Content uploaded by Ross Buck
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Ross Buck on Jul 24, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
Emotional communication, emotional competence, and physical illness: A developmental-interactionist view.
Abstract
the question of the relationship between emotion and physical illness is one of the most important, and at the same time most contentious, issues in the behavioral sciences / one of the problems in this area is that research findings tend to be considered in isolation, without an overall theoretical conceptualization / [draw] upon recent reviews to establish certain basic points / present a general theoretical position—developmental interactionist theory—from which, it is argued, these findings can be related to one another in a coherent way / this position will be used to examine the following areas of application: the effects of life stress, the definition and measurement of the phenomenon of alexithymia and social support of illness, the relationship of individual differences and illness (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Předpokladem pro DR je schopnost kontrolovat své chování v souladu s rozpoznáním dané emoce a chápáním konkrétní situace (Reissland, Harris, 1991). DR jsou součástí emoční kompetence (Buck, 1993a), jsou (vědomou i nevědomou) tendencí k expresivnímu chování a do značné míry jsou zautomatizovaným zvnitřněným procesem probíhajícím bez účasti vědomé kontroly a naší pozornosti. DR refl ektují normy expresivního chování dané kultury a mají v rámci sociálních interakcí významnou regulační funkci. ...
... Kebza (2001) uvádí na základě longitudinálního výzkumu Russeka a kolegů (1990), že exprese některých prvků negativní afektivity, například systematické vyjadřování hostility, jsou významnějším prediktorem mortality na úkor somaticko-fyziologické proměnné. Negativně laděné emoční stavy, kterými jsou deprese, bezmocnost, pocity ztráty někoho či něčeho, nepřátelství a agrese, se často vyskytují "blízko" klinicky diagnostikovaného počátku rakoviny a neschopnost tyto emoce vyjádřit bývá chápána jako predispozice k rakovině (Buck, 1993a). Naproti tomu Levy a kol. ...
Emotion: its regulation an emotional development
This book is about emotion, emotion regulation and emotional development. The first part of the book reflects a long-term ambiguity in the theoretical concept of aff ective phenomena. The focal point of this part is the conceptualization of the term 'affect' with regard to the other affective phenomena, emotion and mood respectively. The definition of 'affect' is substantially different from existing Czech terminology. We define 'affect' in accordance with many authors as the necessary component of all aff ective processes; as a point in the continuum of aff ective stream and the basic unit of all affective phenomena. Affective processes we consider as an umbrella term for a complex phenomenon like affect, emotion, mood, emotional episode, interpersonal attitude, sentiment, passion and so on. We consider emotion as a figure that emerges in the affective ground as a complex reaction to the event that has meaning for an individual and is interpreted with respect to the experience, context, individual characteristic, and sociocultural environment of the individual. Contrary to the Czech tradition, emotions are viewed as only one type of affective phenomena with a relatively specific definitional framework. The concepts of affect, emotion and mood discussed in this chapter are contrasted; however, we have described where they overlap conceptually. The relationships of all affective phenomena are considered as interacting with a tendency to synchronize into one (for an individual typical) affective stream. The first part of the book is also devoted to models and theories of emotions. Theories of so called basic emotion, cognitive approach to emotion, prototypical theory of emotion and the social and cultural approach to emotion are discussed in this section. We delineate several definitions of emotions and affect that are currently used in the field. We also specify self-conscious emotions and group emotions. Two chapters are devoted to the function of emotions and to the question on how we can measure emotion and emotional experiences.The next part of the book concerns emotion regulation. The functions, styles and social context of emotion regulation is explored, as are personality processes and individual and cultural differences in emotion regulation. Healthy and unhealthy strategies of emotion regulation are discussed. The last chapter in this section is focused on the limits of emotion regulation research.
Finally, the last part of the book is devoted to emotional development and emotion regulation across a lifespan. In a few chapters from birth to old age we explain how the expression and experience of emotions and emotional regulation develop and change. The coordination between cognitive and aff ective processes is explored and stressed. The aim is to show how changes in emotion experience and emotion regulation can announce progress in cognitive performance and development. Although the development of cognition is seen as completed in adolescence, emotions develop in particular with regard to the strategies of their regulation. It is a process that is constantly in motion (one can never hear “a click” signalling that it is finished), and whose objectives vary in accordance with the individual's development, his or her social role, the context and culture in which one lives, and the requirements that apply to it. Flexible and variable handling of environmental requirements in emotional regulation is increasingly seen as an adaptive advantage. Greater attention has been paid to so-called negative emotions such as fear, anger, guilt or shame to highlight their irreplaceable meaning in the development of an individual. Emotions develop throughout life in accordance with social and cultural contexts one belongs to: we describe its development in terms of both universal and culture-specific contexts. In conclusion, this book tries to explain how the dialogue between negative and positive emotions can be seen as a key to understanding the optimal development of an individual. Changes in emotion and emotion regulation of both positive and negative affective phenomena are often desirable indicators and starters of mental maturation and development.
... The expression of emotion entails self-disclosure and implies vulnerability to social censure. According to developmental-interactionist theory (Buck, 1984(Buck, , 1989(Buck, , 1993 emotional regulation involves the ability to appropriately communicate one's affective states to others. Therefore, personal and social characteristics that preclude emotional communication are likely to be associated with pathogenic outcomes. ...
The link between emotional conflict and the perceived availability and use of social support was examined. One hundred and five undergraduate students completed measures of ambivalence over expressing emotion, repressive defensiveness, fear of intimacy, social support, and well-being. Self-reports, observer reports, and daily reports of social support during the previous month were collected. Both ambivalence and fear of intimacy were negatively related to self-report and daily measures of social support and to well-being. Repressive defensiveness was unrelated to the social support measures. Perceived social support mediated the relation between emotional conflict and well-being. Results suggest the presence of a negative bias toward the use of social resources by conflicted individuals.
... 이러한 특성은 자신의 내적 상태를 살피는 것을 방해하고 신체 감각의 증폭된 지각 및 신체적 귀인을 통해 신체화의 발병과 유지에 영향을 미친다 (신현균, 2000;Kooiman, 1998 (김석주 등, 2007). 아울러 우울증 환자의 우울 증상이 감 정표현불능증의 정서표현 능력의 결함과 유의한 관련이 있다는 결과 역시 검증되었다 (조현영, 2008 학, 2008;이지영, 권석만, 2006;Buck, 1993;Pennebaker & Traue, 1993 (Strauman, 2002), 과도한 긍정 정서 반 응성은 조증 (Giovanelli, Hoerger, Jhonson, & Gruber, 2013;Johnson, 2005) 및 폭식 장애 (Barnhart, Braden, & Jordan, 2020) ...
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between Emotional Reactivity(ER) which is considered a temperamental vulnerability, depression, somatization and alexithymia. The study was conducted on 247 adults over the age of 19 and analyzed using Moderated-Mediation analysis with SPSS Process Macro. As a result, depression mediated the relationship between ER and somatization, and the indirect effect of ER through depression on somatization was moderated by alexithymia. In negative valence, a high level of alexithymia was a risk factor, but in positive valence, it showed different patterns. This suggests that the effect of alexithymia varies depending on the emotional valence, and the effective way of dealing with positive and negative emotions may be different. Based on the finding, research limitations, implications, and suggestions for future research were suggested.
... Tampoco se confirmó el efecto directo del apoyo social sobre el estrés, lo cual coincide con los resultados de Hernández y Landero (2014), quienes no encontraron relación directa entre estas variables, a pesar de que múltiples estudios han corroborado la función del apoyo social como amortiguador ante la evaluación de un suceso estresante (Del Mar González et al., 2001;Juárez y Landero, 2009). Puede ser que el papel del apoyo social sea mediado por otras variables moduladoras, como la inexpresión emocional (Buck, 1993); con base en los altos puntajes en control emocional que obtuvieron las participantes, podría decirse que esto anula el efecto amortiguador de tal variable ante el estrés. Como lo asienta Sandín (1999), las variables personales, como la alexitimia, pueden funcionar como moduladoras del estrés, ya que en ambos constructos se tiende a la inexpresión de emociones. ...
... Tampoco se confirmó el efecto directo del apoyo social sobre el estrés, lo cual coincide con los resultados de Hernández y Landero (2014), quienes no encontraron relación directa entre estas variables, a pesar de que múltiples estudios han corroborado la función del apoyo social como amortiguador ante la evaluación de un suceso estresante (Del Mar González et al., 2001;Juárez y Landero, 2009). Puede ser que el papel del apoyo social sea mediado por otras variables moduladoras, como la inexpresión emocional (Buck, 1993); con base en los altos puntajes en control emocional que obtuvieron las participantes, podría decirse que esto anula el efecto amortiguador de tal variable ante el estrés. Como lo asienta Sandín (1999), las variables personales, como la alexitimia, pueden funcionar como moduladoras del estrés, ya que en ambos constructos se tiende a la inexpresión de emociones. ...
La principal aportación de esta investigación se encuentra en la preferencia por productos ecológicos versus los contaminantes después de presentar su precio para tomar una decisión al momento de comprar, que es el punto central de este estudio. La evidencia encontrada demuestra que, ante una elección que incluye beneficios al medio ambiente, las personas en su primera elección durante sus compras (que podrían ser las que efectúan cotidianamente cada que compran), no necesariamente se deciden por los beneficios ambientales; al contrario, optan por productos que tienen consecuencias al medio ambiente. Sin embargo, la sensibilidad al precio y el umbral de comparación de precios bajos frente a precios altos, incide directamente en el cambio en su preferencia por productos ecológicos, con un menor precio y por consiguiente un bajo costo en sus finanzas personales.
... They opined that ill-informed employees tend to be low performers (Sequiera et al., 2015). Communication is also the mode of sharing feelings along with information, suggestions and opinions (Greenbaum, 1974;Cole, 1997;Buck, 1993;Noordin et al., 2010). Effective communication builds trust between employees and employers (Canary and Dainton, 2003;Chinomona and Sandada, 2013). ...
The purpose of the paper is to explore the required factors for a sustainable organisation with respect to the employee-employer relationship. The variables were identified on the basis of maximum citation and the latest work available from the year 2000 to 2020 on employee-employer relationship and sustainable organisation in google scholar. The present study found that sustainable leadership, organisation trust; justice and structure, self-efficacy, employee engagement, employee motivation, transparency and communication are crucial variables for creating sustainable organisation according to the variables related to the employee-employer relationship. This study further provides valuable insights on the important variables which will help build a strong relationship between employee and employer for sustainable organisational growth.
Keywords: Employee-Employer Relationship; Sustainable Organisation; Sustainable leadership; Sustainable performance.
... simptoma autonomne disfunkcije u skladu je i s klini~kim procjenama koje upu}uju na to da su simptomi 60 -80 posto pa- cijenata koji posje}uju lije~nika op}e prakse u svojoj osnovi emocionalne prirode (Buck, 1992). Kad je rije~ o studentskoj po- pulaciji, dakle populaciji koja jeizlòena brojnim stresnim is- kustvima i zbog razvojnog razdoblja u kojem se nalazi i zbog specifi~nih brojnih stresnih situacija s kojima se svakodnevno susre}e (ekonomske te{ko}e, akademski zahtjevi, itd.), rezul- tati ovogaistràivanja govore o potrebi psiholo{kih interven- cija usmjerenih na pomo} studentima u ispravnom etiketira- nju vlastitih tjelesnih senzacija koje se odnose na popratne efekte stresa, kako ih ne bi zamjenjivali s pravim simptomima bolesti te upoznavanjem s razli~itim tehnikama rukovo|enja stresom koje bi se usmjerile na smanjenje simptoma poprat- nih efekatadòivljaja stresa te pove}ale u~inkovitost ove po- pulacije u svakodnevnomìvotu. ...
This study examines direct and indirect effects of the level of perceived daily stress and coping strategies on the physical symptoms. The respondents were 153 healthy students from the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Rijeka. Three models concerning three groups of physical symptoms were tested by causal structural modeling procedure (LISREL). In each of the models, three coping styles (problem oriented, emotion oriented and avoidance) and perception of the stress intensity have been included, while as the outcome variable the first model included symptoms of respiratory infections, the second symptoms of autonomous dysfunction, and the third other physical symptoms (problems with locomotion, digestion and skin). The results show that coping styles do not exert significant direct effects on any group of the physical symptoms examined. When the effects of the coping styles on perceived stress are concerned, the results show that problem oriented coping significantly lowers, while avoidance significantly increases perceived stress. However, the level of perceived stress has significant positive effects only on the symptoms of the autonomous dysfunction and not on other two groups of symptoms, which is not in accord with the other research results. The need for the improvement of the measurement of the respiratory infections symptoms, as well as psychological interventions that would enable students to be aware of their own physical sensations that are attributable to the side effects of perceived stress is discussed.
... Předpokladem pro DR je schopnost kontrolovat svoje chování v souladu s rozpoznáním dané emoce a chápáním konkrétní situace (Reissland, Harris, 1991). DR jsou součástí emoční kompetence (Buck, 1993), jsou (vědomou i nevědomou) tendencí k expresivnímu chování a do značné míry jsou zautomatizovaným, zvnitřnělým procesem probíhajícím bez účasti vědomé kontroly a naší pozornosti. DR reflektují normy expresivního chování dané kultury a mají v rámci sociálních interakcí významnou regulační funkci. 2 3 Ekman a Friesen (1969,1975) rozlišili 6 způsobů, jak mohou jedinci v sociálních interakcích expresivně nakládat se svými emocemi: jedinci mohou řídit svůj emoční projev prostřednictvím (A) zesílení nebo (B) zeslabení projevu emoce, mohou emoci zcela (C) potlačit a neutralizovat, jako by žádnou emoci neprožívali. ...
Display rules of basic emotions in the social interactions I Polackova Solcova, D. Matsumoto Objectives. Display rules (DR) are informal norms determining when, where, how, and to whom one should express emotions. It is assumed that DR shape affective spontaneity and affect the tendency of emotional expression. The aim of this study is to examine DR of basic emotions (anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) within the contexts of social interactions.
Subjects and settings. Participants comprised 100 undergraduates (59% females, average age 23,34; SD = 2,25) enrolled at Charles University in Prague. Display Rules Assessment Inventory (DRAI, Matsumoto et al., 2005) was utilized to measure display rules of undergraduates.
Research questions. This study explores the general tendency of regulation of basic emotions and the role of gender differences, context and the character of social interaction in display rules. Statistical analyses. For analyses, we utilized relative frequencies of responses for each item and each emotion (displayed in percentages). For comparison of subsets (women and men, private and public situation, types of interactions) a chi-square test to compare the expected and the observed values were used.
Results. The results showed that respondents had a general tendency to deamplify basic emotions. The strongest tendency to suppress an expression (I should show nothing) was connected to contempt, disgust and fear. Authentic expression (I shall express it as I feel it) was the most frequent in the cases of happiness and surprise. The findings indicate the existence of several social effects connected with display rules. No significant gender differences with reference to display rules were found. However, the results showed significant differences in DR in the contexts of interactions (greater authenticity in private interactions; chi(2) = 53.081, df = 5, p < 0.001) and in the closeness of interactions (greater authenticity in in-group interactions; x,2 = 135, 265, df = 5, p < 0.001). Results also indicate that in vertical interactions (student - professor), participants tended to neutralize basic emotions more often than in horizontal interactions (student student).
Conclusion. The investigation showed that the context of a situation (private, public), (in-group, out-group) and the character of the interaction (horizontal, vertical) were among the important effects influencing the display rules. In contrast, gender did not affect display rules in our sample.
Limitations of the study. The results are limited to this questionnaire and to a specific population sample of undergraduates in the Czech Republic.
... Au-delà des trois composantes évoquées, plusieurs auteurs ont élargi le champ des dimensions nécessaires à la définition d'une émotion pour y inclure notamment des facteurs motivationnels mais aussi des traitements nécessaires à l'évaluation des caractéristiques affectives du stimulus (e.g., Buck, 1985Buck, , 1993Ellsworth, 1991 ;Frijda, 1986Frijda, , 1987Öhman, 1993Robinson, 1998 ;Scherer, 2000). L'expression de processus émotionnel est ainsi de plus en plus souvent utilisée dans la littérature et renvoie à l'activité cérébrale complexe sous-tendant l'apparition d'une émotion. ...
Interactions between Vision and Emotion, two major adaptive functions, have been largely investigated. It is also well known that visual performance decreases with retinal eccentricity. Therefore, studies aiming to explore emotional processing always presented stimuli in central vision (CV) but never at eccentric positions, in peripheral vision (PV). The main purpose of this work was to examine behavioral and cerebral responses following the presentation of emotional stimulations in PV. Evoked related potentials (ERP) were recorded and analyzed by the use of spatio-temporal principal component analyses (PCA). Considering the saliency character of emotional information and its facility to capture attentional resources, present study was expected to optimize PV responses in order to better explore PV mechanisms. Furthermore, peripheral emotional stimulations could help to draw new strategies devoted to the reeducation of CV pathologies mainly due to central scotomas. Indeed, in these pathologies, PV represents the only available visual resources.
First, we confirmed that natural scenes were processed faster and better in CV than in PV. We showed for the first time an emotional modulation of reaction times and ERP components specifically generated by peripheral presentations. These results allowed us to extend to PV classical data about differential processing of neutral and emotional information described for the CV.
Second, keeping in mind possibilities of neurovisual reeducation, we looked for specific stimulations which could increase PV reactivity when associated with emotional information. Accordingly, because of their relevant role in social communication, emotional faces (fearful, neutral, happy) were used to stimulate the PV. Results showed that faces are processed in PV and their emotional expression modulates behavioral and cerebral responses. Indeed, participants responded faster for emotional faces than for neutral ones and evoked components were larger when emotional faces appeared.
Finally, some studies suggest that PV performance could be improved following the peripheral presentation of dynamic stimuli. Therefore, saliency of emotional faces could be strengthened by the animation of their expression. In this third experiment, we presented static and dynamic emotional faces. Results of the second experiment were confirmed but no advantage could be found for presentations of dynamic faces.
In a prospective view, emotional and neutral faces were presented to patients with central scotomas. The behavioral results evidenced that emotional faces were better processed than neutral ones and suggest that such stimulations could be used to increase peripheral visual resources.
In conclusion, this work provides new behavioral and electrophysiological data on emotional processing in PV and brings new insights concerning the use of emotional information in neurovisual reeducation of CV pathologies.
This chapter examines the role of nonverbal behavior other than facial expressions in displaying and communicating emotion. Our thesis is that a wider variety of displays than are often considered are responsible for communicating a broad assortment of specific emotions, and that one of the primary variables important in this is the spatial distance in the ecology of an organism at which a given emotion is typically displayed. The emotions most associated with facial expressions — the classic primary affects including at least happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust — best function as displays at moderate personal distances. At intimate distances, a variety of emotions including love, lust, gratitude, anger, and sympathy can be reliably communicated through displays involving pheromones and touch. At longer social and public distances, social and moral emotions including pride/ arrogance/triumph, guilt/shame/humiliation, envy/jealousy/resentment, and pity/scorn/contempt are communicated through larger and more substantial body postures and gestures associated with ancient dominance and submission displays. Finally, the GREAT emotions (gratitude, respect, elevation, appreciation, and trust) are signaled at a dyadic level via mutually contingent responsiveness and interpersonal synchrony.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.