommendations that change online behavior). An externality of behavior change is preference change. This article argues for the establishment of a multidisciplinary endeavor focused on understanding how AI systems change preference: Preference Science. We operationalize preference to incorporate concepts from various disciplines, outlining the importance of meta-preferences and preference-change preferences, and proposing a preliminary framework for how preferences change. We draw a distinction between preference change, permissible preference change, and outright preference manipulation. A diversity of disciplines contribute unique insights to this framework.
... Humans can endorse or un-endorse some of their own preferences (Frankfurt 1988): for instance, people can harbor sexist or racist instincts which they desire not to have. And they can want to be a specific sort of person -even at a cost to themselves (Hewitt and Flett 1990). ...
As artificial intelligence becomes more powerful and a ubiquitous presence in daily life, it is imperative to understand and manage the impact of AI systems on our lives and decisions. Modern ML systems often change user behavior (e.g. personalized recommender systems learn user preferences to deliver recommendations that change online behavior). An externality of behavior change is preference change. This article argues for the establishment of a multidisciplinary endeavor focused on understanding how AI systems change preference: Preference Science. We operationalize preference to incorporate concepts from various disciplines, outlining the importance of meta-preferences and preference-change preferences, and proposing a preliminary framework for how preferences change. We draw a distinction between preference change, permissible preference change, and outright preference manipulation. A diversity of disciplines contribute unique insights to this framework.
... To assess and determine the nature and severity of perfectionism, different forms of self-report measures have been developed (Stoeber, 2018). Among the first and most widespread are the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS; Frost et al., 1990) and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1990). Both self-re port measures conceptualized perfectionism as a multidimensional construct, although being composed of somewhat different factors. ...
Background
Perfectionism is often defined as the strive for achievement and high standards, but can also lead to negative consequences. In addition to affecting performance and interpersonal relationships, perfectionism can result in mental distress. A number of different self-report measures have been put forward to assess perfectionism. Specifically intended for clinical practice and research, the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ) was developed and is presently available in English and Persian. To promote its use in additional contexts, the current study has translated and investigated the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the CPQ.
Method
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed to examine the best fit with data, using a priori-models and a sample of treatment-seeking participants screened for eligibility to receive Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (n = 223).
Results
The results indicated a lack of fit with data. A two-factor structure without the two reversed items (2 and 8) exhibited the best fit, perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns, but still had poor structural validity. Correlations with self-report measures of perfectionism, depression, anxiety, dysfunctional beliefs, self-criticism, quality of life, and self-compassion were all in the expected directions. Eight-week test-retest correlation was Pearson r = .62, 95% Confidence Interval [.45, .74], using data from 72 participants in the wait-list control, and the internal consistency for the CPQ, once removing the reversely scored items, was Cronbach’s α = .72.
Conclusion
The CPQ can be used as a self-report measure in Swedish, but further research on its structural validity is needed.
... Серед класичних концепцій перфекціонізму доцільно зазначити так звану канадську модель перфекціонізму, в якій за основу взята об'єктна спрямованість риси, виділені «Яадресований», «адресований іншим», «адресований світу» і «соціально-приписуваний» перфекціонізм (Hewitt & Flett, 1990). Автори концепції акцентують увагу на такий параметр перфекціонізму, як «високі стандарти», обумовивши можливість їх різної адресації (власної особистості, світу, оточуючих людей). ...
Актуальність дослідження: визначається необхідністю вивчення перфекціонізму у спортсменів як професійно значущою диспозиації. Мета дослідження: концептуалізувати поняття спортивного перфекціонізму та виявити психологічний зміст та практичне втілення його базових характеристик. Методи дослідження: теоретичні (аналіз наукових літературих джерел, узагальнення теоретичних даних з проблеми дефініції спортивного перфекціонізму). Результати дослідження: у статті представлені результати теоретичного аналізу феномену спортивного перфекціонізму, охарактеризовано його типологічні та структурно-функціональні характеристики. Висновки:Спортивний перфекціонізм є прагненням до досконалості й неперевершеності у спорті, обумовленим завищеними стандартами виконання на тлі критичного ставлення спортсмена до себе і катастрофізацією спортивних невдач, мотивацією високих спортивних досягнень та (чи) страхом невдачі у спорті, особливостями батьківського виховання та критики. Спортивний перфекціонізм проявляється як вимогливість до себе як суб’єкта спортивної діяльності, до інших учасників спортивної діяльності та як переконаність у тому, що вимоги тренера є високими і потребують постійного самовдосконалення. Спортивний перефекціонізм доцільно характеризувати через такі особистісні риси, когніції, диспозиції і поведінкові прояви, які можуть виявлятись в залежності від міри його розвитку загалом та ступеню адаптивності, а саме: схильність до порядку та організованість, схильність до прокрастинації, тривожність, поєднання страха невдачі та вмотивованості на успіх, когніції типу «все або нічого», губристичне прагнення до переваги, схильність порівнювати себе з іншими більш успішними спортсменами, негативне селектування, неадекватність самосприйняття та оцінки власної спортивної діяльності (викривлення когніцій), невпевненість у собі та безпорадність, нестабільність стильових особливостей атрибуцій успіху та невдачі (оптимізм – песимізм), негативне прогнозування спортивної діяльності. Показано, що сензитивним періодом для розвитку спортивного перфекціонізму доцільно вважати підлітковий, що вимагає окремого напряму у психологічному супроводі спортсменів цього віку.
... Mükemmeliyetçiliğin teorik yapısı içinde bireyin kendisine yönelik eleştirel bakışı, yanlış yapmaya karşı fazla duyarlılık gibi boyutlarda gelen yansımalar, bireyin eleştirel düşünme eğilimlerine dair kuramsal yapı dâhilinde bulunan açık fikirlilik, farklı anlayışlara hassasiyet, hatalı olabileceğine dair tutumların olması gibi boyutlarla da ilişkilendirilmiştir. Hewitt ve Flett mükemmeliyetçilik olgusunu üç temel başlık altında incelemişlerdir. Bu başlıklara ilişkin (diğerlerine yönelik, kendine yönelik, sosyal düzene yönelik) çok yönlü bir ölçek hazırlamışlardır (Hewit ve Flett, 1990Flett, , 1991aFlett, , 1991b). ...
... Self-oriented perfectionism reflects, for example, a tendency to focus on performance failures or defects [17]. These aspects can be associated with facets such as concerns over mistakes, which reveals negative reactions to mistakes, a tendency to interpret mistakes as equivalent to failure and a tendency to believe that one could lose respect from others following failure [18]. ...
In sports, one of the social agents who can pressure an athlete for perfection in their performance is their coach. However, perfectionism has many potential negative consequences such as excessive concerns over even minor mistakes. The purpose of this study is to test a sequential model: the motivational context (i.e., task- and ego-involving climates generated by the coach and a coach’s support for autonomy) and the facets that determine the level of perfectionism exhibited as a trait (i.e., perceived coach pressure—a facet of socially prescribed perfectionism—and concerns over mistakes—a facet of self-oriented perfectionism). The sample included 317 athletes (133 boys and 184 girls) aged between 10 and 14 years, who answered a battery of questionnaires that evaluated an athlete’s perception of their motivational climate, their perception of support for autonomy, their perceived coach pressure and their concerns over mistakes. Using the structural equations model, the results showed that the task-involving climate was negatively correlated with perceived coach pressure, whereas the ego-involving climate and support for autonomy were positively correlated with perceived coach pressure and were positively correlated with concerns over mistakes. Finally, perceived coach pressure did not influence concerns over mistakes from the motivational context. This study highlights the importance of considering motivational contexts as important motivational elements of perfectionism in youth sports.
... Perfectionism is a multi-dimensional personality characteristic (Frost et al., 1990;Hewitt & Flett, 1990), with factors receiving different names across a diverse literature. We take the recommendation of Hill et al. (2018) and utilize the higher-order dimensions of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns (Hill, 2016;Stoeber & Otto, 2006). ...
Consumers exert considerable time, energy, and financial resources toward achieving weight and body shape goals. However, weight management behaviors often become maladaptive (i.e., more harmful than helpful) and lead to increased chances for negative mental and physical results. An online panel (n = 412; Mage = 45.49; SDage = 16.64; 61.4% female) was surveyed to assess how implicit mindset moderates the relationship between perfectionistic concern (self-criticism when the self is perceived to fall short of valued standards), perfectionistic striving (insistence on pursuing and achieving excessively high performance standards), and maladaptive weight management behaviors. This pre-registered study demonstrates that consumers high on perfectionistic concern who also hold a more growth implicit mindset engage in more maladaptive behavior; consumers who hold a more fixed implicit mindset engage in less maladaptive behavior regardless of their perfectionism. Importantly, our results indicate that high perfectionistic striving acts as an amplifier, enhancing implicit mindset's moderation of the relationship between perfectionistic concern and maladaptive behavior. We further demonstrate that this effect is most pronounced for maladaptive weight management behaviors which require greater persistence, such as cognitive restraint, excessive exercise, and muscle building. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
... Perfectionism is a multi-dimensional personality trait involving both positive and negative dimensions (e.g., Frost, Heimberg, Holt, Mattia, & Neubauer, 1993;Hewitt & Flett, 1990;Rice, Ashby, & Slaney, 1998;Stricker, Buecker, Schneider, & Preckel, 2019). Due to its multi-dimensionality, there are several measures of perfectionism, such as the Frost Multi-Dimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS; Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990), the Hewitt and Flett Multi-Dimensional Perfectionism Scale (HMPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1991) and the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R; Slaney et al., 2001). ...
Although previous research has identified that perfectionism is associated with both narcissism and workaholism, research into the specific roles of potential perfectionism classes in these personality dynamics is currently unavailable. Furthermore, no study has investigated if the "useless superiority effort" dimension of inferiority feelings, which indicates an increased need for superiority over others potentially to overcome self-perceived inferiorities, is related to other important personality dynamics. This study was therefore conducted to identify if potential perfectionism classes that exist among academicians (N ¼ 317) can simultaneously explain significant differences in their tendencies toward workaholism, narcissism, and useless superiority effort, after controlling for potential social desirability effect. A latent class analysis of two dimensions of perfection-ism (discrepancy and high standards) revealed four distinct classes of academicians; non-perfectionists (NONPs; 20%), mal-adaptive perfectionists (MPs; 17%), normal perfectionists (NPs; 44%) and adaptive perfectionists (APs; 19%). Further analysis (MANCOVA) showed that while MPs have the highest tendencies toward workaholism and useless superiority effort, NONPs have the lowest tendencies toward these. Moreover, APs reported significantly lower useless superiority than NPs, despite scoring similarly on both narcissism and workaholism. Additionally, based on workaholism being related to narcissism, high standards and discrepancy dimensions of perfectionism, as well as useless superiority effort, while weekly work hours are not, it can be suggested that workaholism is qualitatively different from working long hours.
... This last section included the International Physical Activity Questionnaireshort form (IPAQ-SF) [25] for the assessment of physical activity participation level; the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) [26] for the assessment of anxiety and stress; the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scaleshort form (HFMPS-SF) for the assessment of perfectionism [27][28][29]; The Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFQ 11) for the assessment of fatigue [30]. ...
Background
According to existing literature, musicians experience high rates of musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders involving different anatomical areas. The aim of the study was to identify patterns of pain location in a sample of music students enrolled in different pan-European music institutions. A further goal was to explore the association between the identified pain patterns and students’ characteristics.
Methods
A total of 340 music students (mean age 23.3 years, 66.2% female) with current MSK pain completed a web-based questionnaire including both background information (i.e. lifestyle and physical activity, practice habits) and clinical features (i.e. pain characteristics, disability, pain self-efficacy, psychological distress, perfectionism and fatigue).
Results
Five patterns of pain location were identified by hierarchical cluster analysis: wrist pain (WP) representing 22.6% of the total sample, widespread pain (WSP) (16.9%), right shoulder pain (RSP) (18.5%), both shoulders pain – left concentrated (LSP) (23.2%), neck and back pain (NBP) (18.8%). Amongst the identified patterns of pain location, bivariate analysis identified the WSP cluster as containing the largest number of associated variables. Participants in this cluster reported a higher percentage of women (p < .05), a higher perceived exertion (p < .01) and psychological distress (p < .001), as well as a lower level of self-efficacy (p < .01). Similarly, a higher percentage of participants included in the WSP cluster perceived their musical activity as the main cause of their MSK pain (p < .01). Additionally, a higher level of disability in relation to playing-related activity was reported by participants included in the WP and WSP clusters (p < .001). The RSP cluster was characterised by a higher percentage of participants playing an instrument in a neutral position (p < .001) and lower levels of socially prescribed perfectionism (p < .01). A higher percentage of participants playing an instrument with both arms elevated in the left quadrant position were included in the LSP cluster and a higher percentage of singers were included in the NBP cluster (p < .001).
Conclusions
Five distinct patterns of pain location were identified and their associations with the students’ characteristics were explored. These findings may be helpful in the exploration of different aetiologies of MSK pain among musicians and in the development of targeted preventive strategies and treatments.
... When conceptualizing perfectionism in the late 1980s and beginning to treat people with perfectionistic behaviour in the early 1990s, it became clear to the Dr Paul Hewitt that there are people who require perfection of themselves not because of their own introjected needs for perfection but because of the perceived need of others' requirement of perfection . The concept of socially prescribed perfectionism thus arose from interactions with clinically distressed perfectionists and by coming to understand, based on these interactions, that although there were patients that certainly fit the bill in terms of either self-oriented or otheroriented perfectionism (Hewitt & Flett, 1990), there were patients whose perfectionistic behaviour had a different and a distinctive interpersonal flavour. These individuals attempted to perfect themselves based on the perception of others' (specific others or generalized others) perfectionistic needs, desires, or expectations for them. ...
Theory and evidence converge to suggest perfectionism is a personality construct that matters a great deal and is linked with many consequential outcomes (e.g., depression, eating disorders, suicide, marital problems, and procrastination). With the multidimensional perfectionism construct turning 30 years of age, our review critically examines the past and the future of this construct with a focus on the six landmark dimensions of Hewitt and Flett’s (1991) and Frost et al.’s (1990) seminal models: self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed perfectionism, personal standards, concerns over mistakes, and doubts about actions. Our review considers both what we understand about these dimensions given the extant empirical literature (i.e., known knowns) and areas where gaps exist in our understanding of multidimensional perfectionism and its consequences (i.e., known unknowns). Evidence suggests the core dimensions of Hewitt and Flett’s (1991) and Frost et al.’s (1990) trait and attitudinal models of perfectionism, respectively, are neither captured by nor redundant with other well-established predictors. In fact, these perfectionism dimensions appear to represent core vulnerability factors that are tied intimately to the development and maintenance of a wide range of maladaptive outcomes.
... Further questions elicited information on (a) the duration and the type; (b) Playing-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (PRMDs), according to Zaza et al. (17) and if the perceived cause of their pain is attributed to the playing activity; (c) intensity assessed with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS); (d) disability assessed with the Performing Arts Section of the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Outcome Measure (PAS -Quick DASH) (18) and the Pain Disability Index (PDI) (19)(20)(21); (e) self-e cacy assessed with the 2-item short form of the Pain Self-e cacy Questionnaire (PSEQ-2) Physical and psychological characteristics. This last section included the International Physical Activity Questionnaire -short form (IPAQ-SF) (24) for the assessment of physical activity participation level; the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10) (25) for the assessment of anxiety and stress; the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale -short form (HFMPS-SF) for the assessment of perfectionism (26)(27)(28); The Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFQ-11) for the assessment of fatigue (29). ...
Background: According to existing literature, musicians experience high rates of musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders involving different anatomical areas. The aim of the study was to identify patterns of pain location in a sample of music students enrolled in different pan-European music institutions. A further goal was to explore the association between the identified pain patterns and students’ characteristics.
Methods: A total of 340 music students (mean age 23.3 years, 66.2% female) with current MSK pain completed a web-based questionnaire including both background information (i.e. lifestyle and physical activity, practice habits) and clinical features (i.e. pain characteristics, disability, pain self-efficacy, psychological distress, perfectionism and fatigue).
Results: Five patterns of pain location were identified by hierarchical cluster analysis: wrist pain (WP) representing 22.6% of the total sample, widespread pain (WSP) (16.9%), right shoulder pain (RSP) (18.5%), both shoulders pain – left concentrated (LSP) (23.2%), neck and back pain (NBP) (18.8%). Amongst the identified patterns of pain location, bivariate analysis identified the WSP cluster as containing the largest number of associated variables. Participants in this cluster reported a higher percentage of women (p<.05), a higher perceived exertion (p<.01) and psychological distress (p<.001), as well as a lower level of self-efficacy (p<.01). Similarly, a higher percentage of participants included in the WSP cluster perceived their playing activity as the main cause of their MSK pain (p<.01). Additionally, a higher level of disability in relation to playing-related activity was reported by participants included in the WP and WSP clusters (p<.001). The RSP cluster was characterised by a higher percentage of participants playing an instrument in a neutral position (p<.001) and lower levels of socially prescribed perfectionism (p<.01). A higher percentage of participants playing an instrument with both arms elevated in the left quadrant position were included in the LSP cluster and a higher percentage of singers were included in the NBP cluster (p<.001).
Conclusions: Five distinct patterns of pain location were identified and their associations with the students’ characteristics were explored. These findings may be helpful in the exploration of different aetiologies of MSK pain among musicians and in the development of targeted preventive strategies and treatments.
... vigorous-intensity activity, moderate-intensity activity, walking, and sitting) with moderate to high relative [57] provides a reliable (kappa and weighted kappa scores range, 0.42 to 0.74) 10-item questionnaire of specific emotional states designed to measure anxiety and depression using five-level response scales (range: 10 to 50; 50 indicating the highest risk of anxiety or depressive disorder) [57]. Perfectionism among participants was assessed using the short form of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (HFMPS-SF) [58][59][60], involving a 15-item questionnaire and rating for each on a 7-point Likert scale (from 1 "disagree" to 7 "agree"). Items are structured according to three subscales: self-oriented (SOP), other-oriented (OOP), and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP), where higher scores on each scale, indicating higher levels of perfectionistic attitudes and behaviours (Cronbach α = 0.88, 0.74, and 0.81 for SOP, OOP, and SPP, respectively) [60]. ...
Musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions among professional musicians and music students are frequent and may have significant physical and psychosocial consequences on their lives and/or on their playing abilities. The Risk of Music Students (RISMUS) research project was set up in 2018 to longitudinally identify factors associated with increased risk of playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) in a large sample of music students enrolled in pan-European institutions. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe the prevalence of playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) in this novel population at baseline of the RISMUS project. A further goal was to begin to identify variables that might be associated with the self-reported presence of PRMDs among music students. Eight hundred and fifty students from fifty-six conservatories and music universities in Europe completed a web-based questionnaire on lifestyle and physical activity participation levels, musical practice habits, health history and PRMDs, psychological distress, perfectionism and fatigue. A total of 560 (65%) out of 850 participants self-reported a positive history of painful MSK conditions in the last 12 months, 408 (48%) of whom self-reported PRMDs. Results showed that coming from West Europe, being a first- or a second-year Masters student, having more years of experience and higher rates of perceived exertion after 45 minutes of practice without breaks were factors significantly associated with self-reported presence of PRMDs. According to the authors’ knowledge, a large-scale multicentre study investigating prevalence and associated factors for PRMDs among music students at different stages of their education (from Pre-college to Masters levels) has not been conducted before. The high prevalence of PRMDs among music students, especially those studying at university-level, has been confirmed in this study and associated factors have been identified, highlighting the need for relevant targeted interventions as well as effective prevention and treatment strategies.
... 11 The main difference between the two subtypes is that adaptive perfectionists derive satisfaction from their efforts because they are flexible enough to allow for occasional mistakes -a trait not seen in maladaptive perfectionists. 12 Maladaptive perfectionism and its components have been associated with a multitude of detrimental health effects including but not limited to anxiety, 16,17 depression, 11,18,19 bulimia nervosa, 20 anorexia nervosa, 21,22 chronic fatigue syndrome, 13,23,24 and lower levels of engagement in preventive health measures. 25 ...
Objectives:
The aims of this review, focused on medical students, residents, and physicians, were a) to determine the levels of perfectionism and prevalence of impostor phenomenon, b) to assess the relationship between perfectionism, impostor phenomenon, and mental health, and c) explore how medical culture may influence these personality characteristics.
Methods:
A narrative literature review was conducted. Search terms were entered into PubMed, PsychINFO, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar without date or geographic restrictions. The McMaster Critical Review Forms for Quantitative and Qualitative Studies were used for article appraisal. Final decisions on inclusion and exclusion were reached through discussion. Sixteen articles were included in this review and summarized in a data extraction table.
Results:
Medical students had similar perfectionism scores to other student groups but scored lower in maladaptive perfectionism. The overall prevalence of the impostor phenomenon ranged from 22.5% to 46.6%. More females (41% - 52%) experienced clinical levels of impostor phenomenon compared to males (23.7% - 48%). Most studies did not find an association between the impostor phenomenon and academic year of training. Both personality characteristics were associated with negative mental health effects. Medical culture can train for and/or exacerbate these characteristics, affecting professional identity formation. Both characteristics contribute to distress for learners during commonly-used teaching methods in medical education.
Conclusions:
Comprehensive changes in medical education that consider the relationship between medical culture, professional identity formation, impostor phenomenon, and perfectionism are needed. Longitudinal studies will help identify the implications of these findings for professional identity formation and medical education.
... Perfection affects every aspect of the lives of perfectionists. Indeed, perfectionists not only see perfection as a part of their lives, but in general they also live it deeply in their lives (Hewitt & Flett, 1990;Blatt, 1995;Slaney & Ashby, 1996). However, the important thing here is to put excellence at the center of life. ...
In the 21st century, policymakers and educators agree that improving the quality of K12 education requires effective leadership practices and collaborative efforts.
Particularly, research has shown that a leadership approach that focuses on a continuous
improvement can achieve impressive results. Successful leaders empower teachers to be
the best they can be in their own classrooms and they able to extend their leadership to
others so every faculty can lead positive changes. Even though there are many effective
school leaders who show excellent leadership behaviors for ongoing student
achievement, these leadership practices and their leadership approaches have not been
empirically or theoretically conceptualized. This study claims that employing a concept
of “Excellent Leadership of School Administrators” as a new leadership approach may
potentially be used to increase K-12 student achievement through continuous
improvement and systemic partnership. This literature review and conceptual study is
designed to fill the gap in understanding excellent leadership practices and behaviors
for ongoing effort to improve student outcomes.
Keywords: Excellent Leadership, Leadership Development, Leadership Theories
http://go.southernct.edu/jelps/files/2020-fall-volume4-issue1/4-Final-Excellent-Leadership-of-School-Administrators-09.18.2020.pdf
... The short version of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) [63,64] was used to assess the three forms of perfectionism. The scale contains 15 items and assesses self-oriented perfectionism (SOP, five items; e.g., "One of my goals is to be perfect in everything I do"), other-oriented perfectionism (OOP, five items; e.g., "It does not matter to me when a close friend does not try their hardest"), and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP, five items; e.g., "I feel that people are too demanding of me"). ...
Background: Empirical evidence suggests that low self-esteem and high perfectionism are significant personality correlates of work addiction, but the mechanisms underlying these relationships are still unclear. Consequently, exploring cognitive mechanisms will help to better understand work addiction. For instance, rumination is one of the under-researched topics in work addiction, although it may explain specific thinking processes of work-addicted individuals. The purpose of the study was to test the mediating role of maladaptive rumination (i.e., brooding) in the relationship between personality and addiction. Methods: In a largescale cross-sectional, unrepresentative, online study, 4340 adults with a current job participated. The following psychometric instruments were used: Work Addiction Risk Test Revised, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, and Ruminative Response Scale. Results: It was found that self-oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed perfectionism, and self-esteem had both direct and indirect relationships with work addiction via the mediating effect of maladaptive rumination. The two paths involving brooding explained 44% of the direct relationship. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that brooding type of rumination as a putatively maladaptive strategy explains why individuals characterized by low self-esteem and high perfectionism may have a higher risk of work addiction. The results suggest that cognitive-affective mechanisms in work addiction are similar to those found in other addictive disorders.
... In addition, athletes who scored highly in other-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism were positively correlated with maladaptive outcomes in sports [7]. Prior research on perfectionism has identified both positive and negative aspects to this personality trait [43,44]. In particular, negative perfectionists are overly self-critical, rarely feel competent in carrying out their responsibilities and duties, and consistently doubt the quality of their performance [45]. ...
This study investigated differences in perfectionist traits and commitment between professional and amateur golfers, as well as correlations among perfectionist traits, commitment, and golf handicap. Using simple random sampling, 486 professional golfers (mean age = 22.1 ± 3.0, 52.1% female) and 233 amateur golfers (mean age = 44.8 ± 10.2, 55.8% female) were recruited and assessed using the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and Expansion of Sports Commitment Model (ESCM). An ANCOVA, controlling for age, golf career length, and training time, revealed lower MPS self-oriented scores (10.3%; F = 8.9, p < 0.01; effect size [ES] = 0.498) and higher ESCM-Cognition (12.6%; F = 9.4, p < 0.01; ES = 0.691) and ESCM-Behavior (9.4%; F = 4.6, p = 0.03; ES = 0.479) scores in professional golfers than in amateur golfers. In partial correlations controlling for age, golf career length, and training time, professional golfers’ MPS scores were negatively associated with ESCM-Cognition scores (r = -0.30, p < 0.001). Professional golfers’ mean golf handicap was positively correlated with MPS total (r = 0.33, p < 0.01). Altogether, golfers seeking to attain high levels of performance must consider the mental aspect of golfing and find ways to maximize commitment levels while minimizing perfectionist traits.
... Perfectionism dimensions have been assessed using the Multidimensional Perfectionism scale, developed by Hewitt and Flett (1990). There are 45 items in this scale and it has been subdivided into three categories containing 15 items each (SO-Selforiented perfectionism; SP-Socially-prescribed perfectionism; OO-Other-oriented perfectionism). ...
Prior studies show the relationship between perfectionism and insomnia, and the detrimental effects of insomnia on performance, job satisfaction, self-control, organizational citizenship behavior, and interpersonal deviance. In the present study, we hypothesize that perfectionism has a significant impact on task performance. However, the relationship between the two is riddled by daytime sleepiness. The indirect effect of perfectionism on performance through daytime sleepiness is contingent upon the perfectionism level of an individual. Empirical investigation of the hypothesized relationships was conducted on four professional groups such as Consultants, Academicians, Marketing Managers and Technical professionals. A total no. of 419 responses were collected through questionnaire administration. Data was analyzed using SPSS, AMOS (version-22) and Process Macro for SPSS (2013). Results indicate that Self-oriented and Other-oriented perfectionism significantly predicts daytime sleepiness. Both perfectionism and daytime sleepiness are significant predictors of task performance. The mediation effect of daytime sleepiness on task performance significantly depends on the level of perfectionism of the participants. Grounded upon the study results, implications for future research are discussed.
... All items can be found in Appendix B. Socially prescribed perfectionism, proactive webcare, attitude toward e-WOM, and user-generated content were items predicted to influence outcome variables. Socially prescribed perfectionism was adapted from Hewitt and Flett (1990) using four items (Cronbach's Alpha = .85 e.g., "Customers are demanding of us") on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree, 7 = Strongly Agree). ...
Social media and the Web have empowered consumers to share a myriad of information online about companies with reduced physical and psychological costs, rendering businesses responsible for acknowledging customer demands in order to obtain approval. In the face of such perceived scrutiny, this research investigates in two studies how proactive webcare can foster positive online interactions with customers as well as improve a firm’s presence on the web. Using a mixed method approach to explore these phenomena, findings indicate that small businesses believe that socially prescribed perfectionism has manifested in the online environment; however, the effective use of webcare is positively associated with the promotion of consumer-generated content sharing which positively influences engagement and online reputation management.
... Finally, participants responded to items on the SPP scale (Hewitt & Flett, 1990). The subscale consists of 14 items (e.g., "I find it difficult to meet others' expectations of me" and "Those around me readily accept that I can make mistakes too") and was measured using a 7-point Likert scale (Cronbach Alpha = 0.91). ...
... Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS). The MPS is a 45-item scale that measures the three dimensions of perfectionism: self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed [39]. The MPS has been shown to have adequate levels of reliability and validity in clinical samples [40]. ...
Background:
Perfectionism has been linked to suicide. According to the Narrative-Crisis Model of suicide, individuals with trait vulnerabilities are prone to develop a certain mindset, known as a Suicidal Narrative, which may precipitate the Suicide Crisis Syndrome (SCS), culminating in suicide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between perfectionism (trait vulnerability), fear of humiliation (component of the Suicidal Narrative), SCS, and prospective near-term suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB).
Methods:
Adult psychiatric outpatient participants (N = 336) were assessed at baseline with the Suicidal Narrative Inventory for perfectionism and fear of humiliation. The questions used to assess perfectionism were adapted from the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. The severity of the SCS was calculated using the Suicide Crisis Inventory. STB were assessed at baseline and after one month using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. Serial mediation analyses were conducted using PROCESS version 3.3 in SPSS.
Results:
While the direct effect of perfectionism on prospective STB was not significant (b = 0.01, p = 0.19), the indirect effect of perfectionism on STB, through serial mediation by fear of humiliation and the SCS, was significant (indirect effect p = 0.007, 95% CI [0.003,0.013]). The indirect effect was not significant for models that did not include both mediators.
Limitations:
Variables were assessed at one time only.
Conclusion:
Perfectionism did not directly modulate STB. Perfectionism may be related to suicidal behavior through fear of humiliation, leading to the SCS. These results support the Narrative-Crisis Model of suicide and clarify the role of perfectionism in the etiology of suicide.
... In line with this argument, some of the sub dimensions of perfectionism such as concern for making mistake and getting approval of others were found to increase depression (e.g., Enns, Cox, Sareen & Freeman, 2001;Bieling, Israeli & Antony, 2004), hopelessness (e.g., Enns et al., 2001), anxiety (e.g., Hill et al., 2004) and self-blame (Dunkley et al., 2003). Besides, perfectionism was shown to increase depression, which is known to be one of the most prominent consequences of helplessness in considerable number of studies (e.g., Frost, Benton & Dowrick, 1990;Hewitt & Flett, 1990). In an exploratory study investigating the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and helplessness, perfectionism was found to increase learned helplessness felt by physicians (Tayfur, 2011). ...
Technologies, processes and products are easily imitated in today’s business world, so organizations can differentiate themselves from others only with their human capital. Helplessness, which may reflect itself as alienation, withdrawal, turnover intention is a serious problem that could prevent the adequate utilization of human capital. The overarching purpose of this study was to review “learned helplessness literature†with specific focus on helplessness in work context. This study, hopefully provided insights about why employees exhibit passive behaviors and apathy; in other words fall into helplessness even though they could initiate a change. In the first part, development of learned helplessness concept was explained together with initial models and experiments. After providing this background information, the individual and work-related antecedents of helplessness were listed. As part of antecedents, the impact of locus of control, gender, role stressors (i.e., workload, ambiguity) and organization structure was discussed briefly. In the third part, both organizational and individual consequences of helplessness were mentioned. Finally, suggestions were made to both practitioners and researchers in order to contribute advancement of theory and improvement of quality of work life.
Many studies have been done recently on the topic of mind wandering. The importance of distinguishing between intentional mind wandering and unintentional mind wandering has been emphasized. In the present study, Japanese versions of the Mind Wandering: Deliberate (MW-D) and the Mind Wandering: Spontaneous (MW-S) scales (Carriere et al., 2013) were developed, and the reliability and validity of the scales were examined. Undergraduates (N=357) completed the questionnaire. Analysis of the scores confirmed a 2-factor structure similar to the original English version. Moreover, the reliability and validity of the scales were confirmed using both questionnaire and experimental data from 60 participants. The present study demonstrated that the Japanese versions of the Mind Wandering: Deliberate and the Mind Wandering: Spontaneous scales had acceptable reliability and validity.
This research focuses on the detection of interrelations between perfectionism and trait emotional intelligence in children of middle school age. The Frost multidimensional scale of perfectionism (F-MPS) for the detection of the perfectionism level was used. The global level of trait emotional intelligence was measured with the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire for children (TEIQue-CSF). The research sample consisted of 120 middle school children between 10 to 12 years old. The sample comprised of 80 girls and 40 boys. The results of the research failed to reveal any statistically significant relations between perfectionism and trait emotional intelligence.
Представлены результаты эмпирического исследования зависимости между уровнем дисфункциональных убеждений и уровнем, типологией перфекционизма. В качестве испытуемых выступили студенты медицинской академии (N = 162). Были использованы следующие методики: опросник перфекционизма Холмогоровой–Гаранян, шкала депрессии Бека, шкала дисфункциональных отношений Бека. Получены данные о том, что общий уровень перфекционизма и его отдельные параметры имеют прямые корреляции с уровнем дисфункциональных убеждений. Низкий уровень дисфункциональных убеждений является когнитивным критерием перфекционизма конструктивного типа.
Amaç: Mükemmeliyetçiliğin psikolojik problemlerle ilişkisini gösteren araştırmaların sayısı her gecen gün artmaktadır. Mükemmeliyetçiliğe ilişkin çok çeşitli sınıflamalar mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada kişilerarası mükemmeliyetçilik modeliyle ilişkili olarak geliştirilen Kendini Mükemmeliyetçi Gösterme Ölçeği’nin (Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale) Türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri incelenecektir.
Yöntem: Araştırmanın örneklemini üniversitede lisans eğitimi almakta olan 271 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Çalışmaya katılmak isteyen gönüllülere Kendini Mükemmeliyetçi Gösterme Ölçeği (KMGO), Penn State Endişe Ölçeği (PSEO) ve Sınırlılık Şemaları Ölçeği (SŞO) uygulanmıştır. Ölçme aracının ölçüt geçerliği, KMGO alt ölçekleri ve diğer psikolojik değişkenler arasında hesaplanan Pearson korelasyon hesaplamalarıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Orijinal faktör yapısı doğrulayıcı faktör analiziyle test edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Orijinal faktör yapısının uyumu çalışmanın verilerinde yeterli bulunmuştur. Ölçeğe ilişkin hesaplanan iç tutarlılık değeri α=0.80 bulunmuştur. Ölçme aracının 15 günlük test tekrar test korelasyonu r=0.82 olarak hesaplanmıştır. KMGO alt ölçekleriyle diğer psikolojik değişkenler arasında hesaplanan korelasyonlar istatistiksel acıdan manidar bulunmuştur. Sonuç: KMGO'nun Türk örnekleminde yürütülen araştırmalarda kullanılabilecek yeterlikte geçerlik ve güvenirliğe sahip olduğu düşünülebilir.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Kendini Mükemmeliyetçi Gösterme Ölçeği, geçerlik, güvenirlik
Psychometric Properties of the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale in Turkish Sample
ABSTRACT
Objective: Researches about associations of perfectionism with poor psychological out-comes have growing up. Miscellaneous classifications about perfectionism are suggested. In
this study psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale which was developed in an aspect of interpersonal perfectionism model would be in main interest.
Method: The sample was consisted of 271 undergraduate students. Volunteers have been administered the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale (PSPS), the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and the LimitednessSchemas Questionnaire (LSQ). Convergent validity of the measure was evaluated by calculating Pearson correlations with psychological
variables. Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized in order to assess the construct validity. Results: Original factor structure was fitted adequately to the current data. Inner consistency
of the scale was α=0.80. The test retest correlation of the instrument between two points with fifteen days time interval was r=0.82.
Pearson correlations between the PSPS scores and psychological variables were significant.
Conclusion: The PSPS seems to be a valid and reliable construct among Turkish sample.
Key Words: Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale, validity, reliability
Perfectionism is highly and increasingly prevalent and is associated with concerning outcomes, including risk factors for suicidal ideation. However, it is not yet known under what conditions or through what mechanism perfectionism comes to be particularly maladaptive. Self-discrepancy theory suggests that perfectionism may be more maladaptive in the context of negative life events, through a pathway of appraisals of falling short of standards; this remains unstudied. To test this model, perfectionism, negative life events, appraisals, and demoralization were measured in a sample of 320 participants. The mediational pathway was supported, and perfectionism presented as a robust risk factor for both demoralization and appraisals of falling short of standards regardless of experience of recent negative life events. Indeed, perfectionism contributed far more variance to demoralization than this well-established risk factor. These results have clinical implications, in that perfectionism may meaningfully influence mental health outcomes even in the absence of activating life stressors, and this pathway may benefit from cognitive intervention. This study builds on extant literature to reveal an important mechanism by which perfectionism may lead to concerning outcomes, and establishes perfectionism as a consequential vulnerability factor independent of, and even relative to, negative life events.
Maladaptive perfectionism has been associated with certain mental health problems. Moreover, studies suggest that the development of perfectionism can be attributed to childhood experiences and, more specifically, to parenting styles. (1) Background: The aims of the present study were first to examine the relationship of perfectionism to perceived parenting and current symptoms of depression and anxiety and, secondly, to study the effectiveness of a group CBT intervention program for high perfectionism; (2) Methods: Participants were 81 young Greek adults with relatively high scores in perfectionism. They were randomly allocated to two conditions: either the intervention group (IG; n = 40) or a non-active control group (CG; n = 41). The intervention group received a CBT intervention of 10 weekly sessions, while assessments were made in two time points for both groups; (3) Results: There was significant correlation of perfectionism with perceived parental indifference, abuse, and overcontrol as well as measures of anxiety and depression. Results showed significant decrease in perfectionism and other symptoms in the IG. Although perceived paternal indifference and abuse could predict perfectionism at pre-intervention, no pre-intervention variable could predict the perfectionism intervention outcome; (4) Conclusions: Overall, the study suggests that maladaptive perfectionism is associated with perceived negative parenting and current anxiety and depression and that a group CBT intervention can address specific dimensions of maladaptive perfectionism.
More research is needed to understand the relationships between imposter syndrome, perfection, and stress, as well as how they might be similar or different among first- and continuing-generation college students. This research study examines the relationships among imposter syndrome, perfectionism, and stress among first- and continuing-generation college students. Participants included 388 college students, including 184 (47.4%) first-generation students. Results indicate levels of imposter syndrome and stress are similar between first- and continuing-generation students. Levels of socially prescribed perfectionism are significantly correlated with imposter syndrome and stress for both groups; however, imposter syndrome is more strongly associated with stress among first-generation students. Implications for college student mental health and retention are discussed.
Because of the increased pressure on Asian international students to fit into American society while still maintaining ties to their country of origin, maladaptive perfectionism is very prominent in these students. This study’s purpose was to investigate the impact of diversity on acculturation in addition to acculturation and parental influence on maladaptive perfectionism in Asian international students. A survey consisting of the Acculturative Stress Scale for International Students and The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale was sent out to all willing Asian international students. A preliminary analysis was conducted to analyze the impact of diversity on acculturative stress, and a multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyze the impact of parental influence and acculturation on maladaptive perfectionism. These analyses revealed that diversity has a positive effect on acculturative stress and when comparing parental influence and acculturation, parental influence has a greater impact on maladaptive perfectionism. Based on the current gap in research, these findings provide vital evidence regarding the positive impact of diversity in the process of acculturation.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh perfectionism dan dukungan sosial terhadap prokrastinasi akademik pada mahasiswa Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta dalam menyelesaikan tesis dan disertasi. Penelitian kuantitatif dengan analisis regresi berganda ini menggunakan subjek penelitian sebanyak 112 mahasiswa Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta dari seluruh jumlah populasi sebanyak 1055 mahasiswa.
Alat ukur prokrastinasi akademik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuesioner model skala Likert yang diadaptasi dari Syahputri (2013). Alat ukur perfectionism yang digunakan adalah kuesioner model skala Likert yang dimodifikasi dari skala Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) oleh Hewitt dan Flett (1991). Sedangkan alat ukur dukungan sosial yang digunakan adalah kuesioner skala Likert yang dimodifikasi dari alat ukur Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) oleh Cohen, Kamarck, dan Hoberman (1985).
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara perfectionism dan dukungan sosial terhadap prokrastinasi akademik pada mahasiswa Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta dalam menyelesaikan tesis dan disertasi dengan proporsi varians sebesar 25%. Berdasarkan hasil uji hipotesis minor, diperoleh 4 dimensi yang memiliki pengaruh signifikan yaitu other-oriented perfectionism, tangible support, appraisal support, dan self-esteem support.
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Beuckelaer, A. D., & Lievens, F. (2009) Measurement equivalence of paper-and-pencil and internet organizational surveys: A large scale examination in 16 countries. Applied Psychology, 58, 336-361. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00350.x
Bieling, P. J., Israeli, A. L., & Antony, M. M. (2004). Is perfectionism good, bad, or both? Examining models of the perfectionism construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(6), 1373-1385. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00235-6 Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 110- 119. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13
Burns, D. D. (1980). The perfectionist’s script for selfdefeat. Psychology Today, 14, 34-52. Craddock, A. E.,
Church, W., & Sands, A. (2009). Family of origin characteristics as predictors of perfectionism. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61(3), 136-144. doi:10.1080/00049530802239326
Damian, L. E., Stoeber, J., Negru, O., & Baban, A. (2013). On the development of perfectionism in adolescence: Perceived parental expectations predict longitudinal increases in socially prescribed perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(6), 688-693. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.021
Diamantopoulou, G., & Platsidou, M. (2014). Factorial validity and psychometric properties of the greek version of the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R). Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 11, 123-137.
Enns, M. W., & Cox, B. J. (2002). The nature and assessment of perfectionism: Α critical analysis. In G. L. Flett, & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, Research, and Treatment (pp. 33-62). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10458-002
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The paper compares the severity of maladaptive personality traits and psychopathological symptoms in patients with primary and repeated suicide attempts. The study involved patients of the somatopsychiatric department of the Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Care (N=61), who committed the first suicide attempt (n=31) or a repeated attempt (n=30). The results of the study did not reveal differences between the two groups in the severity of symptoms of social anxiety, depression and trait anxiety. However, indicators of such maladaptive personality traits as perfectionism and hypersensitive narcissism were significantly higher in the group of patients with a repeated suicide attempt. This group also manifested higher rates of the severity of borderline personality disorder traits and significant correlations between measures of psychopathology and maladaptive personality traits listed above. Conclusion: timely diagnostics of maladaptive traits and psychotherapy targeting socially prescribed perfectionism, hypersensitive narcissism, and borderline personality features after the first suicide attempt is necessary to prevent repeated ones.
Depression in university students is associated with numerous problematic outcomes. Unidimensional perfectionism and academic procrastination have each independently been related with depression and with one another in university students. Multidimensional perfectionism, consisting of self and social dimensions, and academic procrastination have not been simultaneously examined for their interrelationships with one another and with depression. Measures of multidimensional perfectionism, academic procrastination, and depression were administered to 150 undergraduate and graduate students. Analyses showed that only one dimension of perfectionism was correlated with procrastination, although both perfectionism and procrastination were important in accounting for depression in these students. Findings are discussed as they relate to the treatment of university students for the symptoms of depression.
This study aimed to find out the relationship between Perfectionism and Goal Orientation among Gifted Students in the King Abdullah II School of Excellence. It also aimed at finding out if the relationship between Perfectionism and Goal Orientation is different according to the level of education and gender. To achieve the objectives of the study, Perfectionism and Goal Orientation scales were developed by the researchers. The sample of the study consisted of 184 students at seventh and eighth grades in the King Abdullah II School of Excellence. They were randomly stratified selected from the students population. The results of the study indicated that the level of Perfectionism among the gifted students was high, and the study showed that the level of the types of goal orientation was high, specifically Mastery goal oriented. The results also indicated there was no statistically significant difference at the significance level (α=0.05) in the strength of the correlation between Perfectionism and the types of goal orientation due to the level of education. The results also indicated there was no statistically significant difference at the significance level (α=0.05) in the strength of the correlation between Perfectionism and the types of Goal Orientation due to gender.
Trait perfectionism has often been studied in competitive situations. Although past research has examined trait perfectionism and competitiveness, the two constructs have not been directly compared in a lab-based competitive task. The primary objectives of the study were to examine the associations between the three facets of the Multidimensional Perfectionism scale and the four facets of the Competitiveness Orientation Measure in a competitive performance and with self-reported participant motivations and strategies over several competitive rounds. Pairs of participants (N = 70) completed the self-report trait measures and then competed in a series of timed letter search tasks. Three separate hierarchical regressions were conducted with perfectionism and competitiveness facets as the predictors and competitive performance, motivations and strategies as the respective criterion variables. The results demonstrate the unique contribution that both trait perfectionism and competitiveness have in association with their overall performance in a competitive task, motivation for competing, and for the particular self-reported strategies used during competitive rounds. Similarities and differences between the two scales are discussed.
Objectives:
The aim of this prospective cross-sectional study was to examine perfectionism, disease self-management, and psychosocial outcomes in a sample of adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Methods:
Adolescent patients with IBD and caregivers were enrolled in the study. Patients completed the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and the TRANSITION-Q. Parents completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and the parent form of the SDQ. Health care providers reported on disease activity using the Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI) and the Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI).
Results:
Ninety adolescents (mean age 15.17 +/- 1.49, range = 12-18) with diagnosed IBD (51 CD, 37 UC, and 2 IBD-U) and 76 primary caregivers participated in the study. Results indicated high rates of self-oriented perfectionism in adolescents with IBD (59% of sample reported elevated rates; 33% of sample in the clinical range). After accounting for age, gender, and disease activity, self-oriented perfectionistic striving was associated with better disease self-management; nonetheless, adolescent and parent perfectionistic strivings were also related to higher adolescent internalizing symptoms (standardized beta = .22 and .29, respectively). Additionally, perfectionistic concerns (self-critical and socially-prescribed perfectionism) were associated with higher rates of adolescent-reported externalizing symptoms (standardized beta .30 and .24). Further, multi-level mixed modelling found no differences within-dyad in relation to perfectionism, but documented that adolescents report higher levels of externalizing symptoms compared to parents.
Conclusions:
The current study explores the prevalence and presentation of perfectionism in a sample of adolescents with IBD. Results suggest dimensions of perfectionism are differentially associated with psychosocial and disease management outcomes, suggesting further evidence of the relationship between perfectionism, maladaptive coping, and subsequent influences on health outcomes in the context of pediatric chronic illness.
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