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A scale of attitudes toward feminism
Abstract
Describes the development of the FEM Scale, a 20-item scale measuring attitudes toward feminism. The scale is reproduced in its entirety. The items are in Likert format, with 5 response alternatives, and deal with acceptance or rejection of central beliefs of feminism rather than attitudes toward avowed feminists. The scale, which was tested with 2 samples of a total of 139 college students, is a short, reliable (r20 = .91) measure that contains a single strong factor explaining 37% of the variance. Its correlates include activism in, and subjective identification with, the women's movement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... To measure attitudes towards feminism, we used the 20-item short scale of attitudes towards feminism (FEM; Smith et al., 1975) The self-report scale captures feminist attitudes (e.g., "Women have the right to complete with men in every sphere of activity") on a fivepoint Likert-type scale from (1 = Strongly disagree; 5 = Strongly disagree). Lower scores indicate liberal, feminist attitudes, whereas high scores indicate conservatism and anti-feminist attitudes. ...
... Future research should seek ways of investigating feminism that are less prone to socially desirable responding. Moreover, whilst previous research has supported the scales internal consistency and unidimensional structure (Smith et al., 1975), there is evidence that such scales are not appropriate with younger samples (Byrne et al., 2011). Given this, and recent research showing that misogynistic dialogue on social media (Blake et al., 2021) predict violence against women, future research should investigate predictors of behavioural outcomes directly (e.g., misogyny, sexual aggression, sexual objectification) in experimental designs. ...
The Dark Triad traits are considered a male-centric framework of personality with women generally scoring lower on narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Research has examined the drivers behind this relationship attributing effects mostly to biological or evolutionary reasons with less work understanding environmental factors. To date, no research has examined the relationship between the Dark Triad and attitudes towards feminism. Three hundred and forty-three participants completed self-report measures of the Dark Triad and feminist attitudes. Results reported no differences between men and women on feminist attitudes, but men scored higher on the Dark Triad. Multiple linear regression indicated a negative association between the Dark Triad and feminist attitudes with all three traits significantly negatively contributing to the model. In all cases, this effect was stronger in men. These findings suggest that whilst men and women hold similar feminist attitudes, Dark Triad traits may facilitate a disregard for feminism.
... The author holds a high professional status position within the field. 6. I believe that the article has value within the field of Sociology. ...
... The FEM scale, developed by Eliot Smith, Myra Marx Ferree and Frederick D. Miller in 1975, deals primarily with traditional sex role norms and anti-Feminist stereotypes. The scale is a measure of sexist and authoritarian attitudes toward women and toward Feminism [6]. A Likert Scale is utilized (1 = Strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neutral, 4 = disagree, 5 = strongly disagree). ...
... The questions used to evaluate feminist identities in the study were collected from Kirkpatrick (1936)'s FEM scale. Although the scale is one of the oldest scale measuring feminist identities, it was reworked in the other research such as Basow & Campanile, 1990;Branscombe & Deaux, 1991;Dempewolff, 1974;Smith et al., 1975;Singleton & Christiansen, 1977. Smith (2001 indicated that the reason why the researchers used the oldest, Kirkpatrick's FEM scale is that they evaluated and perceived the scale as a primary tool for indicating feminist identity levels, attitudes toward gender roles and anti-feminine stereotypes. ...
... Thus, in this research Kirkpatrick's scale was found to be useful to measure the feminist identities. Although in the original Kirkpatrick's FEM scale, there were 50 items, several trials reduced the items to 20. Smith et al. (1975) made reliability analysis to the 20-item scale and found that the internal consistency reliability was .91. The 20 item was used in this research to measure feminist identities. ...
... Smith and Self (1981) sorted 279 women students into "feminists" and "traditionalists" on the basis of responses to the question: "I consider myself a feminist (one who supports the goals of the women's liberation movement)." On the basis of responses to 21 items "pertinent to the area of changing sex-role attitudes" they concluded that "the primary distinction between the two groups appears to be that feminists are inclined to support equalitarian personal relationships, indicating a willingness to alter the current social status quo vis-a-vis men." Smith, Ferrez and Miller (1975) constructed a 20-item scale that they regarded as measuring "attitudes toward feminism", but which Singleton and Christiansen (1977) regarded as "a measure of prejudiced or authoritarian attitudes toward women." The original scale was shown to have an alpha coefficient of 0.91, and two shorter forms had coefficients above 0.80. ...
... Come ti farebbe sentire questa situazione?». Note: SAS = Sexual Attitude Scale (Hudson & Murphy, 1978); FEM = Feminism Scale (Smith, Ferree & Miller, 1975); PAQ = Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence, Helmreich & Stapp, 1974); MS = Macho Scale (Villemez & Touhey, 1977); MSS = Modern Sexism Scale (Swim et al., 1995); ATWS = Attitudes Toward Women Scale (Spence, Helmreich & Stapp, 1973); HS-G = Homonegativity Scale-Gay; HS-L = Homonegativity Scale-Lesbiche (Morrison et al., 1999); HATH = Heterosexual Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Scale (Larsen, Reed & Hoffman, 1980); M-C SDS = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desiderability Scale (Reynolds, 1982); NS = Neosexism Scale (Tougas et al., 1995); HS = Homonegativity Scale (Morrison et al., 1999); (M) = maschi; (F) = femmine; s.u. = studenti universitari; s.s.s. ...
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... The scale has a test-retest reliability of r = 0.71. The scale has convergent validity with the FEM Scale (Smith, Ferree, & Miller, 1975) and the Attitude toward Women Scale (Spence & Helmreich, 1978) (rs=0.50). ...
While there have been advancements in the pro-homosexuality attitudes and civil rights of homosexual individuals in recent times, the progress is mostly confined to the Western nations. Homosexuality is largely considered a taboo in India with negative attitudes prevailing in the general public. The present research aimed at examining the impact of audiovisual intervention on students' attitude towards homosexuality. The sample included 108 undergraduate students (M-54, F-54) in the age range 18-21 years studying in Delhi. The participants completed the Homosexuality Attitude Scale (Kite & Deaux, 1986) prior to and after viewing two intervention videos shown on consecutive days. Comparisons between the pre-intervention and the post-intervention scores of males, females and the total sample were done using t-test. The results indicated significant positive attitude change in the total sample and the male subjects. The attitude of female subjects towards homosexuality also became more favourable; however, the change was not significant in nature.
... Belief-pattern Scale for Attitudes towards Feminism (Kirkpatrick 1936) Attitudes towards feminism Role conception Inventory (Bender Motz 1952) Subjectively conceived husband and wife roles Traditional Family Ideology Scale (Levinson and Huffman 1955) Ideological orientations towards family structure Authoritarian Attitudes Towards Women Scale (Nadler and Morrow 1959) Authoritiarian Attitudes towards women Sex-Role Ideology Questionnaire (Mason and Bumpass 1975) Women's sex-role ideology Short Attitudes towards Feminism Scale (Smith, Ferree, and Miller 1975) Acceptance or rejection of central beliefs of feminism Sex-role orientation Scale (Brogan and Kutner 1976) Normative appropriateness of gendered behavior Sex-Role Survey (MacDonald 1976) Support for equality between the sexes The Macho Scale (Villemez and Touhey 1977) Expressions of sexist and egalitarian beliefs Sex-Role Ideology Scale (Kalin and Tilby 1978) Traditional vs. feminist sex-role ideology Sexist Attitudes towards Women Scale (Benson and Vincent 1980) Seven components of sexism towards women Index of Sex-Role Orientation Scale (Dreyer, Woods, and James 1981) Women's sex-role orientation Traditional-Liberated Content Scale (Fiebert 1983) Traditional and liberated male attitudes towards men Beliefs about Women Scale (Belk and Snell 1986) Stereotypic beliefs about women Attitudes towards Sex-roles Scale (Larsen and Long 1988) Attitudes towards egalitarian vs. traditional sex roles Male Role Norm Inventory (Levant and Hirsch 1992) Norms for the male sex-role Attitudes towards Feminism & Women's Movement (Fassinger 1994) Affective attitudes toward the feminist movement Male Role Attitude Scale (Pleck, Sonenstein, and Ku 1994) Attitudes towards male gender roles in adolescent men Gender Attitudes Inventory (Ashmore, Del Boca, and Bilder 1995) Multiple dimensions of gender attitudes Gender-Role Belief Scale (Kerr and Holden 1996) Self-report measure of gender role ideology Stereotypes About Male Sexuality Scale (Snell, Belk, and Hawkins 1998) Stereotypes about male sexuality Ambivalence toward Men Inventory (Glick and Fiske 1999) Hostile and benevolent stereotypes towards men Table 1: Overview of psychological scales measuring sexism and related constructs. The top seven scales represent our initial selection, that we derived our codebook from (cf. section 2.2). ...
To effectively tackle sexism online, research has focused on automated methods for detecting sexism. In this paper, we use items from psychological scales and adversarial sample generation to 1) provide a codebook for different types of sexism in theory-driven scales and in social media text; 2) test the performance of different sexism detection methods across multiple data sets; 3) provide an overview of strategies employed by humans to remove sexism through minimal changes. Results highlight that current methods seem inadequate in detecting all but the most blatant forms of sexism and do not generalize well to out-of-domain examples. By providing a scale-based codebook for sexism and insights into what makes a statement sexist, we hope to contribute to the development of better and broader models for sexism detection, including reflections on theory-driven approaches to data collection.
Este artículo tiene por finalidad presentar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre los antifeminismos occidentales contemporáneos en el campo de las ciencias sociales, a fin de identificar cuáles son las principales aproximaciones teóricas, las actuales líneas de investigación, los nuevos debates y avances en el conocimiento. Para ello, se ha realizado una explotación de las principales bases de datos académicas (Web of Science, Scopus y Redalyc) a fin de identificar las principales autorías de referencia y la organización del campo de estudio. La revisión bibliográfica realizada evidencia el carácter multidisciplinar del objeto de estudio y su actual relevancia en el campo de las ciencias sociales. Así mismo, se evidencia como la agenda de investigación de los estudios antifeministas ha ido diversificándose en los últimos años para dar cuenta de las nuevas expresiones del fenómeno: los antifeminismos interseccionales, los religiosos, los movimientos masculinistas y el ciberantifeminismo, y como el foco del debate pasa de las expresiones organizativas a las causas e impactos.
This article proposes and tests a dual-route and dual-effect model to explain the ways in which branded videos can inspire consumers and thereby produce further effects. Inspiration entails both being-inspired-by and being-inspired-to routes. Through a persuasion effect, derived from the be-inspired-by route, inspiring branded videos motivate consumers to find meaning in life. In turn, they feel gratitude for such inspiring content and its source, which leads to more favorable video and brand attitudes and a more positive persuasion effect. Through a personal growth effect, derived from the be-inspired-to route, inspiring branded videos motivate consumers to appreciate the meaning of life. In turn, they seek out important personal goals and enter into a high hope state, which benefits their subjective well-being. The findings of three studies support this proposed model, in which inspiring, self-transformative branded videos evoke positive outcomes for both consumers and brands.
In 2016, Tennessee became the first state to allow counselors and therapists in private practice to deny services to any client based on the therapist’s “sincerely held principles." The law’s proponents framed mental health care ethics as infringing on counselors’ religious liberties; its critics denounced the bill because it apparently targeted LGBT+ individuals. This exploratory study is the first statewide assessment of LGBT+ Tennesseans’ (N = 346) perceptions of the law and how it may affect their help-seeking attitudes and behaviors. Evidence suggests widespread awareness of the law among our respondents and deep skepticism toward mental health care. Further, most respondents view the law as cover for discrimination. We stress the need for broader research on conscience clauses and call for advocacy against these laws, which have the potential to engender widespread harm to multiple minority groups.
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